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JPH04500582A - エレクトロルミネセント素子 - Google Patents

エレクトロルミネセント素子

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JPH04500582A
JPH04500582A JP2506028A JP50602890A JPH04500582A JP H04500582 A JPH04500582 A JP H04500582A JP 2506028 A JP2506028 A JP 2506028A JP 50602890 A JP50602890 A JP 50602890A JP H04500582 A JPH04500582 A JP H04500582A
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フレンド リチャード ヘンリー
バローグス ジェルミー ヘンリー
ブラッドリー ドナル ドナット コーナー
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ケンブリッジ ディスプレイ テクノロジー リミテッド
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B33/00Electroluminescent light sources
    • H05B33/12Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
    • H05B33/14Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/114Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/191Deposition of organic active material characterised by provisions for the orientation or alignment of the layer to be deposited
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene

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  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
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  • Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
  • Control Of El Displays (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 発明の名称 エレクトロルミネセント素子 発明の説明 技術分野 本発明は、エレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)に関し、一層詳細には、発光素 子層が半導体であるエレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)に関する。
発明の背景 エレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)は、電界の影響により発光するよう構成さ れている。このような半導体における物理的過程に対する一般的な作用は、半導 体の相対する電極から放出される電子−正孔対の放射結合を通して行われる。そ の−例を挙げると、発光ダイオードはガリウムとリン、あるいは、同様な■族の 元素・とV族の元素の組み合わせからなる半導体を基礎として構成されている。
これらの素子は、効果的且つ広範囲に利用されているものの、その大きさが非常 に微小であるために大きな領域を有する画面に使用するに際しては、困難を伴う ばかりか不経済でもある。
大きな領域を有する画面への使用が可能な代替品の材料は幾種類か知られている が、そのなかでも11it機材料により構成される半導体の一つであるZnS  (硫化亜鉛)が好適である。この根拠となる基本原理は不明確であり信頼性に薄 く、実用に際しては考えなくてはならない問題が存在する。前記ZnS (硫化 亜鉛)に係るメカニズムは、強電界下において、放射放出(radiaLion  emission)により半導体の励起状態が局部的に低下されることを原因 として引き起こされ、半導体を通過するある種の電子(キャリアー)に加速度が 付与されるとの仮説がある。
有機材料の一つとしては、アントラセン(anthracenc)、ペリレン( pery l ene) 、そしてコロネン(c o ronene)のような 芳香族分子単体(simple aromatic molecules)がエ レクトロルミネセント素子(EL)の材料として用いられていることが知られて いる。
これらの材料の実用上の問題点としては、ZnS (硫化亜鉛)と同様にそれら の基本原理が不明瞭で信頼性を欠くばかりか、有機層と電流注入電極層(cur rent−injectionelectrode 1ayers)との接着性 に問題がある。
有機材料に係る理想的技術は、最終的に81層された積層体(resultan t 1ayer)の硬度が低く再結晶傾向が強いこと、および高温の発熱状態に おける上部接触層(top c。
ntact 1ayer)の接着を遂行できないことにより機能の低下を惹起し ている。
芳香族分子に好適に接着しているラングミニア−ブロジェット膜は、膜の品質の 劣性、能動物質の活性度、さらには、構成物のコストの高騰により、その使用に 不都合を招いている。
アントラセン(anthracene)を利用したエレクトロルミネセント素子 は、米国特許3,621.321号に開示されている。この素子は、多量の出力 を消費し、且つその出力m費mに比して発光が少ないという不都合を有している 。
