TOP RULES
GERUND & INFINITIVE
A) Let- make – help – made + (غي مباشverb)
ر =► VERB
B) Modal (must- can- could- should -may –might- will –would-‘d better- ‘d rather) + ( مباشverb) =► VERB
Promise – ask – refuse -try- manage– want – forget – would like - recommend – advise –
accept – expect – intend- easy choose- mention- demand- call-need-miss-hope-agree-
disagree– remind- deserve – tell – encourage – risk–afford-force- allow – plan- pretend –
refuse – decide-allow + غي مباش ( مباش أو رverb) =► TO + VERB
Look forward – use + ( مباشverb) =► TO + VERB + ING
Nothing of the above عدم وجود أي رمز مما سبق+(verb) =► VERB + ING
MIXED TENSE
PUT THE VERBS BETWEEN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM
الكلمات المفاتيح
A: CONTEXT B: PAST C: FUTURE
1 : FOR / OVER / ALL / ABOUT +TIME SP simple past: (v) verb+ed/ irregular (v/not) didn’t + V 1. Simple future
a. Past : had been + vbing PPS past perfect simple: (V) had + pp (V/not) hadn’t PP Tomorrow – next – this
b. Future : will have been + vbing PC past continuous: was / were + verb+ing – at the end of – soon –
C. Present: has/have been verbing in 2026
Exception:(be) – (see) – (know) 1. Before -----SP------, -----PPS--- (V)=will+vb
(past): Had + pp – 2. -----SP----, ----PPS----- Before. (V/not)= won’t+vb
(future): will have + pp 3. ------PPS------ Before -------SP-
(present): has/have + pp 4. As soon as – after – because - ≠ ضدbefore 2. Future perfect
2: (VERB/X) x = already / just / never 5. When/ while : simple
a. Past : had + x + pp simple past(قصية ر أو )مدةPast continuous()مدة طويلة By + time / in five weeks
b. Present: has/have + x + pp 6. Last / ago/ yesterday / in 2019 = S.P (verb)=will have + pp
1. Since … s. past …, …has/have+pp… 4. … (vb/not)…has/have not pp …yet.
2. …has/have+pp… since … s. past 5. These days – now – at the moment - …! – Tonight –
3. So far : has/have + pp today – look!
(verb) = is/are/am +verbing (to be) = is / are / am
CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL(2) CAUSE CONDITIONAL(3) CAUSE
SIMPLE PRESENT →SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PAST →PAST PERFECT
●verb+s ,verb →didn’t + verb ●Verb+ed , irregular →had not + PP
●don’t,doesn’t + verb →verb+ed , irregular ●didn’t + verb →had + PP
●IS / Are / Am →Were (not) ●Was / Were (not) → had (not) been
→EFFECT : would/ could (not) + verb →EFFECT: would/ could (not) have + PP
CONDITIONAL 1 If →Simple present →Will/Can + verb
CONDITIONAL 2 If →Simple past →Woud/Could + verb
CONDITIONAL 3 if →Past perfect simple →Would/Could +have + PP
■■WISHES/REGRET■■
■PRESENT → ■PAST → ■PAST PERFECT
●Verb+s/verb ●Did not + verb ●Had (not) pp
●don’t – doesn’t +verb ●Verb +ed / irregular
●Is are am (not) ●Were (not) ●Had (not) been
●Can (not) + verb ●Could (not) + verb ●Could (not) have + pp
●← نغيرفعل السبب فقط و ال نكتب النتيجة
:●← ال تكتب العبارات التالية
OH DEAR – I4M SORRY – IT’S A PITY – I REGRET
REPORTED SPEECH
: ( كانبداوIndicative) جملة عادية : ( كانبداوimperative) جملة امر (interregative) جملة سؤال
That To / not to + verb :Wh / ifكانبداو ب
:ماتنساش راه كاينين بعض االستثناءات في الطريقة باش كانبداو
►Advised / promised / offered→ + to / not to + verb ►Suggested→ + verbing
do/does + Subject+verb→ (simple past) اوdid + + Subject+ verb→ (had+PP)
خاص
INVERSION: can you go →you can go
(Are-is-am-was-were-will-can-may-could-have-has) بالسؤال
VERBS:
Simple present Simple past Past perfect Can → could Won’t→ wouldn’t
