CN103987405A - 抗pd-l1抗体及其用途 - Google Patents
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- CN103987405A CN103987405A CN201280058422.3A CN201280058422A CN103987405A CN 103987405 A CN103987405 A CN 103987405A CN 201280058422 A CN201280058422 A CN 201280058422A CN 103987405 A CN103987405 A CN 103987405A
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Abstract
本申请涉及抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,编码其的核酸,其治疗性组合物,以及它们用于增强T细胞的功能以上调细胞介导的免疫应答和用于治疗T细胞功能失调性病症,例如肿瘤免疫,和用于治疗癌症的用途。
Description
发明领域
本申请涉及抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,编码其的核酸,其治疗性组合物,以及它们用于增强T细胞的功能以上调细胞介导的免疫应答和用于治疗T细胞功能失调性病症,例如肿瘤免疫,和用于治疗癌症的用途。
发明背景
淋巴细胞发育和活化
人中淋巴细胞的两种主要类型是T(胸腺衍生的)和B(骨髓衍生的)。这些细胞衍生自已致力于淋巴发育途径的骨髓和胎肝中的造血干细胞。 这些干细胞的后代遵循不同的途径,以成熟为B或T淋巴细胞。人B-淋巴细胞发育完全在骨髓内发生。另一方面,T细胞从不成熟前体发育,所述前体离开骨髓并通过血流行进到胸腺,在那里它们增殖并分化为成熟的T淋巴细胞。
从胸腺或骨髓出现的成熟的淋巴细胞是处于休眠,或“静息”状态,即,它们是有丝分裂失活的。当分散到血流中,这些“幼稚(naive)”或“处女(virgin)”淋巴细胞,行进到各个二级或外周淋巴器官,如脾脏、淋巴结或扁桃体。大多数处女淋巴细胞具有固有的短寿命并且在离开骨髓或胸腺后不出几天就死亡。然而,如果这样的细胞接收表明抗原存在的信号,它们可以活化并进行连续多轮的细胞分裂。一些产生的后代细胞,然后恢复到静息状态,成为记忆淋巴细胞-B和T细胞,它们基本上是与刺激过敏原的下一次相遇致敏的。活化的处女淋巴细胞的其它后代是效应细胞,其仅存活几天,但进行特异性的防御活动。
淋巴细胞活化是指有序的系列事件,当静息淋巴细胞被刺激分裂和产生后代时(其中一些变成效应细胞)经过这一系列事件。一个完整的应答包括诱导细胞增殖(有丝分裂发生)及表达免疫功能。当特异性配体与在淋巴细胞表面上的受体结合时,淋巴细胞变成活化的。 配体对于T细胞和B细胞是不同的,但产生的细胞内的生理机制是类似的。
一些外源抗原本身可以诱导淋巴细胞活化,特别是大的聚合抗原,其交联B-细胞上的表面免疫球蛋白或T细胞上的其它糖蛋白。然而,大多数抗原是不聚合的,并且甚至直接大量结合B细胞,而无法导致活化。当用邻近的活化的辅助性T淋巴细胞共刺激B细胞时,这些更常见的抗原活化B细胞。这样的刺激可从由T-细胞分泌的淋巴因子发生,但最有效地通过B细胞与T细胞表面蛋白的直接接触来传递,所述T细胞表面蛋白与某些B细胞表面受体相互作用以生成次级信号。
T
细胞
T淋巴细胞不表达免疫球蛋白,但是,改为以通过称为T细胞受体(TCR)的表面蛋白的方法检测外源物质的存在。这些受体通过直接接触或通过影响其它免疫细胞的活性来识别抗原。连同巨噬细胞,T细胞是参与细胞介导的免疫的主要细胞类型。
与B细胞不同,T细胞只有在特定背景下才可以检测外源物质。具体而言,仅当外源蛋白第一次裂解成小肽,其然后展示在第二宿主细胞(称为抗原呈递细胞(APC))的表面上,T-淋巴细胞才会识别外源蛋白。许多类型的宿主细胞可以在一些条件下呈递抗原,但某些类型是更特异性地适合于这个目的并且在控制T细胞,包括巨噬细胞和其它B-细胞的活性中是特别重要的。抗原呈递部分地取决于在呈递细胞表面上的特定蛋白质,称为主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)蛋白。因此,为了刺激细胞介导的免疫,外源肽必须呈递给与MHC肽结合的T细胞,并且这种结合必须被T细胞受体识别。
有两种显著的T细胞亚群:细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Tc细胞或CTL)和辅助性T细胞(TH)细胞,其大致可以在标志物CD8和CD4的细胞表面表达的基础上被鉴定。Tc细胞在病毒防御中是重要的,并且可以直接通过识别某些细胞表面表达的病毒肽而杀死病毒。TH细胞促进增殖、成熟和其它细胞类型的免疫功能,例如淋巴因子分泌,来控制B细胞、巨噬细胞和细胞毒性T细胞的活性。处女和记忆性T淋巴细胞两者通常保持在静息状态,并且在这种状态下它们不表现出显著辅助性或细胞毒性活性。当被活化时,这些细胞经过几轮的有丝分裂以产生子细胞。 这些子细胞的一些回到静息状态作为记忆细胞,但其它的变成效应细胞,其活跃地表现辅助性或细胞毒活性。这些子细胞类似于它们的亲本: CD4
+细胞只可以产生CD4+后代,而CD8+细胞只获得CD8+后代。效应T细胞表达在静息T细胞上不表达的细胞表面标志物,例如CD25、CD28、CD29、CD40L,转铁蛋白受体和II类MHC蛋白。当活化刺激被撤回时,细胞毒性或辅助活性经过几天的时期逐渐消退,而效应细胞死亡或恢复到静息状态。
类似于B细胞活化,T淋巴细胞对大多数抗原的应答还需要两种类型的同步刺激。第一个是抗原,其如果适当地由MHC蛋白在抗原呈递细胞上展示,则可以被T-细胞受体识别并结合。尽管此抗原-MHC复合体不发出信号到细胞内部,其通常不足以导致T细胞活化。充分活化,例如与辅助性T细胞发生,需要用称为共刺激分子的表达在抗原呈递细胞表面上的其它特异性配体来共刺激。另一方面,细胞毒性T细胞的活化通常需要IL-2,其是由活化的辅助性T细胞所分泌的细胞因子。
PD-1
途径
调节T细胞活化的重要的负的共刺激信号是通过程序性死亡-1受体(PD-1)(CD279),和其配体结合配偶体PD-L1(B7-H1,CD274)和PD-L2(B7-DC,CD273)提供。PD-1的负调节作用通过PD-1敲除(Pdcdl-/-)揭示,所述PD-1敲除容易出现自身免疫。Nishimura 等,
Immunity JJ.: 141-51 (1999);
Nishimura 等, Science 291: 319-22 (2001)。PD-1涉及CD28和CTLA-4,但缺乏允许同源二聚化的近膜半胱氨酸。PD-1的胞质结构域包含基于免疫受体酪氨酸(tyorine)的抑制基序(ITIM,
V/IxYxxL/V)。PD-1只结合PD-L1和PD-L2。Freeman 等, J. Exp. Med. 192: 1-9 (2000);
Dong 等, Nature Med. 5: 1365-1369 (1999); Latchman 等,
Nature Immunol 2: 261-268 (2001);
Tseng 等, J. Exp. Med. 193: 839-846 (2001)。
PD-1可以在T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤T细胞、活化的单核细胞和树突状细胞(DC)上表达。PD-1由被活化的,但未被刺激的人CD4+和CD8+T细胞、B细胞和骨髓细胞表达。这与CD28和CTLA-4的更受限制的表达相反。Nishimura 等,
Int. Immunol. 8: 773-80 (1996); Boettler 等, J. Virol. 80: 3532-40 (2006)。有至少4种已从活化的人T细胞中克隆的PD-1的变体,包括缺乏(ⅰ)外显子2、(ⅱ)外显子3、(ⅲ)外显子2和3或(iv)外显子2至4的转录物。Nielsen 等, Cell. Immunol. 235: 109-16
(2005)。除了PD-lΔex3的例外,所有的变体都以如全长PD-1相似的水平表达在静息的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中。所有变体的表达在用抗-CD3和抗-CD28活化人T细胞后被显著诱导。PD-1Δex3变体缺少跨膜结构域,并类似于可溶性CTLA-4,其在自身免疫中起重要作用。Ueda 等,
Nature 423: 506-11 (2003)。这个变体富集在类风湿关节炎患者的关节滑液和血清中。Wan 等, J. Immunol. 177: 8844-50
(2006)。两个PD-1配体在它们的表达模式方面不同。PD-L1在小鼠T和B细胞、CD、巨噬细胞、间充质干细胞和骨髓衍生的肥大细胞中组成型表达。Yamazaki
等, J. Immunol.
169: 5538-45 (2002)。PD-L1在多种非造血细胞(例如,角膜、肺、血管上皮、肝非实质细胞、间充质干细胞、胰岛、胎盘合胞体滋养层(synctiotrophoblasts)、角质细胞等)中表达[Keir 等,
Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26: 677-704 (2008)],并且在活化后的很多细胞类型上上调。I型和II型干扰素(IFN)两者均上调PD-L1。Eppihimer 等, Microcirculation 9: 133-45 (2002); Schreiner 等, J.
Neuroimmunol 155: 172-82 (2004)。当MyD88、TRAF6和MEK被抑制的时候,细胞系中PD-L1的表达降低。Liu 等, Blood HO: 296-304 (2007)。JAK2也牵连在PD-L1诱导中。Lee 等, FEBS Lett. 580: 755-62 (2006); Liu 等, Blood HO:
296-304 (2007)。在癌症中,磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)(修饰磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶(PI3K)和Akt信号传导的细胞磷酸酶)的损失或抑制,增加转录后PD-L1的表达。Parsa 等, Nat. Med. 13:
84-88 (2007)。
PD-L2的表达比PD-L1更受限制。PD-L2在DC、巨噬细胞和衍生自骨髓的肥大细胞上可诱导地表达。
PD-L2也在大约一半到三分之二的静息腹膜Bl细胞上表达,但不在常规的B2 B细胞上表达。Zhong 等, Eur. J.
Immunol. 37: 2405-10 (2007)。PD-L2+Bl细胞结合磷脂酰胆碱并且对于针对细菌抗原的先天免疫应答是非常重要的。通过IFN-γ的PD-L2的诱导部分地依赖于NF-KB。Liang 等, Eur. J.
Immunol. 33_: 2706-16 (2003)。PD-L2也可通过GM-CF、IL-4和和IFN-γ在单核细胞和巨噬细胞上诱导。Yamazaki 等., J. Immunol. 169: 5538-45 (2002); Loke 等, PNAS
100:5336-41 (2003)。
PD-1信号传导通常对细胞因子的产生比对细胞增殖有更大效果,对IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-2产生具有显著效果。PD-1介导的抑制性信号传导还依赖于TCR信号传导的强度,并在低TCR刺激水平递送更大的抑制。这种减少可以通过经由CD28的共刺激[Freeman 等, J. Exp. Med.
192: 1027-34 (2000)]或IL-2的存在[Carter 等, Eur. J.
Immunol. 32: 634-43 (2002)]而克服。
通过PD-L1和PD-L2的信号传导可以是双向的,证据正在越来越多。也就是说,除了修饰TCR或BCR信号传导之外,信号传导也可以被递送回表达PD-L1和PD-L2的细胞。虽然没有发现用从华氏巨球蛋白血症患者分离的天然人抗PD-L2抗体处理树突状细胞上调 MHC II或B7共刺激分子,但这些细胞并不产生更大量的促炎性细胞因子,特别是TNF-α和IL-6,并刺激T细胞增殖。Nguyen 等, J. Exp. Med.
196: 1393-98 (2002)。用该抗体处理小鼠还(1)增强对移植的(transplated)bl6黑色素瘤的抗性和迅速诱导肿瘤特异性CTL。Radhakrishnan
等, J. Immunol.
170: 1830-38 (2003); Radhakrishnan 等, Cancer Res. 64: 4965-72 (2004); Heckman 等, Eur. J.
Immunol. 37: 1827-35 (2007);(2)阻断在过敏性哮喘的小鼠模型中的气道炎性疾病的发展。Radhakrishnan 等, J. Immunol. 173: 1360-65
(2004); Radhakrishnan 等, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. UJy. 668-74 (2005)。
反向信号传导到树突状细胞(“DC”)的进一步的证据来自于用可溶性PD-1(融合到Ig恒定区的PD-1 EC结构域-“s-PD-1”)培养的衍生自骨髓的DC的研究。Kuipers 等, Eur. J.
