Discipline

This study examined the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and parenting outcomes including parenting stress, feelings of competence and discipline strategies. Maternal depression and current partner violence were hypothesized to be mediators of the association between CSA and parenting. This study is based on secondary data analysis of archived data. The participants were 263 primiparous mothers (107 with a history of CSA and 156 comparison mothers recruited from a prenatal clinic prior to the birth of their first child. Mothers were interviewed twice: once when they were between 28 and 32 weeks gestation and again when their child was between 2 and 4 years of age. During the first interview, women were asked about childhood experiences of sexual abuse. During their second interview, they were asked about current symptoms of pathology and experiences with partner violence and parenting beliefs and practices. Structural Equation Modeling indicated that the relationship...

This article focuses on the process of creating group identity in two transport workers' guilds in mid fifteenth-century Riga, demonstrating the role of donations, discipline and commemoration in constituting both groups. The Beer Carters' and Porters' guilds experienced a 'new beginning' at this time: new resources had to be attracted, new traditions created and internal hierarchies established. Donations were an important element that helped these groups to establish their own spaces of pietyto create altars and chapelsand also to acquire resources for the celebration of communal meals. At both liturgical services and communal meals groups commemorated their deceased members, thus strengthening their identities. In the Hanseatic cities there was a bond between transport workers and merchants; in Riga as well, merchants became members of the two guilds, became involved in the processes of creating group identity, made endowments and helped the guilds gain status.

“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976 lectures (“Society Must Be Defended”), this work-hypothesis theorises “basic warfare” [la guerre fondamentale] as the teleological horizon of socio-political relations. Following Boulainvilliers, Foucault champions this polemological approach, conceived as a purely descriptive discourse on “real” politics and war, against the philosophico-juridical conceptuality attached to liberal society (Hobbes’s Leviathan being here the prime example).
However, in doing so, Foucault did not interrogate the conceptual validity of notions such as power and war, therefore interlinking them without questioning their ontological status. This problematic conflation was partly rectified in 1982, as Foucault proposed a more dynamic definition of power relations: “actions over potential actions”.
I argue, somewhat polemically, that Foucault’s hermeneutics of power still involves a teleological violence, dependent on a polemological representation of human relations as essentially instrumental: this resembles what Derrida names, in “Heidegger’s Ear”, an “anthropolemology”. However, I show that all conceptualisation of power implies its self-deconstruction. This self-deconstructive (or autoimmune) structure supposes an archi-originary unpower prior to power: power presupposes an excess within power, an excessive force, another violence making it both possible and impossible. There is something within power located “beyond the power principle” (Derrida). This (self-)excess signifies a limitless resistantiality co-extensive with power-relationality. It also allows the reversal of pólemos into its opposite, as unpower opens politics and warfare to the messianic call of a pre-political, pre-ontological disruption: the archi-originary force of différance. This force, unconditional, challenges Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, suggesting an originary performativity located before or beyond hermeneutics of power-knowledge, disrupting theoreticity as well as empiricity by pointing to their ontological complicity.
The bulk of this essay is dedicated to sketching the theoretical implications of this deconstructive reading of Foucault with respect to the methodology and conceptuality of political science and social theory.

The transition from severe disciplinary measures (such as kneeling, beating and other types of corporal punishment) to children’s rights was neither short nor smooth. The A. retraces this transition in Slovenia from 1870 – when corporal punishment was, at least officially, banned by legislation on school punishment – to the first decades of the 20th century. Even though punishment actually continued to be experienced on a daily basis by young people, a new attitude begun to spread at the end of the 19th century, in liberal pedagogical journals as well as Catholic ones, which manifested a growing criticism of beatings at school, advising teachers to be careful when handing out punishment, the unacceptability of kneeling in religion classes, and support for teachers who educated through the strength of their personalities, guided by love for children and based on Christ’s teachings.

Several states and providers have embarked on initiatives to reduce using restraint and seclusion in residential programs. Restraint and seclusion are associated with harm to youth and staff, significant costs, reduced quality of care, and less engagement of youth and families. Successful reduction/prevention strategies have been identified, implemented, and reported. Both states and residential providers have implemented prevention approaches, made significant changes, reduced restraint/seclusion use, and offered their experience and positive outcomes.