Vb+s/vb Vbed / irregular Had + pp Must → had to May → might
Don’t /doesn’t +vb Didn’t + vb Had not +pp Will→ would Have /has → had
Is / are / am Was / were Had been Mustn’t → didn’t have to
WORDS:
Last = the previous Now = then Tomorrow = the day after Today= that day
Next = the following Here = there Yesterday = the day before This= that / these=Those
PRONOUNS:
المتكلم هو ه We They المستمع انا هو ه نحن هم
I He She Us Them You +vb I He She We They
Me Him her Vb+you me Him her Us Them
our Their
My His Her Your My His Her Our Their
ACTIVE→
PASSIVE VOICE PASSIVE ACTIVE→ PASSIVE
1,Simple present: Verb+s / Verb Is / are + pp 6,Past contin: was/were +vbing Was/were +being +pp
2,S. present: don’t / doesn’t +verb Is / are + not + pp 7. Present perfect: has/have + pp Has/have +been +pp
3,Simple past: Verb+ed/irregular2 Was / were + pp 8,Past perfect: had + pp Had + been+ pp
4,Simple past: didn’t +vb Was/were +not pp 9. Modal+ vb Modal +be+ pp
5,Pr. continuous: is/are/am +vbing Is/are +being + pp 10. Modal + have + pp Modal +have+ been+pp
Modals: must – can –could– may –might – should- need- will- would– had to – ought to – is/are going to –
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
شخص+ who + verb غي عاقل
ر+ which + verb / subject vb مكان+ which + verb
شخص+ whom + subject + verb مكان+ where + subject + verb
مهما يكن+ whose + subject + be زمان+ when + subject + verb That’s / the reason + why + مهما يكن
Be= is –are- was- were -been …etc.
MODAL VERBS
Arabic translation Modal Function
متاكد/يجب Must Certainty/obligation
ممنوع Mustn’t Prohibition
من االفضل Should-ought to- ‘d better Advice
غي مقبولر Shouldn’t – oughtn’t to Criticism
يستطيع/يمكن Can – could Ability/possibility
ال يستطيع/ال يمكن Can’t Impossibility/inability
ربما May – might Probability
رضوري Need – have to – has to – had to Necessity/obligation
غي رضوري ر Needn’t- don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to Not necessary
LINKING WORDS
EXPRESS PURPOSE التعبي عن الهذف
ر
So as to The government has built more schools. they wanted to reduce rates of illiteracy.(so as to)
In order to →The government has built more schools so as to reduce rates of illiteracy.
الحذف
For The government has built more schools. they wanted to reduce rates of illiteracy.(for)
ing + الحذف →The government has built more schools for reducing rates of illiteracy.
In order that The government has built more schools. they wanted to reduce rates of illiteracy.(so that)
so that →The government has built more schools so that they could reduce rates of illiteracy.
التعويض
CAUSE & EFFECT التعبي عن السبب و النتيجة
ر
GROUP 2 : CHANGE GROUP 1 : NO CHANGE
بفضل changeقواعد التغيير So
Thanks to Cause(change),Effect(no) 1.THERE IS/ARE -THERE WAS/ Therefore Effect بسبب
بسبب WERE+ COMPLEMENT Cause As a result Effect Because Cause
Owing to Consequently Since
E (no change) Due to C (change) 2.NAME/PRONOUN + That’s why As
Because of VERB(ING)+COMPLEMENT إذن
3.the weather was bad
= قلبthe bad weather
ADDITION & CONCESSION التعبي عن االضافة و بالرغم من
ر
GROUP 2 : CHANGE GROUP 1 : NO CHANGE
بالرغم changeقواعد التغيير باإلضافة
بالرغم من لكن
Despite 1(change),2(no change) 1.THERE IS/ARE -THERE WAS/ Moreover
Although Yet
In spite of WERE+ COMPLEMENT Furthermore
Though Whereas
In addition
Even However
باإلضافة 2.NAME/PRONOUN + Beside / As
though بالرغم
1(no change) Along with 2(change) VERB(ING)+COMPLEMENT well as
Even if Nonetheless
In addition to what’s more
Nevertheless
3.the weather was bad