Immunol. 36: 2472-82 (2006)。此sPD-1以通过施用抗PD-1可逆的方式抑制DC活化并增加IL-10产生。此外,几项研究显示了独立于PD-1的PD-L1或PD-L2的受体。B7.1已经被鉴定为PD-L1的结合配偶体。Butte 等, Immunity 27:
111-22 (2007)。化学交联研究表明,PD-L1和B7.1可通过它们的IgV样结构域相互作用。B7.1:PD-L1相互作用可以诱导抑制性信号进入T细胞。PD-L1在CD4+ T细胞上通过B7.1的连接或B7.1在CD4 + T细胞上通过PD-L1的连接递送抑制性信号。当被抗-CD3加B7.1包被的珠刺激时,缺乏CD28和CTLA-4的T细胞显示降低的增殖和细胞因子产生。在缺乏所有的B7.1受体(即,CD28、CTLA-4和PD-L1)的T细胞中,T-细胞增殖和细胞因子产生不再被抗-CD3加B7.1包被的珠抑制。这表明B7.1在缺乏CD28和CTLA-4的情况下特异性通过PD-L1作用于T-细胞。类似地,缺乏PD-1的T细胞显示当在抗CD3加PD-L1包被的珠的存在下刺激时降低的增殖和细胞因子产生,证明PD-L1连接对在T细胞上的B7.1的抑制作用。当T细胞缺乏所有已知的PD-L1受体时(即无PD-1和B7.1),T细胞增殖不再被抗CD3加PD-L1包被的珠削弱。因此,PD-L1可以通过B7.1或PD-1对T细胞发挥抑制作用。
B7.1和PD-L1之间的直接相互作用表明共刺激的目前的理解是不完整的,并强调了这些分子的表达对T细胞的意义。PD-L1-/- T细胞的研究表明,T细胞上的PD-L1可以下调T细胞因子的产生。Latchman 等, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 101: 10691-96 (2004)。因为PD-L1和B7.1两者均表达在T细胞、B细胞、DC和巨噬细胞上,所以在这些细胞类型上存在B7.1和PD-L1之间定向相互作用的潜力。 此外,在非造血细胞上的PD-L1可以与T细胞上的B7.1和PD-1相互作用,产生了PD-L1是否参与它们调控的问题。对于B7.1:PD-L1相互作用的抑制作用一个可能的解释是T细胞PD-L1可以捕获或隔离APC B7.1与CD28的相互作用。
结果是,通过PD-L1信号传导的拮抗,包括阻断PD-L1与PD-1、B7.1任一或两者的相互作用,从而阻止PD-L1发送负的共刺激信号到T细胞和其它抗原呈递细胞,可能增强对感染(如急性和慢性)应答的免疫和肿瘤免疫。此外,本发明的抗PD-L1抗体,可与PD-1:PD-L1信号传导的其它组分的拮抗剂组合,例如,拮抗剂抗PD-1和抗PD-L2抗体。
具体而言,PD-L1信号传导的抑制已被提出作为增强T细胞免疫用于治疗癌症(例如,肿瘤免疫)和感染包括急性和慢性(例如,持久性)感染的方法。
阻断PD-L1:PD-1相互作用的抑制剂尤其已知于:WO2001014557、WO2002086083、WO2007005874、WO2010036959、WO2010077634
和WO2011066389。然而,由于导向这个途径中的靶的最佳治疗剂尚未商业化,所以存在显著的未满足的医疗需要。
发明描述
本发明的一个目标是提供抗PD-L1抗体,包括编码这些抗体的核酸和包含这些抗体的组合物,以及它们用于增强T细胞的功能以上调细胞介导的免疫应答和用于治疗T细胞功能失调性病症,例如肿瘤免疫的用途。出人意料的是,发现根据本发明的抗PD-L1抗体,其具有抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)活性,通过诱导其裂解直接作用于携带PD-L1的肿瘤细胞,而不表现出任何显著毒性。此外,该抗体不仅阻断人PD-L1和人PD-1之间的相互作用,而且阻断相应的小鼠和食蟹猴的蛋白质之间的相互作用。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了分离的重链可变区多肽,其包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其中:
(a) HVR-H1 序列是
;
(b) HVR-H2 序列是;
(c) HVR-H3 序列是;
进一步其中:X1是K、R、T、Q、G、A、W、M、I或S; X2是V、R、K、L、M或I;X3是H、T、N、Q、A、V、Y、W、F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D。
在一个优选的实施方案中,X1是M、I或S;X2是R、K、L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D。
在一个更优选的实施方案中是,X1是M、I或S;X2是L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是I;X5是S或T;X6是D。
在一个甚至更优选的实施方案中,X1是S;X2是I;X3是M;X4是I;X5是T;X6是D。
在另一方面,所述多肽进一步包含根据下式的HVR的之间并置的可变区重链构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-
(HC-FR4)。
在又另一个方面中,所述构架序列衍生自人共有构架序列,或人种系构架序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述构架序列中的至少一个是下列:
HC-FR1是;
HC-FR2是;
HC-FR3是;
HC-FR4是。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述重链多肽进一步组合有包含的HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3的可变区轻链,其中:
(a) HVR-L1 序列是;
(b) HVR-L2 序列是;
(c) HVR-L3 序列是;
进一步其中:X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是I、N或S;X12是D、H或N;X13是F或Y;X14是N或S;X15是R、T或S;X16是G或S;X17是I或T。
在一个优选的实施方案中,X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是N或S;X12是N;X13是F或Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是G或S;X17是T。
在一个甚至更优选的实施方案中,X7是S;X8是S;X9是G;X10是D;X11是S;X12是N;X13是Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是S;X17是T。
在仍进一步的方面,所述轻链进一步包含根据下式的HVR的之间并置的可变区轻链构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述轻链构架序列衍生自人共有构架序列或人种系构架序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述轻链构架序列是λ轻链序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述构架序列中的至少一个是下列:
LC-FR1是;
LC-FR2是;
LC-FR3是;
LC-FR4是。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了分离的抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3,其中进一步:(i) 所述HVR-H1序列是;(ii)HVR-H2 序列是;(iii) HVR-H3 序列是IKLGTVTTVX6Y,和(SEQ ID NO:3);(b) 所述轻链包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3,其中进一步:(iv)HVR-L1序列是;(v)HVR-L2序列是;(vi)HVR-L3 序列是;其中:X1是K、R、T、Q、G、A、W、M、I或S; X2是V、R、K、L、M或I;X3是H、T、N、Q、A、V、Y、W、F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D;X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是I、N或S;X12是D、H或N;X13是F或Y;X14是N或S;X15是R、T或S;X16是G或S;X17是I或T。
在一个优选的实施方案中,X1是M、I或S;X2是R、K、L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D;X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是N或S;X12是N;X13是F或Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是G或S;X17是T。
在一个更优选的实施方案中,X1是M、I或S;X2是L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是I;X5是S或T;X6是D;X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是N或S;X12是N;X13是F或Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是G或S;X17是T。
在一个甚至更优选的实施方案中,X1是S;X2是I;X3是M;X4是I;X5是T;X6是D;X7是S;X8是S;X9是G;X10是D;X11是S;X12是N;X13是Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是S;X17是T。
在进一步的方面,所述重链可变区包含如下的在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-
H3)-(HC-FR4),并且所述轻链可变区包含如下的在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-
L3)-(LC-FR4)。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述构架序列衍生自人共有构架序列或人种系序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述重链构架序列中的一个或多个是下列:
HC-FR1是;
HC-FR2是;
HC-FR3是;
HC-FR4是。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述轻链构架序列是λ轻链序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述轻链构架序列中的一个或多个是下列:
LC-FR1是;
LC-FR2是;
LC-FR3是;
LC-FR4是。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述重链可变区多肽、抗体或抗体片段进一步包括至少一个CH1结构域。
在一个更具体的方面中,重链可变区多肽、抗体或抗体片段进一步包括CH1、CH2和CH3结构域。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述可变区轻链、抗体或抗体片段进一步包括CL结构域。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述抗体进一步包括CH1、CH2、CH3和CL结构域。
在仍进一步的具体方面中,所述抗体进一步包含人或鼠恒定区。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述人恒定区选自IgG1、IgG2、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4。
在仍进一步的具体方面中,人或鼠恒定区是IgG1。
在又另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了抗PD-L1抗体,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含与、(SEQ ID
NO:16)和分别具有至少80%总体序列同一性的HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3,并且
(b) 所述轻链包含与、和分别具有至少80%总体序列同一性的HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3。
在一个具体方面,所述序列同一性是81%、82%、83%、84%、85%、86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
在又另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了抗PD-L1抗体,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含与、 和分别具有至少80%总体序列同一性的HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3,并且
(b) 所述轻链包含与、和分别具有至少80%总体序列同一性的HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3。
在一个具体方面,所述序列同一性是81%、82%、83%、84%、85%、86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
在仍进一步的方面,在根据本发明的抗体或抗体片段中,相比HVR-H1 (SEQ ID NO:15)、HVR-H2 (SEQ ID NO:16)和HVR-H3
(SEQ ID NO:17)的序列,至少如下通过下划线突出的那些氨基酸保持不变:
(a) 在HVR-H1中,
(b) 在HVR-H2中,
(c) 在HVR-H3中;
并且进一步其中,相比HVR-L1 (SEQ ID NO:18)、HVR-L2 (SEQ ID NO:19)和HVR-L3
(SEQ ID NO:20)的序列,至少如下通过下划线突出的那些氨基酸保持不变:
。
在另一方面,所述重链可变区包含如下的在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-
(HC-FR4),并且所述轻链可变区包含如下的在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(LC-
FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
在又另一个方面中,所述构架序列衍生自人种系构架序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述重链构架序列中的一个或多个是下列:
HC-FR1是;
HC-FR2是;
HC-FR3是;
HC-FR4是。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述轻链构架序列衍生自λ轻链序列。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述轻链构架序列中的一个或多个是下列:
LC-FR1是;
LC-FR2是;
LC-FR3是;
LC-FR4。
在仍进一步的具体方面中,所述抗体进一步包含人或鼠恒定区。
在仍进一步的方面中,所述人恒定区选自IgG1、IgG2、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了分离的抗PD-L1抗体,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链序列与下列重链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
,和
(a) 所述轻链序列与下列轻链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
。
在一个具体方面,所述序列同一性是86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了分离的抗PD-L1抗体,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链序列与下列重链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
,和
(a) 所述轻链序列与下列轻链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
。
在一个具体方面,所述序列同一性是86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
在另一个实施方案中,所述抗体结合人、小鼠或食蟹猴PD-L1。在一个具体方面,所述抗体能够阻断人、小鼠或食蟹猴PD-L1和相应的人、小鼠或食蟹猴PD-1受体之间的相互作用。
在另一个实施方案中,所述抗体以5x10-9 M或更小的KD结合人PD-L1,优选以2x10-9 M或更小的KD,并且甚至更优选为1x10-9
