Women's education in Southern Europe : historical perspectives : (19th - 20th centuries). Vol. 4 , 2021
Under the title Ženske gredo! Women are coming! represents a contribution
views on girls' educat... more Under the title Ženske gredo! Women are coming! represents a contribution views on girls' education and teachers in Slovenia between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.
The paper presents the contacts of Slovenian teachers' associations with Croatian teachers, as we... more The paper presents the contacts of Slovenian teachers' associations with Croatian teachers, as well as the cooperation of Slovenian-Croatian teachers' associations in Istria.
Zgodovina otroštva = History of childhood , Zbirka ZČ - 45, 2012
The transition into the world of the acquisition of school knowledge at first only few individual... more The transition into the world of the acquisition of school knowledge at first only few individuals experienced, then in the second half of 19th century going to school became an ordinary life’s milestone. Going to school and the school rhythm influenced a children’s everyday life. The school is a form of a state and a church educational and pedagogic activity, the method of transferring the knowledge, which promotes the cultural development with expend of literacy. School with the language image, different teachers (and then with a growing number of female teachers) and by changing the content of teaching helps children to create their different experience of childhood.
Prehod v svet pridobivanja šolskega znanja so najprej doživeli le redki posamezniki, v drugi polovici 19. stol. pa odhod v šolo postaja običajen življenjski mejnik. Pot v šolo in šolski ritem sta vplivala na otroški vsakdan. Šola je oblika državne in cerkvene vzgojne ter izobraževalne dejavnosti, način prenašanja znanja, ki s širjenjem pismenosti spodbuja kulturni razvoj. Šola z jezikovno podobo, različnimi učitelji (nato vedno številčnejšimi učiteljicami) in s spreminjajočo se vsebino pouka pomembno sooblikuje učenkam in učencem njihovo različno doživljanje otroštva.
The paper with title "The Slovenian nation in the donkey's bench: at the school demands of the Vi... more The paper with title "The Slovenian nation in the donkey's bench: at the school demands of the Vižmarje tabor movement in May 1869" presents the education-related requirements of the open-air political gathering (meeting as a part of Tabor movement) in Vižmarje near Ljubljana, prepared in May 1869.
Migracije in slovenski prostor od antike do danes, Zbirka ZČ 39 , 2010
Zaposlitev v učiteljskem poklicu je bila običajno povezana z večkratno spremembo kraja službovanj... more Zaposlitev v učiteljskem poklicu je bila običajno povezana z večkratno spremembo kraja službovanja in bivanja, kar so določali službeni dekreti šolske uprave in razpisi. Poleg sprememb delovnega mesta v rodni deželi je učiteljsko službovanje lahko potekalo v različnih krajih in deželah (kronovinah) na Slovenskem, v drugih krajih vsakokratne države in celo v tujini. Namestitve in premestitve na novo službeno mesto so bile tudi oblika političnega boja. Prispevek opozarja na zelo pestre selitvene izkušnje učiteljstva, kot so jih zaznamovale spreminjajoče se gospodarske in politične razmere 19. in 20. stoletja.
Pedagoški muzej v Beogradu je v sodelovanju z Ministrstvom prosvete Srbije v uredništvu B. Jordan... more Pedagoški muzej v Beogradu je v sodelovanju z Ministrstvom prosvete Srbije v uredništvu B. Jordanović že leta 2000 izdal knjigo o prosvetnem ministrstvu in ministrih v prvi jugoslovanski državi.
Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino = Contributions to the contemporary history , 2009
On the basis of newspaper sources (Učiteljski tovariš, Slovenski učitelj, Edinstvo) and archive ... more On the basis of newspaper sources (Učiteljski tovariš, Slovenski učitelj, Edinstvo) and archive materials of the teachers' association, the author presents the depoliticisation of theteachers' organisation Association of Yugoslav Teachers (Udruženje jugoslovanskega učiteljstva, hereinafter UJU) and the restored unity of the professional and trade union alliance of teachers in Slovenia. Initially the Association of Slovenian Teachers' Societies (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev, 1889) brought together all of the primary school teachers; however,towards the end of the 19th century, this teachers' professional organisation becamedistinctively liberally oriented in the political sense, thus the teachers of Catholic persuasionestablished their own association (Slomšek's Association / Slomškova zveza, 1900-1926). The politicisation of teachers served both main political parties, but not the teachers. Thedepoliticisation of the majority Slovenian teachers' organisation (UJU, the Ljubljana jurisdiction) succeeded as late as in 1926 thanks to the efforts of teachers from the Koroška and Štajerska regions, when in July 1926 the Declaration on Depoliticisation was adopted inCelje on their initiative. This Declaration allowed for the teachers of various ideological and political orientations to join the UJU teachers' associations. Teachers of Catholic persuasion joined the association, so in the end of 1926 the dual nature of the Slovenian teachers' professional associations came to an end.
