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CN102119454B - 具有用于电磁能量收集的一体收集器表面的能量设备及其方法 - Google Patents

具有用于电磁能量收集的一体收集器表面的能量设备及其方法 Download PDF

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CN102119454B
CN102119454B CN200980131619.3A CN200980131619A CN102119454B CN 102119454 B CN102119454 B CN 102119454B CN 200980131619 A CN200980131619 A CN 200980131619A CN 102119454 B CN102119454 B CN 102119454B
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CN102119454A (zh
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P·C·布兰特纳
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Phonex Corp
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
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Abstract

公开了一种用于收集和储存电磁能量的装置、方法以及系统。例如，本发明使用储能部件自身内的导电表面作为电磁能量收集的装置。该表面可以是能量设备的一体部分，诸如电池或电容器内的电荷收集表面，其主要为电池或电容器提供必要功能。在本发明的另一实施例中，可在制造期间将金属或导电表面添加至且特别制作到能量设备中，以便主要为该能量设备收集电磁能量，不过对于储能部件而言并不是必须的。一旦能量被收集，则它可通过在制造期间直接制作到储能部件中或连接在储能部件外部但在能量设备内的整流部件进行整流。

Description

具有用于电磁能量收集的一体收集器表面的能量设备及其方法
相关申请
本申请与2008年8月11日提交的题为“具有用于电磁能量收集的一体收集器表面的能量设备及其方法(Energy Device with Integral CollectorSurface for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting and Method Thereof)”的美国临时专利申请S/N 61/087,927相关，且基于35U.S.C.§119要求该申请的权益，该申请通过引用整体包含于此。
技术领域和发明背景
本发明涉及一种收集能量的装置和/或系统或方法。具体而言，本发明收集周围环境中存在的或有意引导至能量收集设备的电磁能量，并储存所述能量以供后来使用。
电磁能量以各种形式存在。它一般用来发送信息，但也作为可被收集和储存的能量的源(虽然通常很小)存在。
一般而言，诸如例如天线的收集电磁能量的系统仅被设计用于捕捉正在通过电磁介质传送的信息，且一般不捕捉该能量本身的实质部分。承载信息的信号一旦由天线接收，随后就可被接收机放大并滤波以获得该信息。因此，此类系统的着重点在信息以及传送信息的特定波长上，而不是实际能量本身。
当前，在电子装置所使用的能量的量减少的同时，所传送的电磁能量的量在增加。此外，越来越多的电子装置自主地工作——通过感测或收集信息而无源地工作，或通过执行一功能来有源地工作。
发明内容
本发明的某些示例性实施例的一个目的是通过从周围环境收集和储存能量来工作。因此，虽然本发明的某些实施例可能包含用于接受传送的信息接收电路，但本发明的一个示例性目的是从周围环境收集电磁能量并储存以供当前或后来使用。如下文更详细描述且作为示例的本发明的各个方面和实施例解决了背景技术的某些缺点和相关领域中不断涌现的需求。
本发明可包括例如一种用于收集电磁辐射形式的能量的装置、系统以及方法。在优选实施例中，本发明可包括适于收集电磁能量的至少一个导电表面和用于储存所述能量的储能部件。
本发明的实施例包括例如在诸如天线之类的能量设备的储能部件内的金属或导电表面以用于收集能量。该表面可以是能量设备的一体部分，诸如电池或电容器内的电荷收集表面，其主要为电池或电容器提供另一必要功能。
在本发明的另一实施例中，可在制造期间将金属或导电表面添加至且特别制作到能量设备中，以便为该能量设备收集电磁能量，不过对于储能部件而言并不是必须的。
本发明的一个或多个实施例的一体导电层可由电池的阳极或阴极收集板组成，且可执行收集电磁能量的附加功能。在一个实施例中，该一体导电层还可以是能量设备的实际阳极材料。在另一实施例中，该一体导电层可以是能量设备的导电外封装材料，诸如电容器的最外层导电外壳。
