JP5622825B2 - 大規模fetアレイを用いた分析物測定のための方法および装置 - Google Patents
大規模fetアレイを用いた分析物測定のための方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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- ALQJMERNHXMAAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc1ccc(CCOCc2c(cccc3CN(Cc4ncccc4)Cc4ccccn4)c3nc3c2cccc3CN(Cc2ccccn2)Cc2ncccc2)cc1 Chemical compound Cc1ccc(CCOCc2c(cccc3CN(Cc4ncccc4)Cc4ccccn4)c3nc3c2cccc3CN(Cc2ccccn2)Cc2ncccc2)cc1 ALQJMERNHXMAAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
16)を含む。図3に示すとおり、所与の列85jは、列の全てのピクセルが共有する電流ソースISOURCEjおよびまた列の全てのピクセルが共有するISFETバイアス/読取り回路82j(電流シンクISinkjを含む)。801から8016までの各ピクセルは、電気的に接続したソースおよびドレインを有するp−チャンネルISFET50(図1および2に示すとおり)、およびさらに16行の選択信号(RSEL1からRSEL16、およびその相補信号(complement))の1つに応答する2つのスイッチS1およびS2を含む。図7に関して以下で述べるように、行選択信号およびその相補信号は、列85jの所与のピクセルを「有効」または選択するために同時に生成され、かかる信号ペアが列内の異なるピクセルを連続的に1つずつ有効にするために、ある配列で生成される。
1つの化学感応性電界効果トランジスタを含む複数の電界効果トランジスタ(FET)および複数のFETに電気的に接続した複数の電気伝導体を含み、ここで複数のFETは、複数の電気伝導体が、各センサによって占有されたエリアを横断し、アレイの多数のセンサと相互接続する4つ以下の導体を含むように配置される装置に関する。
多くの使用に対して、上で説明した高密度電子アレイを用いて化学反応または化学剤を感知するシステムを完成させるために、アレイ素子(「ピクセル」と呼ばれる)に、感知のための化学的または生化学的要素を含有する流体を送達するための、技法および装置が必要である。この節では、例示の技法および方法が説明され、これらは所望の特徴を有しており、かかる目的に有用である。
他の場所で検討したように、例えばDNAシークエンシングなどの多くの使用について、半導体センサアレイの上に、対応するマイクロウェルのアレイを提供するのが望ましく、ここで各マイクロウェルは、好ましくは1つのみのDNA負荷ビーズ(DNA-loaded bead)を受け取るのに十分小さく、これに関連して、アレイの下にあるピクセルは、対応する出力信号を提供する。
マイクロウェルの製造は、多くの方法により行ってよい。製造の実際の詳細にはいくつかの実験が必要となることもあり、利用可能な加工能力により変化する。
接触リソグラフィには制限があり、最高密度のウェルを製造するために選択される製造方法ではない可能性があり、すなわち、横方向に、望ましい最小ピッチ限界よりも大きい値をもたらす可能性がある。
チップ上のセンサのアレイのアセンブリをマイクロウェルのアレイと組み合わせて用いて、試料中のDNAのシークエンシングを行うプロセスを、「実験」と呼ぶ。実験の実施には、ウェルにDNA結合ビーズを装填し、ウェル全体に数種類の異なる溶液(すなわち、試薬および洗浄液)を流すことが必要である。流体インターフェイスと結合した液体送達システムが必要であり、これは、種々の溶液をウェル全体に、制御された層流で許容し得る程度の小さい死容積および、順次の溶液間での少ない二次汚染を有して流す。流体インターフェイスは「フローセル」と呼ばれることもある。
・ 流体送達システムとの好適な相互接続−例えば、適当な寸法の配管を介して。
・ ウェルの上の適当なヘッドスペース(dnaシークエンシング用には、約300μm)。
・ フローチャンバ内に入る前に、流体が遭遇する死容積(すなわち、マイクロウェルアレイの上に包含されるスペース)の最小化。
・ 液体と接触する小さなスペースの除去、しかし、フローセルを通って除去するのではない(二次汚染を最小化するため)。
・ 層流特性が、これが入り口側から出口側までチップ全体を横切る間、広い/平らなフロントのプロファイルを維持するようなものであること。
・ 取り外し可能な参照電極の、フローチャンバ内部またはこれにできるだけ近くへの配置に対して、適合性があること。