Symbolically, a discussion of “body” can also include school administrative bodies such as provin... more Symbolically, a discussion of “body” can also include school administrative bodies such as provincial, municipal or town and local school councils that were in charge of control of education in elementary schools in the provinces of the Habsburg monarchy / Austro-Hungarian Empire in the period up to 1918. Among them were the provinces with Slovene population on the south of Monarchy: Carniola (Slovenian: Kranjska ; German: Krain ) region of central Slovenia, Lower Styria and southern Carinthia, as well as Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste, north Istria and in Prekmurje region in Hungarian part of Monarchy. The contribution presents the activities of the Municipal School Council in Ljubljana ( Mestni solski svet v Ljubljani ), in the capital of the central Slovene province Carniola, with the mayor of Ljubljana, Ivan Hribar, helming the council between 1896 and 1910. The School Council consisted of representatives of members of the Municipal Council with different political orientations, representatives of teachers, school inspectors for Slovene and German schools and representatives of the Catholic Church. It dealt with matters pertaining to personnel and other issues of the municipal educational system; a clash of opinions emerged in vivid discussions on then-current topical issues of hygiene (bathing of pupils of both genders), attitudes towards female teachers, catechists, politics, ethics, and Slovene-German linguistic issues. At times, it and on other occasions, the then-current issues of school mass attendance were discussed. Discussions in the Municipal School Council in Ljubljana are complemented by standpoints of the Provincial School Council for Carniola that was characterised by the changing political circumstances in the Provincial Diet in Ljubljana. Sources & Literature: Historical Archives of Ljubljana: LJU-24, Mestni solski svet Ljubljana / Municipal School Council, 1861-1930. - B. Sustar: Župan Ivan Hribar in solstvo / Mayor of Ljubljana Ivan Hribar and Education, in: "Homo sum… ": Ivan Hribar in njegova Ljubljana, 1996, pp. 43-66. - B. Sustar: Andrej Karlin in ljubljansko solstvo do leta 1911 / Andrej Karlin and Schooling in Ljubljana up to 1911, in: Solska kronika / School Chronicle, 1996, pp. 87-101. - B. Sustar: Iz mestnega solskega sveta ljubljanskega /From the City Education Board in Ljubljana: 1896-1910, in: Solska kronika / School Chronicle, 1994, pp. 130-137.
»On the blue shores of Adria, in our Trieste…« Three gatherings of Slovenian Teachers from all Sl... more »On the blue shores of Adria, in our Trieste…« Three gatherings of Slovenian Teachers from all Slovenian territories in Trieste before the First World War.
Drawing on newspaper and archival sources, the article presents three annual teachers’ gatherings in Trieste (III general assembly in May 1891, XIV in August 1902, and XXIII in June 1911). The events were organized by the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev) from Styria, Carniola, and the Littoral, which for a few years also brought together teachers’ associations in Istria, as reflected in its name, i.e. the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations and from 1900 onwards the Union of Austrian Yugoslav Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza avstrijskih jugoslovanskih učiteljskih društev). The gatherings were professional rallies of Slovenian teachers aiming to address matters of the trade union and pedagogical themes related to the status of the teaching profession and Slovenian education. Attracting a mass attendance of two to three hundred participants, the gatherings in Trieste not only represented veritable Slovenian and Slavic national manifestations, but also manifested a gradual espousal of political liberalism among most Slovenian teachers and the Slovenian national and economic development in Trieste and its Slovenian-inhabited surroundings.
Education and emancipation. ISCHE (39 ; 2017 ; Buenos Aires), 2017
The contribution presents a historical analysis of a gradual introduction of female teachers to t... more The contribution presents a historical analysis of a gradual introduction of female teachers to the school system in Slovene lands (the area with Slovene speaking population stretching from the port city Triest ein the extreme northern part of the Adriatic Sea and its surroundings to the Julian Alps and the edge of the Pannonian Plain) on the south of the Habsburg Monarchy up to 1918 and than in the Slovene part of Yugoslavia Characterised by a reform of teacher education and emergence of women’s colleges of education in the 1870s in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Monarchy, this process unfolded differently in different lands, however, even prior to WW1, almost half of teaching staff was represented by women in Slovene lands (south Carinthia, Carniola, south Styria, north part of Istria, surrounding of city Triest and east part of County of Gorizia and Gradisca).The contribution addresses the question of how female teachers changed the teaching landscape in Slovene lands; they enabled the expansion of network of schools in urban and rural areas and thus an increase in school attendance and literacy among Slovenes. Female teachers also had an impact on the changes in the mode of teaching. The survey presents the role of female teachers in the own Society of Women Teachers est. 1898 and in other teacher societies, activities of the union and integration of societies. How did female teachers assert themselves in pedagogical work in the Yugoslav part of Slovenia and elsewhere after 1918, and during WW1 and WW2? Had female teachers in periodicals initially only focused on subject such as handicrafts, young girls’ education and women in schools? In the course of time they also addressed broader pedagogical subjects and engaged in then-current pedagogical discussions with their well-received studies and thinking.