前記開示の素子の改善を試みるべく、米国特許4. 672. 265号には、 発光層を二層からなる構造としたエレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)の発明が 記載されている。
しかしながら、前記二層構造に用いられる物質は、前述の不都合な有機材料であ る。
発明の開示 本発明は、前記の不都合を未然に回避するか、若しくは少なくとも前記不都合を 低減化することを可能とするエレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)を提供するこ とを目的とする。
本発明は、少なくともポリマーポリマーが活用された高密度で薄層からなるポリ マーポリマー層から構成される半導体層を含(エレクトロルミネセント素子を提 供するものであり、第1接触層Dirst contact 1ayer)は、 第1の半導体層の表面と接し、第2接触層(second contactla yer)は、第2の半導体層表面と接するポリマーポリマーである。半導体層の ポリマー膜は第1接触層(first c。
ntact 1ayer)および第2接触層(second contactl ayer)から相対的に電荷移動体(charge carriers)が半導 体層に注入され、半導体層を発光させることを阻止すべく、第1接触層(fir sL、contact 1ayer)と第2接触層(second conta ctlayer)に挾まれた半導体層に電場が加わる外部の電荷移動体(cha rge carriers)は十分に低い濃度(荷電)に設定されている。
本発明は、当該発明者によりなされた好適な接触層から電荷移動体(charg e carriers)がエレクトロルミネセント素子に注入されることより発 光することを応用したポリマーポリマーからなる半導体に発明の基礎をおいてい る。
ペリとセ17(Perとse)を含む高分子重合体を活用したポ出[10294 061号で検討されている。この場合には、第1の電極と第2の電極の間に位置 する変調器の構成物の能動層(act ive l ayer)にポリアセチレ ンが用いられている。光学変調効果を発生させる能動層(active 1ay er)に通電領域を形成しないために、一つの電極と能動層(active 1 ayer)との間に絶縁層(inslating 1ayer)が必要である。
その上つな構造は、電子の空孔(c h a rge 5pace)の存在が発 光に寄与する電子−正孔対(elector−hole pairs)の構成を 妨げるため、エレクトロルミネセント素子には不向きである。いずれにせよ、欧 州特許出願0294061号のエレクトロルミネセント素子では、光学変調効果 がそれによって破壊されないことに関しては、全く望ましくない。
本発明に係る素子において、共役ポリマー(Coniugated Po I  yme r)は好適なポリマー[PPV)(p−)ユニレンビニレンンであり、 第1の電荷注入接触層(firstcharge 1njection con tact Iayer)は、−側の表面が薄い酸化物層が形成されたアルミニウ ムの8層からなり、前記酸化J12層と接続している半導体層の第1の表面と第 2の電荷注入接触層(second charge i njecLion c ontact 1ayer)である。
その他の具体例では、共役ポリマーはPPVであり、第1層(f 1rst c ontact 1ayer)がアルミニウム、若しくは亜鉛と銀の合金で、第2 層(second contact 1ayer)は、インジウム酸化物である 。
さらに別異の具体例では、共役ポリマーはPPVであり、接触層の一つは非晶系 硅素からなり、別異のもう一つの接触層は、アルミニウム、金、亜鉛−銀合金、 インジウム酸化物なる群のうちから選択される。
これらの具体例は、PPVが適用される第1接触層あるいは第2接触層のうちの いずれかが基台に積層され、そして、その上に前記積層されなかった接触層が積 層される。
好適には、ポリマー膜は、概ね10ナノメータ(n rn)から5マイクロメー タ(μm)の範囲の均一な厚さを有し、共役ポリマーは1エレクトロンボルト( eV)かう3. 5エレクトロンポル) (eV)の範囲で半導体バンドギャッ プを有する。その上、エレクトロルミネセントのポリマー膜の共役ポリマーの大 きさは、本発明に係る膜内の共役ポリマー電荷の浸透移動が十分なされるもので ある。
共役ポリマーとは、ポリマーの主骨格に沿って非極在π電子対が存在し、非極在 化したπ電子対が半導体の影響領域下からポリマーへ付与されるポリマーを意味 し、そして、それは、ポリマーの骨格に沿って高い移動能を正と負の電子担体に 付与することを補助する能力を付与する。
そのようなポリマーは、例えば、R,H,フレンドにより、journal o r Mo1ecular Electronies4 (1988) Janu ary−March、 No、 1,037ページから゛46ページで検討され ている。
本発明の基礎となるメカニズムは、以下のとおりである。すなわち、正の接触層 は、ポリマー膜に正の電子担体を注入し、負の接触層は、ポリマー膜に負の電子 担体を注入し、前記電子担体は、発光する電子対と結合する。目的を達成するた めに、正の接触層は高い仕事機能を有することが、また負の接触層は低い仕事機 能を有することにより構成される。従って、負の接触層は、例えば、金属あるい はドープ半導体(a doped semiconductor)のような電子 注入材(e I e c t r i c i n j ecting mat erial)から構成され、ポリマー半導体層と接続し、外部とのエネルギー差 の存在を応用して負電荷を生じる時、電子のポリマー半導体層への注入がなされ る。正の接触層は、例えば、金属やドープ半導体(a doped semic onductor)のような正孔注入部材(hole−ingecting m aterial)から構成され、ポリマ 一半導体層と接合し、外部とのエネル ギー差の存在を応用して負電荷を生じる時、ポリマー半導体層に一般に正孔と呼 ばれる正の電荷が注入される。
所望のエレクトロルミネセント素子を作るためには、ポリ7−膜の中心部におけ る再結合による無発光の挙動は、エレクトロルミネセント(電界発光)を妨げる ために、排除しなければならない。
