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Paweł  Rojek
  • Instytut Filozofii UJ
    ul. Grodzka 52
    31-044 Kraków
    Poland

Paweł Rojek

Tropy to jednostkowe własności, takie jak ciężar tej książki, jej kolor i kształt. Pojęcie to stało się w filozofii analitycznej podstawą najlepszej wersji nominalizmu. Próbuję pokazać, że jednostkowe własności można także przyjmować w... more
Tropy to jednostkowe własności, takie jak ciężar tej książki, jej kolor i kształt. Pojęcie to stało się w filozofii analitycznej podstawą najlepszej wersji nominalizmu. Próbuję pokazać, że jednostkowe własności można także przyjmować w różnych realistycznych koncepcjach uniwersaliów. Analizuję systemy św. Tomasza, Georga Wilhelma Friedricha Hegla i Romana Ingardena. Okazuje się, że wszyscy oni byli zwolennikami teorii tropów.
Polski mesjanizm jest kluczem do zrozumienia dzieła Jana Pawła II. Nie da się właściwie pojąć papieskiej teologii historii, teologii cierpienia i teologii narodu bez kontekstu polskiej myśli romantycznej. Nauczanie Jana Pawła II jest przy... more
Polski mesjanizm jest kluczem do zrozumienia dzieła Jana Pawła II. Nie da się właściwie pojąć papieskiej teologii historii, teologii cierpienia i teologii narodu bez kontekstu polskiej myśli romantycznej. Nauczanie Jana Pawła II jest przy tym finalną postacią naszego mesjanizmu, dzięki czemu samo stanowi klucz do jego właściwego odczytania.
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W tej książce analizuję współczesny proces rekonstrukcji polskiej tożsamości. Szukam podobieństw między pisarstwem Witolda Gombrowicza a dziełem kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, analizuję poglądy konserwatywnego filozofa Ryszarda Legutki i... more
W tej książce analizuję współczesny proces rekonstrukcji polskiej tożsamości. Szukam podobieństw między pisarstwem Witolda Gombrowicza a dziełem kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, analizuję poglądy konserwatywnego filozofa Ryszarda Legutki i awangardowego artysty Zbigniewa Warpechowskiego, porównuję obrazoburczą twórczość Tomasza Kozaka i prowokacyjne idee zwolenników intronizacji Jezusa Chrystusa na Króla Polski. Staram się dowieść, że współczesne nawiązania do sarmackiego republikanizmu i romantycznego mesjanizmu mogą nam pomóc nie tylko zrekonstruować polską tożsamość, lecz także sformułować alternatywę dla późnej nowoczesności. Polska idea może – jak dawniej – wskrzesić Polskę i zbawić świat
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Georges Florovsky, in 1936, called for a revival of the teaching of the Church Fathers. At the same time, Fr. Joseph Bocheński formulated the program for the renewal of Thomism by means of formal logic. In this paper, I propose to... more
Georges Florovsky, in 1936, called for a revival of the teaching of the Church Fathers. At the same time, Fr. Joseph Bocheński formulated the program for the renewal of Thomism by means of formal logic. In this paper, I propose to integrate these two projects. Analytic Patristics aims at expressing and developing patristic thought with the tools of analytic philosophy. The broad program of the logic of religion formulated by Bocheński included semiotics, methodology, and the formal logic of religion. I present here three examples of the integration of analytic philosophy and patristics in these three areas. I discuss first Basil Lourié's paraconsistent interpretation of Dionysius the Areopagite's theory of the divine names, then Richard Swinburne's efforts to revive Orthodox natural theology, and finally Beau Branson's reconstruction of Gregory of Nyssa's metaphysics of the Trinity. These examples perfectly illustrate how analytic philosophy can contribute to the development of patristics, and how the tradition of the Church Fathers can inspire contemporary analytic philosophy of religion.
Is Russia a neoimperial or postimperial state? In this paper, I compare two interpretations proposed by political commentators Marcel Van Herpen and Dmitri Trenin. Van Herpen holds that the Russian empire is literally being rebuilt,... more
Is Russia a neoimperial or postimperial state? In this paper, I compare two interpretations proposed by political commentators Marcel Van Herpen and Dmitri Trenin. Van Herpen holds that the Russian empire is literally being rebuilt, whereas Trenin believes that Russia is just ceasing to be an empire. I argue that, contrary to popular belief, the current war against Ukraine cannot be interpreted as an attempt to restore the Russian empire. This is because being an empire requires a universalistic ideology that can be accepted by other nations. Meanwhile, the ideological foundation of the current war is an obviously nationalistic conception of the "Russian world." Polish historians Andrzej Nowak and Włodzimierz Marciniak brilliantly argued that it was Russian nationalism that had previously led to the collapse of both Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union. Under this interpretation the current war in Ukraine can be seen not as the rebirth but rather as the dramatic end of Russian imperialism.