M或更小的KD。
在又另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其结合包括人PD-L1(SEQ ID NO:28)的残基Y56和D61的功能表位。
在一个具体方面,所述功能表位进一步包含人PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO:28)的E58、E60、Q66、R113和M115。
在一个更具体的方面,所述抗体结合包含人PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO:28)的残基54-66和112-122的构象表位。
在进一步的实施方案中,本发明涉及抗PD-L1抗体,或其抗原结合片段,其与根据如本文所述的本发明的抗体交叉竞争结合PD-L1。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了包含任何组合有至少一种药学上可接受的载体的上述抗PD-L1抗体的组合物。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了分离的核酸,其编码如本文所述的抗PD-L1抗体的多肽、或轻链或重链可变区序列、或其抗原结合片段。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了分离的核酸,其编码抗PD-L1抗体的轻链或重链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含与、和分别具有至少80%序列同一性的HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,或
(b) 所述轻链包含与、和分别具有至少80%序列同一性的HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3序列。
在一个具体方面,所述序列同一性是81%、82%、83%、84%、85%、86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
在一个进一步的方面,核酸对于重链是SEQ ID NO:30并且对于轻链是SEQ ID NO:31。
在另一个方面,所述核酸进一步包括适合用于编码任何先前描述的抗PD-L1抗体的核酸表达的载体。
在仍进一步具体的方面,所述载体还包括适合用于所述核酸的表达的宿主细胞。
在仍进一步具体的方面,所述宿主细胞是真核细胞或原核细胞。
在仍进一步具体的方面,所述真核细胞是哺乳动物细胞,如中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供用于制备抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段的方法,其包括在适于产生这样的抗体或片段的条件下,培养含有以适合用于表达的形式的编码任何先前描述的抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段的核酸的宿主细胞,和回收所述抗体或片段。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供包括封装有治疗有效量的本文所公开的组合物的容器和指示用于治疗T-细胞功能失调性病症的使用的包装说明书的组件试剂盒(kit of parts)。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了包含任何上述抗PD-L1组合物并组合有至少一种另外的治疗剂或疫苗,如化学治疗剂的组件试剂盒。
在一方面,所述至少一种化学治疗剂是吉西他滨、环磷酰胺、氟尿嘧啶或奥沙利铂。
在另一方面,所述疫苗是Stimuvax。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了用于增强T细胞的功能的方法,包括施用有效量的任何上述抗PD-L1的抗体或组合物。
在一方面,所述抗PD-L1抗体或组合物使功能失调的T细胞非功能失调。
在另一方面,所述抗体或组合物治疗或预防持续性感染的症状,如病毒感染,例如通过人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、疱疹病毒、EB病毒(Eppstein-Barr virus)或人乳头状瘤病毒的病毒感染。
在仍进一步的实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗T细胞功能失调性病症的方法,包括施用治疗有效量的任何上述抗PD-L1的抗体或组合物。
在一个具体方面,所述T细胞功能失调性病症是肿瘤免疫。
在仍进一步的方面,所述方法进一步包括用疫苗治疗。
在仍进一步的方面,所述PD-L1抗体或组合物与治疗方案组合,所述治疗方案进一步包括选自下列的传统疗法:手术、放射治疗、化学治疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗、激素治疗、血管发生抑制和姑息治疗。
在仍进一步的具体方面,导致肿瘤免疫的癌症选自:乳腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌、肝癌、唾液腺癌、胃(stomach)癌、神经胶质瘤、甲状腺癌、胸腺癌、上皮细胞癌、头颈癌,胃(gastric)癌和胰腺癌。
本发明的另一个方面涉及本文所公开的抗PD-L1抗体或组合物的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)在治疗癌症中的用途。
因此,本发明涉及治疗癌症的方法,包括向需要其的对象施用有效量的抗PD-L1抗体,其诱导抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)。
在一个优选的实施方案中,抗PD-L1抗体的恒定区是IgG1。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,所述癌症选自:乳腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌、肝癌、唾液腺癌、胃(stomach)癌、神经胶质瘤、甲状腺癌、胸腺癌、上皮细胞癌、头颈癌,胃(gastric)癌和胰腺癌。
与上述增强T细胞功能,治疗T细胞功能失调性病症,或治疗癌症的方法相当,本发明同样涉及如上述和下述的抗PD-L1的抗体或组合物在制造用于增强T细胞功能,治疗T细胞功能失调性病症或治疗癌症的药物中的用途;或涉及抗PD-L1抗体或组合物,其用于增强T细胞功能,或治疗T细胞功能失调性病症或癌症。
在又进一步的实施方案中,本发明涉及工程化抗体,或工程化的抗体片段,其直接融合或通过接头分子融合治疗剂,如细胞因子(例如IL-2、IL-12、TNFa、IFNa、IFNb),或生长因子;其中工程化的抗体或工程化的抗体片段也可以在肿瘤治疗和免疫系统相关的疾病中使用。抗体融合蛋白,特别是免疫细胞因子,是本领域熟知的。融合配偶体可结合到抗体或抗体片段的N-末端,或优选其C-末端。
定义
在免疫功能失调的上下文中,“功能失调”指的是对抗原刺激应答性降低的免疫状态。该术语包括衰竭和/或无反应性两者的共同要素,其中可以发生抗原识别,但是随后的免疫应答对于控制感染或肿瘤生长是无效的。
“增强T细胞功能”是指诱导、引起或刺激T细胞以具有持续或放大的生物学功能,或更新或重新活化衰竭的或无活性的T细胞。增强T细胞功能的实例包括:相对于干预之前的这些水平,增加的来自CD8+T细胞的γ-干扰素分泌,增加的增殖,增加的抗原应答性(例如,病毒或病原体清除)。在一个实施方案中,增强的水平为至少50%,或者60%、70%、80%、90%、100%、120%、150%、200%。 测量此增强的方式是本领域普通技术人员已知的。
“T细胞功能失调性病症”是T细胞的病症或状况,特征在于对抗原刺激的应答性降低。在具体实施方案中,T细胞功能失调性病症是特异性与通过PD-1的不适当的增加的信号传导相关的病症。在另一个实施方案中,T细胞功能失调性病症是其中T细胞无反应性或分泌细胞因子、增殖或执行细胞裂解活性能力下降的病症。在一个具体的方面,降低的应答性导致病原体或表达免疫原的肿瘤的无效控制。特征在于T细胞功能失调的T细胞功能失调性病症的实例包括尚未定的急性感染、慢性感染及肿瘤免疫。
“肿瘤免疫”是指其中肿瘤逃避免疫识别和清除的过程。因此,作为治疗性的概念,当此类逃避被削弱,和肿瘤被免疫系统识别并攻击时,肿瘤免疫被“治疗”。肿瘤识别的实例包括肿瘤结合、肿瘤缩小,肿瘤清除。
如本文所用,术语“疫苗”包括任何非致病性免疫原,当其接种到宿主上时,诱导针对特定病原体的保护性免疫。疫苗可以采取多种形式。疫苗可以是与病原体共有重要抗原,但本身不致病的整个生物体(如牛痘)。疫苗也可从杀死的(例如,SaIk脊髓灰质炎疫苗)或减毒的(失去产生疾病的能力-例如,Sabin脊髓灰质炎疫苗)制备。 疫苗也可由从病原生物体中分离纯化的大分子制备。例如,类毒素疫苗(如破伤风和白喉)含有可溶性细菌毒素的无活性形式-造成抗毒素抗体的产生,而非对完整细菌的免疫。亚单位疫苗(例如,乙型肝炎)只包含从目的病原体分离的单个免疫原性蛋白。半抗原缀合疫苗连接从目的病原体中分离的某些碳水化合物或多肽表位与免疫原性载体如破伤风类毒素的。这些策略基本上使用表位作为半抗原来诱导抗体产生,其然后识别天然病原体上相同的表位。然而,为了最大限度地有效,这样的疫苗必须整合B细胞和T细胞细胞表位两者,并且必须选择T细胞表位,以确保它们可以由宿主个体的免疫系统识别,呈递并应答。肌内注射的DNA疫苗利用宿主细胞占用和表达编码病原性蛋白的DNA的能力。如果作为与佐剂的混合物施用,则可以增强宿主对免疫原的应答。免疫佐剂以下列一种或多种方式发挥功能:(1)延长免疫原的保留,(2)增加免疫原的有效规模(并因而促进吞噬作用和对巨噬细胞的呈递),(3)刺激巨噬细胞或其它免疫细胞向注射部位的移入,或(4)促进局部细胞因子产生和其它免疫活性。佐剂实例包括:完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)、铝盐和分枝杆菌来源的蛋白,例如胞壁酰二肽或三肽。
术语“抗体”包括单克隆抗体(包括具有免疫球蛋白Fc区的全长抗体)、具有多表位特异性的抗体组合物、多特异性抗体{例如,双特异性抗体、双价抗体(diabodies)和单链分子,以及抗体片段(例如,Fab、F(ab')2和Fv)。术语“免疫球蛋白”(Ig)与“抗体”在本文中互换使用。 基本的4链抗体单元是异四聚体糖蛋白,其由两条相同的轻链(L)和两条相同的重链(H)构成。IgM抗体由5个基本的异四聚体单元连同额外的被称为J链的多肽组成,并包含10个抗原结合位点,而IgA抗体包括2-5个基本的4链单元,其可聚合形成与J链组合的多价装配物。在IgG的情况中,4链单元通常是约150,000道尔顿。每个L链通过一个共价二硫键连接到H链,而两个H链取决于H链的同种型通过一个或多个二硫键彼此相连。每个H和L链还具有规律间隔的链内二硫键。每条H链在N-末端具有可变结构域(VH),接着是对于每条α和γ链为三个恒定结构域(CH)和对于μ和ε同种型为4个CH结构域。每条L链在N-末端具有可变结构域(VL),随后为在其另一端的恒定结构域。VL与VH平行,并且CL与重链(CH1)的第一个恒定结构域平行。认为特定氨基酸残基形成轻链和重链可变结构域之间的界面。VH和VL的配对一起形成单个抗原结合位点。对于不同类别抗体的结构和特性,参见,例如,Basic
and Clinical Immunology, 8th Edition, Daniel P. Sties, Abba I. Terr and
Tristram G. Parsolw (编辑), Appleton
& Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, page 71 和
Chapter 6。 基于其恒定结构域的氨基酸序列,来自任何脊椎动物物种的L链可归入给两个完全不同的类型(称为κ和λ)之一。取决于其重链(CH)的恒定结构域的氨基酸序列,免疫球蛋白可归入不同的类或同种型。有五类免疫球蛋白:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG和IgM,分别具有称为α、δ、ε、γ和μ的重链。基于CH序列和功能中相对小的差异,γ和α类进一步分为亚类,例如,人表达下列亚类:IgG1、IgG2A、IgG2B、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1和IgK1。
“分离的”抗体是已经被识别,分离和/或从其产生环境(例如,天然的或重组的)的组分中回收的抗体。 优选地,分离的多肽不与来自其产生环境中的所有其它组分相关联。其产生环境的污染组分(如从重组转染的细胞产生的)是通常将干扰抗体的研究、诊断或治疗用途的材料,并且可以包括酶、激素和其它蛋白性或非蛋白性溶质。在优选的实施方案中,多肽将纯化:(1)至大于95重量%的抗体,如通过,例如Lowry法确定,并且在一些实施方案中,至大于99重量%;(1)至足以通过使用转杯式测序分析仪获得N末端或内部氨基酸序列的至少15个残基的程度,或(3)至使用考马斯蓝或优选银染色,通过在非还原或还原条件下的SDS-PAGE得到的均一性。分离的抗体包括重组细胞内原位的抗体,因为抗体天然环境的至少一种组分将不存在。然而,通常,分离的多肽或抗体将通过至少一个纯化步骤来制备。
抗体的“可变区”或“可变结构域”指抗体的重链或轻链的氨基末端结构域。重链和轻链的可变结构域可以分别称为“VH”和“VL”。这些结构域一般是抗体的最易变化的部分(相对于同一类的其它抗体)并包含抗原结合位点。
术语“可变”是指这样的事实,该可变结构域的某些区段在抗体间序列中广泛地不同。 该V结构域介导抗原结合并限定特定抗体对其特定抗原的特异性。然而,变异性并非均匀分布于可变区的整个跨度。 相反,其集中在轻链和重链可变结构域中都有的三个称为高变区(HVR)的区段内。可变结构域中更加高度保守的部分称作构架区(FR)。天然重链和轻链的可变结构域各自包含四个FR区,大多采取β-折叠构象,通过3个形成环状连接的HVR连接,并且在某些情况下形成β-折叠结构的一部分。每条链中的HVR通过FR区保持紧密接近在一起,并与来自另一条链的HVR一起促进抗体的抗原结合位点的形成(参见Kabat 等,
Sequences of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, National Institute of
Health, Bethesda, MD (1991))。恒定域不直接参与抗体与抗原的结合,但展现出多种效应子功能,诸如抗体在抗体依赖性的细胞毒性中的参与。
如本文所用的术语“单克隆抗体”指获自基本上同质性抗体群的抗体,即包括该群体的各个抗体除了可以少量存在的可能天然发生的突变和/或翻译后修饰(例如异构化、酰胺化)之外是相同的。单克隆抗体针对单个抗原位点是高度特异性的。与多克隆抗体制剂相反,其通常包括针对不同决定簇(表位)的不同抗体,每种单克隆抗体针对抗原上的单个决定簇。除了它们的特异性,单克隆抗体的优点还在于它们通过杂交瘤培养合成,未受到其它免疫球蛋白的污染。修饰语“单克隆”表明该抗体的特征为从抗体的基本上同质的群中获得,并且不应被解释为需要通过任何特定方法生产抗体。例如,按照本发明待使用的单克隆抗体可通过多种技术制成,包括例如,杂交瘤方法(例如,Kohler
和 Milstein., Nature, 256:495-97 (1975);
Hongo 等, Hybridoma, 14 (3): 253-260 (1995),
Harlow 等, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling 等, 在: Monoclonal
Antibodies and T-CeIl Hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N. Y., 1981)中),重组DNA方法(参见,例如美国专利号4,816,567),噬菌体展示技术(参见,例如Clackson 等,
Nature, 352: 624-628 (1991); Marks 等, J.
MoI Biol. 222: 581-597 (1992); Sidhu 等, J.
MoI Biol. 338(2): 299-310 (2004); Lee 等, J.
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1991/10741; Jakobovits 等, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 90: 2551 (1993); Jakobovits 等, Nature 362: 255-258 (1993);
Bruggemann 等, Year
in Immunol. 7:33 (1993); 美国专利号5,545,807;
5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 和
5,661,016; Marks 等, Bio/Technology
10: 779-783 (1992); Lonberg 等, Nature 368:
856-859 (1994); Morrison, Nature 368: 812-813 (1994); Fishwild 等, Nature Biotechnol 14: 845-851 (1996);
Neuberger, Nature Biotechnol. 14: 826 (1996); 和 Lonberg 和 Huszar, Intern.