添加的特征、图案或形状可应用于能量设备的导电表面，以提高特定频带、宽带或其它能量应用的能量收集效率和/或容量。对于柔性设备，该一体导电表面可以是例如弧形的(例如Z轴位移)，以增强其能量收集能力或增强其方向接收特性。
附图简述
参照某些优选实施例的附图描述了本发明的一些特征和优点，优选实施例旨在说明而不是限制本发明。
包括于此以提供对本发明的进一步理解、并被包含在本说明书中且构成其一部分的附图示出本发明的示例性实施方式，其与说明书一起可用来说明本发明的原理。
图1是本发明一实施例的包括电化学电池的储能部件的横截面。
图2A是本发明的实施例的俯视图，其中天线在上方，且未添加对天线下方的可能延伸超出天线尺寸的衬底的描绘。
图2B是本发明的实施例的横截面侧视图。
图3A是本发明的实施例的俯视图，其中天线在上方，且未添加对天线下方的可能延伸超出天线尺寸的衬底的描绘。
图3B是添加了二极管的本发明的实施例的横截面侧视图。
图4是本发明的全向阵列的实施例的横截面侧视图。
图5是本发明的双频阵列的实施例的横截面侧视图。
图6是本发明的全向格式中使用的弧形表面能量设备的实施例的横截面侧视图。
图7A是本发明的多平面实施例的横截面俯视图。
图7B是本发明的多平面实施例的一个设备的侧视图。
图7C是来自本发明的多平面实施例的第二设备的不同角度的侧视图。
具体实施方式
应理解，本发明不限于此处所描述的特定方法、化合物、材料、制造技术、用途以及应用，因为这些可能变化。还应当理解，本文中所使用的术语仅为了描述特定的实施例，而不是为了限制本发明的范围。必须注意，如本文中以及所附权利要求书中所使用地，单数形式的“一”、“一个”以及“该”包括复数引用，除非上下文另外明确地指出。因此，例如，对“一元件”的引用指的是一个或多个元件，且包括本领域技术人员已知的等同替换。类似地，对于另一示例，对“一步骤”或“一装置”的引用指的是一个或多个步骤或装置，且可包括子步骤或辅助装置。所使用的所有连词应当按照最大包含的意义来理解。因此单词“或”应被理解为具有逻辑“或”的定义而不是逻辑“异或”，除非上下文明确地另有需要。本文中所描述的结构应被理解为还表示此类结构的功能等同替换。可能被理解为表达近似的语言应当如此理解，除非上下文明确地另有规定。
除非另外限定，此处所使用的所有技术和科学术语具有如本发明所属领域的普通技术人员所普遍理解的相同含义。描述了优选方法、技术、设备和材料，不过与所描述的那些内容相似或等同的任何方法、技术、设备或材料可用于本发明的实施或测试。本文中所描述的结构应被理解为还表示此类结构的功能等同替换。
出于描述和公开的目的，所有专利和其它出版物通过引用包含于此，例如与本发明相关联的可能有用的此类出版物中描述的方法。所提供的这些出版物仅为了获得它们在本申请的申请日之前的公开内容。此方面的任何情况不应被理解为承认由于先前发明或任何其它理由而使本发明人不享有早于这些公开内容的权利。
本申请与2006年11月17日提交的题为“混合薄膜电池(HybridThin-Film Battery)”的美国专利申请S/N 11/561,277和2007年3月16日提交的题为“金属箔密封(Metal Foil Encapsulation)”的美国专利申请S/N11/687,032相关，上述申请通过引用一体包含于此。
图1示出本发明的一个实施例的横截面侧视图。在该实施例中，导电表面180形成储能设备的结构的一部分。在图1所示实施例中，储能设备是具有被电解质140隔开的阴极130和阳极150的电化学电池。该实施例包含阻挡层120和正极端子衬底110。绝缘层160密封电化学电池，其中该电化学电池具有从阳极150延伸至导电表面180的一个或多个导体170。
在一个特定实施例中，该电化学电池是如美国专利申请S/N 11/561,277中公开且之前通过引用包含的薄膜电池。在该实施例中，从上至下，该设备可例如包含：用作正极触点的金属箔衬底110；用作阴极电流收集器的阻挡层120，其优选由例如在铬、镍或钛子层上制造的金、银或铂子层组成；阴极130，其优选由例如氧化锂钴(LiCoO2)组成；固态电解质140，其优选由例如LiPON组成；以及阳极150，优选包括例如锂。绝缘/粘接层160优选由例如可覆盖电化学器件的沙林(Surlyn)层组成，且丝网导体170可被纺织在导电表面180与电化学器件之间并与它们接触。
除诸如电池或薄膜电池的电化学储能器件之外，储能部件可以是诸如电容器或薄膜电容器的储电器件，但也可以是诸如例如飞轮、微飞轮、微机电系统(MEMS)或机械弹簧的机械能储存器件。该储能部件还可以是诸如压电元件的机电器件，或诸如例如题为“用于环境能量电池或电容器重新充电系统的方法和装置(Method and Apparatus for an Ambient EnergyBattery or Capacitor Recharge System)”的美国专利No.7,088,031中公开的发明的各个实施例的磁电元件。该储能部件还可以是诸如热质量容器的热能储存器件，或它可以是诸如例如具有氢容器的氢发生器或具有臭氧容器的臭氧发生器的化学能储存器件。这些器件中的每一个可用于基于该系统的某些示例性元件来储存能量。