・ ビーズの装填の容易さ。
・ 許容できるコストで製造可能であること。
・ フローセルの組み立てとチップパッケージへの取り付けの容易さ。
記載を容易にするため、図38から開始される製造についての検討において、これからはグラススライド3422を、図34〜37における配置と比較して上下を逆にして考える。
第2の層は好ましくは約150μmの深さであり、これは流体輸送チャネルを覆っているが、ただし、スリット形成領域4014と4016の下にある、センサアレイチップのそれぞれの端における約150μmの長さのスリットは除く。
図34〜36には図示されていないが、参照電極は、図37に示すように、フローチャンバの天井におけるメタライゼーション3710であることが理解される。
中央ボア5550は、参照電極5560を受けるように、ガラス層を通してエッチングすることができる。電極は、シリコーンカラー5570または同様の構造により、位置に固定および密封することができる。または、電極は好適なワッシャーと一体的に構成して、同様の目的を有効にすることができる。
市販のフロー型流体電極、例えば塩化銀プロトン透過性電極を、直列で流体系に挿入することができ、これらの電極は一般に、種々の電気化学的目的のために、流体系に沿って安定な電位を提供するよう設計されている。しかし上記のシステムおいては、かかる電位はマイクロウェルISFETチップと接触している流体容積において維持されなければならない。従来の塩化銀電極では、チップ表面と電極との間の(フローセル内の小さなチャネルを通る)電気的に長い流体路のために、安定な電位の実現は困難であることが見出された。これは、チップの電子機器においてノイズの受信をもたらす。さらに、電極の流れの空洞(flow cavity)内の大きな容積は、流体との電気的接続を劣化させる気泡を閉じ込めて蓄積しがちである。
センサアレイを用いるための完全なシステムは、好適な流体源、バルブ操作および、用途に依存して、マイクロアレイまたはセンサアレイ上の低い試薬および洗浄液のためのバルブ操作用のコントローラを含むであろう。これらの素子は既製の要素から容易に組み立てることができ、コントローラは容易にプログラムして、所望の実験を実施することができる。
以下は、一本鎖オリゴヌクレオチドの、ISFETアレイを用いた迅速シークエンシングのための原理の証明例である。
5’デュアルビオチンタグ(HPLC精製)付き一本鎖DNAオリゴヌクレオチドテンプレートおよび20塩基汎用プライマーは、IDT(Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IN)から注文した。
5’末端において5.91μmの磁気ビーズに結合した不動化テンプレートを、次にテンプレートの3’末端に相補的な20塩基プライマーにアニーリングした(表1)。400μMのプライマー原液の、不動化テンプレートに対してプライマーの20倍過剰量である1.0μlのアリコートを加え、次にビーズとテンプレートとを、プライマーを用いて15分間95℃でインキュベーションし、次に温度をゆっくりと室温に下げた。次にビーズを、上述のようにMPC−sを用いて、120μlの25mMトリシン緩衝液(25mMトリシン、0.4mg/mlのPVP、0.1%のTween 20、8.8mMの酢酸マグネシウム、pH7.8)で3回洗浄した。ビーズを25mMのトリシン緩衝液中に再懸濁させた。
テンプレートとプライマーのハイブリッドを、基本的にMargulies et al. Nature 2005 437(15):376-380および添付の補足資料に記載のようにしてポリメラーゼと共にインキュベーションした。
ISFETアレイおよびその上のマイクロ流体の寸法および密度は、用途に応じて変えてよい。非限定的な例は、512×512アレイである。かかるアレイの各グリッド(262144個となる)は、単一のISFETを有する。各グリッドはまた、その上に位置するウェル(またはこれは本明細書では「マイクロウェル」と同義で用いられる)を有する。
テンプレート1〜4を有するビーズを、チップ上に負荷した(各テンプレートを10μl)。簡略に述べると、各テンプレートのアリコートを、エッペンドルフピペットを用いてチップ上に加えた。次に磁石を用いてビーズをウェル内に引き入れた。
捕捉ビーズとパッキングビーズの両方を、流れを用いて負荷する。ビーズ溶液の容積に対するマイクロリットル単位の精度、およびビーズ溶液の流体接続を通した配置は、図62に示すように、ビーズ負荷取付け部品(bead loading fitting)を用いて実現する。該ビーズ負荷取付け部品は、大リザーバ(容積約1ml)、小リザーバ(容積約10μl)、および小容積のビーズ溶液を操作するためのマイクロ流体チャネルを含む。この方法はまた、精密なピペットにより可能となる、流体適用のマイクロリットル単位の精度も利用する。