Rev. Immunol. 13: 65-93 (1995))。
“抗体片段”包括完整抗体的一部分,优选完整抗体的抗原结合和/或可变区。抗体片段的实例包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2和Fv片段;双价抗体;线性抗体(参见美国专利5,641,870,实施例2;Zapata等人,Protein Eng. 8HO): 1057-1062 [1995]));单链抗体分子和由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。木瓜蛋白酶消化抗体产生两个相同的抗原结合片段,称为“Fab”片段,和残余的“Fc”片段,该名称反映了易于结晶的能力。Fab片段由完整的L链以及H链的可变区结构域(VH),和一条重链的第一个恒定结构域(CH1)组成。每个Fab片段相对于抗原结合是单价的,即,它具有单一的抗原结合位点。抗体的胃蛋白酶处理产生一个单一的大的F(ab')2片段,其粗略地相当于两个通过二硫键相连具有不同的抗原结合活性的Fab片段,且仍能够交联抗原。 Fab'片段与Fab片段不同之处在于在CH1结构域的羧基末端具有几个额外的残基,包括来自抗体铰链区的一个或多个半胱氨酸。 Fab'-SH是本文对于Fab'的指定,其中所述恒定结构域的一个或多个半胱氨酸残基携带游离硫醇基。F(ab')2抗体片段最初作为成对的Fab'片段产生,在它们之间有铰链半胱氨酸。抗体片段的其它化学偶联也是已知的。
Fc片段包含通过二硫键保持在一起的两条H链的羧基末端部分。 抗体的效应子功能是通过Fc区中的序列决定的,所述区域也被在某些类型的细胞上发现的Fc受体(FcR)识别。
“Fv”是最小抗体片段,其含有完整的抗原识别和结合位点。此片段由紧密、非共价结合的一个重链和一个轻链可变区结构域的二聚体组成。从这两个结构域的折叠散发出六个高变环(3个环分别来自H和L链),其贡献氨基酸残基用于抗原结合,并赋予抗体抗原结合特异性。然而,即使是单个可变结构域(或仅包含三个对抗原特异性的HVR的Fv的一半)也具有识别和结合抗原的能力,尽管以比完整结合位点更低的亲和力。“单链Fv”也简称为“sFv”或“scFv”,是包含连接成单个多肽链的VH和VL抗体结构域的抗体片段。优选地,所述sFv多肽进一步包含在VH和VL结构域之间的多肽接头,其使得sFv能够形成抗原结合所需的结构。对于sFv的综述,参见Pluckthun于The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies , vol. 113,
Rosenburg 和 Moore编辑,
Springer- Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994)中。本发明的抗体的“功能性片段”包含完整抗体的一部分,一般包括完整抗体的抗原结合或可变区或
抗体的Fc区,其保留或具有修饰的FcR结合能力。抗体片段的实例包括线性抗体、单链抗体分子和由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。
术语“双价抗体”是指小的抗体片段,其通过如下制备:构建sFv片段(见上一段),其具有在VH和VL结构域之间的短接头(约5-10个残基),使得实现V结构域的链间而非链内配对,由此产生二价片段,即具有两个抗原结合位点的片段。双特异性双价抗体是两个“交叉”的sFv片段的异源二聚体,其中两个抗体的VH和VL结构域存在于不同的多肽链上。双价抗体更详细地描述于例如EP 404,097;WO 93/11161;Hollinger等,Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 90: 6444-6448 (1993)。
术语“纳体(nanobodies)”指单一结构域的抗体,其是由单一的单体可变抗体结构域组成的抗体片段。类似于完整抗体,它们能够选择性地结合特定抗原。具有仅12-15kDa的分子量,单一结构域抗体比常规抗体(150-160kDa)小很多。第一种单一结构域抗体是从骆驼科(camelids)中发现的重链抗体改造而来。W. Wayt (2005年8月). "Nanobodies".
Scientific American Magazine。
本文的单克隆抗体具体包括“嵌合”抗体(免疫球蛋白),其中一部分重链和/或轻链与衍生自特定物种或属于特定抗体类型或亚类的抗体中相应序列相同或同源,而一条或多条链的剩余部分与衍生自另一物种或属于另一抗体类型或亚类的抗体,以及这些抗体的片段中相应序列相同或同源,只要它们展示所希望的生物活性(美国专利号4,816,567;和Morrison 等, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855) (1984))。如本文所用,“人源化抗体”用作“嵌合抗体”的子集。
非人(例如鼠)抗体的“人源化”形式是包含衍生自非人免疫球蛋白的最小序列的嵌合抗体。在一个实施方案中,人源化抗体是人免疫球蛋白(受体抗体),其中来自受体的HVR(定义见下文)的残基被来自非人物种的HVR(供体抗体)的残基替换,所述非人物种例如小鼠、大鼠、兔或具有所期望的特异性、亲和力和/或能力的非人灵长类动物。在一些情况下,人免疫球蛋白的构架(“FR”)残基被相应的非人残基替换。此外,人源化抗体可包含在受体抗体或供体抗体中未发现的残基。可以作出这些修饰以进一步改进抗体的性能,如结合亲和力。一般而言,人源化抗体将包含基本上所有的至少一个,并且通常两个可变结构域,其中所有的或基本上所有的高变环对应于那些非人免疫球蛋白序列,并且所有或基本上所有的FR区是人免疫球蛋白序列的那些,尽管FR区可以包括一个或多个个别的FR残基的取代,所述取代提高抗体的性能,如结合亲和力、异构化、免疫原性等。FR中的这些氨基酸取代的数目在H链中通常不超过6,并在L链中不超过3。人源化抗体任选地还将包含至少一部分免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc),通常是人免疫球蛋白的恒定区。进一步的细节,参见例如,Jones
等, Nature 321 :522-525 (1986); Riechmann 等, Nature 332:323-329 (1988);和Presta,
Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992)。还参见,例如Vaswani 和 Hamilton, Ann. Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 1 :105-115 (1998);Harris, Biochem. Soc. Transactions 23:1035-1038 (1995);Hurle
和 Gross, Curr. Op. Biotech. 5:428-433
(1994);和美国专利号6,982,321和7,087,409。
“人抗体”是指具有相应于由人产生的抗体的氨基酸序列的抗体和/或已使用如本文所公开的任何用于制备人抗体的技术制造的抗体。人抗体的这种定义明确排除包含非人抗原结合残基的人源化抗体。人抗体可使用本领域已知的多种技术,包括噬菌体展示文库来制备。Hoogenboom
和 Winter, J. MoI.
Biol, 227:381 (1991);Marks 等, J. MoI. Biol, 222:581 (1991)。还可以用于人单克隆抗体制备的方法描述于Cole 等,
Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985); Boerner 等, J. Immunol, 147(l):86-95 (1991)。还参见van Dijk 和 van de Winkel,
Curr. Opin. Pharmacol, 5: 368-74 (2001)。人抗体可以通过向转基因动物施用抗原来制备,所述转基因动物已被修饰以产生此种抗体来应答抗原攻击,但其内源基因座已被失效,例如,免疫的异种小鼠(xenomice)(关于XENOMOUSE™技术参见例如美国专利号6,075,181和6,150,584)。关于经人B细胞杂交瘤技术生成的人抗体还参见,例如Li 等, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:3557-3562 (2006)。
本文中使用时,术语“高变区”、“HVR”或“HV”指抗体可变结构域区域,其序列高度可变和/或形成结构确定的环。通常,抗体包含6个HVR:3个在VH(H1,H2,H3)中,并且3个在VL(L1,L2,L3)中。 在天然抗体中,H3和L3展示这6个HVR的最大多样性,并且尤其H3被认为在赋予抗体精细的特异性方面发挥独特的作用。参见,例如Xu 等,
Immunity 13:37-45 (2000); Johnson 和 Wu, 在 Methods in Molecular Biology 248:1-25 中(Lo, 编辑, Human Press,
Totowa, NJ, 2003)。事实上,仅由重链组成的天然存在的骆驼科抗体在缺乏轻链的情况下是有功能的且稳定的。参见,例如Hamers-Casterman
等, Nature 363:446-448 (1993); Sheriff 等, Nature Struct. Biol. 3:733-736 (1996)。
本文使用和涵盖了许多HVR描述。Kabat互补决定区(CDR)是基于序列变异性,并且是最常用的(Kabat等,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed.
Public Health Service, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991))。Chothia改为指结构环的位置(Chothia和Lesk,J. MoI. Biol.
196:901-917 (1987))。AbM HVR代表Kabat HVR与Chothia结构环之间的折衷,并被Oxford
Molecular的AbM抗体建模软件所使用。
“接触”HVR是基于可获得的复合物晶体结构的分析。这些HVR中每一个的残基在下面注明。
HVR可以包括如下的“延伸的HVR”:VL中的24-36或24-34 (L1)、 46-56或50-56 (L2)和89-97或89-96 (L3)和VH中的26-35 (H1)、50-65或49-65 (H2)和93-102、94-102或95-102 (H3)。对于这些定义的每个,可变结构域残基是按照上文Kabat等编号。
表述“如Kabat中的可变结构域残基编号”或“如Kabat中的氨基酸位置编号”及其变体是指上文Kabat等中抗体编译的用于重链可变结构域或轻链可变结构域的编号系统。使用此编号系统,实际的线性氨基酸序列可包含对应可变结构域的FR或HVR缩短或插入的更少的或额外的氨基酸。例如,重链可变结构域可以在H2的残基52后包括单个氨基酸插入(根据Kabat,残基52a)和在重链FR残基82之后包括插入的多个残基(例如,根据Kabat,残基82a、82b和82c等)。对于给定的抗体,残基的Kabat编号可以通过在抗体序列的同源性区域与“标准”Kabat编号序列的比对来确定。
“构架”或“FR”残基是如本文中所定义的HVR残基之外的那些可变结构域残基。“人共有构架”或“受体人构架”是代表在人免疫球蛋白VL或VH构架序列的选择中最经常发生的氨基酸残基的构架。通常,人免疫球蛋白VL或VH序列的选择来自可变结构域序列的亚组。通常,序列的亚组是如Kabat
等, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological
Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD (1991)中的亚组。实例包括,对于VL,亚组可以是如上文Kabat等的亚组κI、κII、κIII或κIV。此外,对于VH,亚组可以是如上文Kabat等的亚组I、亚组II或亚组III。或者,人共有构架可以衍生自上述其中特定残基,例如当通过将供体构架序列与各种人构架序列的集合进行比对,基于其对供体构架的同源性选择人构架残基时。“衍生自”人免疫球蛋白构架或人共有构架的受体人构架可以包括其相同的氨基酸序列,或其可以包含预先存在的氨基酸序列的变化。在一些实施方案中,预先存在的氨基酸变化的数目是10个或更少,9个或更少,8个或更少,7个或更少,6个或更少,5个或更少,4个或更少,3个或更少,或2个或更小。
在指定位置,例如Fc区的“氨基酸修饰”是指指定残基的取代或缺失,或指定残基相邻的至少一个氨基酸残基的插入。与指定残基“相邻”的插入是指在其一到两个残基内的插入。插入可以在指定残基的N-末端或C-末端。本文优选的氨基酸修饰是取代。
“亲和力成熟的”抗体是在其一个或多个HVR中具有一个或多个改变的抗体,所述改变造成该抗体相比不具有这些一个或多个改变的亲本抗体对抗原的亲和力改进。在一个实施方案中,亲和力成熟的抗体对靶抗原具有纳摩尔或甚至皮摩尔的亲和力。亲和力成熟的抗体可通过本领域已知的程序产生。例如,Marks等,Bio/Technology 10:779-783 (1992) 描述了通过VH和VL结构域混排(shuffling)的亲和力成熟。HVR和/或构架残基的随机诱变描述于,例如:Barbas
等,Proc Nat. Acad. ScL USA 91 :3809-3813 (1994); Schier 等, Gene
169:147-155 (1995); YάXon 等. J. Immunol. 155:1994-2004 (1995); Jackson 等, J. Immunol. 154(7):3310- 9
(1995); 和 Hawkins 等, J. MoI. Biol. 226:889-896 (1992)。
如本文所用,术语“特异性结合”或“对于……是特异性的”是指可测量的和可重现的相互作用,诸如靶和抗体之间的结合,其在分子包括生物分子的异源群体存在的情况下决定靶的存在。例如,特异性结合至靶(其可以是表位)的抗体是比其结合其它靶具有更大的亲和力(affinity),抗体亲抗原性(avidity),更容易和/或具有更长的持续时间结合此靶的抗体。 在一个实施方案中,抗体结合不相关靶的程度小于抗体与靶的结合的约10%,例如,如通过放射免疫测定(RIA)所测量的。在某些实施方案中,特异性结合靶的抗体具有< 1x10-6M、< 1x10-7M、<
1x10-8M、< 1x10-9M或< 1x10-10M的解离常数(KD)。在某些实施方案中,抗体特异性结合蛋白上的表位,所述表位在来自不同物种的蛋白之间是保守的。在另一个实施方案中,特异性结合可以包括,但不需要专一结合。
“抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性”或ADCC是指细胞毒性的形式,其中结合到存在于某些细胞毒性细胞(如自然杀伤(NK)细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞)上的Fc受体(FcR)上的分泌的Ig,使这些细胞毒性效应细胞能够特异性结合携带抗原的靶细胞,并随后用细胞毒素杀死靶细胞。所述抗体“武装”细胞毒性细胞,并且是对于通过此机制杀死靶细胞所需的。对于介导ADCC的主要细胞,NK细胞,只表达FcγRIII,而单核细胞表达FcγRI、FcγRII和FcγRIII。造血细胞上的Fc表达总结于Ravetch 和 Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 457-92 (1991)第464页的表3。为了评估目的分子的ADCC活性,可进行体外ADCC测定,诸如在美国专利号5,500,362或5,821,337中所述。用于此类测定的有用的效应细胞包括外周血单核细胞(PBMC)和自然杀伤(NK)细胞。或者,或另外地,目的分子的ADCC活性可以在体内进行评估,例如,在动物模型中,诸如公开于Clynes等,PNAS USA 95:652-656(1998)中的。本文除非另有说明,免疫球蛋白重链中残基的编号是EU索引的,如上文Kabat等。“如Kabat中的EU索引”指人IgG1 EU抗体的残基编号。在许多癌症中肿瘤细胞在其表面表达高水平的PD-L1。结合肿瘤细胞上的PD-L1后和用其片段结晶(Fc)部分结合白细胞上的Fcγ受体(FCGR)后,具有ADCC潜能的抗PD-L1抗体可以引发ADCC,其可以导致这些肿瘤细胞的死亡。
术语“Fc区”在本文中用于定义免疫球蛋白重链的C-末端区,包括天然序列Fc区和变体Fc区。虽然免疫球蛋白重链的Fc区的边界可能发生变化,但是人IgG重链Fc区通常定义为从在位置Cys226的氨基酸残基,或从Pro230,向其羧基末端的延伸。Fc区的C-末端赖氨酸(根据EU编号系统的残基447)可以被移除,例如,在抗体生产或纯化过程中,或通过重组工程化编码所述抗体重链的核酸。因此,完整抗体的组合物可包含去除了所有K447残基的抗体群,没有去除K447残基的抗体群,和具有有和无K447残基的抗体的混合物的抗体群。用于本发明的抗体的合适的天然序列Fc区,包括人IgG1、IgG2(IgG2A、IgG2B)、IgG3和IgG4。“Fc受体”或“FcR”描述结合抗体Fc区的受体。优选的FcR是天然序列人FcR。此外,优选的FcR是这样的FcR,其结合IgG抗体(γ受体),并包括FcγRI、FcγRII和FcγRIII亚类的受体,包括等位基因变体和这些受体的可选剪接形式,FcγRII受体包括FcγRIIA(“活化受体”)和FcγRIIB(“抑制受体”),它们相似的氨基酸序列,其区别主要在于其胞质结构域。活化受体FcγRIIA在其胞质结构域中包含基于免疫受体酪氨酸的活化基序(ITAM)。抑制受体FcγRIIB在其细胞质结构域中包含基于免疫受体酪氨酸的抑制基序(ITIM),(参见M.
Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997))。FcR的综述见于Ravetch 和 Kinet, Annu.
Rev. Immunol. 9: 457-92 (1991); Capel 等,
Immunomethods 4: 25-34 (1994); 和de Haas 等, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 126: 330-41 (1995)。 其它FcR,包括那些将来要鉴定的FcR在本文中被术语“FcR”涵盖。
术语“Fc受体”或“FcR”还包括新生儿受体,FcRn,其负责将母体IgG转移给胎儿。Guyer 等, J. Immunol. 117: 587 (1976) 和 Kim 等, J. Immunol. 24: 249 (1994)。测量与FcRn结合的方法是已知的(参见,例如Ghetie 和 Ward, Immunol.
Today 18: (12): 592-8 (1997); Ghetie 等,
Nature Biotechnology 15 (7): 637-40 (1997); Hinton 等, J. Biol. Chem. TJl (8): 6213-6 (2004); WO 2004/92219 (Hinton
等)。可以测定体内与FcRn的结合和人FcRn高亲和力结合多肽的血清半衰期,例如,在转基因小鼠或表达人FcRn的转染的人细胞系中,或在对其施用具有变体Fc区多肽的灵长类中。WO 2004/42072(Presta)描述了提高或降低了对FcR结合的抗体变体。还参见,例如Shields 等, J. Biol. Chem. 9(2): 6591-6604 (2001)。
“效应细胞”是表达一种或多种FcR并行使效应子功能的白细胞。在一个方面,所述效应细胞至少表达FcγRIII并执行ADCC效应子功能。介导ADCC的人白细胞的实例包括外周血单核细胞(PBMC)、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、单核细胞、细胞毒性T细胞和嗜中性粒细胞。效应细胞可以从天然来源,例如,血液中分离。效应细胞通常是与效应子阶段相关联的淋巴细胞,并发挥作用,以产生细胞因子(辅助T细胞)、杀死被病原体感染的细胞(细胞毒性T细胞)或分泌抗体(分化的B细胞)。
“结合亲和力”通常指分子(例如,抗体)的单个结合位点和其结合配偶体(例如抗原)之间的非共价相互作用的总和的强度。除非另有说明,如本文所用,“结合亲和力”,“结合到(bind
to)”,“结合到(binds to)”或“结合到(binding
to)”是指内在结合亲和力,其反映了结合对(例如,抗体Fab片段与抗原)的成员之间1:1的相互作用。分子X对其配偶Y的亲和力通常可用解离常数(KD)来表示。亲和力可通过本领域中已知的通用方法,包括本文所述的那些方法来测量。低亲和力抗体通常与抗原缓慢结合,并趋于容易解离,而高亲和力抗体通常更快结合抗原并趋于保持更长时间的结合。多种测量结合亲和力的方法是本领域已知的,其任何一种均可用于本发明目的。用于测量结合亲和力即结合强度的具体阐释性和示例性实施方案在下文中描述。
根据本发明的“KD”或“KD值”,在一个实施方案中通过放射性标记的抗原结合测定法(RIA)测量,所述测定用抗体的Fab形式和抗原分子如下列测定所描述的进行,其通过使Fab与最低浓度的(125I)标记的抗原在未标记抗原的滴定系列的存在下平衡,然后用抗Fab抗体包被的板捕获结合的抗原,测量Fab对抗原的溶液结合亲和力(Chen, 等,
(1999) J. MoI Biol 293:865-881)。为了建立用于测定的条件,微量滴定板(Dynex)用在50mM碳酸钠(pH 9.6)中的5ug/ml的捕获抗Fab抗体(Cappel Labs)包被过夜,并随后用在PBS中的2%(w/v)牛血清白蛋白,在室温下(约23℃)封闭2到5小时。在非吸附剂板(Nunc#269620)中,100pM或26pM [125I]-抗原与目的Fab的系列稀释混合(与在Presta 等,
(1997) Cancer Res. 57:4593-4599中的抗VEGF抗体,Fab-12的评估一致)。 然后使目的Fab孵育过夜;但是,孵育可持续更长时间(例如65小时)以保证达到平衡。此后,将混合物转移至捕获板以在室温下孵育一小时。然后,将去除溶液,并用PBS中的0.1%Tween-20洗涤板8次。当平板干燥后,添加150ul/孔的闪烁体(Micro Scint- 20; Packard),并且将板在TopCountγ计数器(Packard)上计数10分钟。选择给出小于或等于最大结合的20%的各Fab浓度在竞争性结合测定中使用。根据另一实施方案,通过使用表面等离子共振测定使用Biacore®-2000或BIACORE®-3000仪器(BIAcore,
Inc., Piscataway, NJ)在25℃使用固定化抗原CM5芯片以-10个响应单位(RU)测量KD。简言之,将羧甲基化的葡聚糖生物传感器芯片(CM5,BIAcore
Inc.)用N-乙基-N'-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺盐酸化物(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)根据供应商的说明书活化。在以5μL/分钟的流速注射之前,抗原用10mM乙酸钠,pH4.8稀释至5μg/ml(-0.2μM)以获得偶联蛋白的约10个响应单位(RU)。注射抗原后,将1M乙醇胺注入以封闭未反应的基团。对于动力学测量,Fab在含0.05% TWEEN 20™表面活性剂的PBS(PBST)中的2倍系列稀释(0.78nM至500nM)在25℃下以约25μL/分钟的流速注射。结合速率(kon)及解离速率(koff)使用简单的一对一朗缪尔结合模型(BIAcore®评估软件版本3.2)通过同时拟合结合和解离传感图进行计算。平衡解离常数(KD)计算为比例kofi/kon。参见,例如 Chen等, J. MoI. Biol. 293:865-881 (1999)。如果通过上面的表面等离子共振测定结合速率超过106M-1s-1,那么结合速率可通过使用荧光淬灭技术进行确定,如分光计测量的,所述荧光淬灭技术测量在存在递增的抗原浓度的情况下,在PBS(pH7.2)中的20nM 抗抗原抗体(Fab形式)在25℃的荧光发射强度的增加或减少(激发=295 nm;发射=340
nm,16 nm带通),所述分光计例如装备停流的分光光度计(stop-flow-equipped
spectrophotometer)(Aviv Instruments)或具有搅拌比色皿的8000系列SLM-AMINCO™分光光度计(ThermoSpectronic)。
根据本发明的“结合速率(on-rate)”、“结合速率(rate
of association)”、“结合速率(association rate)”或“kon”,也如上述使用BIACORE®-2000或BIACORE®-3000系统(BIAcore,
Inc., Piscataway, NJ)在25℃使用固定化抗原CM5芯片以约10个响应单位(RU)进行确定。简言之,将羧甲基化的葡聚糖生物传感器芯片(CM5,BIAcore Inc.)用N-乙基-N'-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺盐酸化物(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)根据供应商的说明书活化。在以5ml/min的流速注射之前,抗原用10mM 乙酸钠,pH4.8稀释至5 mg/ml(约0.2 mM)以获得偶联蛋白的约10个响应单位(RU)。注射抗原后,添加1M乙醇胺以封闭未反应的基团。对于动力学测量,Fab在含0.05%吐温20的PBS(PBST)中的2倍系列稀释(0.78nM至500nM)在25℃下以约25μl/分钟的流速注射。结合速率(kon)及解离速率(koff)使用简单的一对一朗缪尔结合模型(BIAcore®评估软件版本3.2)通过同时拟合结合和解离传感图进行计算。平衡解离常数(KD)计算为比例kofi/kon。参见,例如Chen, Y., 等,
(1999) J. MoI Biol 293:865-881。但是,如果通过上面的表面等离子共振测定的结合速率超过106M-1s-1,那么结合速率优选通过使用荧光淬灭技术进行确定,如分光计测量的,所述荧光淬灭技术测量在存在递增的抗原浓度的情况下,在PBS(pH7.2)中的20nM 抗抗原抗体(Fab形式)在25℃的荧光发射强度的增加或减少(激发=295nm;发射=340nm,16nm带通),所述分光计例如装备停流的分光光度计(Aviv
Instruments)或具有搅拌比色皿的8000系列SLM-Aminco分光光度计(ThermoSpectronic)。
如本文所用术语“功能性表位”是指抗原的氨基酸残基,其活跃地促进抗体的结合,即形成“活跃表位(energetic
epitope)”。抗原的任一个活跃促进残基突变为丙氨酸都将会破坏抗体的结合,使得抗体的相对KD比(KD突变体PD-L1/KD野生型PD-L1)将大于4(参见实施例3.x(b))。
如本文所用术语“构象表位”是指PD-L1抗原的氨基酸,当多肽链折叠以形成天然蛋白时在表面上聚到一起,并由于Fab结合显示显著降低的HD交换率,如在实验部分所述。构象表位包含,但不限于功能表位。
如本文所用短语“基本上减少,”或“基本上不同,”,表示两个数值(通常一个与分子相关,并且另一个与参照/比较分子相关)之间的足够高的差异程度,使得本领域技术人员会认为这两个值之间的差异在通过所述值(例如,KD值)测量的生物学特征的背景下具有统计学显著性。作为该值对于参照/比较分子的函数,所述两个值之间的差异是,例如,大于约10%,大于约20%,大于约30%,大于约40%,和/或大于约50%。
如本文所用短语“基本上相似”或“基本相同”,表示两个数值(例如一个与本发明的抗体相关,并且另一个与参照/比较抗体相关)之间的足够高的相似程度,使得本领域技术人员会认为这两个值之间的差异在通过所述值(例如,KD值)测量的生物学特征的背景下具有很小的或不具有生物学和/或统计学显著性。作为参照/比较分子值的函数,所述两个值之间的差异,例如,小于约50%,小于约40%,小于约30%,小于约20%,和/或小于约10%。
关于肽、多肽或抗体序列的“百分比(%)氨基酸序列同一性”和“同源性”被定义为在序列比对和引入缺口(如果需要),以实现最大百分比序列同一性,并且不考虑任何保守取代作为序列同一性的部分之后,候选序列中与在特定肽或多肽序列中的氨基酸残基相同的氨基酸残基的百分比。可以以在本领域技术范围内的多种方式实现用于确定百分比氨基酸序列同一性目的的比对,例如使用使用公众可得到的计算机软件如BLAST、BLAST-2或ALIGN软件。本领域技术人员可确定用于测量比对的合适参数,包括对于所比较的序列全长实现最大对比所需的任何算法。
“阻断性”抗体或“拮抗剂”抗体是抑制或降低其所结合的抗原的生物学活性的抗体。在一些实施方案中,阻断性抗体或拮抗剂抗体基本上或完全抑制抗原的生物学活性。本发明的抗PD-L1抗体阻断PD-L1和其受体PD-1之间的相互作用,并且从而阻断经由PD-1的信号传导,从而从功能失调的状态下恢复T细胞对抗原刺激的功能应答。“激动剂”或活化抗体是一种能提高或启动由其所结合的抗原的信号传导的抗体。在一些实施方案中,激动剂抗体引起或活化不存在天然配体的情况下的信号传导。
术语“交叉竞争(cross-compete)”、“交叉竞争(cross-competition)”、“交叉阻断(cross-block)”、“交叉阻断(cross-blocked)”和“交叉阻断(cross-blocking)”在本文可互换使用意指抗体或其片段干扰结合靶人PD-L1的能力,所述干扰直接或间接地通过本发明的抗PD-L1抗体的变构调节。可以使用竞争结合测定来确定抗体或其片段能够干扰另一种对靶的结合的程度,并且因此是否可以将它称为根据本发明的交叉阻断或交叉竞争。一种特别合适的定量交叉竞争测定使用基于FACS或AlphaScreen的方法,来测量标记的(例如,His标签化的、生物素化或放射性标记的)抗体或其片段和其它抗体或其片段之间在它们结合靶方面的竞争。在实验部分描述了用于确定结合分子是否交叉竞争或者是否能够与抗体或其片段交叉竞争的适合的测定。在一般情况下,交叉竞争的抗体或其片段是例如,将在交叉竞争测定法中结合靶的抗体或其片段,使得在测定过程中并在第二抗体或其片段的存在下,根据本发明的免疫球蛋白单可变结构域或多肽的记录的置换是通过以给定量存在的待测试的潜在地交叉阻断性抗体或其片段的最大理论置换(例如,通过需要被交叉阻断的无放射性的(cold)(例如,未标记的)抗体或其片段置换)的至多达100%(例如,在基于FACS的竞争测定中)。优选地,交叉竞争性抗体或其片段具有介于10%和100%之间,更优选介于50%到100%之间的记录的置换。
编码本文所述抗体的“分离的”核酸分子是从在它产生于其中的环境中通常与之关联的至少一种污染性核酸分子中鉴定并分离的核酸分子。优选地,所述分离的核酸与生产环境相关联的所有组分都没有关联。编码本文多肽和抗体的分离的核酸分子,是以它在自然界中被发现的形式或环境以外的形式。因此分离的核酸分子是与编码细胞中天然存在的本文的多肽和抗体的核酸不同的。
术语“控制序列”是指在特定宿主生物体中可操作连接的编码序列的表达所必需的DNA序列。适合于原核生物的控制序列,例如,包括启动子、任选地操纵基因序列、和核糖体结合位点。已知真核细胞利用启动子、多腺苷酸化信号和增强子。当核酸被置于与另一核酸序列的功能关系中时,核酸被“可操作地连接”。例如,前序列或分泌前导序列的DNA可操作地连接多肽的DNA,如果它被表达为参与该多肽的分泌的前蛋白;启动子或增强子可操作地连接编码序列,如果它影响该序列的转录;或核糖体结合位点可操作地连接编码序列,如果它被定位以便促进翻译。一般地,“可操作地连接”的意思是被连接的DNA序列是连续的,而且在分泌前导序列的情况下,是连续的且处于阅读相(reading phase)。 然而,增强子不必是连续的。 连接是通过在方便的限制性位点连接来实现的。如果这样的位点不存在,则合成的寡核苷酸衔接头或接头根据常规使用。
“稳定”组合物是其中其中的蛋白在贮存后基本上保持其物理和化学稳定性和完整性的组合物。用于测量蛋白稳定性的各种分析技术可获自现有技术,并且综述于Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery,
247-301, Vincent Lee编辑, Marcel Dekker,
Inc., New York, New York, Pubs. (1991) 和
Jones, A. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 10: 29-90 (1993)。可在选定的温度下在选定的时间周期来测量稳定性。对于快速筛选,组合物可以保持在40℃下2周至1个月,在此时测量稳定性。当该组合物储存在2-8℃时,通常组合物应在30℃或40℃下至少1个月是稳定的和/或在2-8℃下至少2年是稳定的。当该组合物储存在30℃下,一般所述组合物应在30℃至少2年是稳定的,和/或在40℃下至少6个月是稳定的。例如,在储存过程中聚集的程度可用作蛋白稳定性的指标。因此,“稳定的”组合物可以是这样的组合物,其中少于约10%,且优选少于约5%的蛋白作为聚集物存在于所述组合物中。在其它实施方案中,在组合物储存过程中可以确定聚集物形成的任何增加。
“重构的”组合物是通过溶解冻干的蛋白或抗体组合物在稀释剂中使得蛋白彻底分散而制备的组合物。重构的组合物适合施用(例如,皮下(subscutaneous)施用)于将要用目的蛋白治疗的患者,在本发明的某些实施方案中,可以是适合于肠胃外或静脉内施用的组合物。
“等渗”组合物是与人血具有基本相同的渗透压的组合物。等渗组合物将通常具有约250至350 mOsm的渗透压。术语“低渗”描述了具有低于人体血液的渗透压的组合物。相应地,术语“高渗”是用来描述具有高于人类血液的渗透压的组合物。等渗性可使用例如蒸汽压或冰冷冻型渗透压计测量。本发明的组合物作为添加盐和/或缓冲剂的结果是高渗的。如本文所用“载体”包括药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂,其在所采用的剂量和浓度下对暴露于其的细胞或哺乳动物是无毒的。通常,生理学上可接受的载体是pH缓冲水溶液。生理学上可接受的载体的实例包括缓冲剂如磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐和其它有机酸;抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸;低分子量(小于约10个残基)多肽;蛋白,如血清白蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水性聚合物如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;氨基酸,如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖、二糖和其它碳水化合物,包括葡萄糖,甘露糖或糊精;螯合剂如EDTA;糖醇如甘露醇或山梨醇;成盐平衡离子,诸如钠;和/或非离子表面活性剂,诸如TWEEN™、聚乙二醇(PEG)和PLURONICS™。