Among the rare preserved material witnesses of cultural heritage of the onetime centenary German ... more Among the rare preserved material witnesses of cultural heritage of the onetime centenary German language island in the region of Kocevska region that lived from the middle of the 14th century to the winter 1941/42, are singular partly preserved cemeteries. At the cemetery Stari Log/Altlag is one such tombstone to Franz Kugler who had an accident in January 1888. His fellow teacher colleagues raised the tombstone. Kugler was born in 1861 in Poljčane in Styria, attended secondary school in Celje, lived in the family of a railwayman (switchman) in Laško as well and studied at the school of education in Ljubljana from which he graduated in 1882. The story of the first teacher at a one-class primary school with German language of teaching, Smuka/Langenthon established in 1882, is composed of scarce data from archival and printed sources on education in that part of Kočevska region. The school was in operation until its cancellation in 1958.
“Regardless of many difficulties and disadvantages [...] our refugee teachers honorably pursued t... more “Regardless of many difficulties and disadvantages [...] our refugee teachers honorably pursued theircalling among the people. I could thus not come to terms with the notion that the sacrifice, efforts andsuccess of our generation of teachers would be forgotten and unacknowledged (Savli, 1973)”. AndrejSavli’s thoughts from 1972 on the subject of refugee schooling during World War I have been going handin hand with different discussions of the issue of refugee schooling in the Ljubljana Slovenian SchoolMuseum since the 1970s. The article focuses on refugee schooling brought about by the Isonzo/SocaFront, when after Italy’s attack of Austria-Hungary between May 1915 and October 1917 armed conflictstook place in the Slovene-populated territory on both banks of the river Soca/Isonzo. 12,000 inhabitantswere made into refugees by the Italian occupation authorities, while the Austrian authorities orderedthat some 80,000 people were to be turned into refugees.Based on literature, newspaper sources, and archival materials, the article compares the refugeeexperience and the formation of refugee schooling for Slovenes in Italy under the Entente to that of theSlovene population from the Primorska/Littoral region under the Central Powers in other Austro-Hungarian lands. The Italian occupation brought about the change of the then Austrian school systemand introduced Italian teaching content as a preparation for the realization of goals set in the Treaty ofLondon (April 1915) and the subsequent integration of an even larger area into Italy. Special attention ispaid to conditions in schools in individual refugee camps in nowadays Austria and Slovenia (Wagna nearLeibnitz south of Graz, Steinklamm near Sankt Polten, Gmund near Czech border, Bruck a. d. Leitha andSternthal/Strnisce near Ptuj). A school’s success or that of the so-called employment course was oftencontingent upon the organizers’ enthusiasm, i.e. teachers of both genders, who were in the majority ofcases committed to working with refugee children. In that difficult refugee period, school provided anexceptionally positive social environment. Refugee teachers - e.g. Pavla Makuc, Draga Medic, MarijaVidmar, Josip Poberaj and others - are thus regarded as outstanding pedagogical figures in extraordinaryconditions of war. Following the end of World War I, the area along the river Soca/Isonzo, but also thewhole Primorska/Littoral region and Istria, ended up under Italy (the Treaty of Rapallo, 1920); up to1926, the local Slovenes (and Croats) had been gradually deprived of their schooling due to the pressureof Italianization and fascistization.
Through field work, the author of this article analyses the erection of gravestones for teachers ... more Through field work, the author of this article analyses the erection of gravestones for teachers in provinces populated by Slovenian in the south Habsburg Empire (before 1918) and after WW1 in nordwest part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The article presents the inscriptions on teachers’ gravestones, what a financial achievement this was for the colleagues of the deceased, their pupils and school supporters and finds that this contributed to the creation of a locally limited public memory of people connected with school. The gravestones of pupils, some of whom died very young, in their own special way convey a memory of schools. Often teachers were not born in the place where they worked and so regional teachers’ associations, active from the 1860s onwards, collected money among teachers and school supporters in memory of the deceased association members, which was then used for memorials. In the case of some teachers, their gravestone in a cemetery is the only firm memory of them in the place where they worked. In spite of the significant financial sacrifice by the modestly paid teachers for the erection of these gravestones, after many decades many are no longer there. It seems that a memorial notice on fragile paper, particularly when printed, is a much more enduring memory than words carved in stone.
Textbooks for birth assistants and midwives belonged to those textbooks in Slovene that were most... more Textbooks for birth assistants and midwives belonged to those textbooks in Slovene that were most closely connected with teaching of human anatomy. Midwifery education was being developed since mid-18th century, in the time of the Empress Maria Theresa, in provincial capitals (1753 in Ljubljana), even before the introduction of mandatory primary education, but also later (Klagenfurt, Graz, Trieste). Midwife schools in regional capitals began professional training of women not only in German but also in Slovenian language. The contribution presents Slovene textbooks for midwives that represent the beginnings of health care literature and medical press in Slovene language. How did these textbooks deal with the human body? All subjects for training of future midwives, reaching from anatomy, physiology, correct and incorrect obstetrics, nursing of healthy and sick newborns to legal instructions were compiled in a single textbook. The first book of this kind was a bilingual midwifery man...