所謂、“密集した′ポリマー膜とは、実質的に空間が排除されたポリマー膜を意 味する。
少なくとも一つの接触層は、電子注入材(electric−injectin g material)に加えて、さらに、金属層、あるいは、電子の割当てと 、正孔のエレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)への注入に役立ち、接触層の電子 注入材(e 1 ectric−injecting material)によ り起こる発光の衰えを確実にする有機材料を含むことが可能である。
共役ポリマーの1iii(the film or conjugated p olyrner)は、好適には、一種類の共役ポリマー゛あるいは、St種類か の共役ポリマーを含むポリマー共ポリマーから構成される。またあるいは、共役 ポリマー(conjugated polymer)からなる膜は、共役ポリマ ー、別の適当なポリマーを含むポリマーポリマーの混合物から構成されることも 可能である。
さらに好適なポリマー膜の特徴は以下の通りである。
(i)酸素、湿度、紫外線への暴露、温度の上昇に対して化学的に安定であるポ リマー。
(ii)下地層との間の良好な接着性、温度上昇あるいは圧力圧迫を原因とする 亀裂の発生に対する阻止能力、縮み、膨張、再結晶あるいは他の形状の変質への 抵抗性を有するポリマー膜。
(■)緻密な結晶性と高融点により、イオンおよび原子の移動の進行を阻止する (跳ね返す)ポリマー膜。
次に、本発明り係る具体例の一例を、図面を参照しながら記述する。
共役ポリマー膜は、好適には、下記構造式の[PPV]Cp−フェニレンビニレ ン)であり、下記構造式において、フェニレンリングは、−あるいはそれ以上数 の置換基が各々無関係にアルキル基(好適にはメチル基)、アルコキシ基(好適 にはメトキシ基若しくはエトキシ基)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素若しくは臭素) のなかから選択され置換される。
[PPV] (p−フェニレンビニレン)を出発物質とするその他の共役ポリマ ーもまた、本発明に係るエレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)のポリマー膜に適 当に使用されている。
以下にその他のポリマーの典型的例を示す。
(i)構造式Iのフェニレンリングに代わる多環系構造体、例えば、フェニレン リングに代えてアントラセンあるいはナフタリンを有する多環系構造体を有する 構造を下記に示す。
これらの多環系構造体もまた前記フェニレンリングと同様に−あるいはそれ以上 の数の置換をすることができる。
(ii)フェニレンリングに代わる1IiEi式構造体としてフラン環のような 構造式を下記に示す。
前記構造物と同様にフェニレンリングに代えて記載されたタイプのフラン環構造 体も−あるいはそれ以上の数の置換をすることができる。
(iii )各々のフェニレンリング(若しくはiあるいはiiの構造式に与え られた他の多環系構造物)に結合したビニレン部分を増やすことのできる構造式 は以下のとおりである。
前記構造式において、yは2.3.4.5.6.7、を示ず。
さらにまた、多環系は前記以外さまざまに代えることができる。
これらのさまざまなPPV誘導体は、全てのスペクトルを確実に網羅する異なっ た波長を放射するエレクトロルミネセントの構造が得られるので、異なった様々 な半導体のエネルギー単位を有することができる。
この共役ポリマー膜は、化学的方法、ポリマー前駆体の溶液の熱処理、あるいは 、溶解処理によっても得ることができる。前記方法のうち後者の場合においては 、その後に行われる反応を停止することにより共役ポリマーを変質させる以前に 、必要に応じて前処理若しくは洗浄をすることができる。
前記の各種のPPV誘導体膜は、適当なスルホニウム前駆体を使用することによ り類似の方法で所定の下層の上へ当接することができる。
一般に、好適には、スルホニウム塩前駆体(II)よりも有機溶媒の溶解度が高 いポリマー前駆体が用いられる。アルコキシ基(通常メトキシ)あるいは、ピリ ジン基のような親水基を減らすこと、若しくは前駆体の分割した一つの溶液に転 換することにより有機溶媒の溶解度を高めることを達成できる。
フェニレンビニレンの膜は、第1図に示される合成計画に基いた方法により、所 定の下層上に当接される。スルホニウム塩単量体(II)は、水溶液、水エタノ ール混液、若しくはメタノール中でポリマー前駆体(III)に合成される。そ のようなポリマー前駆体(III)は、光学性樹脂処理のための半導体産業で用 いられている一般的なスピン−コーティング技術により所定の下層上に当接する ことができる。その結果化じたポリマー前駆体(III)は、通例200℃から 350℃での加熱処理によりフェニレンビニル(I)に合成される。
単量体(It)の化学合成、前駆体(DI)の重合、そしてPPVのための熱転 換のために必要な詳細な条件設定は、例えば、D。
D、C,BradleyによるJ、Phys、D (Appl ied Phy sisics)20.1389 (1987)およびJ。
d、Stenger Smi th、R,W、LenzとG、Wegnerによ るPolymer30,1048 (1989)に記載されている。
フェニレンビニレン膜は、10ノナメータから10マイクロメータの厚さが得ら れることが知られている。これらのppviは、ごくわずなピンホールがみられ る。PPV!!は、約2.5eV(500nm)の半導体エネルギーギャップを 有する。前記エネルギーギャップは、強く、酸素の空間温度に多少影響するとと もに300℃を超過する外気温度で安定する。
所定の閾値を超過した活性材料は、余分な中間生成物の発生を伴わない一行程の 反応によりエリミネーション反応を容易に律速させることを確保するポリマー前 駆体のリービンググループにより、閾値の超過を修正することができる。従って 、例えば、直鎮ジアルキルスルホニウムは、テトラハイドロチオフェニウムに変 換されることができる。
それ以外の適当な共役ポリマーの膜を形成する材料は、フエニレンである。
