Hengwen Liu

摘要
本文以碩博士學位論文為研究對象，嘗試運用國家圖書館建置之學位論文資 料庫以及其所提供之數位工具等資源，回顧二十多年來臺灣法律史之學位論文， 進行學科知識生產之分析討論。分析這些論文如何反應臺灣社會變遷與發展需求， 逐漸從中華民國的、國家的、法體制的規範性研究角度，轉型為以臺灣的、人民 的、本土社會法律生活的社會實證研究取向。
相較於既有的法律史論述，這些學位論文在研究主體上多從臺灣出發，以臺 灣社會為主，與過去的中國法制史研究，尤其是針對中華民國法規範體系為主體 的近代法制史研究，關懷已有所不同。在討論對象上，除針對抽象的法規範，更逐 步擴及規範生成的相關政經社條件，以及規範實施的法社會效應等面向。在研究 方法上，則較強調兼顧法規範(法秩序)與法事實，嘗試運用不同研究取徑與資料 進行研究。
本文審視過去二十多年來臺灣法律史之相關研究成果，已逐步反映臺灣地緣 的特殊性，以及歷史多元與多源等發展特色，針對不同時期、地域特性，針對因應 不同族群、性別、政黨、意識形態等因素而生的不同法律文化與法律生活，開展出 嶄新的研究視野。
ABSTRACT
This article is a retrospective review of master theses and doctoral dissertations on legal studies archived at the National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan. The analysis aims to shed light on the generation of content knowledge over the past two decades and traces the evolution in these legal studies from the normative research perspective of the country and the legal system to the social empirical research orientation of the people and the social/legal life in response to social changes and development needs of Taiwan.
In contrast to the established narratives of legal history in Taiwan and past research emphasis on legal history of China, these analyzed theses and dissertations focus more on contemporary legal history with local perspectives developed from Taiwan. Their discussion, in addition to abstract legal norms, has gradually expanded to political, economic and social conditions consequent to implementation of laws. Moreover, their research approaches have also become more varied emphasizing both norms and facts of legal practices.
Research findings on legal history of Taiwan in the past two decades reveal distinct features of Taiwan including its geographical location, multi-ethnic origins and diverse cultures The different legal cultures and lives arising from ethnicities, political parties, genders and ideologies in different eras and regions have opened up a new research horizon.

由於臺灣特殊的歷史經驗，在「去日本化」與「再中國化」（或連續兩次「內地化」）的脈絡下，日本法對戰後臺灣司法的直接影響，已逐漸淡去。撫今追昔，在時間長河的淘選篩撿下，儘管在法律現代化的過程中，各種制度組織更迭、法典規範變動，透過司法人事，依然能在戰後臺灣的司法裡，觀察到日本因素帶來的複雜影響。
本文嘗試在法規面外，以人才養成的背景為核心，以例示的方式，透過具指標性意義的大法官與司法首長人選，觀察不同世代、不同地區出身，參與司法活動的法律人們，在個人成長以及法律專業學習的受教育過程中，是以何種方式、如何地受到日本教育或日本法的影響。在戰後臺灣新生世代主導臺灣司法之前，參與戰後臺灣司法活動的老一輩法律人們，有的是前日本帝國殖民地/外地/ 佔領地人民（臺灣/滿洲國/中國沿海省分等地），有的則是以前日本帝國鄰國，甚或是敵國人民的角色成長。分析各種背景中蘊含的複雜的日本因素，以及交纏於其中的國籍、省籍與黨籍等因素，對戰後臺灣司法產生之影響。

本文透過歷史資料分析二戰前中國於訓政時期推行「黨治」，在「黨化司法」政策下，反對司法獨立，要求司法必須「黨義化」、「黨人化」的各類措施。即便1947年行憲，憲法明文標舉「司法獨立」，黨化的相關措施仍然持續運行。
二戰後的臺灣各級法院，在1947年之後，轉型為以臺灣省以外各省籍人員為主的中國式司法體系，也承續了戰前中國的黨治遺緒。訓政時期的黨化司法經驗，繼續制度性的運作，在1990年代民主化之後，才有根本性的改變。1993年的人民團體法，開始要求國民黨黨部組織退出司法部門，然而，直至2012年的法官法，才完全劃清法官與政黨之間的界線。
過去「黨化司法」的措施，使國民黨能制度性的掌握司法人事，對戰後臺灣司法運作，帶來相當大的影響。尤其是核心司法人事佈局，倚重黨化政策下培訓之黨工、從事調查工作人員，強化了國民黨對司法的實質影響力。

