JP5667049B2 - 大規模なfetアレイを用いて分析物を測定するための方法および装置 - Google Patents
大規模なfetアレイを用いて分析物を測定するための方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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Description
技術分野
本開示は、一般に、エレクトロニクスセンサーを介する1以上の分析物の検出および測定に関する発明的方法および装置に向けられる。
もし参照電極76が電気的参照またはアース(VG=0ボルト)を供し、かつドレイン電流IDおよびドレイン−対−ソース電圧VDSが一定に保たれれば、ISFETのソース電圧VSの変動は、方程式(1)に従って閾値電圧VTHの変動を直接的に追跡し;これは方程式(1)を以下のように再度アレンジすることによって観察されるであろう:
表面電荷密度に対する表面プロトン活性(pHS)における小さな変化の影響は以下によって与えられ;
従って、方程式(10)〜(13)から、より大きなデバイスクリーニング長(すなわち、より小さなイオン強度)についてより大きい表面ポテンシャルが観察できるであろう。
方程式(15)から、298ケルビン度の温度Tにおいては、59.2mV/pHの理論的最大pH感度はα=1で達成できるのは認識されるであろう。時間の関数としての表面ポテンシャルは、以下の
σ(t)を含む新しい変数g(t)を導入し、かつ方程式(12)を参照し、方程式(22)は、以下の
方程式(23)および(24)は、ISFET出力シグナルにおけるイオンパルスの発生および総じてのプロフィールが、共に、分析物/不動態化層界面の表面キネティックスに関連する時定数τ、および時間I(t)の関数としてのイオン強度に依存し、これは、反応ウェルにおける各イオン種の濃度によって与えられ、というのは、それらは反応および拡散のため経時的に変化するからであることを示す。前記したように、これまでのことから、出願人らは、I(t)が、(時定数τによって特徴付けられるように)再度平衡化する表面電荷密度の能力よりも速い速度で変化する限り、イオンパルス出力が観察できることを認識し、認めており、ここに、パルスの開始のプロフィールは主としてI(t)によって決定され、パルスの崩壊プロフィールは主として時定数τによって決定される。再度、これまでの分析は、一般に分析物溶液に存在する実質的にいずれのイオン種にも適用され、従って、ISFETの一過的または動的応答を開発して、種々の化学的/または生物学的活性をモニターすることができる。
1)もし単一のイオンパルスのみがISFET出力シグナルに存在するならば、反応ウェルに導入されたヌクレオチドの取込みは無い(すなわち、dNTP刺激のみ);
2)もし2つの連続したイオンパルスがISFET出力シグナルに存在するならば、反応ウェルに導入されたヌクレオチドの取込みがある、(すなわちPPi刺激、続いてのdNTP刺激);および
3)2つの連続的イオンパルスの間の時間間隔は、取込み事象の数の関数である。
を介して可能とする。可能とされた画素をいくらかな時間の間定着させ、その後、COL SHシグナルを簡単に活性として、各列において試料/ホールドスイッチを閉じ、列における最初の画素によって、列の試料/ホールドキャパシタCshに電圧値出力を貯蔵する。次いで、この電圧は、2つの(奇数および偶数列)アレイ出力ドライバ1981および1982の内の1つに印加された列出力電圧VCOLjとして利用可能である(例えば、図16参照)。次いで、COL SHシグナルを活性でなくし、それにより各列において試料/ホールドスイッチを開き、列増幅器107Aおよび107Bからの列出力バッファー111jを脱カップリングする。その後まもなく、画素の第2の行を、行選択シグナル
これらの基準の満足は、可能な限り、積極的に系の性能に貢献するであろう。例えば、泡の最小化は、アレイからのシグナルが、誤ったノイズであるよりもむしろウェル中の反応を真に示すように重要である。
同様な計算を他のSNRでなすことができる。
実施例