この材料は、生化学的に合成される誘導体である5、6−ジハイドロキシシクロ ヘキサー1.3−ジエンを出発物質として合成される。これらの誘導体は、ポリ マー前駆体中の有機溶媒中に溶解された触媒(反応開始剤)により重合が行われ る。このフェニレン前駆体は、Ba1lard et al、J、Chcm、C omm、954 <1983)により詳細に記載されている。
ポリマー前駆体溶液は、所定の薄い下層上に薄い膜としてスピンコードされ、そ してその後通例140℃から240℃の範囲の加熱処理されて共役ポリマー(フ ェニレン)に転換される。
ビニル若しくはジエン単量体の共重合もまたフェニレン共ポリマーを得ることが できる。
それ以外の種類の共役ポリマーの膜に必要とされ使用できる材料は、取り扱いに くい官能基を変化した主鎖に結合すること、少なくとも一つ以上の構成要素が活 性でない共重合の構造中に共役ポリマーを含むことにより、溶液による加工ある いは溶解による加工のいずれかによる共役ポリマーである。例えば、以下のよう なものが含まれる。
(a)4.4’ −ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレン[PDPV]は、両方のビ ニレンの炭素がフェニレンリングにより置換されている。それは、薄い膜を形成 できるように普通の有機溶媒に解ける。
(b)1.4−ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレンと1.4−フェニレン−1−フ ェニルビニレンポリマーとPPVと類似物質であり、それぞれ一つあるいは両方 のビニレンの炭素がフェニル基と置換されている。それらは各々有機溶媒に解は 薄い膜として被覆される。
(C)有機溶媒中に溶解可能であり、長い主鎖を有するアルキルである(アルキ ルはオクチルと等しいかそれ以上に長い)3−アルキルチオフェン(アルキルは 、プロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、ヘキシル、ヘプチル、オクチル、ブチル、ウン デチル、ドブチルのいずれか一つ)溶融加工可能である。
(d)3−アルキルビロールは3−アルキルチオフェンと類似であることが予想 される。
(e)ブチルよりも大きなアルキルを有する2、5−ジアルコキシ−p−フェニ レッピニレン溶解加工可能である。
(f)フェニルアセチレンは主鎖中の水素原子がフェニル基に置換されたポリア セチレンの誘導体である。この置換は、材料の溶解による。
必要とされ使用可能なポリマーとそれによって所定の下層上(電子注入接触層) に必要とされるポリマーからなる薄い均一な膜が容易に得られるように、他のポ リマーを含む共役ポリマーが混合された混合ポリマーが使用される。
共役ポリマーの膜を形成するのに、そのような共ポリマーまたはポリマー混合物 を用いる時、前記共役ポリマーの膜を二つ以上併せたエレクトロルミネセントの 活性部位は、共ポリマーあるいは、ポリマー混合物のバーコレイション開始物質 と同じがそれ以上に大きい多量の共役ポリマー部位を含まなければならない。
半導体エレクトロルミネセント層は、異なったバンドギヤツプあるいは多くのi 類の電荷のバンドギャップのポリマー層からなる合成層から形成されている。前 記層は、例えば、電荷注入層により、高い濃度の注入電荷が特定の部分のエレク トロルミネセント素子(EL)を除いて達成される層などである。合成層は、連 続して予め配設さりたポリマーにより組み合わせられ形成される。
そのあとの層が同様に以前に配置した層を分解しないために、この場合には、ス ピン若しくはドローコーティングにより共役ポリマーが転換する過程で膜が溶解 しないようにされた共役ポリマーを前駆体として予め配置される。
図面の簡単な説明 本発明をよりよく理解するために、また如何して実施することができるかを表す ために下記の参照図面とともに実施例を示す。
第1図は、下層の共役ポリマーの合成経路の概略を示す、第2図並びに第3図は 、本発明に係るエレクトロルミネセント素子の概略図、 第4図は、第2図並びに第3因に記載されたエレクトロルミネセント素子の出力 を示すグラフ、 第5図並びに第6図は、各々他の本発明に係る実施例の一般的なりSライト放射 の流入量、電圧の強度とをを示すグラフ、第7図並びに第8図はその他の発明に 係るエレクトロルミネセント素子の出力を示すグラフである。
[実施例] U例工」 第2図および第3図を参照しなからエレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)の構造 を以下に説明する。
例えば、シリコンあるいは、ホウケイ酸塩のガラスからなる約1mmの下層1表 面の上方に、ff1lの電子注入接触層2が形成される。電子注入接触層2は、 約20nmの厚さの層を作るための仕切りa!識によりアルミニウムを熱浸透さ せて形成される。前記仕切り標識は、輪郭を設定するだめのパターンが用いられ ている。
前記パターンは、縦の長さが15mmで2mmの間隙を存して平行に並ぶ幅2m mの一連の細長い小片の集合体からなる。アルミニウムによりなされる電荷注入 接触層は、表面に薄い酸化物層3を形成するために空気にさらされる。このよう にして電子注入接触層は形成される。
メタノールで溶解された25m1のメタノールに1gのポリマーが溶解されたP PVの前駆体の溶液は、前記の結合した結合下層上にスピンコーティングされる 。これは、結合下層および繊維状下層の表面の全体に、軸の回転速度が500O r、p、m、以上でポリマーの塗布がなされる。その結果なされる下層およびポ リマー層は、バキュームオーブンで300℃の温度に加熱される。
この加熱温度は、ポリマー前駆体をPPVに変換させ、PPVM4を100から 300nmの厚さにする。膜抵抗を発生させるための必要最低限の膜の厚さは2 0nm程度である。従って、20nmから1μmの範囲の厚さを用いる。
第2の電荷注入接触N5は、PPv膜の上に金あるいはアルミニウムを浸透させ て形成される。仕切り標識としては、PP’#Jの表面上において輪郭を設定す るための縦の長さが15mmで2mmの間隙を有して平行に並ぶ輻2mmの一連 の細長い小片からなるパターンが再び用いられている。第2の電荷注入接触層の 厚さは、20から30nmの範囲である。このようにして正孔注入接触層は形成 される。