The Politicization of the Judiciary in Post-War Taiwan
The KMT’s Control of Judicial Personnel Administration before 1990 and Its Aftermath

This paper begins with examining the impact of the politicization of the judiciary controlled by the KMT before World War II, when the Republic of China was in its so-called “tutelage period.” In that period, the content of law was aligned with the KMT charter, and judicial personnel were affiliated with KMT organizations. These gimmicks continued even after 1947, when the ROC claimed to be a constitutional republic with an independent judicial system.
When the judicial personnel from mainland China took over judicial institutions left by the Japanese government in Taiwan, they built a mainlander-dominated judiciary in 1947. The legacy of the politicization of the judiciary was thus preserved. Democratization altered this legacy profoundly during the 1990s. The “Civil Association Act” implemented in 1993 eradicated the KMT party organizations within judicial institutions and halted the harmful legacy. However, only after 2012 were judges banned from participation in any political parties under the “Judge Act.”
Before the War, the politicization of the judiciary allowed the KMT to control the personnel administration openly. The impact continued to cripple the judicial operations in Taiwan after the war. Its deleterious legacy persisted at the core of the judicial personnel, where the party agents and national security agents played a heavy role. In this way the KMT reinforced its clout over the judicial system.

1928年，隨著政局變遷，南京國民政府形式上統一了中國。在近代國家的思潮下，國民政府亦視教育為國家建設重要的一環。在高等教育方面，致力於管制學校的設置形態與內容，使之更符合國家建設的實際需要。
「九一八」之後，中國教育政策傾向因應國難、發展實業，1932年12月21日，國民黨第四屆中央執行委員會第三次全體會議通過了「教育改革方案」。該方案關於「發展實業，改革文法科」部分之「關於整頓學校教育造就適用人才案」，認定文法科教育發展畸形，需要矯正，此方案影響重大。其後，國民政府教育部以高等教育太濫、要求進行整頓為由，致力於執行此項矯正政策，希望立竿見影地轉換中國高等教育的結構，符合國家實業建設的人力需求。
教育政策逆轉，政府雷厲風行地整頓法政教育。在執政當局的強力運作下，自1933年起，民國時期中國法學知識傳播的發展空間，與其他同樣被歸類為「文類」的科目，一併受到政策的嚴苛壓縮。在戰爭壓力與發展實業的政策下，法學被視為無用「虛學」，法學教育在質與量上，一路下滑，不斷銳減、萎縮。雖然，至1947年行憲後，法學教育一度重獲教育當局重視，提出了設立新制法學院等具體規劃。然而，推行未幾，大陸淪陷，並未獲預期成效。二次戰前民國教育史這項重大政策之推行，造成近代中國法學教育發展的重挫。
此種教育政策，隨著中華民國政府遷台，一直延伸到戰後的臺灣。繼續在「重理工、輕文法」的脈絡下，影響著戰後台灣的法學教育。