This paper presents the influence of the power of education and the formation of the intellectual... more This paper presents the influence of the power of education and the formation of the intellectual class in the Slovenian provinces in the south of the multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire, which played an important role in the formation of the Slovenian nation. The social stratum of middle-class intellectuals, which was at that time rapidly becoming the carrier and the designer of the Slovenian national movement in the 2nd half of the 19th century, was shaped to a great extent through the education system. Slovenian pupils had to gain proficiency in the German language already in primary school in order to be able to continue their schooling at gymnasiums. The absence of a Slovene University before 1919 may also have channelled a lot of practical intellectual energy into primary school education, facilitating the cultural and economic development of the countryside and a general increase in the nation’s literacy, so that in 1910, 85.5% of all Slovenes were already literate. The intellectual...
SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN SLOVENIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKSThe article examines the image of the 1936–1939 S... more SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN SLOVENIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKSThe article examines the image of the 1936–1939 Spanish civil war as presented in Slovenian history textbooks for primary and secondary schools 75 years after the war. In textbooks, this topic is important for presenting the period before World War II in Europe as well as the social and political differences present in Europe at that time. The Spanish civil war raises questions of democracy, fascism, communism, social reforms, violence and revolution in Europe. Initially, the textbook authors briefly discussed the Popular front, democracy and elections, communists and revolution, as well as the support of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to Franco’s Nationalist faction and the support of Soviet Union to the Republican faction. After 1980, textbooks included a more detailed presentation of the broader social situation, the attitude of artists towards the Spanish civil war, and the impact of war on political divisions in Slovenia during Wo...
"Gaudeamus igitur" is a call to celebrate the events accompanying the matura, while at ... more "Gaudeamus igitur" is a call to celebrate the events accompanying the matura, while at the exams themselves silence reigns. The real joy comes only when the matura is over. The examination used by the state since the mid-19 t h century as a transition from secondary education to university has undergone a lively development which was sometimes all but linear. The modem matura, carried out since 1994/95 dominates (too much?) the whole of the educational process at gimnazija and raises numerous issues associated with the external examination of knowledge within our education system. The matura as a transition between secondary and university education was also an interesting exhibition theme for our museum on previous occasions, when we dealt with the development of the gimnazija in Slovenia (1979), school reports (1991) and the historic development of the matura after its revival (1998). This time the theme is more contemporary, as with this overview of the first decade of the external matura we wish, in addition to historical research, to encourage reflection about the current issues related to education, mapping its future development and influencing current knowledge. We expect that when this exhibition visits the schools they will add comments on their own views, special characteristics, dilemmas and successes, giving us something to think about and remember, and giving pleasure at the thought that the matura is over, while study is ahead of us throughout our life. With respect to the latter we are never quite mature and we can thirst for knowledge even when our university days are over.
At the close of the exhibition 'Refugee Education in the 20 t h century ' the Slovenian S... more At the close of the exhibition 'Refugee Education in the 20 t h century ' the Slovenian School Museum prepared a discussion on refugee education at which we discussed Slovenian experiences during WWI (Dr. Petra Svolfsak, Gvido Stres), shed some light on WWII (Metka Rozman) and then focused on post - WWII periods (academician Dr. Kajetan Gantar, Jaka Okorn, Dr. Gorazd Bajc).
Women's education in Southern Europe : historical perspectives : (19th - 20th centuries). Vol. 4 , 2021
Under the title Ženske gredo! Women are coming! represents a contribution
views on girls' educat... more Under the title Ženske gredo! Women are coming! represents a contribution views on girls' education and teachers in Slovenia between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.
The paper presents the contacts of Slovenian teachers' associations with Croatian teachers, as we... more The paper presents the contacts of Slovenian teachers' associations with Croatian teachers, as well as the cooperation of Slovenian-Croatian teachers' associations in Istria.
Zgodovina otroštva = History of childhood , Zbirka ZČ - 45, 2012
The transition into the world of the acquisition of school knowledge at first only few individual... more The transition into the world of the acquisition of school knowledge at first only few individuals experienced, then in the second half of 19th century going to school became an ordinary life’s milestone. Going to school and the school rhythm influenced a children’s everyday life. The school is a form of a state and a church educational and pedagogic activity, the method of transferring the knowledge, which promotes the cultural development with expend of literacy. School with the language image, different teachers (and then with a growing number of female teachers) and by changing the content of teaching helps children to create their different experience of childhood.
Prehod v svet pridobivanja šolskega znanja so najprej doživeli le redki posamezniki, v drugi polovici 19. stol. pa odhod v šolo postaja običajen življenjski mejnik. Pot v šolo in šolski ritem sta vplivala na otroški vsakdan. Šola je oblika državne in cerkvene vzgojne ter izobraževalne dejavnosti, način prenašanja znanja, ki s širjenjem pismenosti spodbuja kulturni razvoj. Šola z jezikovno podobo, različnimi učitelji (nato vedno številčnejšimi učiteljicami) in s spreminjajočo se vsebino pouka pomembno sooblikuje učenkam in učencem njihovo različno doživljanje otroštva.
The paper with title "The Slovenian nation in the donkey's bench: at the school demands of the Vi... more The paper with title "The Slovenian nation in the donkey's bench: at the school demands of the Vižmarje tabor movement in May 1869" presents the education-related requirements of the open-air political gathering (meeting as a part of Tabor movement) in Vižmarje near Ljubljana, prepared in May 1869.