“药学上可接受的酸”包括无机酸和有机酸,其在它们被配制的浓度和方式下是无毒的。例如,合适的无机酸包括盐酸、高氯酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硝酸、硫酸、磺酸、硫酸、磺胺酸、磷酸、碳酸等。合适的有机酸包括直链和支链的烷基、芳族、环状的、脂环族、芳基脂肪族、杂环的、饱和的、不饱和的、单、二和三羧酸,包括例如,甲酸、乙酸、2-羟基乙酸、三氟乙酸、苯乙酸、三甲基乙酸、叔丁基乙酸、邻氨基苯甲酸、丙酸、2-羟基丙酸、2-氧丙酸、丙二酸、环戊烷丙酸(cyclopentanepropionic)、环戊烷丙酸(cyclopentane
propionic)、3-苯基丙酸、丁酸、丁二酸(butandioic)、苯甲酸、3-(4-羟基苯甲酰基)苯甲酸、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸、抗坏血酸、肉桂酸、月桂基硫酸、硬脂酸、粘康酸、扁桃酸、琥珀酸、双羟萘酸、富马酸、苹果酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、丙二酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、乙醇酸、葡糖酸、葡糖酸、丙酮酸、乙醛酸、草酸、甲磺酸、琥珀酸、水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸、palmoic、palmeic、硫氰酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、1,2-乙二磺酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、苯磺酸、4-氯苯磺酸(4-chorobenzenesulfonic)、萘-2-磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、樟脑磺酸、4-甲基双环[2.2.2]-辛-2-烯-1-甲酸、葡庚糖酸、4,4'-亚甲基双-3-(羟基-2-烯-1-甲酸)、羟基萘甲酸。
“药学上可接受的碱”包括无机碱和有机碱,其在它们被配制的浓度和方式下是无毒的。例如,适合的碱包括那些由形成无机碱的金属形成的碱,所述金属例如锂、钠、钾、镁、钙、铵、铁、锌、铜、锰、铝、N-甲基葡糖胺、吗啉、哌啶,和有机无毒碱,包括伯胺、仲胺和叔胺、取代的胺、环胺和碱离子交换树脂,[例如,N(R’)4 +(其中R’独立地是H或C1-4烷基,例如,铵,Tris)],例如,异丙胺、三甲胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、三丙胺、乙醇胺、2-二乙氨基乙醇、三甲胺(trimethamine)、二环己基胺、赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、咖啡因、普鲁卡因、海巴明(hydrabamine)、胆碱、甜菜碱、乙二胺、葡糖胺、甲基葡糖胺、可可碱、嘌呤、哌嗪、哌啶、N-乙基哌啶、聚酰胺树脂等。特别优选的有机无毒碱是异丙胺、二乙胺、乙醇胺、三甲胺(trimethamine)、二环己基胺、胆碱和咖啡因。本发明可用的另外的药学上可接受的酸和碱包括来源于氨基酸的那些,所述氨基酸例如,组氨酸、甘氨酸、苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸和天冬酰胺。
“药学上可接受的”缓冲剂和盐包括来源于上述指明的酸和碱的酸加成盐和碱加成盐的那些。具体缓冲剂和/或盐包括组氨酸、琥珀酸盐和乙酸盐。
“药学上可接受的糖”是这样的分子,当其与目的蛋白结合时,显著防止或减少蛋白储存时的化学和/或物理不稳定性。当该组合物的目的是被冻干并然后重构时,“药学上可接受的糖”也可以称为“冻干保护剂”。示例性的糖和它们对应的糖醇包括:氨基酸,如谷氨酸单钠或组氨酸;甲胺,如甜菜碱;易溶盐,如硫酸镁;多元醇,如三元醇或更高分子量的糖醇,例如甘油(glycerin)、葡聚糖、赤藓醇、甘油(glycerol)、阿拉伯糖醇、木糖醇、山梨醇和甘露醇;丙二醇;聚乙二醇;PLURONICS®;以及它们的组合。额外的示例性冻干保护剂包括甘油和明胶和糖,蜜二糖、松三糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖和水苏糖。还原性糖的实例包括葡萄糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、麦芽酮糖、异麦芽酮糖和乳果糖。非还原性糖的实例包括选自糖醇和其它直链多元醇的多羟基化合物的非还原糖苷。优选的糖醇是单糖苷,尤其是那些通过还原二糖如乳糖、麦芽糖、乳果糖和麦芽酮糖得到的化合物。糖苷的侧基可以是葡糖苷的或半乳糖苷的。糖醇的额外的实例是葡萄糖醇、麦芽糖醇、乳糖醇和异麦芽酮糖。优选的药学上可接受的糖是非还原性糖海藻糖或蔗糖。以“保护量”将药学上可接受的糖添加到组合物(例如,冻干前)是指,在储存期间(例如,在重构和储存之后)蛋白基本上保持它的物理的和化学的稳定性以及完整性。
本文的目的“稀释剂”是药学上可接受的(对于向人施用是安全的和无毒的)并且可用于液体组合物的配制的稀释剂,所述液体组合物例如在冻干之后重构的组合物。示例性的稀释剂包括无菌水、抑菌性注射用水(BWFI)、pH缓冲溶液(例如,磷酸盐缓冲盐水)、无菌盐水、林格氏溶液或葡萄糖溶液。在可选的实施方案中,稀释剂可以包括盐和/或缓冲剂的水溶液。
“防腐剂”是可被添加到本文组合物中以降低细菌活性的化合物。添加防腐剂可以,例如有助于生产多次使用(多剂量)的组合物。潜在的防腐剂的实例包括十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、氯化六烃季铵、氯化苯甲烃铵(烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵的混合物,其中烷基基团是长链化合物)和苄索氯铵。其它类型的防腐剂包括芳香醇类,例如苯酚、丁醇和苯甲醇、烷基对羟基苯甲酸酯,如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、环己醇、3-戊醇和间甲酚(w-cresol)。本文最优选的防腐剂是苯甲醇。
“治疗”指设计以改变待治疗的个体或细胞的天然进程的临床干预,并且可以为了预防或在临床病理学的进程中进行。治疗的理想效果包括防止疾病发生或复发,预防转移,降低疾病进展速率,改善或减轻疾病状态,和缓解或改善的预后。在一些实施方案中,将本发明的抗体用于延缓疾病或病症的发展。例如,使用本发明的细胞凋亡性抗-PD-Ll抗体,如果与T细胞功能失调性病症相关的一个或多个症状得到减轻,则对象得到成功“治疗”。
“有效量”指在需要的剂量和时间阶段,至少有效实现需要的或指明的效果(包括治疗或预防结果)的量。例如,本发明的抗-PD-Ll抗体的有效量至少为导致来自于PD-Ll 的信号传导抑制的最低浓度,所述抑制通过PD-1对T细胞或B7.1对其它APC或两者进行。
“治疗有效量”至少是对特定病症产生可测量的改善或预防效果所需的最低浓度。本文的治疗有效量可以根据因素如患者的疾病状态、年龄、性别和体重,以及所述抗体激发个体中所需应答的能力而改变。治疗有效量还是这样的量,其中治疗有益作用优于所述抗体的任何毒性或有害作用。例如,本发明的抗-PD-Ll抗体的治疗有效量是至少导致T细胞功能失调性病症的至少一种症状得到抑制的最小浓度。
“预防有效量”是指在需要的剂量和时间阶段,有效获得需要的预防效果的量。例如,本发明的抗-PD-Ll抗体的预防有效量是至少预防或削弱T细胞功能失调性病症的至少一种症状发展的最小浓度。
对于治疗目的而言,“哺乳动物”指归入哺乳动物类的任何动物,包括人、家畜和耕畜,及动物园、运动或宠物动物,诸如犬、马、兔、牛、猪、仓鼠、沙鼠、小鼠、雪貂、大鼠、猫等。哺乳动物优选指人。
术语“药物组合物”指这样的制剂,其以允许活性成分的生物学活性有效的形式存在,并且不包含对将施用所述组合物的对象具有不可接受的毒性的另外的成分。所述组合物是无菌的。
“无菌”组合物是灭菌的,或不含所有活的微生物以及它们的孢子。
如本文所用的术语“约”是指对于各个数值本技术领域技术人员容易地知道的通常误差范围。
“自身免疫性疾病”是这样的疾病或病症,其由个体自身的组织或器官引起和针对个体自身的组织或器官,或其共分离或表现,或由其导致的病况。自身免疫性疾病可以为器官特异性疾病(即免疫应答特异性针对一种器官系统,诸如内分泌系统、造血系统、皮肤、心肺系统、胃肠和肝系统、肾系统、甲状腺、耳、神经肌肉系统、中枢神经系统等)或可以影响多器官系统的系统性疾病(例如系统性红斑狼疮
(systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE))、类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid
arthritis (RA))、 多肌炎(polymyositis)等)。优选的此类疾病包括自身免疫性风湿性疾病(autoimmune rheumatologic disorders)(如,例如,RA、舍格伦综合征(SjSgren'S
syndrome)、硬皮病(scleroderma)、狼疮(lupus)诸如SLE和狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis)、多肌炎-皮肌炎(polymyositis-dermatomyositis)、冷球蛋白血症(cryoglobulinemia)、 抗磷脂抗体综合征(anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome)和银屑病关节炎 (psoriatic arthritis))、自身免疫性胃肠和肝脏疾病(如例如炎性肠病(inflammatory
bowel diseases)(例如溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative
colitis)和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease))、自身免疫性胃炎(autoimmune gastritis)和恶性贫血(pernicious
anemia)、自身免疫性肝炎 (autoimmune hepatitis)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis)和腹腔疾病(celiac disease))、血管炎
(vasculitis)(如例如 ANCA-阴性血管炎(ANCA-negative vasculitis)和
ANCA-相关血管炎(ANCA-associated vasculitis),包括丘-斯血管炎(Churg-Strauss
vasculitis)、韦格纳肉芽肿(Wegener's granulomatosis)和微观多血管炎(microscopic polyangiitis))、自身免疫性神经病(autoimmune
neurological disorders)(如例如多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis)、视性眼阵挛肌阵挛综合征(opsoclonus
myoclonus syndrome)、重症肌无力(myasthenia
gravis)、视神经脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica)、 帕金森病(Parkinson's disease)、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease)和自身免疫性多神经病(autoimmune
polyneuropathies))、肾病症(renal disorders)(如例如肾小球肾炎(glomerulonephritis)、古德帕斯丘综合征(Goodpasture's syndrome) 和贝格尔病(Berger's disease))、自身免疫性皮肤病(autoimmune
dermatologic disorders)(如例如银屑病(psoriasis)、隐疹(urticaria)、荨麻疹(hives)、寻常型天疱疮(pemphigus
vulgaris)、大疱性类天疱疮(bullous pemphigoid)和皮肤红斑狼疮 (cutaneous lupus erythematosus))、血液病(hematologic disorders)(如例如血小板减少性紫癜(thrombocytopenic
purpura)、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura)、输血后紫癒(post-transfusion purpura)和自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia))、动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)、葡萄膜炎(uveitis)、自身免疫性听力病(autoimmune hearing diseases)(如例如内耳病 (inner ear
disease)和听力丧失(hearing loss))、贝切特病(Behcet's disease)、雷诺综合征(Raynaud's syndrome)、器官移植(organ
transplant)和自身免疫性内分泌病 (autoimmune endocrine disorders)(如例如糖尿病相关自身免疫病(diabetic-related
autoimmune diseases)诸如胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM)、艾迪生病(Addison's
disease)和自身免疫性甲状腺病(autoimmune thyroid disease)(例如格雷夫斯病(Graves'disease)和甲状腺炎(thyroiditis))。 更优选的此类疾病包括,例如RA、溃疡性结肠炎、ANCA-相关血管炎、狼疮、多发性硬化、舍格伦综合征、格雷夫斯病、IDDM、恶性贫血、甲状腺炎和肾小球肾炎。
本文所用的术语“细胞毒性剂”指抑制或阻止细胞功能和/或引起细胞破坏的物质。该术语包括放射性同位素(例如,At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32和 Lu的放射性同位素),和毒素,如小分子毒素或细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的酶活性毒素或其片段。
“化学治疗剂”是用于治疗癌症的化合物。化学治疗剂的实例包括烷基化试剂,如塞替哌(thiotepa)和环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide);烷基磺酸酯(alkyl