一本鎖オリゴヌクレオチドのストレプトアビジンをコーティングした磁性ビーズへの結合。(HPLC精製した)5’Dual Biotin(デュアルビオチン)タグを備えた一本鎖DNAオリゴヌクレオチド鋳型、および20塩基ユニバーサルプライマーをIDT(Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IN)から注文した。鋳型は長さが60塩基であって、20塩基プライマーに相補的な3’末端に20塩基を含むように設計した(表3,イタリック体)。凍結乾燥されビオチニル化された鋳型およびプライマーを、各々、40μMストック溶液として、および400μMストック溶液としてTE緩衝液(10mM Tris−HCl,1mM EDTA,pH8)に再度懸濁させ、使用するまで−20℃で貯蔵した。
濃度変化は小さいので、濃度変化のイオン強度の拡大を行うのが可能である:
I={119.227+6.67[PPi]+2.78[Pi]+0.79[放出されたH+]−9.52(6.5μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5)
pHは8.80である
イオンおよび硫酸を含有する、0.5mM TrisにおけるBST反応緩衝液については:
I={1452.46+6.5[PPi]+2.87[Pi]+0.98[放出されたH+]−9.98(6.5μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5’)
5mM Tris緩衝液については、イオン強度は以下によって与えられる。
I={555.803+7.43[PPi]+2.92[Pi]+0.98[放出されたH+]−9.90(6.5μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5’’)
pHは9.03である
0.5mM Tris+1mM MgCl2については、イオン強度は以下によって与えられる。
I={3119.86+6.94[PPi]+2.78[Pi]+0.91[放出されたH+]−9.49(6.5μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5’’’)
pHは8.81.03である
5mM Tris+1mM MgCl2については、イオン強度は以下によって与えられる。
I={3556.67+7.71[PPi]+2.93[Pi]+0.98[放出されたH+]−9.89(6.5μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5’’’’)
pHは9.04.03である
0.5mM Trisについては、イオン強度は、I={250.699+6.44[PPi]+2.83[Pi]+0.96[放出されたH+]−9.67(20μM−[dNTP])}x10−6によって与えられる。
pHは、dNTPが存在すれば8.53、存在しなければ8.97である。
0.5mM Tris+50μM MgCl2については、イオン強度は以下によって与えられる。
I={400.759+6.46[PPi]+2.84[Pi]+0.96[放出されたH+]−9.66(20μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5’’’’’’)
pHは、dNTPが存在すれば8.53、存在しなければ8.97である。
最後に、dNTPの不存在下における、pH=9およびイオン強度=300mMでのカノニカル緩衝液を考える。方程式は以下のようになろう。
I={493.20+6.46[PPi]+2.84[Pi]+0.96[放出されたH+]−9.66(20μM−[dNTP])}x10−6 (5’’’’’’’)
シグナルはI−1/2に比例し、従って、反応緩衝溶液のイオン強度はできるだけ低く保つのが望ましいことを注記する。(I0+dI)−1/2=I0 −1/2−1/2(dI/I0)I0−1/2であることを注記する。かくして、シグナルに対する相対的変化は−1/2(dI/I0)である。方程式5−5’’’’’’’を比較することによって、dIは緩衝液イオン強度からおおよそ独立していることが分かる。かくして、もし初期のイオン強度であるI0がより低いならば、相対的シグナル変化はより大きい。
反応/拡散計算
起こる反応は以下のものである。
d[DNA]/dt=−kbst[dNTP][DNA]
d[PPi]/dt=kbst[dNTP][DNA]
d[dNTP]/dt=kbst[dNTP][DNA]