Migracije in slovenski prostor od antike do danes, Zbirka ZČ 39 , 2010
Zaposlitev v učiteljskem poklicu je bila običajno povezana z večkratno spremembo kraja službovanj... more Zaposlitev v učiteljskem poklicu je bila običajno povezana z večkratno spremembo kraja službovanja in bivanja, kar so določali službeni dekreti šolske uprave in razpisi. Poleg sprememb delovnega mesta v rodni deželi je učiteljsko službovanje lahko potekalo v različnih krajih in deželah (kronovinah) na Slovenskem, v drugih krajih vsakokratne države in celo v tujini. Namestitve in premestitve na novo službeno mesto so bile tudi oblika političnega boja. Prispevek opozarja na zelo pestre selitvene izkušnje učiteljstva, kot so jih zaznamovale spreminjajoče se gospodarske in politične razmere 19. in 20. stoletja.
Pedagoški muzej v Beogradu je v sodelovanju z Ministrstvom prosvete Srbije v uredništvu B. Jordan... more Pedagoški muzej v Beogradu je v sodelovanju z Ministrstvom prosvete Srbije v uredništvu B. Jordanović že leta 2000 izdal knjigo o prosvetnem ministrstvu in ministrih v prvi jugoslovanski državi.
Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino = Contributions to the contemporary history , 2009
On the basis of newspaper sources (Učiteljski tovariš, Slovenski učitelj, Edinstvo) and archive ... more On the basis of newspaper sources (Učiteljski tovariš, Slovenski učitelj, Edinstvo) and archive materials of the teachers' association, the author presents the depoliticisation of theteachers' organisation Association of Yugoslav Teachers (Udruženje jugoslovanskega učiteljstva, hereinafter UJU) and the restored unity of the professional and trade union alliance of teachers in Slovenia. Initially the Association of Slovenian Teachers' Societies (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev, 1889) brought together all of the primary school teachers; however,towards the end of the 19th century, this teachers' professional organisation becamedistinctively liberally oriented in the political sense, thus the teachers of Catholic persuasionestablished their own association (Slomšek's Association / Slomškova zveza, 1900-1926). The politicisation of teachers served both main political parties, but not the teachers. Thedepoliticisation of the majority Slovenian teachers' organisation (UJU, the Ljubljana jurisdiction) succeeded as late as in 1926 thanks to the efforts of teachers from the Koroška and Štajerska regions, when in July 1926 the Declaration on Depoliticisation was adopted inCelje on their initiative. This Declaration allowed for the teachers of various ideological and political orientations to join the UJU teachers' associations. Teachers of Catholic persuasion joined the association, so in the end of 1926 the dual nature of the Slovenian teachers' professional associations came to an end.
Symbolically, a discussion of “body” can also include school administrative bodies such as provin... more Symbolically, a discussion of “body” can also include school administrative bodies such as provincial, municipal or town and local school councils that were in charge of control of education in elementary schools in the provinces of the Habsburg monarchy / Austro-Hungarian Empire in the period up to 1918. Among them were the provinces with Slovene population on the south of Monarchy: Carniola (Slovenian: Kranjska ; German: Krain ) region of central Slovenia, Lower Styria and southern Carinthia, as well as Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste, north Istria and in Prekmurje region in Hungarian part of Monarchy. The contribution presents the activities of the Municipal School Council in Ljubljana ( Mestni solski svet v Ljubljani ), in the capital of the central Slovene province Carniola, with the mayor of Ljubljana, Ivan Hribar, helming the council between 1896 and 1910. The School Council consisted of representatives of members of the Municipal Council with different political orientations, representatives of teachers, school inspectors for Slovene and German schools and representatives of the Catholic Church. It dealt with matters pertaining to personnel and other issues of the municipal educational system; a clash of opinions emerged in vivid discussions on then-current topical issues of hygiene (bathing of pupils of both genders), attitudes towards female teachers, catechists, politics, ethics, and Slovene-German linguistic issues. At times, it and on other occasions, the then-current issues of school mass attendance were discussed. Discussions in the Municipal School Council in Ljubljana are complemented by standpoints of the Provincial School Council for Carniola that was characterised by the changing political circumstances in the Provincial Diet in Ljubljana. Sources & Literature: Historical Archives of Ljubljana: LJU-24, Mestni solski svet Ljubljana / Municipal School Council, 1861-1930. - B. Sustar: Župan Ivan Hribar in solstvo / Mayor of Ljubljana Ivan Hribar and Education, in: "Homo sum… ": Ivan Hribar in njegova Ljubljana, 1996, pp. 43-66. - B. Sustar: Andrej Karlin in ljubljansko solstvo do leta 1911 / Andrej Karlin and Schooling in Ljubljana up to 1911, in: Solska kronika / School Chronicle, 1996, pp. 87-101. - B. Sustar: Iz mestnega solskega sveta ljubljanskega /From the City Education Board in Ljubljana: 1896-1910, in: Solska kronika / School Chronicle, 1994, pp. 130-137.