类似地，导电表面的材料和几何形状可根据系统应用而不同。在优选实施例中，该导电表面可具有适合于所收集的电磁能量的频率的合适的电磁阻抗。在一些实施例中，导电表面可由金属、合金、半导体、导电有机物、聚合物和/或导电组合物制成。例如，该器件还可以是柔性的，并被制造成缠绕在自身上，以更好地收集某些类型的电磁能量。
在若干实施例中，该导电表面还可以是储能部件的一体部分。例如，电能收集导电表面可通过电化学储存器件的阳极、电化学储存器件的阳极电流收集器、电化学储存器件的阴极、电化学储存器件的阴极电流收集器、电化学储存器件的密封、电化学储存器件的衬底、电化学储存器件的外壳、电容器的负电极、电容器的正电极或电容器的外壳来具体化。
在导电能量收集表面与储能部件一体的一些实施例中，该表面可以在例如结构或化学上被修改而超出所述储能部件的基本功能需求，以使所述表面对电磁能量收集的适应最优化。结构修改可包括通过扩展、拉伸、增大或以其它方式扩大表面来扩大一个或多个表面的表面积。例如，在图1的能量设备中，表面180可被扩展、延伸或以其它方式增大形状。类似地，表面110、170或任何其它导电表面可例如被修改以扩展该表面积，从而单独或组合地提高该元件或那些元件的能量收集容量。此外，这些导电表面可增大厚度或在任何优选方向上打孔，以增大这些设备元件的表面积和/或能量收集属性。
例如，如图2A和2B所描绘，电介质260的高度可符合电容器或电池中的电介质厚度或电池或电容器中的隔离元件的厚度，或符合这二者的组合。例如，它可表示电池阴极厚度加上隔离材料。可例如通过薄膜电池的阴极电流收集器来提供图2B中的衬底230。例如，天线元件280可由电池的阳极电流收集器或独立元件来提供。可例如通过从Constantine A.Balanis所著的《天线理论——分析和设计》第二版(1982，1997，ISBN0-471-59268-4)中出现的描述外推而得出各个元件的尺寸，该文献通过引用整体包含于此。电介质的高度(h)、其介电常数(εr)以及感兴趣的频率(fr)可通过设计来调节。一旦这些值被设定，则可使用例如以下方程来最优化长度以及适当的宽度比。天线的长度可以是对波长(λ)的一些偶数除法，诸如λ/2、λ/4、λ/8、λ/16等等。下面的V0是光在自由空间中的速度。
W = 1 / 2 fr μ 0 ϵ 0 * 2 / ϵ r + 1 = v 0 / 2 fr * 2 / ϵ r + 1
其中εreff是有效介电常数：
εreff＝[(εr+1)/2]+[(εr-1)/2*[1+12h/W]-1/2
例如，可将每个实施例中的导电表面设计成能收集一种或多种特定形式的电磁能量。例如，此类形式可包括电场耦合能量、磁场耦合能量、光波直接耦合能量、光波热耦合能量、激光或相干光耦合能量、亚毫米波长辐射耦合能量、宽带频率、窄带频率、经引导能量、间接能量、特低频、超低频、甚低频、低频、中频、高频、甚高频、特高频、超高频、极高频、红外光频率、可见光频率、紫外光频率和/或x射线频率。
本发明的某些实施例中还可包括附加部件。例如，本发明的实施例可包括用于将导电能量收集表面上感生的交流电整流为直流电以使其可容易地储存于例如电池或电容器中的一个或多个电气部件。例如，这些部件可在储能部件外部；然而，它们也可替代地或附加地被嵌入在储能部件内。例如，可用作电化学电池的部件的氧化锂钴的半导体特性在某些区域中可以是n型和p型掺杂，从而产生具有二极管特性的器件，该器件可被配置成作为整流器工作。
图3A和3B描绘在天线表面380与导电衬底表面330之间提供二极管的本发明的实施例。如以上示例所述，例如，天线元件380可由电池的阳极电流收集器或独立元件来提供。电介质360可代表电容器或电池中的电介质，或电池或电容器中的隔离元件，或这二者的组合。例如，它可表示电池阴极厚度加上隔离材料。可例如通过薄膜电池的阴极电流收集器来提供图3B中的衬底330。储能器件的直接充电可例如通过将二极管连接在天线表面与导电衬底表面之间来完成。该连接可以是二极管的阴极附连至天线表面380，且二极管的阳极连接至衬底表面330。该二极管可以是所制造的储能器件的一体部分或外部分立部件。
例如，用于收集电磁能量的系统也由本文中的各种公开内容来提供。例如，该系统可包括连接到一起形成阵列的多个能量收集器件。器件在该阵列中的排列可变化，以例如最优化按照全向或单向方式对电磁能量的收集。这些能量收集器件自身在单个系统中可变化，以例如最优化对不同波长的电磁能量的收集——这可不仅包括导电表面的形状和大小，也可包括材料类型。此外，这些能量收集器件的互连可串联或并联地安排，例如用于产生某些电压输出。如图4所描绘的全向阵列的一个示例使两个衬底430被放置到一起，且收集表面481和482被引导朝外。电介质层461和462被设置在衬底430与收集表面481和482之间。替代地，具有电池或其它储能器件的衬底可被放置在该衬底的任一面。还可提供各种配置的多个表面。如图5所描绘，例如，通过在一个或多个衬底530上设置可能具有不同L/W比(长宽比)的两个储能器件581、582，可提供多频阵列。在各个实施例中，还可提供多个表面和/或器件。替代地，单个电池的顶部可设置有在电气上“看起来”像图5的安排的绝缘体/导体图案化顶部，从而提供无外部改变的多频天线，这是因为电池衬底会“看起来”像附图中的整个衬底。图6提供可用于全向格式的弧形表面能量设备的一个示例。该曲线可用于创建例如是圆球某部分的接收表面，以允许收集如图所示的来自附图下部或上部的能量610和/或620。如所讨论，通过上述示例，二极管可类似地被集成到该示例性设计中。此外，例如，可如图所示地提供天线元件680、电介质元件660和衬底元件630。