反応PPi+H2O→2Piの酵素が存在すれば、この反応は瞬時に起こると推定される。これらの種の全ては、DNAを除いて、個々の拡散係数に従って拡散する。しかしながら、DNAのもう1つの塩基を加えることによって放出されたH+は拡散する。
有限要素法を用いて、これらの種の反応および拡散を計算することができる.該方法は、好ましくは、円筒座標にコードされる。反応速度に対するMg++の効果について以下に注意して、各要素における反応は前記スキームに従う。加えてMg++の拡散も追跡される。しかしながら、電流の計算についてはMg++は一定であると仮定するのを想起されたい。
数字コードは、直径Dおよび深さHの円筒への拡散に対する分析的解に対するチェックであった:
パラメータkbstを決定するには、Rothberg et alのNatureの論文からの結果を用いた。その論文は関連拡散の単純化された質量移動計算を表し(resented)、それから関連反応は以下のようになる。
d[DNA]/dt=−kbst[dNTP][DNA]
d[PPi]/dt=kbst[dNTP][DNA]−kc([PPi])
d[dNTP]/dt=kbst[dNTP][DNA]+kc([dNTP]0−[dNTP])
最後の2つの反応を合わせると、以下が見出される。
d([PPi]+[dNTP])/dt=−kbst[dNTP][DNA]−kc([dNTP]0−[PPi]−[dNTP])
これらの方程式を数値的に解いて、kbstおよびkcの値を決定することができ、30℃におけるkbst=2.38(μMs)−1およびkc=0.2 s−1を得る。
PPi→Pi酵素
反応PPi+H2O→2Piは有限の速度で起こる。酵素およびMg++の存在下における速度定数は約103s−1である(Biochemistry 41(2002)12025)。従って、この反応は1ms以内に終了する。かくして、この変換は瞬時であるということができる。しかしながら、いずれかの酵素またはイオン触媒の不存在下においては、速度定数は約3−1年−1である(J. Chem.Soc. Farady Trans,93(1007)4295)。この場合、反応は全く進行し〜かしながら、多くのイオンはこの反応をある程度触媒する。かくして、もしこの反応が進行しないのが望まれるならば、反応を触媒するイオンが存在しないように溶液を選択するよう注意しなければならない。
拡散係数
配列決定反応からのpH変化によるシグナルは、関連種の拡散係数に依存する。文献(Biophys.J 78(2000)1657)は、Pi、PPi、およびdNTPについての値を与える:
1つの好ましい実施は、全ての種の拡散係数を減少させるための小さな球(例えば、0.1μm)の使用を含む。これは、おおよそ拡散係数が低下する比率だけ、pH曲線をより大きな時間にシフトさせる。拡散係数の低下についてのテキストブックの式は、Deff/D0=2(1−φ)/(2+φ)であり、ここに、φは該球によって専有される容積の分率である。
小さな球の半径はこの表現に直接的には入らない。球無しについては、φ=0である。ランダムにパッキングした球では、φ≒0.6であり、密なパッキングをした球では、φ=0.74である。
もう1つのアプローチが、H+、Pi、PPi、およびdNTPの拡散係数を低下させるために他の方法を用いることである。例えば、溶液の粘度は増大させることができる。
配列決定反応
次に、Mg++の拡散して入る効果を考える。どのように酵素反応速度が[Mg++]に依存するかは正確に知られてい〜かしながら、二価金属イオンが酵素活性に必要である。該速度は、1mMのMg++における最大速度まで直線状に比例すると推定される。かくして、反応速度定数はkbst min(1,[Mg++]/1mM)と等しいと推定される。
Mg++についての1.25×10−5cm2/2の拡散係数を用いることができる。モデル2については、t=0では、濃度[Mg++]0=1mMにおいて、z=0においてのみMg++が存在する。t>0では、それは拡散して入り、方程式(8)によると反応速度に影響する(8).モデル1では、Mg++の濃度はウェルにおいて全ての時間に1mMである。別法として、溶液中の遊離Mg++濃度がゼロとなるように、酵素はMg++と共に予め浸漬されると仮定することができる。
7〜9のpHの範囲においては、反応は、おおよそ以下のように、H+を放出する。
DNAn n