»On the blue shores of Adria, in our Trieste…« Three gatherings of Slovenian Teachers from all Sl... more »On the blue shores of Adria, in our Trieste…« Three gatherings of Slovenian Teachers from all Slovenian territories in Trieste before the First World War.
Drawing on newspaper and archival sources, the article presents three annual teachers’ gatherings in Trieste (III general assembly in May 1891, XIV in August 1902, and XXIII in June 1911). The events were organized by the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev) from Styria, Carniola, and the Littoral, which for a few years also brought together teachers’ associations in Istria, as reflected in its name, i.e. the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations and from 1900 onwards the Union of Austrian Yugoslav Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza avstrijskih jugoslovanskih učiteljskih društev). The gatherings were professional rallies of Slovenian teachers aiming to address matters of the trade union and pedagogical themes related to the status of the teaching profession and Slovenian education. Attracting a mass attendance of two to three hundred participants, the gatherings in Trieste not only represented veritable Slovenian and Slavic national manifestations, but also manifested a gradual espousal of political liberalism among most Slovenian teachers and the Slovenian national and economic development in Trieste and its Slovenian-inhabited surroundings.
Education and emancipation. ISCHE (39 ; 2017 ; Buenos Aires), 2017
The contribution presents a historical analysis of a gradual introduction of female teachers to t... more The contribution presents a historical analysis of a gradual introduction of female teachers to the school system in Slovene lands (the area with Slovene speaking population stretching from the port city Triest ein the extreme northern part of the Adriatic Sea and its surroundings to the Julian Alps and the edge of the Pannonian Plain) on the south of the Habsburg Monarchy up to 1918 and than in the Slovene part of Yugoslavia Characterised by a reform of teacher education and emergence of women’s colleges of education in the 1870s in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Monarchy, this process unfolded differently in different lands, however, even prior to WW1, almost half of teaching staff was represented by women in Slovene lands (south Carinthia, Carniola, south Styria, north part of Istria, surrounding of city Triest and east part of County of Gorizia and Gradisca).The contribution addresses the question of how female teachers changed the teaching landscape in Slovene lands; they enabled the expansion of network of schools in urban and rural areas and thus an increase in school attendance and literacy among Slovenes. Female teachers also had an impact on the changes in the mode of teaching. The survey presents the role of female teachers in the own Society of Women Teachers est. 1898 and in other teacher societies, activities of the union and integration of societies. How did female teachers assert themselves in pedagogical work in the Yugoslav part of Slovenia and elsewhere after 1918, and during WW1 and WW2? Had female teachers in periodicals initially only focused on subject such as handicrafts, young girls’ education and women in schools? In the course of time they also addressed broader pedagogical subjects and engaged in then-current pedagogical discussions with their well-received studies and thinking.
Among the rare preserved material witnesses of cultural heritage of the onetime centenary German ... more Among the rare preserved material witnesses of cultural heritage of the onetime centenary German language island in the region of Kocevska region that lived from the middle of the 14th century to the winter 1941/42, are singular partly preserved cemeteries. At the cemetery Stari Log/Altlag is one such tombstone to Franz Kugler who had an accident in January 1888. His fellow teacher colleagues raised the tombstone. Kugler was born in 1861 in Poljčane in Styria, attended secondary school in Celje, lived in the family of a railwayman (switchman) in Laško as well and studied at the school of education in Ljubljana from which he graduated in 1882. The story of the first teacher at a one-class primary school with German language of teaching, Smuka/Langenthon established in 1882, is composed of scarce data from archival and printed sources on education in that part of Kočevska region. The school was in operation until its cancellation in 1958.
“Regardless of many difficulties and disadvantages [...] our refugee teachers honorably pursued t... more “Regardless of many difficulties and disadvantages [...] our refugee teachers honorably pursued theircalling among the people. I could thus not come to terms with the notion that the sacrifice, efforts andsuccess of our generation of teachers would be forgotten and unacknowledged (Savli, 1973)”. AndrejSavli’s thoughts from 1972 on the subject of refugee schooling during World War I have been going handin hand with different discussions of the issue of refugee schooling in the Ljubljana Slovenian SchoolMuseum since the 1970s. The article focuses on refugee schooling brought about by the Isonzo/SocaFront, when after Italy’s attack of Austria-Hungary between May 1915 and October 1917 armed conflictstook place in the Slovene-populated territory on both banks of the river Soca/Isonzo. 12,000 inhabitantswere made into refugees by the Italian occupation authorities, while the Austrian authorities orderedthat some 80,000 people were to be turned into refugees.Based on literature, newspaper sources, and archival materials, the article compares the refugeeexperience and the formation of refugee schooling for Slovenes in Italy under the Entente to that of theSlovene population from the Primorska/Littoral region under the Central Powers in other Austro-Hungarian lands. The Italian occupation brought about the change of the then Austrian school systemand introduced Italian teaching content as a preparation for the realization of goals set in the Treaty ofLondon (April 1915) and the subsequent integration of an even larger area into Italy. Special attention ispaid to conditions in schools in individual refugee camps in nowadays Austria and Slovenia (Wagna nearLeibnitz south of Graz, Steinklamm near Sankt Polten, Gmund near Czech border, Bruck a. d. Leitha andSternthal/Strnisce near Ptuj). A school’s success or that of the so-called employment course was oftencontingent upon the organizers’ enthusiasm, i.e. teachers of both genders, who were in the majority ofcases committed to working with refugee children. In that difficult refugee period, school provided anexceptionally positive social environment. Refugee teachers - e.g. Pavla Makuc, Draga Medic, MarijaVidmar, Josip Poberaj and others - are thus regarded as outstanding pedagogical figures in extraordinaryconditions of war. Following the end of World War I, the area along the river Soca/Isonzo, but also thewhole Primorska/Littoral region and Istria, ended up under Italy (the Treaty of Rapallo, 1920); up to1926, the local Slovenes (and Croats) had been gradually deprived of their schooling due to the pressureof Italianization and fascistization.