sulfonates)如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)和哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);吖丙啶类(aziridines)如苯佐替派(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美妥替哌(meturedopa)和乌瑞替哌(uredopa);乙撑亚胺类 (ethylenimines)和甲基蜜胺类(methylamelamines),包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、曲他胺(triethylenemelamine)、三亚乙基磷酰胺(trietylenephosphoramide)、三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺(triethiylenethiophosphoramide)和三羟甲基蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);多聚乙酰类(acetogenins)(特别是布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));Δ-9-四氢大麻酚(屈大麻酚);β-拉帕醌(beta-lapachone);拉帕醇(lapachol);秋水仙碱(colchicines); 桦木酸(betulinic acid);喜树碱(camptothecin)(包括合成的类似物托泊替康 (topotecan) (CPT-11 (伊立替康(irinotecan)、乙酰喜树碱(acetylcamptothecin)、东莨菪亭(scopolectin)和9-氨基喜树喊(9-aminocamptothecin));苔藓抑素(bryostatin);培美曲塞(pemetrexed) ;callystatin;CC-1065
(包括其阿多来新(adozelesin)、卡折来新(carzelesin)和比折来新(bizelesin)合成类似物);鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin);鬼臼酸(podophyllinic acid);替尼泊昔(teniposide);隐藻素类(cryptophycins)(特别是隐藻素1和隐藻素8);多拉司他汀(dolastatin);倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)(包括合成的类似物、KW-2189 和 CB1-TM1);艾槽素(eleutherobin);
pancratistatin;TLK-286 ;CDP323(
口服α-4整合素抑制剂);匍枝珊瑚醇 (sarcodictyin);海绵素(spongistatin);氮芥类(nitrogen mustards)如苯丁酸氮芥 (chlorambucil)、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、胆磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、盐酸氧二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride)、美法仑(melphalan)、新恩比兴(novembichin)、 苯芥胆甾醇(phenesterine)、泼尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、乌拉莫司汀(uracil mustard);亚硝基脲类(nitrosureas)如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲菌素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(Iomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)和雷莫司汀(ranimnustine);抗生素如烯二炔类(enediyne)抗生素 (例如加利车霉素(calicheamicin),尤其是加利车霉素γ II和加利车霉素ω Il (参见例如 Nicolaou 等,Angew, Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl. 33 : 183-186 (1994));烯二炔蒽环类抗生素(dynemicin),包括烯二炔蒽环类抗生素A;埃斯波霉素(esperamicin);以及新制癌菌素(neocarzinostatin)生色团和相关色素蛋白烯二炔类抗生素生色团)、阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysins)、方文线菌素(actinomycin)、蒽霉素(authramycin)、偶氮丝氨酸(azaserine)、博来霉素(bleomycins)、放线菌素 C (cactinomycin)、carabicin、 洋红霉素(carminomycin)、嗜癌霉素(carzinophilin)、色霉素(chromomycinis)、放线菌素 D (dactinomycin)、柔红霄素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氛酸(6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)(包括吗啉代多柔比星(morpholino-doxorubicin)、氰基吗啉代多柔比星 (cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin)、2-吡咯啉-多柔比星(2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin)、盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射剂和脱氧多柔比星(deoxydoxorubicin))、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊达比星(idarubicin)、马塞罗霉素
(marcellomycin)、丝裂霄素类(mitomycins)如丝裂霄素 C、霉酚酸(mycophenolic
acid)、诺拉霉素(nogalamycin)、橄榄霉素(olivomycins)、培洛霉素(peplomycin)、 紫菜霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素(puromycin)、三铁阿霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星(rodorubicin)、链黑霉素(streptonigrin)、链佐星(streptozocin)、杀结核菌素
(tubercidin)、乌苯美司(ubenimex)、净司他丁(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin); 抗代谢物如甲氨喋呤(methotrexate)、吉西他滨(gemcitabine)、替加氟 (tegafur)、卡培他滨(capecitabine)
、埃博霉素(epothilone)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)
(5-FU);叶酸类似物如二甲叶酸(denopterin)、甲氨喋呤、喋罗呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤类似物如氟达拉滨(fludarabine), 6-巯嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine)、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶类似物如安西他滨(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷(6-azauridine)、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、双脱氧尿苷(dideoxyuridine)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依诺他滨(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)和伊马替尼(imatinib) (2-苯基氨基嘧啶衍生物),以及其它c-Kit抑制剂;抗肾上腺素药类 (anti-adrenals)如氛鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦
(trilostane);叶酸补偿剂如亚叶酸(frolinic acid);醋葡醛内酯(aceglatone);醛磷酰胺糖苷(aldophosphamide
glycoside) ;氨基-γ-酮戊酸(aminolevulinic acid);恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine) ;bestrabucil;比生群(bisantrene);依达曲沙(edatraxate)
;defofamine;秋水仙胺(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);elfornithine;依利醋铵(elliptinium acetate);依托格鲁(etoglucid);硝酸镓(gallium nitrate);羟基脲(hydroxyurea);香菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼达明(lonidainine);美登木素生物碱类(maytansinoids)如美登素(maytansine)和安丝菌素(ansamitocins);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌达醇
(mopidanmol);尼曲吖啶(nitraerine);喷司他丁 (pentostatin);异丙嗪(phenamet); 吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(Iosoxantrone) ;2-乙基酰胼(2-ethylhydrazide); 丙卡巴胼(procarbazine) ;PSK ®
多糖复合物(JHS Natural Products, Eugene, OR);雷佐生(razoxane);利索新(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);锗螺胺(spirogermanium);细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone); 2'2',2''-三氯三乙胺(2'2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine);单端孢霉烯族化合物 (trichothecenes)(特别是T-2毒素、verracurin Α、杆孢菌素 A (roridin A)和蛇形菌素 (anguidine));乌拉坦(urethan);长春地辛(vindesine);达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露莫司汀(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烧(pipobroman) ;gacytosine;阿糖胞昔(arabinoside) ("Ara-C");塞替哌(thiotepa);紫杉烷类化合物(taxoids),例如紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、紫杉醇的白蛋白改造的纳米颗粒制剂和多西他塞(docetaxel);苯丁酸氮芥(chloranbucil) ;6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine);巯嘌呤
(mercaptopurine);甲氨喋呤;铂类似物如顺铂(cisplatin)和卡铂(carboplatin);长春碱(vinblastine);铂;依托泊苷(etoposide) (VP-16);异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);长春新碱(vincristine)
;奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin);leucovovin;长春瑞滨(vinorelbine);诺安托(novantrone);依达曲沙(edatrexate);道诺霉素(daunomycin);氨基喋呤
(aminopterin);伊班膦酸盐(ibandronate);拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(difluorometlhylornithine)
(DMFO);维甲类(retinoids)如视黄酸(retinoic
acid);任何上述物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物;以及上述物质中两种或多种的组合,如CHOP, 即环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱和泼尼松龙组合治疗法的缩写,和FOLFOX,使用奥沙利铂 (oxaliplatin)与5-FU和leucovovin联合的治疗方案的缩写。
可以与本发明的抗PD-L1抗体组合使用的其它治疗剂是二膦酸盐类(bisphosphonates)如氯膦酸盐(clodronate)、NE-58095、唑来膦酸(zoledronic acid)/唑来膦酸盐(zoledronate)、阿仑膦酸盐(alendronate)、帕米膦酸盐(pamidronate)、替鲁膦酸盐(tiludronate)或利塞膦酸盐 (risedronate);以及曲沙他滨(troxacitabine) (1,3-二氧戊环核苷胞嘧啶类似物);反义寡核苷酸,特别是抑制在涉及异常细胞增殖的信号传导途径中基因的表达的那些,诸如例如,PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras和表皮生长因子受体(EGF-R);疫苗诸如Stimuvax
疫苗、Theratope疫苗和基因治疗疫苗,例如,Allovectin疫苗、Leuvectin疫苗和Vaxid疫苗;拓扑异构酶1抑制剂;抗雌激素(anti-estrogen)如氟维司群 (fulvestrant);Kit抑制剂如伊马替尼(imatinib)或EXEL-0862 (酪氨酸激酶抑制剂);EGFR抑制剂如厄洛替尼(erlotinib)或西妥昔单抗(cetuximab);抗-VEGF抑制剂如贝伐珠单抗(bevacizumab);arinotecan;rmRH ;拉帕替尼(lapatinib)和二甲苯磺酸拉帕替尼(lapatinib
ditosylate) (ErbB-2和EGFR双重酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制剂,也称为GW572016);17AAG(格尔德霉素(geldanamycin)衍生物,其是热休克蛋白(Hsp)90毒素),和上述任何物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
“Stimuvax”是设计用于诱导对表达MUC1(广泛表达于常见的癌症的蛋白抗原)的癌细胞的免疫应答的BLP25脂质体癌症疫苗。MUC1在许多癌症,如肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌和结肠直肠癌上过表达。Stimuvax被认为是通过刺激机体的免疫系统以识别和消灭表达MUC1的癌细胞来工作。
附图简述
图1显示A09-246-2有效地阻断125I-PD-L1对固定的PD-1-Fc的结合。失活的突变体:A09-188-1的突变体VL-A31G、D52E、R99Y。A09-246-2 (1):在HEK293细胞中表达。A09-246-2 (2):在CHO-S细胞中表达,批次#1。A09-246-2 (3):在CHO-S细胞中表达,批次#2。
图2显示PD-L1的胞外结构域(融合6氨基酸His标签,SEQ ID NO:29)的序列。可以被MS鉴定的肽通过灰色条指示。显示在Fab的存在下被保护免于HD交换的那些通过黑色条表示。不能被分析的肽通过在序列中的下划线和斜体来突出。
图3显示PD-L1上A09-246-2的表位。PD-L1的主链以带状表示来显示。使A09-246-2 - PD-L1结合不稳定多于0.7kcal/mol的氨基酸(当突变成丙氨酸时)显示为棒。
图4显示A09-246-2有效地增强通过IL-2产生表示的T细胞活性,如通过SEA人PBMC测定所示。
图5-16显示A09-246-2在不同的肿瘤系(刺激的和非刺激的)和同种异型中增加ADCC。
实验部分
下面显示的工作实施例意在说明本发明的具体实施方案,并且不意在以任何方式限制本说明书或权利要求书的范围。
1.