The Setback in The Development of Legal Education in China Before World War II

The nationalist government in Nanjing eventually unified China in form following a series of transfers of power. Inspired by the idea of modern state, the nationalist government perceived the improvement of education as a weighty element in its state-building project. In the section of high education, it regulated the educational institutions over their types and curricula in order to tally the practical needs of state-building project.
After the incident of 918, its educational policy was re-directed to develop the industries in order to rescue the crisis of nationalist government. ‘The Act of educational reform’ was enacted in the third general meeting by the fourth-session central executing council of Kuomingtang. Under the title of ‘Develop industries and reform Humanity and Law education,’ they judged to correct the deviant developments of Humanity and Law education and thus approved the act to ’rearrange the educational institutions for training human resource in needs.’ This act created huge impact on later designers of educational policies. Later on, the ministry of Education devoted to this correction under the guise of reducing the oversupplied high education. They expected to change the structure of high education accordingly, and created the human resources tallied to the needs of industrialization.
The nationalist government reshaped the Humanity and Law education zealously with iron wrist and reverted previous educational policies. From 1933 onwards, the circulations of the knowledge of Law became restricted in a limited space as well as other subjects which were included in the Humanity and Law education due to the preference of educational reform. When facing the approaching wars and the pressure of industrialization, the study of Law was evaluated as ‘study of vanity/impractical knowledge’. The education of Law declined in both quality and quantity continuously. Although after the nationalist government proclaimed a new constitution the authorities had once propose to establish a modern college of Law, it did not meet the expectations before the fall of nationalist government in 1949. The Act of reform in 1932 thus frustrated the development of the modern education of Law in China before the World War II.
Carrying this policy with it, the nationalist government re-founded itself in Taiwan after World War II. Its educational policy followed the path of ‘develop the industries, neglect the Humanity and education of Law,’ which became the new laid basis for the education of Law in Taiwan after World War II.

法律與政治的關係，一直是個糾葛難解、耐人尋味的議題。本文擬以國史館典藏的國民政府檔案為核心，針對南京國民政府時期國民黨在中國時，為鞏固政權、壟斷有關革命正統的詮釋權，採取的各種實體與程式上法律懲治手段，諸如《反革命治罪法》、《特別法庭組織條例》、《反革命裁判條例》、《反革命案件陪審暫行法》、《特種臨時刑事法庭組織條例》等，以及過去依《反省院條例》設置的「反省院」等思想控制的配套設計與運作情形，參酌其法律論述，歷史性的探討當時國民黨政權關於革命與反革命，在法律上的各種表達與實踐。

Revolution/Counter-revolution:
KMT’s Legal Discourse during the Nanjing National Government Era

The relationship of law and politics has long been an intricate and interesting issue. This article is a historical analysis of the legal practice and expressions of revolution and counter-revolution used by the KMT during the Nanjing National Government Era. Provided by the government archives at the Academic Historica, the materials used in this research are focused on the various legal punishment measures used by the KMT to consolidate their regime, including the Counter-revolution Criminal Code, the Act governing the Organization of Special Courts, the Act governing the Trial of Counter-revolution Cases, the Provisionary Act governing the Jury in Counter-revolution Cases and the Act governing the Organization of the Provisionary Special Criminal Tribunal as well as the practices of the Inspection Yuan which was established pursuant to the Inspection Yuan Law and the relevant legal discourse in the Nanjing National Government Era.

戰後台灣自行考選培訓的司法人才，經過時日推移，已取代過去戰前中國或殖民地時期台灣所培養之司法人才，成為現今台灣司法界的主導力量。本文嘗試透過對台灣戰後司法官訓練文化的觀察，包括訓練計畫、訓導方式、學員年齡、性別組成、生涯規劃走向等面向的觀察，以瞭解台灣戰後司法人整體組成的概況。並分析透過這樣必經的司法訓練過程，所產生出的重視紀律考核、判牘一致性與期別先後倫理等特殊文化。以此，更進一步去討論這樣的組成與文化，對戰後台灣法律專業團體所造成的可能影響。

A Study of the Judges and Prosecutors in Postwar Taiwan: An Observation focused on their training culture
In the judicial system of Taiwan today, the judges and prosecutors trained during the postwar period have taken the place of those ones trained in Mainland China and Colonial Taiwan. This article is a study of the composition of the former ones by researching the training process in the Judicial Training Institute of Department of Justice（法務部司法官訓練所）since 1955, including the training program, the discipline, the age , gender, and career planning of the trained members. This article also wants to explore whether such a training process leads to some kind of special judicial culture in Taiwan today, as emphasizing the importance of discipline, of the consistency of form of judicial decision, and of the priority of graduation from the Institute. On this basis, it would like to understand the potential impact of such composition and culture to the legal profession in Postwar Taiwan.