電荷注入接触層のうち少なくとも一つは、エレクトロルミネセント素子(EL) の垂直面から水平面への発光をなすために透明、若しくは半透明であることが望 ましい。このことは金、若しくはアルミニウムの層が30mm以下の厚さである 時になされる。ppv層の厚さが約200 nynの強力な三しクトロルミネセ ント素子(EL)の初期電圧は、約40ボルトである。電圧は、電場に2X 1 0’ Vcm−’付与される。半透明の電極を通してなされる電流密度2mA/ cm”の発光は、通常の光学的条件では、肉眼では見られない。素子の出力は、 周波数が100KHz以上の時ごく弱い出力がなされる。この実証のエレクトロ ルミネセント素子(EL)のレスポンスタイムは、非常に短く、そして10マイ クロセカンドより速い。エレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)を使用する時、空 気中では、特別な用心をすることなく作用し、機能低下の兆候はなにも示さない 。
素子から出力された光は、格子モノクロメータにより光分解され、シリコン光電 池のセルに捕獲され、室温20℃で計測されたのち、低温下において、光学通路 を有する低温保持装置で素子に捕獲される。その結果を第4図に示す。エレクト ロルミネセント素子(EL)のスペクトルは、0.15eVに個別のピークを有 し690層mから500 nm (1,8eVから2.4eV)の範囲で発光す る。
エレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)層と関係のある機能の働きの少ない電子注 入層は、(非結晶あるいは結晶性)のnドープ硅素、酸化膜を有するシリコン、 純粋、若しくは金などの他の金属を伴い合金を形成するアルカリ、若しくはアル カリ土類金属等の金属が用いられている。また、“nタイプドープ共役ポリマー の薄い層を、金属層とエレクトロルミネセント素子ポリマー層からなる電荷注入 接触層の間に入れることができる。
エレクトロルミネセント素子(EL)層と関係のある機能の働きの多い正孔注入 層は、インジウム/スズ酸化物、白金、ニッケル、パラジウム、黒鉛等の金属が 用いられている。また、電気化学的に重合されたポリピロール、ポリチオフェン 等の“pタイプドープからなるの共役ポリマーの薄い膜を金属層と正孔注入接触 層からなるエレクトロルミネセントボリマ一層の間に入れることができる。
前記材料は、以下のように当接することができる。すなわち、白金のような融点 が特に高い温度金属を除いた殆どの金属は、蒸発により配設することができる。
インジウム/錫の酸化物を含む全ての合金は、D、 Cあるいは、R,Fのいず れの場合にも使用し配設することができる。
以下は、これらの材料を使った構造物の例である。
「例2」 この例は、一連の下層ガラス層から構成される。
先ず最初に、透明なインジウム酸化物からなる所定の層は、抵抗率が5X10− ’Ωcmの透明なインジウム酸化物を形成し、インジウム標的には一般的に0. 1nm/secで、一般に2X10−’mbarの圧縮酸素を付加しながらイオ ンビームのスパッタリングを含む工程により下層上に配置される。
一般に単位面積あたり約50Ωの抵抗値の特定のシートには、1100nの厚さ が付与される。そのような膜では、可視部の光学的伝達係数は、90%以上のス ペクトルを有する。
ppvsは、例1に記載の方法により、インジウム酸化@層の上に配設される。
アルミニウム接触層it、50nmの厚さを有するように蒸発により最後に形成 される。この構造は、インジウム接触層に正の接続をするように働き、アルミニ ウム接触層には、負の接続をするように働く。発光光は、インジウム酸化層を通 過する。
この方法により、第5図並びに第6図に示すように227層の厚さ70nm、活 性部位の厚さ2nmに構成される。物理的強度は第6図に示すよう素子の機能と 光出力に関係する。
「例3」 この構造の制作は、例2の最上部金属接触層に近似して行われる。ここで、負接 触層として機能する最上部接触層は、AgおよびMgの合金を蒸散させることで 形成した。蒸散は、AgおよびMgの粉末を、容器内で1:10のモル比で混合 し、たものを加熱して行われ、主として50nmの厚さの層が形成された。
Mgは、仕事関数が小さいので、負極の物質として用いるのが望ましい。Agを 加えて合金とするのは、ポリマー層に対する金FSFFの固着を良くし、酸化を 抑制するためである。この例における電流/電圧特性およびエレクトロルミネセ ント特性は、例2に記載のものと略同じである。
1例4ノ これらの構造は、負極として機能するアモルファス水素化ケイ素合金の層と、正 極として機能するインジウム酸化物の層とで制作される。グラス母材は、AIま たはCrを蒸散させて得られる金属接触層が用いられる。アモルファス水素化ケ イ素の層は、以下に詳細に示す高周波加熱(RF)スパッタリングによって形成 された。
RFスパッタリング装置は、2つの標的を有し、液体窒素によってゲッタが冷却 され、8cmの距離にある標的の母材に作用する。チャンバは、5xlO−’m barの基底圧力に設定される。
マグネトロンの標的は、厚さ3mrnのn型Siウェハ層に埋め込まれる。標的 は、サンプルに対して1乃至2時間プレスバッタリングを行うことで浄化される 。このようにして用意された母材は、厚さ3cmのCuおよびAIの基材温度が 250乃至300°Cとなるように加熱される。母材は、約5rpmで回転され る。スパッタリングのガスとしては、0.007乃至0.013rr+barの 圧力で8330%を含むArが用いられ、沈積の間、連続的にチャンバに供給さ れる。RFのパワーとしては、2Wの反射パワーを有する250Wのパワーが使 用される。沈積率は、厚さ1μmのフィルムに対して1.5時間沈積を行う場合 に、主として12nm/minである。
生成されたアモルファスSiは、赤茶色を呈し、直流抵抗率が5x10″乃至5 xlO”Ωcmである(これは、2つのAIパッドに対して蒸散し、距離0.2 5mm、長さ3mnnの2つの層間の抵抗値を測定することで得られた)。
2270層は、例1に示したように、アモルファス水素化ケイ素の層に加えられ た。そして、これは、例2に示した手順でPPVMに直接形成したインジウム酸 化物層として理解された。