3.1 「オープン」システムでのDNAシークエンシング
提示する結果は、「オープン」システムにおいて行われた実験の代表的なものである(すなわち、この実験は、ISFETチップをISFET装置のプラットフォーム上に配置し、次に各ヌクレオチド(5μl、その結果それぞれ6.5μM)を手動で次の順序:dATP、dCTP、dGTPおよびdTTP(100mM原液、Pierce, Milwaukee, WI)により、与えられたヌクレオチドをチップ表面上に既にある液体中にピペットで加えて、チップから2.5mHzの速度でデータを収集した)。これにより、データ収集は、7.5秒間で約18フレーム/秒となった。次にデータをLab Viewを用いて解析した。
流動様式におけるシークエンシングは、ヌクレオチド試薬のDNAへの取り込みへの、開かれた適用の拡張である。試薬をISFETチップのバルクの溶液中に加えるのでなく、試薬を連続的な様式でチップ表面全体に流し、1回に単一DNA塩基(単数または複数)を伸長させる。dNTPを、dTTPから初めて、次にdATP、dCTPおよびdGTPと連続して流す。チップ上の流体の動きの層流の性質による、ヌクレオチドのマイクロウェルへの、および最終的には核酸負荷ビーズの周りへの拡散が、送達の主要な機構である。
ISFETチップは、ヌクレオチド流の最中に、DNA伸長の化学的生成物を感知するために活性化される。
Claims (18)
- センサアレイにおける所与のセンサが、
ゲート誘電体、フローティングゲート、およびトラップされた電荷によって影響をうける閾値電圧を有する化学感応性電界効果トランジスタ(chemFET)、並びに、
chemFETのフローティングゲートに結合されたトランジスタ、ここでトランジスタは、フローティングゲートに蓄積された電荷のために電流路を提供する、
を含む、
少なくとも105個のセンサのセンサアレイを含む装置。 - 所与のセンサに対するchemFETのフローティングゲートが、トランジスタのゲートターミナルに結合される、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 所与のセンサのchemFETの閾値電圧が、センサアレイにおける他のセンサのchemFETの閾値電圧と同様である、請求項1に記載の装置。
- センサからの出力信号を検出する制御回路をさらに含み、ここで、出力信号は、センサのchemFETの各閾値電圧に依存する、請求項1に記載の装置。
- センサからの出力信号が、応答において実質的に同様である、請求項4に記載の装置。
- 制御回路が、少なくとも1つのアナログ−デジタル変換器をさらに含む、請求項4に記載の装置。
- センサアレイのセンサが、感度において実質的に同様である、請求項1に記載の装置。
- さらに、センサのアレイに結合された反応チャンバのアレイを含む、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 出力信号が、反応チャンバにおける分析物の存在に応答して生成される、請求項8に記載の装置。
- 分析物が水素イオンを含む、請求項9に記載の装置。
- 分析物が化学反応の副生成物を含む、請求項9に記載の装置。
- 化学反応が、試料核酸テンプレートへのヌクレオチドの取り込みを含む、請求項11に記載の装置。
- センサのアレイにおける所与のセンサが、
基板およびフローティングゲートの間における第1のゲート誘電体を含み、第1のゲート誘電体におけるトラップされた電荷によって影響を受ける閾値電圧を有するchemFET、並びに、
ゲートターミナルおよび基板の間における第2のゲート誘電体を含むトランジスタ、ここで、ゲートターミナルは、chemFETのフローティングゲートに結合され、第2のゲート誘電体は、第1のゲート誘電体の厚みより小さい厚みを有する、chemFETセンサアレイ、
を含む、
少なくとも105個のセンサのアレイを含むchemFETセンサアレイ。 - アレイにおける所与のセンサのchemFETの閾値電圧が、センサアレイにおける他のセンサのchemFETの閾値電圧と同様である、請求項13に記載のchemFETセンサアレイ。
- chemFETからの出力信号を検出する制御回路をさらに含み、ここで、出力信号は、chemFETの各閾値電圧に依存する、請求項13に記載のchemFETセンサアレイ。
- 出力信号が、応答において実質的に同様である、請求項15に記載のchemFETセンサアレイ。
- 電流路が、トランジスタのゲートターミナルの下にある第2のゲート誘電体を介する、請求項2に記載の装置。
- フローティングゲートの電荷の少なくとも一部が、フローティングゲートの1または2以上の導体をエッチングする間に蓄積される、請求項1に記載の装置。
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