= قلبthe bad weather
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH LINKING WORDS امال الفراغ
االول+ SENTENCE ……. الوسط+ SENTENCE االول او الوسط+vbing/noun
بالرغم من باإلضافة:moreover-as well as – beside – what’s بسبب: due to – because of
Although – even more – furthermore – in addition – owing to
though – though - لكن: however – but – whereas – on the contrary. بفضل: thanks to
Even if اذن: as a result – consequently – so – therefore – بالرغم: despite – in spite of
that’s why باإلضافة: along with – in
بسبب: because – since – as addition to
بالرغم: nonetheless – nevertheless
الوسط+verb …… الوسط+sb +can/could
لكي: so as to – in order to لكي:so that – in order that
Phrasal verb
PHRASAL VERBS
Explanation Phrasal verb Explanation Phrasal verb Explanation
1. Put up ارتفع/استضاف 1. Look after ر
يعتن 1. Take off نزع/أقلعت الطائر
2. Put off اجل 2. Look for يبحث عن شء 2. Take up بدء
3. Put up with تحمل 3. Look forward يشتاق 3. Take to يشبه
4. Put out أطفا النار 4. Look into تحقق من 4. Turn up وصل/رفع الصوت
5. Put on لبس 5. Look out احيس ر 5. Turn down خفض الصوت/رفض
6. Put down وضع 6. Look up يبحث عن معلومة 6. Turn off أطفا
7. Run out of نفذ 7. Hand in سلم 7. Turn on شغل
8. Run over دهس 8. Hand out وزع 8. Pass out أغم عليه
9. Run into واجه 9. Set off انطلق 9. Pass away مات
10. Go up ارتفع 10. Set up أسس 10. Cheer up ابتهج
11. Go off انقطع التيار/انفجر 11. Check out انتىه الحجز 11. Eat out أكل خارجا
12. Go through مر بتجربة 12. Check in حجز 12. Find out وجد
13. Come out ظهر 13. Break into تسلل 13. Pick up جمع/تعلم
14. Come across وجد صدفة 14. Break out اندلعت النار 14. Write down كتب
15. Come into ورث 15. Break down توقف عن العمل 15. Cut down نقص
16. Apply for ر ر/ طلب عمل
فيا 16. Bring up يرب 16. Give up توقف عن
ر
17. Fill in مال 17. Bring about تسبب ف 17. Make up خلق
18. Stand for يرمز إىل/ يعنر 18. Settle down استقر 18. Make out ر ر/فهم
مي
19. Get along تفاهم 19. Keep up with يساير 19. Let down خذل
ر ر
20. Get over تعاف 20. Keep on يستمر 20. Call off ألغ
IRREGULAR VERBS
TARJAMA VERB S.PAST PP TARJAMA VERB S.PAST PP
كان Be Was/were Been فقد/ضيع Lose Lost Lost
بدا Begin Began Begun خلق Make Made Made
كسر Break Broke Broken التقى Meet Met Met
جلب Bring Brought Brought خلص Pay Paid Paid
بنى Build Built Built قرا Read Read Read
اشترى Buy Bought Bought جرى Run ran Run
امسك Catch Caught Caught رن Ring Rang Rung
اتى Come Came Come قال Say Said Said
فعل Do Did Done راى See saw Seen
ساق Drive Drove Driven باع Sell Sold Sold
شرب Drink Drank Drunk ارسل Send sent Sent
اكل Eat Ate Eaten قضى Spend spent Spent
وجد Find Found Found تكلم Speak Spoke Spoken
احس Feel Felt Felt غنى Sing sang Sung
حصل Get Got Got اسس/رتب Set Set Set
اعطى Give Gave Given نام Sleep Slept Slept
ذهب Go Went Gone اخذ Take took Taken
يملك Have Had Had اخبر Tell told Told
سمع Hear Heard Heard يفكر Think Thought Thought
امسك/نظم Hold Held Held فهم Understand understood Understood
عرف Know Knew Known لبس Wear Wore Worn
حافظ Keep Kept Kept ربح Win won Won
ترك/غادر Leave Left Left كتب Write Wrote written
WORD FORMATION
. FUNCTION
As for opinion Give opinion Agreement Disagreement
طلب الراي تقديم راي الموافقة المعارضة
– What is your opinion – In my view,.......– For – Of course. – Of course, not.
about.............? me,.... – I think so. – I don’t think so.
– What do you think – To my mind,................. – You are right. – You are wrong.
about...? – From my point of view, – Absolutely.– Exactly. – That’s not always true.