Through field work, the author of this article analyses the erection of gravestones for teachers ... more Through field work, the author of this article analyses the erection of gravestones for teachers in provinces populated by Slovenian in the south Habsburg Empire (before 1918) and after WW1 in nordwest part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The article presents the inscriptions on teachers’ gravestones, what a financial achievement this was for the colleagues of the deceased, their pupils and school supporters and finds that this contributed to the creation of a locally limited public memory of people connected with school. The gravestones of pupils, some of whom died very young, in their own special way convey a memory of schools. Often teachers were not born in the place where they worked and so regional teachers’ associations, active from the 1860s onwards, collected money among teachers and school supporters in memory of the deceased association members, which was then used for memorials. In the case of some teachers, their gravestone in a cemetery is the only firm memory of them in the place where they worked. In spite of the significant financial sacrifice by the modestly paid teachers for the erection of these gravestones, after many decades many are no longer there. It seems that a memorial notice on fragile paper, particularly when printed, is a much more enduring memory than words carved in stone.
Textbooks for birth assistants and midwives belonged to those textbooks in Slovene that were most... more Textbooks for birth assistants and midwives belonged to those textbooks in Slovene that were most closely connected with teaching of human anatomy. Midwifery education was being developed since mid-18th century, in the time of the Empress Maria Theresa, in provincial capitals (1753 in Ljubljana), even before the introduction of mandatory primary education, but also later (Klagenfurt, Graz, Trieste). Midwife schools in regional capitals began professional training of women not only in German but also in Slovenian language. The contribution presents Slovene textbooks for midwives that represent the beginnings of health care literature and medical press in Slovene language. How did these textbooks deal with the human body? All subjects for training of future midwives, reaching from anatomy, physiology, correct and incorrect obstetrics, nursing of healthy and sick newborns to legal instructions were compiled in a single textbook. The first book of this kind was a bilingual midwifery man...
This paper presents the influence of the power of education and the formation of the intellectual... more This paper presents the influence of the power of education and the formation of the intellectual class in the Slovenian provinces in the south of the multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire, which played an important role in the formation of the Slovenian nation. The social stratum of middle-class intellectuals, which was at that time rapidly becoming the carrier and the designer of the Slovenian national movement in the 2nd half of the 19th century, was shaped to a great extent through the education system. Slovenian pupils had to gain proficiency in the German language already in primary school in order to be able to continue their schooling at gymnasiums. The absence of a Slovene University before 1919 may also have channelled a lot of practical intellectual energy into primary school education, facilitating the cultural and economic development of the countryside and a general increase in the nation’s literacy, so that in 1910, 85.5% of all Slovenes were already literate. The intellectual...
SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN SLOVENIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKSThe article examines the image of the 1936–1939 S... more SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN SLOVENIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKSThe article examines the image of the 1936–1939 Spanish civil war as presented in Slovenian history textbooks for primary and secondary schools 75 years after the war. In textbooks, this topic is important for presenting the period before World War II in Europe as well as the social and political differences present in Europe at that time. The Spanish civil war raises questions of democracy, fascism, communism, social reforms, violence and revolution in Europe. Initially, the textbook authors briefly discussed the Popular front, democracy and elections, communists and revolution, as well as the support of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to Franco’s Nationalist faction and the support of Soviet Union to the Republican faction. After 1980, textbooks included a more detailed presentation of the broader social situation, the attitude of artists towards the Spanish civil war, and the impact of war on political divisions in Slovenia during Wo...
"Gaudeamus igitur" is a call to celebrate the events accompanying the matura, while at ... more "Gaudeamus igitur" is a call to celebrate the events accompanying the matura, while at the exams themselves silence reigns. The real joy comes only when the matura is over. The examination used by the state since the mid-19 t h century as a transition from secondary education to university has undergone a lively development which was sometimes all but linear. The modem matura, carried out since 1994/95 dominates (too much?) the whole of the educational process at gimnazija and raises numerous issues associated with the external examination of knowledge within our education system. The matura as a transition between secondary and university education was also an interesting exhibition theme for our museum on previous occasions, when we dealt with the development of the gimnazija in Slovenia (1979), school reports (1991) and the historic development of the matura after its revival (1998). This time the theme is more contemporary, as with this overview of the first decade of the external matura we wish, in addition to historical research, to encourage reflection about the current issues related to education, mapping its future development and influencing current knowledge. We expect that when this exhibition visits the schools they will add comments on their own views, special characteristics, dilemmas and successes, giving us something to think about and remember, and giving pleasure at the thought that the matura is over, while study is ahead of us throughout our life. With respect to the latter we are never quite mature and we can thirst for knowledge even when our university days are over.