Madalas nating marinig ang mga katagang, " hayaan mo na…maliit na bagay lang yan " kung magkamali ang isang tao. Ang mga ganyang kataga ay nanggagaling sa mga tao na tila walang pakialam kung ano ang mga maaaring resulta ng pagpapalampas ng pagkakamali kahit maliit lang. Hindi ba ang " malaki " ay nagsisimula sa " maliit " ? Okey lang ang maging maunawain sa mga pagkakamali subalit ang ugaling ito ay madalas na nakasanayang abusuhin. Kung bata ang nagkamali, maririnig naman ang mga katagang, " hayaan mo na, bata yan ". Hindi naiisip ng nagsasabi niyan na kaya nga dapat sawayin ang nagkamali ay dahil bata ito at madalas ay hindi niya alam na ang kanyang ginawa ay mali. Papaanong matututo ang bata kung sa murang gulang na dapat ay panahon sa paghubog ng kanyang ugali o pagkatao ay hindi ito gagawin ng matatanda? Ugali ng taong masama ang magpalusot na isang uri ng pagnanakaw. At, ang ugaling ito, bukod sa nauulit ay lumalaki pa ang pinapalusot habang siya ay nagtatagumpay sa kanyang ginagawa. Ang pinalusot halimbawa na " petty cash " sa isang opisina na wala pang isandaang piso ay lumalaki dahil inaakala ng nagpalusot na kaya naman palang gawin ito. At dahil nakaugalian na niya, bago niya namalayan, libo-libong pera na pala ang kanyang napapalusot. Sa kaso ng droga, ang maliit na gawaing pagbili at paghatid ng droga na ginagawa ng isang batang " runner " ay nagsisimula sa " paminsan-minsan " dahil sa simpleng pangangailangan ng pera. Kalaunan, dahil madali palang kumita ng pera sa ganoong paraan, " dumadalas " na ang pagiging " runner ". Kalaunan pa rin, hindi maiwasang tumikim na rin ng droga ang " runner " , hanggang maging adik, nakapagdispalko ng pera ng drug pusher o drug lord kaya hindi naka-remit on time….kaya pinatay…at, ang sisi ay ipinataw kay Duterte! Sa kaso ng kaputahan o prostitution, nagsisimula ito sa pakikisama sa mga kaibigang ganito ang trabaho…for curiosity's sake. Nakita ng curious na madali palang pagkitaan ang pagpuputa at pwedeng sideline lang kahit nag-aaral pa. Nang lumaon, naging full time prosti na ang dating curious lang! Ang mga maliliit na problema ng mga bansang mauunlad at naghihirap, tulad ng pagpapabaya ng mga government officials at pagiging korap nila, kalaunan ay umaabot sa puntong hindi na makontrol. Ganyan ang nangyayari sa Pilipinas na ang dating maliliit na mga " sugat " o problema na nagsimula noong panahon ng kasarinlan ay naging bakukang na ngayon at mahirap nang gamutin…umaalingasaw dahil sa tinding kabantutan!

Over at least the past 32 years, the Virginia State Bar Organization, a mandatory trade organization, has imposed Public Discipline on only minorities, women, solo practitioners and small firm members with no influence.

The Virginia State Bar Organizational Chart and the data from the Virginia State Bar Organization speak for themselves.

This article addresses the effects of 3-tiered comprehensive reading and behavior interventions on K-3 student outcomes in 7 urban elementary schools with a high prevalence of students considered difficult to teach. Specific features of each level of the implementation are described including screening and tier placement procedures, scheduling and personnel supports, procedures for ensuring strong implementation with fidelity, procedures for student progress monitoring, and guidelines for instructional decision making. Early literacy skill outcomes for students were the primary dependent measures in reading; schoolwide office discipline referral rate was the dependent measure in behavior. Significant improvement was evident in phoneme segmentation and nonsense word fluency in reading and significant decreases were documented in office discipline referrals across treatment and comparison schools. Significantly higher outcomes were also recorded on required statewide end-of-grade asse...