DNAn+1 n+1
dNTP 4
PPi 3
2Pi 4
これは、溶液のpHよりも低いpKa値を持つ全てのH+が良好な近似にて生じるからである。もし溶液がpH7〜9であれば、これらの種の全てはpHを低下させる。従って、反応dNTP+DNAn→PPi+DNAn+1の正味の効果は、pHを変化させないことである。
反応PPi+H2O→2Piの正味の効果は、1つの正味のH+の放出によってpHを変化させることである。
ビーズ表面のDNAによって放出されたH+はDNAを越えて外まで拡散し、pHはDNAのpKaよりもかなり高いので、これらのH+イオンは、平衡時間t<0の間にウェルから外へ拡散するであろう。(全てのこれらのH+は拡散して離れる)。すなわち、もしビーズ上のDNAが、dNTPが加えられる前に平衡とされると、溶液は、丁度、(ビーズ近くに少し過剰のNa+が存在して、デバイ長さ内で、DNA上の負の電荷をバランスさせた)通常の緩衝溶液のはずである。DNAの過剰の塩基が加えられると、H+のパルスが生じ−−−拡散係数はNa+のようなものである。
ウェルのサイズ
シミュレーション実行は小さなウェルについて行った:
デバイス流動におけるdNTP先端厚み
dNTPは、計算において、t=0においてウェル上方で0から6.5μMへ瞬時に変化すると推定される。もしdNTPがウェルを通って十分迅速に流動するならば、この条件はほぼ真実である。定義
V=ウェル上方の流体の流動の速度
L=デバイスの長さ
D=dNTPの拡散性=3.91×10−6cm2/s
d=ウェルのサイズ
t=デバイスを通っての流動を一掃するための時間
t0=「瞬時の変化」のためのカットオフ時間
Wd=デバイスの端部における拡散による先端の幅=(2Dt)1/2
Wm=混合による先端の幅≒フラッシュ容量領域の長さ
U=フラッシュ容量=15μl(現在52μl)
U=流速=50μl/s
フローセルの幾何学は、313および314と命名された2つのモデルについて以下の通りである:
次に、異なる計算である。チャネルの壁におけるdNTPの濃度は、t0未満において、0から6.5μmまで上昇するのが望ましい。t=0における濃度C(x,y,z)は、t=0においてc0=6.5μmであると仮定することができる。0<x<L、−B<y<B、0<z<Wを取る。0<x<Lのいずれかの値については、y=Bにおける濃度を知るのが望まれる。厳格に述べれば、壁における濃度は0にとどまり、というのは、拡散を考慮しない限り、そこでの速度は0だからである。従ってx方向の対流およびz方向の拡散を考慮する必要がある。対流[6]の計算。
v=[(p0−pL)B2/(2μL)][1−(y/B)2] (10)
流速はQ=(2/3)(p0−pL) B3 W/(μ L)である。デバイスの末端における平均流動が0.95 c0となるのに必要な時間を計算する。まず、拡散がなければ、濃度は以下によって与えられることに注意されたい。
c(x,y,z) 0, t<t*
c0, t>t*
t*=x/v(y) (11)
流動はt’=L/v(0.95B)の最大濃度の95%となる。1つの容量をクリアするための時間はt’’=容量/Qであり、ここに、容量=2B WLである。t’=2/3/0.0975t’’=6.87t’’であることが判明し得る。かくして、平均濃度を最終値(3ではない)の95%に持ってゆくのに7デバイス容量を要する。関心事の中には、デバイス壁の濃度の値がある。濃度は、対流によって支配されるy方向の拡散を無視し、方程式
∂c/∂t+v(y) ∂c/∂x=D ∂2c/∂y2 (12)
c(x,y,0)=0
c(0,y,t)=c0
∂c(x,±B,t)/∂y=0
に従う。次に、濃度は、より小さなx−δxおよびy=y−δyにおいて存在した濃度プロフィールからの拡散を除いて、時間δtにおける拡散によって壁に到達するというのは、対流はこの時間δtの間に起こるからである。(δy)2=2Dtに注意されたい。前記より、濃度は、時間t’’=1/6.69sの間の拡散によってδy=10μmのオーダーで拡散することができることが分かる。それは時間t0=0.02sの間に拡散するのが望まれ、それは、3.95μmの拡散距離を意味する。従って、保存的計算として、方程式(11)t*=L/v(B−3.95μm)から計算することができよう。時間t*+t0までに、壁における濃度は、拡散および対流の組合せを通じてほぼc0であろう。かくして、v=(3/4)(1/B W)Q[1−(y/B)^2]である。