At the close of the exhibition 'Refugee Education in the 20 t h century ' the Slovenian S... more At the close of the exhibition 'Refugee Education in the 20 t h century ' the Slovenian School Museum prepared a discussion on refugee education at which we discussed Slovenian experiences during WWI (Dr. Petra Svolfsak, Gvido Stres), shed some light on WWII (Metka Rozman) and then focused on post - WWII periods (academician Dr. Kajetan Gantar, Jaka Okorn, Dr. Gorazd Bajc).
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views on girls' education and teachers in Slovenia between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.
and the school rhythm influenced a children’s everyday life. The school is a form of a state and a church educational and pedagogic activity, the method of transferring the knowledge, which promotes the cultural
development with expend of literacy. School with the language image, different teachers (and then with a growing number of female teachers) and by changing the content of teaching helps children to create their
different experience of childhood.
Prehod v svet pridobivanja šolskega znanja so najprej doživeli le redki posamezniki, v drugi polovici 19. stol. pa odhod v šolo postaja običajen življenjski mejnik. Pot v šolo in šolski ritem sta vplivala na otroški vsakdan. Šola je oblika državne in cerkvene vzgojne ter izobraževalne dejavnosti, način prenašanja znanja, ki s širjenjem pismenosti spodbuja kulturni razvoj. Šola z jezikovno podobo, različnimi učitelji (nato vedno številčnejšimi učiteljicami) in s spreminjajočo se vsebino pouka pomembno sooblikuje učenkam in učencem njihovo različno doživljanje otroštva.
presents the education-related requirements of the open-air political gathering (meeting as a part of Tabor movement) in Vižmarje near Ljubljana, prepared in May 1869.
Drawing on newspaper and archival sources, the article presents three annual teachers’ gatherings in Trieste (III general assembly in May 1891, XIV in August 1902, and XXIII in June 1911). The events were organized by the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev) from Styria, Carniola, and the Littoral, which for a few years also brought together teachers’ associations in Istria, as reflected in its name, i.e. the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations and from 1900 onwards the Union of Austrian Yugoslav Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza avstrijskih jugoslovanskih učiteljskih društev). The gatherings were professional rallies of Slovenian teachers aiming to address matters of the trade union and pedagogical themes related to the status of the teaching profession and Slovenian education. Attracting a mass attendance of two to three hundred participants, the gatherings in Trieste not only represented veritable Slovenian and Slavic national manifestations, but also manifested a gradual espousal of political liberalism among most Slovenian teachers and the Slovenian national and economic development in Trieste and its Slovenian-inhabited surroundings.
views on girls' education and teachers in Slovenia between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.
and the school rhythm influenced a children’s everyday life. The school is a form of a state and a church educational and pedagogic activity, the method of transferring the knowledge, which promotes the cultural
development with expend of literacy. School with the language image, different teachers (and then with a growing number of female teachers) and by changing the content of teaching helps children to create their
different experience of childhood.
Prehod v svet pridobivanja šolskega znanja so najprej doživeli le redki posamezniki, v drugi polovici 19. stol. pa odhod v šolo postaja običajen življenjski mejnik. Pot v šolo in šolski ritem sta vplivala na otroški vsakdan. Šola je oblika državne in cerkvene vzgojne ter izobraževalne dejavnosti, način prenašanja znanja, ki s širjenjem pismenosti spodbuja kulturni razvoj. Šola z jezikovno podobo, različnimi učitelji (nato vedno številčnejšimi učiteljicami) in s spreminjajočo se vsebino pouka pomembno sooblikuje učenkam in učencem njihovo različno doživljanje otroštva.
presents the education-related requirements of the open-air political gathering (meeting as a part of Tabor movement) in Vižmarje near Ljubljana, prepared in May 1869.
Drawing on newspaper and archival sources, the article presents three annual teachers’ gatherings in Trieste (III general assembly in May 1891, XIV in August 1902, and XXIII in June 1911). The events were organized by the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza slovenskih učiteljskih društev) from Styria, Carniola, and the Littoral, which for a few years also brought together teachers’ associations in Istria, as reflected in its name, i.e. the Union of Slovenian Teachers’ Associations and from 1900 onwards the Union of Austrian Yugoslav Teachers’ Associations (Zaveza avstrijskih jugoslovanskih učiteljskih društev). The gatherings were professional rallies of Slovenian teachers aiming to address matters of the trade union and pedagogical themes related to the status of the teaching profession and Slovenian education. Attracting a mass attendance of two to three hundred participants, the gatherings in Trieste not only represented veritable Slovenian and Slavic national manifestations, but also manifested a gradual espousal of political liberalism among most Slovenian teachers and the Slovenian national and economic development in Trieste and its Slovenian-inhabited surroundings.