This paper reports on the perceptions of West Virginia teachers and administrators regarding the effectiveness of individual education plans (IEPs) in guiding discipline decisions for students with disabilities. Telephone interviews were conducted with 141 regular and special education teachers and administrators in all 55 West Virginia counties. Results indicate that IEPs often address academic rather than social, emotional, or behavioral needs, and the use of the IEP process to guide discipline procedures is seen as time-consuming and cumbersome. Consequently, students with disabilities often receive the same instructional programming and discipline procedures as regular education students. In addition, the frequent use of suspension and homebound instruction only serves to remove students with emotional and behavioral disorders from the environment in which they can learn appropriate social skills. The following recommendations are offered for improving the use of the IEP process...

One solution to solve the problem of unemployment is to try to create theirown jobs through the path of entrepreneurship. Based on these facts, entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship) will have a very important role for the people of Indonesia, especially in addressing the problem of unemployment.Entrepreneurship is one of the Indonesian economic driving progresses. It is not only conducted by the men, women too. Nowadays, women entrepreneur were minority, but entrepreneurship in some country cannot be separated from the participant and role of women. The role was from micro, small, and medium enterprises (UMKM) such as a grocery store. The goal of this research is to analyze thebusiness motivation and discipline of entrepreneurial women in relation to business performance. The methodology research uses SPSS 24 measurements and the results of the research shows that business motivation and discipline have a positive effect on business performance

The main focus of this article is about that students can get a better social adjustment in society due to cleanliness, because cleanliness is half of the faith. The study was descriptive in nature. All the 8073 male government secondary schools' students of district Bannu was the population of the study. The sample was taken according to John Curry (1984) formula Rule of Thumb. Stratified random sampling technique was used. Data was collected with the help of self-made questionnaire. Researcher tested validity and reliability of questionnaire. After reliability 30 items were remain. Descriptive statistic (frequency and percentage) were used to identify cleanliness at secondary school level and inferential statistic (regression) was used to know the perceived effect of cleanliness on social adjustment of the students at secondary school level in district Bannu. Perceived effect of cleanliness on Social adjustment of ………(89-98)

This essay brings together two names that will perhaps surprise most readers. Bentham: the liberal Englishman who ‘spoke in sober sadness’, schooled in Hume and Locke, always at it with his intellect’s razor. Steiner: the wild and weird, if not downright nutty Austrian, schooled in mysticism, combining almost any philosophy with any other.  Yet both paved the road for both the Modern as well as the Post-Modern discipline of ‘the citizen’. They were looking for their own special kind of ‘transparent’ authority and considered architecture as an important part of the solution. That is what I shall argue in this essay. A discussion of the kind of social problem they wanted to cure, will lead up to an analysis of their thoughts.

Church discipline is something that is quite important when it comes to maintaining the purity of the Church of Christ and honoring Him. Yet, it is a difficult task and if we must do it, we must approach it with the right formula. Matthew provides such a formula.

The present paper will investigate pardon letters or “lettres de rémission” granted to soldiers by the Valois dukes of Burgundy from 1386 to 1482. During this period, the chancery records contain 885 remission letters by which the prince granted his pardon to individuals who committed a crime and petitioned for mercy. This large amount of documents includes more than 15 percent of pardons granted to petitioners who served or had served the dukes in their armies. In the narrative parts of their letters, these soldiers insisted on their military pasts as a good reason to be pardoned. The purpose of this paper is to study the contents of these military pardons to underline how they contributed to shape a collective military identity in the Burgundian State. Following the works of Christopher Allmand, according to whom fifteenth-century leaders undertook to transform their soldiers into professional State agents, I will argue that military pardons were used by the dukes of Burgundy as a tool of social disciplining. Because they granted a large amount of pardons to their soldiers who affirmed their military identity in their petitions, the dukes promoted the military service as a motive to be forgiven. And because they only forgave simple homicides and refused to pardon typical war crimes such as pillage, rape, or even desertion, they indicated which kind of behaviour was worthy for the good Burgundian soldier, and which one was not.