これを用い、t*=L/v(B−3.95 μm)=1.84sである。後の値t0において、壁における濃度はほぼ最大まで上昇する。残念なことに、この計算は、1.84sの間に、yの小さな値からの速度プロフィールからの材料もまた壁まで拡散するチャンスを有したことを無視する。また、それは、xのより小さな値について開始する拡散は、yがより大きくなるにつれ、より低い速度にて右側に進行することを無視している。
かくして、境界層をわたっての拡散は対流よりも速いのはいつであるかと尋ねることができる。拡散によってはδ/t=2D/δである。対流によってはδ/t=v(B−δ)である。これらの2つはδ=.001mm=1.0μmについて等しい。従って、先端がδ=L/v(B−δ)=6.78sのこの値に到達すると、壁への材料の進行は拡散によって完全に支配されている。そして、濃度は、時間δ2/(2D)=0.01sの間にほぼc0まで上昇するであろう。従って、δ<1.0μmについては、対流はx方向の拡散よりも重要である。
方程式(12)の数値的解は、前記近似的計算をチェックするために必要である。有限要素法を用いて。数値的に方程式(12)を解くことができる。我々は、前記デバイスについては、壁における濃度はx=0.5mmにおいては約0.15s内に、およびx=5.0mmにおいては約0.5s内に上昇することを見出す。これは余りにも遅い。レイノルズ数はRe=1g/cm3*0.5cm/(1/6.69s)*0.0293cm/0.01cp=9.8である。もし高さが0.1mmであると設定すれば、壁における濃度はx=0.5mmにおいては約0.04s内に、およびx5.0mmにおいては約0.15s内に上昇することが見出される。これはおそらくは余りにも遅い。Re=9.8。もし別法としてQ=240μl/sと設定すれば、壁における濃度はx=0.5mmにおいては約0.05s内に、およびx=5.0mmにおいては約0.2s内に上昇する。これは恐らくは余りにも遅い。Re=47。高さが0.1mmおよびQ=240μl/sの双方を設定すれば、壁における濃度はx=0.5mmにおいて約0.013s内に、およびx=5.0mmにおいて約0.07s内に上昇する。これは恐らくは十分速い。Re=47。全ての場合における流動は層流とすべきである。
前記したことは、最大のシグナルがdNTPのブレークスルーから来るものであり、およびこのブレークスルーはかなりシャープである点で少し余りにも厳格であろう。ウェルの頂部におけるdNTP上昇は0.02s内に完了する必要はない可能性がある。恐らく、該上昇は、ウェルの底部におけるdNTPブレークスルーのかなり前に完了しさえすればよい。そして、これは数秒のオーダーである。従って、ウェルの頂部において上昇しているdNTP濃度に関して反応/拡散方程式を解く必要がある。それを0およびtの間で0から6.5μMまで直線状に上昇させ、ここに、tは、デバイスの末端における上昇時間についての従前のパラグラフで特定された値である。
これらの数値的シミュレーションから、ウェルの表面におけるdNTPの有限上昇時間は、イオンパルスデバイスの効率をわずかに低下させるに過ぎないことが判明するであろう。6μm×8μmデバイスでは、0.2sの有限上昇時間は、観察されたセンサー応答曲線にわずかに影響するに過ぎない。0.5sの有限上昇時間は最初のピークをより長い時間にシフトさせ、ならびにNpolyの全ての値のピークの高さを低下させることによって観察されたセンサー応答曲線に影響する。より遅い応答時間を持つ表面は、この有限なdNTP上昇時間によって余り影響されない。4μm×6μmについてはわずかにより劇的であれば、効果は同様である。というのは、このデバイスについての特徴的な拡散時間はより小さく、従って、有限上昇時間は、ウェルの表面における瞬時のdNTP上昇の理想化された場合に対するより大きな相対的摂動だからである。
結果のパラメータ感度
実験的変数に対するイオンパルス応答の感度を決定するために、4μm×6μm系を参照として採用した。この検出方法は拡散に依拠しているので、ウェルの幾何学はプロットされるいずれのNpoly曲線の分解能に対しても有意なインパクトを有する。