上記の手順を用いて制作された面積14mm’、水素化ケイ素の層の厚さ1μm 5PPVの層の厚さ40nm、インジウム酸化物の層の厚さ250nmの構造物 の結果を第7図および第8図に示す。第7図は、順バイアス(インジウム酸化物 層を正極とする)をかけた場合の素子の電流/電圧特性を示す。また、第8図は 、電流に対する発光mの変化を示す。電荷の注入および発光は、約17Vより開 始される。そして、この閾値を越えた電流値の上昇は、例えば、第5図に示すよ うに、水素化ケイ素の層がない場合に比較して極めて大きなものである。
この形状の構造物は、逆バイアス(水素化ケイ素接触層に対してインジウム酸化 物層を負極とする)をかけた場合に、弱い電子発光を示す。従って、順バイアス をかけることが望ましい。
r例5」 例4に示す構造物の最上層であるインジウム酸化物層は、半透明のAuまたはA Iと置き換えられる。構造物の最上層は、厚さ約20nmからなる電子発光を示 す層きして成形される。これらの素子は、上述した各側と同様の特性を示す。
例4の製造方法は、例2および例3に示した接触層にも適用することができる。
シリコン/水素層およびインジウム酸化物層を形成する方法にrp e r S  eJとして知られる方法がある。シリコンの場合、これは、シランのグロー放 電と蒸散を含む。インジウム酸化物層の場合、他の可能性として、薄膜インジウ ム酸化物を用いることが考えられる。これは、ここで用いているインジウム酸化 物に電気的特性が非常に近似している。制作方法は、蒸散、RFおよび直流スパ ッタリングを含む。
電荷注入接触層の厚さの選択は、用いられる沈積技術と、接触層における所望の 光学的透明度によって決定される。電荷注入の容易性は、電荷注入接触層を合成 層として構成することで増進される。この合成層は、正孔および電子を夫々注入 することで酸化還元結合したポリマーの薄膜層を用いるとよい。これらの特別な 重合層は、活性状態の電子発光ポリマーと同様と思われる。このような物質をド ープする方法は、この分野においては良く知られており、「伝導ポリマーハンド ブック」 (ティ、ジェイ、スコッチイム(T、J、Sko t h e 1r n) )に良く書かれている。
用途によっては、少なくとも1つの電荷注入接触層は、素子の平面より垂直に放 射させるため透明または半透明とするべきであるが、それは素子の平面内からの 放射が要求される場合以外には必ずしも必要なものではない。
製造される電子発光素子のサイズの上限は、スピンコーティングされる母材のサ イズによって決定される。例えば、この方法によって、直径15crnのシリコ ンウェファのコーディングが行われる。さらに、広範囲のコーティングを行うた めには、ドローコーティングの技術が用いられる。この方法は、平方メータの範 囲を有する結合ポリマーからなる電子発光素子の製造に適したものである。
PPVを含む結合ポリマーのいくつかは、少なくとも、非常に高い温度で蒸散さ せる金属層の沈積、または、活性電気光学域に限定されるフォトリソグラフィの 工程で得られるアモルファスシリコン層の沈積のような前工程に対して耐性を有 する。PPVの場合、母材にプリカーサポリマーを用いる方法では、スピンコー ティングまたはドローコーティングのいずれかによるのが適当であるが、結合ポ リマーと電子発光素子のタイプによって、スピンコーティング、ドローコーティ ングおよび溶融工程が母材上に結合ポリマーを沈積するのに要求された。
電子発光素子は、電子発光効果を用いる種々の用途に適用される。従来より、半 導体LEDに用いられる。また、液晶にも用いられる。電子発光素子は数多くの 特性を有しており、他の液晶にも好適に適用される。
電子発光素子は、液晶表示器に対して光放出を行い、これによって視覚が拡張さ れる。さらに、広面積の電子発光素子は、広面積の液晶表示器が遭遇する母材の 平面性および面積についての問題点を克服することができる。電子発光素子は、 テレビジョンやコンピュータ表示器のように、マトリックス方式の表示器に対し て特に好適である。マトリックス方式の表示器に適用される電子発光素子の一例 を第3図に示す。ここでは、電荷注入接触層が、半導体層のいずれか一方の側部 において、一方の接触層が他方の接触層に対して直交するようにして筋状に形成 される。表示器の画素としての個々電子発光素子または半導体の領域のアドレス 指定は、低電荷注入層と高電荷注入層とを特定することで達成される。さらに、 電子発光素子は、応答速度が速いため、テレビジョンの表示器に適する。特に、 放射光の色を結合ポリマーの選択および半導体のバンドギャップによって制御す ることができる。また、緑、赤、青を混色してなるカラー表示器においては、電 子発光素子の結合ポリマーの配置によって側御が可能となる。
産業上の利用分野 最後に、光学繊維あるいは、薄膜の凹凸を有するエレクトロルミネセント素子( EL)を能率的に光学結合させて光情報を活用すべく、所定の下°層上に直接組 み合わせることにより光通信に活用される事が予想される。類似の記事として日 本のイシハラサトシにより1989年7月の’0ptical Informa tion Processing’の8ページから14ページの記載がある。
F/6.3 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 E/eV82.67nm 7086 nm 620nm SSlnm 496nm λ/nmF/(i、5 電 圧(V) 電圧/V 電流/mA 国際調査報告 t、w、mmm、、、、m PCT/GB 90100584国際調査報告

Claims (27)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 1.少なくとも一つの共役ポリマーからなる薄い均一なポリマーフィルムの形状 を有する半導体層を有したエレクトロルミネセント素子であって、前記半導体層 の第1の表面に接する第1の接触層と、前記半導体層の第2の表面に接する第2 の接触層とを含み、半導体層のポリマーフィルムは十分に低い濃度の外部チャー ジキャリヤを有し、該半導体層の第1と第2の接触層の間に電界をかけたときに 前記第1の接触層に対して第2の接触層を正にすべくチャージキャリヤが前記半 導体層の中に注入され、前記半導体層から放射が行われることを特徴とするエレ クトロルミネセント素子。