清末民初，中國社會興起學習法政的熱潮，直至1930年代國民政府時期依然如此。其後，法政教育卻因發展蓬勃而遭國民政府打壓。二次戰前中國，法政教育從盛極一時到積弱不振，與其專業知識是否被各政權視為治國之術，或只是干祿之階，有重大的關係。再者，由於清末實施學堂獎勵出身、留學獎勵出身辦法，使得新式教育與舊式功名間，產生直接的對應連結關係，新式教育的「學位」與當官的「官位」，有了制度性連結。種種措施，雖非專門針對法政人才，在實踐上，卻呈現大量法政人才藉此為官的情形，社會上對法政之學的看法，逐漸導向集中在「求官」。這種印象，導引了清末民初法政教育的興盛，於此同時，也形成了日後國民政府打壓法政教育的重要理由。

The Stigma of ‘Trickery for Official Job’: the Influence of the Abolition of the Traditional Examination System in the late-Qing Dynasty over the Legal Education of Modern China

From the late Qing period on, a trend of learning western jurisprudence and government rose among Chinese intelligentsia. The heat of this trend did not cool down until the 1930s under Republican rule. There after this trend was constrained by the same government. This constrain-policy was derived from an idea that learning jurisprudence and government was a trick to obtain an official position rather to serve the purpose of a modern state. The combination between the traditional exam system and modern school system was built during the reform of late Qing Imperial court, when it bestowed official positions to students who completed western style education. Institutionally, the graduates thus became equivalent to those intellectuals who were selected through the imperial exams. Although this arrangement did not serve students of jurisprudence and government exclusively, most of the official positions were taken by them. General impressions to contempories judged it as an
usual channel to access official positions. This impression resulted to the enlargement of the school attending in the courses of jurisprudence and government around revolutionary era, while triggered the constrain-policy of republican government later on.

本文試圖以民國時期中國知名的「朝陽大學」（或「朝陽學院」）為例，觀察在中國近代化的過程中，社會對近代國家權力分立下新式「司法」工作的想像，如何微妙地從清末科舉考試出身的刑部小京官，漸漸演變為由司法考試選拔出的司法官。
一批傳承自部分清末刑部在職京官律學傳統的京派法學家，集結了學會的力量，依循西式教育體系，以私人辦學的形式，創辦了朝陽大學。朝陽的師資來源，從刑部留任中央司法實務界的舊式官員，到進入司法實務界的新式法政留學生都有。雖然是私立學校，但在人事上，卻一直與中央司法單位關係密切。
當科舉考試停辦，逐漸轉化成民國以後較具專業分工的各類國家文官考試時，該校培育出的學生，致力於通過國家司法考試，以成為司法官為職志。在苦讀考試的校風鼓舞下，大量進入國家司法機關，成為司法審判人員。「無朝不成院」的成效，為人津津樂道。
朝陽的學風，微妙地呈現了該校創辦者們代表的「透過科舉考試分發的在職京官律學傳統」，在制度的變革中，逐漸被學校體制吸納、為國家考試制度轉化，轉型成為應考司法考試、擔任國家司法官的司法法學傳統的過程。朝陽的學風，具體而微地展現了中國近代化過程中，從科舉小京官走向司法考試的司法官，從傳統知識份子轉型為具專業法律知識的司法人員，從傳統律學，逐漸過渡到近代性西方法學的歷程。

From an Imperial Official to a Judge of Nationalist Government:
A Case Study of Chaoyang University in Beijing

This article attempts to portray the imaginations of new ‘‘judicial’’ professions impressed on the common people in lay society using the case of famous Chaoyang University/ College of Chaoyang in China under the rule of the nationalist government. The new judicial professions refer to new official positions arranged under the principle of separation of Powers and created during the process of modern state-building. The observations focus on the transformation, by which an imperial official in the board of penalty gradually evolved into a judge ratified by the judicial examination.
Chaoyang University was founded by a group of imperial officials and traditional jurists who served in Beijing and belonged to the school of jurists’ in the late Qing period. They organized a private society and thus raised money to establish a Law school in the western style. They recruited faculty with different backgrounds, including the previous imperial officials serving in judicial institutions and the new legal professions studied abroad. Although this Law college was privately financed, its faculty was always provided by the judicial ministry of the central government.
After the termination of the imperial examination system, the graduates of Chaoyang University joined the specialized professional national judicial examinations in order to become judges. Most of its graduates passed national judicial examinations successfully under the rule of the nationalist government. Such success created a saying, ‘‘no graduates from Chaoyang, no law court’’.
The case of Chaoyang University shows how the traditional path of the imperial official career, which was qualified by the imperial examination system, was absorbed into the modern school system and national examinations. The graduates now became participants who join judicial examinations and obtain a position in a modern judicial administration. The case of Chaoyang University therefore also represents how the traditional intelligentsia who were soaked in classics were transformed into modern legal professionals, trained to embody the principles of western jurisprudences.