dNTP濃度は半分とされて3.25μMとなり、2倍とされて13μMとなった。ビーズ表面のDNAを3のファクターだけ増大させた。実行は、より大きな3.6μmビーズで行った。ビーズ表面のDNAおよびdNTPの双方は3のファクターだけ増加させた。酵素の反応速度kは半分とし、および2倍とした。5μM Tris、遊離Mg++無しについてのセンサー応答曲線を、前記の全てについて作成した。
酵素の反応速度定数の2倍は、ピークを非常にわずかにより高くする。
1つの可能性は、ビーズ上のDNA濃度が余りにも高くて反応は有効に拡散制限され、従って、酵素速度定数は濃度曲線に影響する主な因子ではないということである。同様に、1/2だけ酵素反応速度を低下させるのは、センサー曲線に対してほとんど効果を有しない。それは、それらを時間内に非常にわずかに広げるにすぎない。
大きなビーズは非常によく働く。ビーズ上のDNAのより多くの塊があるので、それを消費するのはより長い時間がかかる。加えて、ビーズは容量がより大きな空間を取り、従ってウェル底部までの拡散は少し長い時間を要する。ピークはより大きな時間まで広がる。
ビーズ上のDNAのより大きな濃度は時間内にピークを広げる。これは、DNAのより大きな濃度は、ビーズ上のDNAのより大きな塊を意味するからである。DNAのこのより大きな塊は、反応までにより長い時間を要する。かくして、dNTPの最終ブレークスルーはより長い時間を用する。
溶液dNTP濃度を3.25μMまで降下させるのは、ピークを時間内に広げるが、また、ピークの高さを低下させる。2つの効果が、恐らくは、異なるNpoly曲線を区別することに関してほぼ相殺される。逆に、dNTP濃度の13μMまでの増大は、ピークをより小さな時間へシフトさせる。ピークはより高いが、それらは、また、時間が実質的により近い。該曲線はそのようにより短い時間におけるものであるので、それらはセンサーの応答時間へ移動している。13μM曲線は6.5μMの場合よりも余り区別ができないであろう。
ビーズ上のDNAの濃度を3倍増加させ、および溶液中のdNTP濃度を13μMまで増加させるのは、ピークを約3倍高くするが、それらを時間内に広げない。タイムスケールは比較的変化しない。なぜならば、ビーズ上のDNAの量はより大きいが、反応速度もまた、より高いdNTP濃度のためより大きいからである。同一時間に放出されるより大きな塊があるゆえに、ピークはより高い。
パッキングビーズ−φ(ファイ)
(全ての種の拡散を遅らせるための)パッキングビーズに対する所望性は、同様なウェル寸法の間で、および4×6ミクロン(幅×高さ)および6×8ミクロンウェルの間で、イオンパルス応答を比較することによって見られる。Npoly曲線は、ウェルの増大した深さおよびパッキングビーズで分解される(φ=0.6)。
φの効果を見るための式は、効果的な拡散係数である。
Deff=D0*2(1−φ)/(2+φ)
φ=0.6についてはD0/Deff=3.25、例えば、ビーズのため3.25×減速である。
φ=0.9についてはD0/Deff=14.5、例えば、このため14.5×減速である。
必要な他の式はウェルにおける特徴的時間である。
H2=2 Deff t
従って、φ=0.6における6umウェルについては、t=62/(2/3.25*D0)=58.5/D0である。
φ=0.9における2.25ウェルは、t=2.252/(2/14.5*D0)=36.7/D0を生じる。
従って、φ=0.9における2.25umウェルは、全ての時間に、φ=0.6における6umウェルよりも小さな約36.7/58.5=0.63を有するであろう。より小さなウェルは、依然として、僅かにより速いであろう。φ=0.936を有すれば(ウェルの直径およびDNAビーズがウェル高さと同様に倍率変更されることを仮定し)、より小さなウェルは丁度より大きなウェルとしてほぼ正確に作動するであろう。
シグナル対ノイズ
シグナル対ノイズ比は、NpolyおよびNpoly+1シグナルの間のmVで表わした差に、また、mV曲線が異なる間の時間の長さの平方根に比例する。σをセンサーのノイズと定義し、fを秒当たりのフレームの数と定義する。0<t<tmaxの間におけるシグナル1およびシグナル2の間の絶対値の平均的差をΔと定義し、すなわち、Δ=∫0 tmax|v1−v2|/tmaxである。
曲線の間の差は双方の兆候を有することができる故に、絶対値を取る。かくして、条件はΔ>σ[2/(ftmax)]1/2である。