  2. 2.請求項1記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、共役ポリマーが以下 の式1に示すポリ(p−フェニレンビニレン)[PPV]からなり、 ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼(I)前記フェニレンリングがアルキル(好 ましくはメチル)、アルコキシ(好ましくはメソキシオアメソキシ)、ハロゲン (好ましくはクロリン、若しくはプロミン)あるいはニトロから夫々独立して選 択された1、若しくは2以上の置換基を有することを特徴とするエレクトロルミ ネセント素子。
  3. 3.請求項1または2記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、前記薄く且 つ均一なポリマーフィルムは17nmから5μmの実質的に均一な厚さを有する ことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  4. 4.請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、 共役ポリマーが1eVから3.5eVの範囲内で半導体のバンドギャップを有す ることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  5. 5.請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、 ポリマーフィルムのエレクトロルミネセント領域において共役ポリマーの割合は フィルムに存在する共役ポリマーにあってキャリヤを変位させるために十分なパ ーコレーションスレッシュホールドを有するものであることを特徴とするエレク トロルミネセント素子。
  6. 6.請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、 第1のキャリヤの注入接触層は薄い酸化層を形成したアルミニウムからなる一つ の薄い表面層を有し、半導体層の第1の表面が前記酸化層と接触していることを 特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  7. 7.請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、 第1の接触層はアルミニウム、若しくはマグネシウムと銀の合金からなるグルー プから選択されることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  8. 8.請求項6記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、第2のキャリヤ注入 接触層はアルミニウムと金型からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする エレクトロルミネセント素子。
  9. 9.請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、 第1と第2のキャリヤ注入接触層は少なくとも半透過体であることを特徴とする エレクトロルミネセント素子。
  10. 10.請求項7記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、第2の接触層はイ ンジウムの酸化物であり、若しくはインジウムと錫の酸化物であることを特徴と するエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  11. 11.請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において 、第1の接触層はアモルファスシリコンからなり、第2の接触層はアルミニウム 、金およびインジウムの酸化物から構成されるグループから選択されることを特 徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  12. 12.請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子におい て、少なくとも第1と第2のキャリヤ注入接触層の一つは支持基板に接触してい ることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  13. 13.請求項9記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子において、支持基板は石英ガ ラスからなることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  14. 14.請求項1乃至13のいずれかに記載のエレクトロルミネセント素子におい て、前記エレクトロルミネセント素子によってアレイを形成し、前記第1と第2 のキャリヤ注入接触層が前記アレイに選択的にアドレスすることを許容すべく配 列されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子。
  15. 15.エレクトロルミネセント素子を製造するための方法であり、少なくとも一 つの共役ポリマーで構成される薄い均一な層からなるポリマーフイルム形状の半 導体層を前駆体であるポリマーの薄膜層が前記基板上の薄いポリマーフィルムと して前記基板に対し設ける工程により形成し、前記共役ポリマーを得るために高 い温度で前記設けられた前駆体のポリマーを加熱し、第1の薄い接触層を半導体 層の第1の表面に接触させるべく載置し、第2の薄い接触層を前記半導体対層の 第2の表面に接触させるべく載置し、半導体層のポリマーフィルムは十分に低い 濃度の外部チャージキャリヤを有し、該半導体層の第1と第2の接触層の間に電 界をかけたときに前記第1の接触層に対して第2の接触層をプラスにすべくチャ ージキャリヤが前記半導体層の中に注入され、前記半導体層から放射が行われる ことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  16. 16.請求項15記載の製造方法において、先ず、支持基板上に第1のキャリヤ 注入接触層を設けることによって複合基板を形成し、次いで、薄い均一なポリマ ーフィルムとして前駆体のポリマーを前記第1のキャリヤ注入接触層に設け、次 いで、ポリマーフイルムにあって共役ポリマーを形成すべく高い温度で前記複合 基板と前駆体のポリマーとを加熱し、最後にポリマーフィルム上に第2のキャリ ヤ注入接触層を設けることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法 。