本文從法律制度層面出發，探究現行法以及戰前中國主要針對盜匪、共匪的「自新」與「自首」制度。除了傳統的「改過自新」意涵外，從檔案中分析並類型化二二八事件中自首與自新的規範方式，以及政府運用的情形，探究其實行成效，並就幾個個別案例進行細部觀察。
「自新」這種效果不明的法律制度，在二二八事件中被各地大量運用，人數高達數千。而個案中自新的要件、程序、准許與否、自新人的待遇、自新後是否須再受司法追訴等，均非常不明確，充滿人為操作空間。自新制度是嚴刑峻法、軍事壓迫下，極具彈性的懷柔措施，明顯違背法治國家原則。
在實際運作上，自新人被政府附條件又負予義務的交保釋放、列冊控管，甚至試圖進行思想改造。各地自新人與連保人的名單，成為綏靖清鄉之後，政府統治、控制戰後臺灣社會的重要資訊，自新人甚至被要求成為線民，被交付任務，成為政府社會監控系統的一環。

Practices of “Guilt-Redemption” in the Aftermath of 228 Incident:
Case Studies on Taichung, Chiayi, Tainan and Kaohsiung

From the legal perspective, this article examines the pre-war practices of “Guilt-redemption” and “Self-incrimination” applied to bandits and communist rebels in China and the related current laws using selected cases from the 228 Incident archives.

The practice of “Guilt-redemption” was widely applied in the aftermath of 228 Incident involving several thousands of individuals. Its legal effects were poorly defined and the legal procedures remained ambiguous, thus leaving much leeway for human maneuver and manipulation. It served as a flexible conciliatory measure implemented under Draconian military oppression and its nature violated the principles of “Rechtsstaat”

The case studies reveal that individuals subjected to “Guilt-redemption” would be released on bail only after accepting state-imposed conditions and obligations. They would remain under surveillance or undergo ideological reeducation. The name lists of these individuals on bail for “Guilt-redemption” were important intelligence for the government for state control. Some of them were recruited as informants or were given missions to accomplish, thus turning them into state instruments for social surveillance in post-war Taiwan.

本論文嘗試利用國史館典藏之司法院、司法行政部等相關機關的一手資料，透過當時南京中央與臺灣往返之公文紀錄，以及當時各地方法院、地方檢察處等呈送之「年度政績比較表」等工作考核資料，考察當時法院接收的交接情形，探究接收時的具體運作過程。追溯政權移轉後，司法人事嬗遞、文化置換的變動軌跡，以瞭解當時臺灣接收的特殊性。期望能透過這樣的研究，追本溯源的瞭解戰後臺灣司法的轉型情形，並作為日後進行比較研究之基礎。

Takeover of Judicial System in Early Postwar Years (1945-1949):
Changes in Personnel, Language and Culture

Using related archives in Academia Historica, this article details the process involved in the takeover of judicial establishments, such as Judicial Yuan and Judicial Administrative Bureau, in the early postwar years. The archives examined include the first-hand records of document exchange between Nanking, the then capital of ROC, and Taiwan; in particular, performance-evaluation documents submitted to Nanking by courts and prosecutor offices of Taiwan. This article traces the changes in personnel and handovers of assets in Taiwan to explore the unique features of such takeover. It is expected that the analysis can shed light on the transformation of the Taiwanese judicial system in the aftermath of World War II and contribute to further comparative studies.