一例として、D=4μM、H=6μMウェル、φ=0、dNTP=20μM、10×DNAの場合について考える。f=20Hz、およびtmax=2sを取る。Δの値は0.6861である。かくして、v=(3/4)(1/B W)Q[1−(y/B)^2]である。
0.6861>0.22σ
従って、σ=0.25mVの値を用い、このデバイスは作動するであろう(1−P=10−35)。もう1つの例として、D=4μM、H=6μMウェル、φ=0、dNTP=6.5μM、10×DNAの場合について考える。f=20Hz、およびtmax=4sを取る。Δの値は0.1862である。かくして、v=(3/4)(1/B W)Q[1−(y/B)^2]である。
0.1862>0.1581σ
従って、σ=0.25mVの値を用い、このデバイスは恐らくは作動するであろう(1−P=2.4×10−6)。
tmaxの最適な値:余りにも小さな値があり、十分なシグナル;余りにも大きな値を有するものではなく、かなりのノイズを見ていることに注意されたい。tmaxの値はここではおおまかなものに過ぎない。
同等物
Claims (16)
- 1種の鋳型核酸を、化学センサーと連通している少なくとも1つの反応チャンバー中に配置すること;
既知のヌクレオチドを、前記反応チャンバー内に導入すること;
前記既知のヌクレオチドの前記鋳型核酸への取込み間隔の終わりを示す、前記化学センサーからの出力パルスを検出すること;および
前記既知のヌクレオチドの導入と出力パルスの検出との間の時間間隔に基づいて、前記取込み間隔の間に取り込まれた既知のヌクレオチドの数を決定すること
を含み、
前記出力パルスが、取込み間隔の終了時における反応チャンバー内のイオン濃度の変化に起因し、前記イオン濃度の変化が、反応チャンバー内の未取込みの既知のヌクレオチドの濃度に起因する、核酸を配列決定する方法。 - 取込み間隔の終了が、既知のヌクレオチドの1種の鋳型核酸への取込みイベントの終了を定義する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- イオン濃度の変化が、さらに反応チャンバー外へのイオンの拡散に起因する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 取り込まれた既知のヌクレオチドが、単一タイプである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 化学センサーが、不動態化層を経由して反応チャンバーとカップリングしている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 既知のヌクレオチドの取込みに起因する反応チャンバー内のイオン発生の速度が、不動態化層の表面電荷密度の変化速度よりも大きい、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 化学センサーが、化学的に感受性の電界効果トランジスタ(chemFET)であり、出力パルスが、前記chemFETの閾値電圧に基づく、請求項1に記載の方法。
- chemFETが、不動態化層を経由して反応チャンバーとカップリングしたフローティングゲートを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 1種の鋳型核酸を、化学センサーと連通している少なくとも1つの反応チャンバー内に配置すること;
既知のヌクレオチドを、前記反応チャンバー内に導入すること;
前記既知のヌクレオチドの前記鋳型核酸への取込み事象の開始を示す、前記化学センサーからの第一の出力パルスを検出すること;
前記既知のヌクレオチドの前記鋳型核酸への取込み事象の終わりを示す、前記化学センサーからの第二の出力パルスを検出すること;および
前記第一の出力パルスの検出と前記第二の出力パルスの検出との間の時間間隔に基づいて、前記1種の鋳型核酸に取り込まれた既知のヌクレオチドの数を決定すること
を含み、