例如，在图7A、7B以及7C中陈述了本发明的多平面实施例的示例。在该示例中，两个或更多个器件(在图7A中被描绘为781、782)可被安排成彼此成一角度a。这些器件可在制造期间或作为后处理步骤被制造在不同衬底上(在图7A中描绘为731和732)，或被制造在以适当角度形成的一个衬底上。该角度a可以是任何角度，且例如可以是从0°到180°的范围。对于任何给定频率、频率组或者任何频率对或频带对，长度、宽度和高度值(L、W和h)以及这些值的比例可相同或完全不同。此外，可在该实施例或这些实施例上对单平面器件类似地执行二极管整流，其中二极管可例如被设置为横跨每个天线/衬底。
例如，该系统可用于独自或结合诸如例如太阳能电池或太阳能热收集器的另一电源给自激电路提供功率。此类组合可允许自激电路在含电磁能量的环境中在有日光和无日光的情况下工作。例如，太阳能电池可在制造期间被直接安置在储能器件的上部或下部。该安置可包括PVD或例如印制。这样的太阳能电池可包括至少两个半导体，它们彼此接触从而产生p-n结。此外，该太阳能电池中可能存在金属导电电流收集器和衬底。具体而言，诸如例如SiO2的电介质层可被诸如例如Si-Ti-Pd-Ag的金属导电抗反射层覆盖。与可能用作天线状接收机平面的电池相似，可设置可产生能量但不储存能量的太阳能电池。然而，SiO2/Si-Ti-Pd-Ag天线状接收机平面可连接至电池，该电池又可以或可以不作为其自身的天线状接收机平面。
例如，在本文中还描述了收集电磁能量的方法和/或用于电磁能量收集的设备的新用途。例如，可将一个或多个能量收集设备或系统放置在包含具有诸如频率和功率的已知或未知参数的已知或未知电磁能量源的环境中。入射到导电表面上的电磁能量可在导电表面中引起电流。然后该电流由储能部件收集。在一个实施例中，在该电流对电化学电池或电容器充电之前，该电流例如由整流器电路整流。该电流还可对上述其它储能部件充电。在收集并储存该能量之后，例如，该设备然后能向自激电气设备提供电力以工作一段时间。
已经在若干实施例中描述了本发明。显然，存在能包含由本发明的各个实施例增强的能量或电子设备的性能的许多替代方案和变型，而不背离本发明的预期精神和范围。上述实施例仅仅是示例性的。本领域技术人员可认识到根据此处具体描述的实施例的变型，这些变型旨在落在本公开内容的范围内。因此，本发明仅由所附权利要求限定。因而，本发明旨在涵盖本发明的这些修改，只要它们落在所附权利要求书及其等同替换的范围中即可。

Claims (50)

1.一种能量设备，包括：
包括具有多个部件层的电化学电池的储能部件，以及
作为所述储能部件的阳极电流收集器和阴极电流收集器中之一的至少一个导电表面层，
其中所述至少一个表面层适于收集电磁能量，从而使得在所述至少一个表面层内能够引起电流，并且其中所述储能部件适于收集和存储所述电流的至少一部分，其中所述至少一个表面层包括从所述表面层沿与电化学电池的所述多个部件层平行的方向延伸并延伸超出电化学电池的所述多个部件层的导电突出部。
2.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述导电表面层包括适合于所收集的电磁能量的频率的合适的电磁阻抗，以使所述表面层的尺寸被调整以在作为收集目标的波长中产生信号增益。
3.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述至少一个导电表面层在结构上或化学上被修改超出所述储能部件的基本功能需求，藉此所述修改引起所述表面层收集电磁能量能力的提高。
4.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，还包括在所述储能部件制造期间结合到所述设备中的所述导电表面层。
5.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述导电表面层包括从以下组中选择的材料：金属、合金、半导体、导电有机物和聚合物以及导电组合物。
6.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述设备的形状从以下组中选择：圆形、弧形、波浪形、厚度不均匀形以及多边形。
7.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所收集的电磁能量包括从以下组中选择的能量：电场耦合能量、磁场耦合能量、光波直接耦合能量、光波热耦合能量、激光或相干光耦合能量、以及亚毫米波长辐射耦合能量。