  17. 17.請求項15または16記載の製造方法において、前駆体を構成するポリマ ーは可溶体且つ薄いポリマーフィルムとしてスピンコーティングにより前記基板 上に設けられることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  18. 18.請求項15乃至17のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、前記前駆体の ポリマーはポリ(p−フェニレンビニレン)[PPV]のための前駆体ポリマー であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  19. 19.請求項15乃至18のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、前記薄く均一 なポリマーフィルムは17nmから5μmの範囲において均一な厚さを有するこ とを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  20. 20.請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、第1のキャリ ヤ注入接触層はアルミニウムの薄い層からなり、一つの表面が薄い酸化層を形成 し、前記第1のキャリヤ注入接触層の薄い酸化層が半導体層の第1の表面と接触 するよう設けられることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  21. 21.請求項15乃至20のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、前記第2キャ リヤ注入接触層はアルミニウムと金からなるグループから選択されることを特徴 とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  22. 22.請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、第1の接触層 はアルミニウムとマグネシウム/銀の合金からなるグループから選択され、且つ 第2の接触層はインジウム酸化物であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセン ト素子の製造方法。
  23. 23.請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、前記第1の接 触層はアモルファスシリコンからなり、第2の接触層はアルミニウム、金、イン ジウム酸化物からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とするエレクトロルミ ネセント素子の製造方法。
  24. 24.請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、前記第1と第 2のキャリヤ注入接触層は蒸着法によって設けられることを特徴とするエレクト ロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  25. 25.請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の製造方法において、前記支持基板 が石英ガラスであることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセント素子の製造方法。
  26. 26.実質的に添付の図面に開示され且つこれらの図面を参照して茲に説明され ている装置。
  27. 27.実質的に添付の図面に開示され且つこれらの図面を参照して茲に説明され ている方法。
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GB8909011D0 (en) 1989-06-07
CA2030785C (en) 2000-05-30
US5399502A (en) 1995-03-21
ES2070320T3 (es) 1995-06-01
EP0423283A1 (en) 1991-04-24
AU626415B2 (en) 1992-07-30
KR920700480A (ko) 1992-02-19
EP0423283B1 (en) 1995-01-25
DE69016345T2 (de) 1995-05-24
JP3239991B2 (ja) 2001-12-17
JP3249971B2 (ja) 2002-01-28
JPH1092576A (ja) 1998-04-10
ATE117834T1 (de) 1995-02-15
AU5428590A (en) 1990-11-16
BR9006718A (pt) 1991-08-06
FI906271A0 (fi) 1990-12-19
CA2030785A1 (en) 1990-10-21
WO1990013148A1 (en) 1990-11-01
KR100189398B1 (ko) 1999-08-02
DE69016345D1 (de) 1995-03-09
JPH1092577A (ja) 1998-04-10
FI112555B (fi) 2003-12-15
US5247190A (en) 1993-09-21
HK24597A (en) 1997-02-27

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