Pavel Florensky (1882-1937), a Russian theologian, philosopher , and mathematician, argued that the religious discourse is essentially contradictory and put forward the idea of the logical theory of antino-mies. Recently his views raised... more
Pavel Florensky (1882-1937), a Russian theologian, philosopher , and mathematician, argued that the religious discourse is essentially contradictory and put forward the idea of the logical theory of antino-mies. Recently his views raised interesting discussions among logicians who consider him a forerunner of many non-classical logics. In this paper I discuss four interpretations of Florensky's views: paraconsistent, L-contradictory, non-monotonic and rhetorical. In conclusion I argue for the integral interpretation which unites these four approaches. Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03A05; Secondary 03B65, 03B42, 03B53.
The discussion about internal and external relations usually concerns what kind of relations exist. In this paper, I take up another question, namely whether external relations can become internal and internal relations become external.... more
The discussion about internal and external relations usually concerns what kind of relations exist. In this paper, I take up another question, namely whether external relations can become internal and internal relations become external. My starting point is the concept of a "relational collapse" formulated by the Soviet and Ukrainian philosopher Avenir Uemov. I try to develop his idea, distinguishing two senses of internal relation, based on the concepts of ground and essence. As I argue, internalisation may consist either on groundation or essentialisation of relations. Contrary to Uemov, both of these processes seem to be reversible, so we should also introduce the concepts of ungroundation and accidentalisation of relations. These four concepts form a framework for the general theory of internalisation and externalisation of relations. This framework seems to be particularly useful in analysis of some problems in social ontology.
Semen Frank (1877-1950) was one of the first and most ardent advocates of the ontological argument in the twentieth century. He proposed an original interpretation of the ontological argument based on its analogy to Descartes' Cogito.... more
Semen Frank (1877-1950) was one of the first and most ardent advocates of the ontological argument in the twentieth century. He proposed an original interpretation of the ontological argument based on its analogy to Descartes' Cogito. Frank believed that it is possible to develop Cogito ergo sum into Cogito ergo est ens abso-lutum. In this paper, I analyze his version of the ontological argument. First, I propose a simple reconstruction of his reasoning, paying attention to its hidden premise. Second, departing from the classical logical interpretations of Descartes' argument, I show that for Frank the claim that God exists had the same logical properties as Cogito. As a result, it seems that his argument was formally correct, though based on a premise which could hardly be convincing for a non-believer. This should not be surprising, however, since Frank, as most Russian religious philosophers, was not interested in the project of philosophical theology. His main concern was rather the development of philosophy based on religious premises, which might be called "theological philosophy".
In this paper I take a closer look at Fr. Georges Florovsky’s original view on the relation between philosophy and theology. I argue that he tried to formulate an approach based on patristic experience and opposed to the dominating... more
In this paper I take a closer look at Fr. Georges Florovsky’s original view on the relation between philosophy and theology. I argue that he tried to formulate an approach based on patristic experience and opposed to the dominating secular paradigm of philosophy. In some sense he wanted
to reverse the traditional account. As Teresa Obolevitch aptly suggested, he wanted to replace the  principle fides quaerens intellectum by the rule intellectus quaerens fidem. In that first default case the faith needs to be justified or proved by the reason, in the second, unobvious one, the faith has an absolute priority and illuminates itself the natural thought. According to Florovsky, philosophy should not attempt to ground the theology, formulating arguments for the existence of God or proving
the coherence of theism, but rather should accept theology as a fundamental premise and then develop a new, non-secular account for the old philosophical topics.
The teaching of St. Gregory Palamas (1296—1359) is usually considered as a paradigmatic case of Eastern Christian mystical theology. It is held that it goes beyond rational thinking and is based on antinomic premises. Contrary to this... more
The teaching of St. Gregory Palamas (1296—1359) is usually considered as a paradigmatic case of Eastern Christian mystical theology. It is held that it goes beyond rational thinking and is based on antinomic premises. Contrary to this widespread view, I try to give a consistent account of two crucial ideas of Palamism: the distinction between essence and energies, and the concept of deification. In doing this, I discuss and develop some formal analyses by Pavel Florensky (1882—1937). It proves that Palamas’ teaching is no less rational than any other metaphysical theory. This result casts a new light on the alleged irrational character of Eastern Christian theology, which aspect is sometimes thought to be an obstacle in the dialog between the West and the East.
Negative theology developed by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite is hardly considered as a consistent doctrine. The aim of this paper is to provide a coherent and extensive interpretation of its claims. I shall argue that the theory of... more
Negative theology developed by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite is hardly considered as a consistent doctrine. The aim of this paper is to provide a coherent and extensive interpretation of its claims. I shall argue that the theory of negative theology consist in four theses concerning God’s positive and negative properties and his unknowability. Afterwards I will propose and discuss three consistent logical interpretations of that theory.  Only one of these interpretations covers all the theses of negative theology and therefore is a preferable one.