– What is your view – As far as I am
about....? concerned,
Make a request Accept request Decline/refuse request Lack of understanding
تقديم طلب قبول طلب رفض طلب عدم الفهم
– Could you please,.. ...? – Of course. – Sorry, I can’t. – I beg your pardon.
– Will you.............? – Yes, sure. – I am afraid, not. – I am not quite sure I
– Would you.................? – With pleasure. – I am sorry, no. follow
– Would you mind …. – Not at all. – I wish I could but.......... – I m sorry. I didn’t hear
– I didn’t get your point.
Asking for clarification Asking for advice Giving advice Accepting advice
طلب توضيح طلب نصيحة تقديم نصيحة قبول نصيحة
– Could you repeat, – What should I do? – You should (not)....... – That’s a good idea,
– What do you mean by – I don’t know what to do. – You ought (not) to........ thanks.
– Could you be more Can you – You’d better (not) – It sounds a good idea.
– Would you elaborate on help me? – If I were you, I would....
that, please?
Make a complaint Respond to a complaint Make an apology Make a suggestion
تقديم شكاية الرد على شكاية تقديم اعتذار تقديم اقتراح
– I am sorry, but.......... – I’m so sorry. I didn’t – I do apologize. – Let’s...............?
– Sorry to say this, but... realize that. – I am really sorry about – How about + verb +
– I am not satisfied with – I just don’t know what this. – What about + verb +
the way....... to say. – I can’t tell you how – Why don’t we...........?
- Enough is enough – Oh! I am sorry about sorry I am.
that
Accept suggestion Respond to good news Responding to bad news Asking for permission
قبول اقتراح الرد على خبر جيد الرد على خبر سيء طلب االذن
– Ok let’s. That’s good news! That’s bad news! -May I ...................?
– That’s a good idea. That’s wonderful! That’s terrible! -Can I............?
– That sounds a good I’m glad to hear that! I’m sad to hear that! -Is it OK if................?
idea, thanks. Congratulations! How sad! -Would it be all right if.....
– Yes, why not. - No let’s Really? I can’t believe it. That must be awful!
not.
WORD FORMATION
Economy Economical Important Importance Attend Attendance
Art Artistic Involve Involvement Violent Violence
Culture Cultural Engage Engagement Addict Addiction
Use Useful-less Advice Advise Rely Reliable
Child Childhood Complaint Complain Benefit Beneficial
Success Successful Apply Application Certain Certainty
Beauty Beautiful Advantage Disadvantage Virus Anti-virus
Gold Golden Behave Behaviour Suit Suitable
Describe Description Appear Appearance Convince Convention
Improve Improvement Healthy Health Convenient inconvenient
Know Knowledge Innovation Innovative Education Educational
Care Careful-less Difficult Difficulty Environment environmental
Job Jebles Old-fashion Old-fashioned Summary Summarize
Grow Growth Free freedom Aware awareness
Translate Mistranslate Wise Wisdom Destroy Destruction
Efficient Inefficient Strong Strength Hard Hardship
Mature Immature Like Unlike Achieve Achievement
Vigor Vigorous Agreement disagreement Wealth Wealthy
Audacity Audacious Industry Industrial Developed Underdeveloped
Passion Passionate Able Ability understanding Misunderstanding
encourage Encouragement differ Difference member Membership
energy Energetic manage Management citizen Citizenship
Satisfy Satisfaction Obstinate Obstinacy popular Unpopular
competent Competence entertainment Entertain danger Dangerous
prior Priority boredom Boring laugh Laughter
Partner Partnership gift Gifted resource Resourceful
cooperation Cooperative power Powerful please Pleasure
ambition Ambitious Welcome Welcoming Persuade Persuasive
govern Government punish Punishment Read/ write Re read/Write
assistant Assistance celebration Celebrate Hope Hopeful-less
poor Poverty literate Illiterate literacy Globe Globalization
empower Empowerment product Productive Finance Financial
employ Unemployment hospitality Hospitable fun Funny
excite Exciting autonomous Autonomy Approve Disapprove
activity Active integration Integrate generous Generosity
tolerance Tolerant person Personality organize Organization
Kind kindness Vocation Vocational volunteer Voluntary
enthusiasm Enthusiastic digit Digital memory Memorize
Risk Risky Ceremony Ceremonial medicine Medical
inferior Inferiority attract Attractive nation National