前記第一の出力パルスが、前記取込み事象により生じる反応チャンバー内でのPPiの発生の少なくとも一部に起因し、前記第二の出力パルスが、前記反応チャンバー内の未取込みの既知のヌクレオチドの濃度の変化の少なくとも一部に起因する、核酸を配列決定する方法。 - 第一の出力パルスおよび第二の出力パルスが、それぞれ反応チャンバー内のイオン濃度の変化に起因する、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 化学センサーが、不動態化層を経由して反応チャンバーとカップリングしている、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 既知のヌクレオチドの取込みに起因する反応チャンバー内のイオン発生の速度が、不動態化層の表面電荷密度の変化速度よりも大きい、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 化学センサーが、化学的に感受性の電界効果トランジスタ(chemFET)であり、出力パルスが、前記chemFETの閾値電圧に基づく、請求項9に記載の方法。
- chemFETが、不動態化層を経由して反応チャンバーとカップリングしたフローティングゲートを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 1種の鋳型核酸を、化学センサーと連通している少なくとも1つの反応チャンバー内に配置すること;
既知のヌクレオチドを、前記反応チャンバー内に導入すること;および
少なくとも1つの前記既知のヌクレオチドの前記鋳型核酸への取込みを、前記既知のヌクレオチドの導入に応答する、前記化学センサーからの一対の出力パルスを受け取ることによって検出すること
を含み、
前記一対の出力パルスが、取込み事象により生じる反応チャンバー内でのPPiの発生の少なくとも一部に起因する第一の出力パルスと、前記反応チャンバー内の未取込みの既知のヌクレオチドの濃度の変化の少なくとも一部に起因する第二の出力パルスとの対である、核酸を配列決定する方法。 - 第二の既知のヌクレオチドを反応チャンバー内に導入すること;および
前記第二の既知のヌクレオチドの導入に応答する前記化学センサーからの単一の出力パルスを受け取ることにより、前記第二の既知のヌクレオチドの取込みの欠如を検出すること
をさらに含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
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JP6370938B2 (ja) | 2018-08-08 |
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CN102203282B (zh) | 2014-04-30 |
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JP2017136063A (ja) | 2017-08-10 |
JP2015130858A (ja) | 2015-07-23 |
EP2307577A4 (en) | 2013-09-25 |
JP2011525810A (ja) | 2011-09-29 |
EP2982437A1 (en) | 2016-02-10 |
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EP2307577B1 (en) | 2015-06-03 |
EP2982437B1 (en) | 2017-12-06 |
EP2307577A2 (en) | 2011-04-13 |
US8524057B2 (en) | 2013-09-03 |
WO2010008480A3 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
US9458502B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
WO2010008480A2 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
US20210047686A1 (en) | 2021-02-18 |
CN102203282A (zh) | 2011-09-28 |
US11530444B2 (en) | 2022-12-20 |
US20110217697A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
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