In both Europe and the US, racial and ethnic minority students experience
discrimination at the hands of teachers that negatively impacts academic achievement. In the US, scholars have documented how a predominantly white teaching force racializes students of color through discipline and low expectations, which impact educational attainment. But in Europe, the denial of race’s existence hinders research regarding structural explanations for minority educational inequality and often explains low educational attainment as a function of cultural differences. Examining classroom practices in a diverse Amsterdam primary school, this article documents racializing mechanisms that found minority students disproportionately disparaged, disciplined, and silenced. In addition, many were students under-recommended to higher level secondary school tracks. These findings reveal that Dutch schools are not racially meritocratic institutions and are relevant for scholars in the Netherlands and all other nations with educational institutions dominated by colorblind ideologies, white norms, and large immigrant populations.

Cet article analyse la façon dont les promoteurs de la discipline "anthropologie juridique", ont, dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, fait du rejet de l'ethnocentrisme juridique la pierre angulaire de leur fondation disciplinaire. En substituant une nouvelle discipline ("l'anthropologie juridique") à l'ancienne "ethnologie juridique", ils ont déployé des efforts considérables afin d'analyser les droits extra-occidentaux sans recourir aux catégories occidentales (et en particulier romaines) du droit.

戰後台灣自行考選培訓的司法人才，經過時日推移，已取代過去戰前中國或殖民地時期台灣所培養之司法人才，成為現今台灣司法界的主導力量。本文嘗試透過對台灣戰後司法官訓練文化的觀察，包括訓練計畫、訓導方式、學員年齡、性別組成、生涯規劃走向等面向的觀察，以瞭解台灣戰後司法人整體組成的概況。並分析透過這樣必經的司法訓練過程，所產生出的重視紀律考核、判牘一致性與期別先後倫理等特殊文化。以此，更進一步去討論這樣的組成與文化，對戰後台灣法律專業團體所造成的可能影響。

A Study of the Judges and Prosecutors in Postwar Taiwan: An Observation focused on their training culture
In the judicial system of Taiwan today, the judges and prosecutors trained during the postwar period have taken the place of those ones trained in Mainland China and Colonial Taiwan. This article is a study of the composition of the former ones by researching the training process in the Judicial Training Institute of Department of Justice（法務部司法官訓練所）since 1955, including the training program, the discipline, the age , gender, and career planning of the trained members. This article also wants to explore whether such a training process leads to some kind of special judicial culture in Taiwan today, as emphasizing the importance of discipline, of the consistency of form of judicial decision, and of the priority of graduation from the Institute. On this basis, it would like to understand the potential impact of such composition and culture to the legal profession in Postwar Taiwan.

Objective: Restorative justice (RJ) was introduced into school systems as an alternative to ineffective zero tolerance policies as another way of dealing with a disciplinary infractions. While school-based RJ has been gaining popularity within the US, empirical research has been lacking. One RJ approach is Restorative Circles (RC), which provide a space for those involved in conflict to repair harm through a facilitated dialogue process. Given the minimal research, the aim of the present study was to examine student and staff experiences and outcomes after participating in an RC program. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 high school students and 25 staff and administrators involved in some capacity with the RC program at their school. All participants were from a high school in a large urban center in the Southeast US. Results: As part of a larger study a theoretical model was developed using Grounded Theory Methodology. The emergent model included the following constructs: culture, barriers, internal motivation, engagement with RC and outcomes. Only outcomes will be discussed in the current study. Both negative and positive outcomes emerged from the interview data. For negative outcomes, frustration and disappointment were key themes. For positive outcomes ownership of the process, interrupting the school to prison pipeline, improved relationships, prevention of destructive ways of engaging conflict, meaningful dialogue and academic and social achievements were key themes. Conclusions: This study provides researchers and practitioners with a theoretical framework to use as a foundation to better understand how individuals experience RC. Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Restorative Circles, At-Risk Youth, School-based research, Adolescents

The gap in achievement across racial and ethnic groups has been a focus of education research for decades, but the disproportionate suspension and expulsion of Black, Latino, and American Indian students has received less attention. This article synthesizes research on racial and ethnic patterns in school sanctions and considers how disproportionate discipline might contribute to lagging achievement among students of color. It further examines the evidence for student, school, and community contributors to the racial and ethnic patterns in school sanctions, and it offers promising directions for gap-reducing discipline policies and practices.

ABSTRACT: School administrators continue to use zero-tolerance policies as a one-size-fits-all , quick-fix solution to curbing discipline problems with students. Originally intended to address serious offenses such as possession of firearms, zero-tolerance policies are also now ...