Universals are usually considered to be universal properties. Since tropes are particular properties, if there are only tropes, there are no universals. However, universals might be thought of not only as common properties, but also as... more
Universals are usually considered to be universal properties. Since tropes are particular properties, if there are only tropes, there are no universals. However, universals might be thought of not only as common properties, but also as common aspects (“determinable universals”) and common wholes (“concrete universals”). The existence of these two latter concepts of universals is fully compatible with the assumption that all properties are particular. This observation makes possible three different trope theories, which accept tropes and no universals, tropes and determinable universals and tropes and concrete universals.
Karol Wojtyła w 1953 roku rozpoczął na Wydziale Teologicznym Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego wykłady z katolickiej nauki społecznej. Jego kurs opierał się zasadniczo na notatkach przygotowanych przez uprzedniego wykładowcę, prof. Jana... more
Karol Wojtyła w 1953 roku rozpoczął na Wydziale Teologicznym Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego wykłady z katolickiej nauki społecznej. Jego kurs opierał się zasadniczo na notatkach przygotowanych przez uprzedniego wykładowcę, prof. Jana Piwowarczyka, usuniętego z powodów politycznych. Przez długi czas skrypt Wojtyły nie był dostępny dla badaczy. Komentatorzy snuli różne rozważania na temat jego
zawartości. Jedni twierdzili, że Wojtyła był w tym czasie bliski marksizmowi, inni zaś kwestionowali jego autorstwo wykładów. W 2018 roku została w końcu opublikowana po polsku pełna wersja wykładów. Jak się okazuje, Wojtyła z reguły tylko powtarzał lub parafrazował materiał Piwowarczyka, choć w wielu wypadkach dodawał pewne oryginalne treści. W tym artykule analizuję te dodatki, starając się odnaleźć w nich
ślady najwcześniejszych poglądów Wojtyły. Argumentuję, że wskazują one wyraźnie na wpływy polskiego romantycznego mesjanizmu. Wojtyła w pewien sposób przekładał swoje wczesne inspiracje na język katolickiej nauki społecznej. Dlatego właśnie pisał o idei królestwa Bożego na ziemi, przyjmował naukę o misjach poszczególnych narodów i bronił religijnego znaczenia cierpienia zbiorowego.
W swojej książce Liturgia dziejów zaproponowałem interpretację myśli Jana Pawła II w kategoriach polskiego mesjanizmu. Książka wywołała szereg interesujących dyskusji. W tym artykule staram się odpowiedzieć na niektóre wątpliwości... more
W swojej książce Liturgia dziejów zaproponowałem interpretację myśli Jana Pawła II w kategoriach polskiego mesjanizmu. Książka wywołała szereg interesujących dyskusji. W tym artykule staram się odpowiedzieć na niektóre wątpliwości wysuwane przez krytyków, zwłaszcza te dotyczące mojej interpretacji papieskiej teologii narodu. Najpierw próbuję wyjaśnić pewne nieporozumienia związane z ontologią narodu, następnie bronię zbiorowego wymiaru chrześcijaństwa, a na końcu wskazuję na zasadniczo utopijny – w pozytywnym sensie – charakter polskiego mesjanizmu. Moim celem jest pokazanie, że – wbrew sugestiom niektórych krytyków – właściwie rozumiany mesjanizm Jana Pawła II nie prowadzi do podporządkowania religii polityce, a wręcz przeciwnie, dostarcza kryteriów oceny dla każdego porządku politycznego.
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Fetyszyzm i apofatyzm. Odpowiedź Tomaszowi Rowińskiemu, „Christianitas” 2014, nr 56–57, s. 373–382, ISSN 1508-5813
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It has been widely recognized that Wittgenstein's theory of family resemblance solved the problem of universals. This theory may be considered in two ways, however. (1) Family resemblance may be understood in a manner of abstract... more
It has been widely recognized that Wittgenstein's theory of family resemblance solved the problem of universals. This theory may be considered in two ways, however. (1) Family resemblance may be understood in a manner of abstract universals theory. Most commentators accept this interpretation. Though in this case, I would argue, Wittgenstein's contribution to the problem of universals seems to be overestimated. (2) Wittgenstein's theory may also be considered, following one of contemporary Polish philosophers J. Szymura, as a view connected with the Hegelian theory of concrete universals. The article is devoted to put forward some arguments for this interpretation. Firstly, it is coherent with all Wittgenstein's theses on family resemblance and states that there is literally nothing common in things. Secondly, it fits to Wittgenstein's language (terms such as "family", "Ähnlichkeit" and so on). Thirdly, there are some biographical pieces of evidence that Wittgenstein was inspired by Goethe's concept of "Urpflanze", which is very close to concrete universal.
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