8.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所收集的电磁能量从包括以下项的组中选择：宽带频率、窄带频率、经引导能量、间接能量、特低频、超低频、甚低频、低频、中频、高频、甚高频、特高频、超高频、极高频、红外光频率、可见光频率、紫外光频率或x射线频率。
9.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，还包括多个导电表面层。
10.如权利要求9所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述多个导电表面层适于形成阵列，所述阵列提高在全向响应中对电磁能量功率的收集。
11.如权利要求9所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述多个导电表面层适于形成阵列，所述阵列提高在单向响应中对电磁能量功率的收集。
12.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，还包括适于对所收集的电磁能量整流的至少一个外部整流元件。
13.如权利要求12所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述至少一个整流元件从外部二极管、包括外部二极管和所述导电表面层的硅整流二极管天线、外部全桥式整流器、外部半桥式整流器以及外部电抗部件的组中选择，其中所述外部电抗部件包括电容器、线圈、二极管、晶体管、RF扼流圈以及集成器件的任何组合。
14.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述能量设备包括并联和/或串联地分组的两个或更多个整流元件，并且其中所述导电表面层包括大小不同的至少两个导电表面层以允许宽带能量收集。
15.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述能量设备包括并联和/或串联地分组的两个或更多个整流元件，并且其中所述导电表面层包括大小相似的至少两个导电表面层以允许窄带能量收集。
16.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，还包括适于对所收集的电磁能量整流的至少一个一体整流元件。
17.如权利要求16所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述一体整流元件构成所述储能部件的一部分，且所述一体整流元件至少包括二极管、硅整流二极管天线、全桥式整流器、半桥式整流器或电抗部件的电性质。
18.如权利要求16所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述一体整流元件包括并联和/或串联地分组的两个或更多个整流元件，并且其中所述导电表面层包括大小不同的至少两个导电表面层以允许宽带能量收集。
19.如权利要求16所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述一体整流元件包括并联和/或串联地分组的两个或更多个整流元件，并且其中所述导电表面层包括大小相似的至少两个导电表面层以允许窄带能量收集。
20.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述储能部件包括从以下组中选择的几何形状：圆形、弧形、波浪形、厚度不均匀形以及多边形。
21.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，还包括一个以上储能部件。
22.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述储能部件包括串联或并联连接的两个或更多个储能部件，且其中至少一个所述储能部件适于所述至少一个导电表面层以适于收集电磁能量。
23.如权利要求22所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述储能部件均包括基本相同的尺寸和形状。
24.如权利要求22所述的能量设备，其特征在于，至少一个所述储能部件包括与其它储能部件显著不同的尺寸和形状。
25.如权利要求9所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述多个导电表面层包括适于收集电磁能量的串联或并联的连接。
26.如权利要求25所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所有导电表面层包括基本相同的尺寸和形状。
27.如权利要求25所述的能量设备，其特征在于，至少一个所述导电表面层包括与其它导电表面层显著不同的尺寸和形状。
28.如权利要求2所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述导电表面层具有电介质高度h和介电常数εr，且用于收集能量频率fr的所述表面层的所述尺寸具有宽度 W = 1 / 2 fr μ 0 ϵ 0 * 2 / ϵ r + 1 = v 0 / 2 fr * 2 / ϵ r + 1 和长度其中εreff是有效介电常数
εreff＝[(εr+1)/2]+[(εr-1)/2]*[1+12h/W]-1/2。
29.如权利要求3所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述导电表面层具有电介质高度h和介电常数εr，且用于收集能量频率fr的所述表面层的尺寸具有宽度 W = 1 / 2 fr μ 0 ϵ 0 * 2 / ϵ r + 1 = v 0 / 2 fr * 2 / ϵ r + 1 和长度其中εreff是有效介电常数
εreff＝[(εr+1)/2]+[(εr-1)/2]*[1+12h/W]-1/2。
30.如权利要求3所述的能量设备，其特征在于，所述导电表面层适于影响所述表面层的区域中的RF导电性质，以提供绝缘的、导电的和半导电的区域。
31.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，其中电化学电池的所述多个部件层在多个导电表面层之间，所述多个部件层包括绝缘材料。
32.如权利要求1所述的能量设备，其特征在于，其中电化学电池的所述多个部件层在多个导电表面层之间，所述多个部件层包括半导电材料。
33.如权利要求4所述的能量设备，其特征在于，导电层和关联绝缘层在所述储能部件制造期间被添加至所述设备。
34.一种包括多个如权利要求1所述的能量设备的阵列。
35.如权利要求34所述的阵列，其特征在于，还包括适于在全向响应中收集电磁能量的导电表面层。
36.如权利要求34所述的阵列，其特征在于，还包括适于在单向响应中收集电磁能量的导电表面层。
37.如权利要求34所述的阵列，其特征在于，所述能量设备的阵列包括串联或并联连接，且其中至少一个所述能量设备提供适于收集电磁能量的导电表面层。
38.如权利要求37所述的阵列，其特征在于，所述能量设备都包括基本相同的尺寸和形状。
39.如权利要求37所述的阵列，其特征在于，至少一个所述能量设备包括与其它能量设备显著不同的尺寸和形状。
40.如权利要求35所述的阵列，其特征在于，包括衬底元件和至少两个收集表面，每个所述收集表面位于所述衬底元件的相反两面上。
41.一种在包含电磁能量的环境中收集电磁能量的方法，所述方法包括：
在所述环境内提供至少一个能量收集设备，所述设备包括储能部件以及作为所述储能部件的阳极电流收集器和阴极电流收集器中之一的导电表面层，其中所述储能部件包括具有多个部件层的电化学电池，其中所述导电表面层包括从所述导电表面层沿与电化学电池的所述多个部件层平行的方向延伸并延伸超出电化学电池的所述多个部件层的导电突出部；
在所述导电表面层上从所述环境收集电磁能量；
将所述能量储存于所述储能部件中；
对自激电气设备供电。
42.如权利要求41所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括修改所述导电表面层的几何形状以提高对电磁能量的收集。
43.如权利要求41所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括在将所收集的电磁能量储存于所述储能部件之前对所述能量整流。
44.如权利要求41所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括在所述储能部件制造期间将所述导电表面层结合到所述设备中。
45.一种在包含电磁能量的环境中收集电磁能量的方法，包括：
在所述环境内提供至少一个能量收集设备，所述设备包括储能部件以及作为所述储能部件内的一体的电荷收集表面的导电表面层，其中所述储能部件包括具有多个部件层的电化学电池，其中所述导电表面层包括从所述导电表面层沿与电化学电池的所述多个部件层平行的方向延伸并延伸超出电化学电池的所述多个部件层的导电突出部；以及
在所述导电表面层上从所述环境收集电磁能量。
46.如权利要求45所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括修改所述导电表面层的几何形状以提高对电磁能量的收集。
47.如权利要求45所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括在将所收集的电磁能量储存于所述储能部件之前对所述能量整流。
48.如权利要求45所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括对自激电气设备供电。
49.如权利要求45所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括储存所收集的能量。
50.如权利要求45所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括在所述储能部件制造期间将所述导电表面层结合到所述设备中。
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