抗体的选择和改进
抗体选自噬菌体Fab展示文库。选择包括两种不同的手段,一种在不同选择轮次上利用生物素化的人PD-L1,和另一种在不同轮次上交替用人和小鼠PD-L1作为靶。通过ELISA筛选了3840个克隆,以鉴定170个个别的PD-L1结合物。基于PD-1配体结合的抑制,选择了48个命中,并以中等规模表达进行进一步表征。
所选择的命中被重新格式化,并表达为IgG。基于阻断PD-1与PD-L1结合的效力和结合人和小鼠版本的PD-L1的能力选择命中优化候选物。最初通过ELISA确定对PD-L1的结合并后来通过Biacore进行定量,和通过FACS确定与表达PD-L1的细胞的结合。四个候选物拟合预先确定的概况图,包括其中含有λ轻链的A09-188-1。
选择A09-188-1用于亲和力成熟和序列优化。亲和力成熟的目标是对人靶的增加亲和力,对鼠靶的交叉反应性,和可制造性的改进。在HVR中的重链突变通过基于密码子随机化引入。 此重链的多样性结合轻链多样性,所述轻链的多样性通过轻链混排引入以生成亲和力成熟文库。进一步重链和轻链的FR和HVR残基进行突变以提高抗体的稳定性和引入在种系中发现的氨基酸,如重链FR突变I93V。
这产生了下面给出的HVR序列。其可以表明,至少残基X1-X17在靶结合方面是可变的,并具有如本文中所公开的优选的意义。
HVR-H1序列是;
HVR-H2 序列是;HVR-H3 序列是;
其中:X1是K、R、T、Q、G、A、W、M、I或S; X2是V、R、K、L、M或I;X3是H、T、N、Q、A、V、Y、W、F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D。
HVR-L1
序列是;
HVR-L2 序列是;
HVR-L3 序列是;
其中:X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是I、N或S;X12是D、H或N;X13是F或Y;X14是N或S;X15是R、T或S;X16是G或S;X17是I或T。
2.
制造、纯化和配制
2.1
生物生产和澄清
对应于SEQ ID NO:32(重链)和SEQ ID NO:33(轻链)的抗体A09-246-2从分别转染KOL同种型DNA序列和序列优化的EU版本的CHO-S细胞表达。细胞培养物以分批模式在250L单次使用生物反应器(SUB)(表2-2)中进行。细胞在37℃下补充了4mM L-谷氨酰胺+25µg/mL嘌呤霉素的ProCHO5生长培养基中生长。在接种后3天,该培养物补加15%有效补料(Efficient Feed)B和1.0mM 丙戊酸。
来自生物反应器运行的粗条件培养基使用1.1 m2的Millistak+ Pod D0HC (Millipore MD0HC10FS1)和0.11 m2的Millistak+ Pod A1HC (Millipore MA1HC01FS1)过滤器,随后通过使用Sartopore2过滤器(Sartorius
5445307H8-SS)的末端过滤进行澄清。
2.2
纯化
纯化过程由两个层析步骤组成:(a)MabSelect蛋白A,以从澄清的收获物捕获抗体,和(b)II型羟基磷灰石精加工步骤以除去剩余的聚集产物、宿主细胞蛋白质和DNA以及与产品相关的杂质。在2个层析步骤之间插入中间Q过滤步骤以进一步减少DNA。 SDS-PAGE和尺寸排阻层析SE-HPLC用来分析纯化过程中的处理样品。使用蛋白A
HPLC法进行MabSelect处理样品的蛋白含量,而在所有其它处理步骤中均使用UV/Vis光谱。
在下一纯化步骤之前将MabSelect后洗脱物进行30分钟的低pH病毒灭活(pH值3.7),并随后中和至pH7.0。
最后的精加工步骤是II型羟基磷灰石层析。上样前,Sartobind
Q滤液的电导率用水调节至<3mS/cm,并且用乙酸将pH值降低至6.5。
结合的抗PD-L1产物用NaCl不连续梯度(step gradient)洗脱。聚集的产物相关的杂质用Strip缓冲液洗脱。
2.3
配制、超滤和渗滤
根据下表,浓缩从羟基磷灰石精加工步骤纯化的抗PD-L1,并然后渗滤到它们各自的缓冲液中。然后通过0.2µ过滤器单元无菌过滤整装(bulk)产物并进一步用配制缓冲液稀释到它们的最终浓度。配制的整装物质进一步测试内毒素和通过SE-HPLC检查。
配制 UF/DF | A09-246-2 |
开始样品 (mg) | 1279 |
% 回收率 | 100 |
最终浓度(mg/ml) | 10.2 |
纯度(% 单体) | 99 |
配制缓冲液 | 10mM醋酸钠,140mM氯化钠,0.05%(v/v)吐温20,pH 6.0 |
2.4
人组合物
设置下列靶施用和组合物概况:
施用途径:静脉内输注
人剂量范围: 1-15
mg/kg
浓度:
10 mg/ml
储存条件: 液体或冷冻
保质期:
多于12个月
选择下列液体组合物:
10.0 mg/mL A09-246-2
10 mM 乙酸盐
5.1% (w/v) 甘露醇
1.4 mM 甲硫氨酸
0.05% (w/v) 吐温20
调节到pH5.5。
该组合物含有抗氧化的赋形剂并被证明在下列压力(stress)条件下足够稳定:
- 光压力
- 剪切力压力
- 冻融循环
- 氧化压力
分别在2-8℃和25℃至多高达26周和13周评估稳定性。发现该组合物在2-8℃至多达26周的最新的时间点是足够稳定的。此外,制造冷冻干燥的组合物在25℃长达26周具有优良的稳定性。
3.
生物化学和生物学表征
3.1 Biacore
结合亲和力和特异性
通过Biacore测定来确定结合亲和力和选择性。对于人和非人的直向同源物的引导抗体候选物的亲和力总结于下表。根据本发明的抗PD-L1抗体A09-246-2对于人、小鼠和食蟹猴蛋白的结合亲和力在统计学上相似,但对于犬、大鼠和兔蛋白明显降低,其显示非常快速的解离概况。
对于A09-188-1和其进一步的突变体的动力学概况示于下表:
(*)分别从重链和轻链的N-末端计数的氨基酸位置。
3.2
选择性
通过用Biacore评价对B7家族成员包括hu-PD-L1-huFc、hu-PDL-2-huFc、hu-B7.1-huFc、hu-B7.2-huFc、huB7-H2-huFc和huB7-H3-huFc的结合确定选择性。
所有测试的抗huPD-L1 MAb(包括A09-246-2)仅与huPD-L1蛋白特异性反应,而不与任何其它B7家族蛋白反应。
3.3
PD-L1
:
PD-1
相互作用阻断
A09-246-2和对照抗体与放射性标记的PD-L1竞争结合固定的PD-1的能力通过放射性竞争置换法确定。图1显示了测试抗体的代表性的竞争曲线。结果表明,A09-246-2有效地阻止PD-1和PD-L1的相互作用,具有0.071±0.008 nM的IC 50(0.01±0.001μg/ml)。
使用下列测定方案:
1.向白色的Costar板(Corning
3922)添加60ml/孔的PBS,所述PBS包含1mg/ml人PD-1Fc(R&D Systems,
1086-PD;冻干的PD-1以200mg/ml用PBS溶解)。在4℃孵育过夜。
2.用PBS润洗孔1次。
3.用120ml溶解在结合缓冲液中的0.5%
BSA(Sigma A-3059)封闭孔,在室温(RT)下1小时。
4.用结合缓冲液润洗孔1次。
5.向孔中添加50ml测试样品(抗体,上清液)。将抗体在测定缓冲液中稀释到20nM,并且以1:4稀释进行系列稀释9x。在添加到孔中之前,样品稀释到2x最终浓度(通常以10nM-1x浓度开始)。
6.非特异性结合:以250nM的最终浓度添加50ml
PD-L1/Fc(R&D Systems, 156-B7)替换测试样品,比标记的PD-L1超出500倍。全体孔接受相同体积的测定缓冲液。
7.向每孔中添加50 ml的0.5
nM 125I-PD-L1 (在Perkin Elmer定制标记,批号CIS32211,250 nM,2400 Ci/mmol)。在测定缓冲液中稀释到2x的最终浓度-最终浓度=0.25nM。
8.在37℃摇动板2-2.5小时。
9.用冷的结合缓冲液清洗孔5次。
10.向每孔中添加100ml的Microscint
20(Packard 6013641)。在RT孵育至少1小时。
11.在Topcount (125I-Microscint 方案)上对发光计数。
结合缓冲液:50 mM Hepes、pH
7.5、130 mM NaCl、5.1 mM KCl、1.3
mM MgSO4
测定缓冲液:结合缓冲液+0.5% BSA。
3.4
PD-L1
:
B7.1
相互作用阻断
通过FACS测量A09-246-2阻断可溶性B7.1结合细胞表面上PD-L1的能力。结果表明,A09-246-2有效地阻断B7.1和PD-L1的相互作用,具有0.2±0.004 nM的IC50(0.03±0.0006μg/ml)。
3.5
表位定位
a
)氢氘交换
PD-L1抗原(SEQ ID NO:29)的胞外结构域在重水(D2O)溶液中孵育以允许蛋白主链上的酰胺质子在存在或不存在过量抗PD-L1 Fab或非特异性Fab的情况下与溶剂中的氘交换。样品用蛋白酶消化并通过液相层析-质谱法(LC-MS)分析以确定每个肽中氘的水平。
使用对应A09-246-2的Fab代替全长IgG以通过降低由蛋白酶消化生成的肽的数目来简化质谱分析。尽管如此,一些区域仍然不能被鉴定和分析(图2中加下划线的、斜体序列部分),但是这些区域代表序列的一小部分,并且大部分位于第二免疫球蛋白结构域中,远离包含表位的区域。胞外结构域的结构域I中残基32-39也对通过质谱鉴定有抗性,并且涵盖N连接的糖基化位点;因为已知A09-246-2结合大肠杆菌中生产的PD-L1的非糖基化形式,所以不关注不能分析此肽的HD交换率。
观察到来自抗原的几个肽在存在Fab的情况下比不存在其的情况下对于氘核具有显著降低的质子交换率,表明来自这些肽的至少一些残基直接与Fab接触并组成构象表位(图2)。尽管显示免于溶剂的保护的两个肽在一级序列中分开较远(在图2中加下划线、粗体印刷,它们在PD-L1的三级结构中接近并在抗原表面各自组成单个结合片(binding
patch)(参见图3)。
总之,HD交换鉴定了两个肽
(i) 图2中残基36-48(胞外结构域加His标签,SEQ
ID NO:29),对应全长序列的残基54-66(SEQ
ID NO:28)
(ii) 图2中残基94-104(SEQ ID NO:29),对应残基112-122
SEQ ID NO:28
其在PD-L1上形成构象表位并且其包含A09-246-2的功能表位。
b
)诱变
为了获得更精细的,残基水平的表位定位和为了补充HD交换数据,使用PD-L1晶体结构的分子建模和手工检查(Lin, D.Y.-W. 等 PNAS 105, 3011-6 2008; PDB record 3BIK)来选择通过HD交换鉴定的表位内部和周围暴露于溶剂的残基。将所选择的残基突变为丙氨酸(大到小)或另一个可能更具破坏性的氨基酸(从小到大)。
总共设计了48个点突变,从HEK细胞表达和纯化,并使用表面等离子共振(SPR)测试对A09-246-2的结合。对结合能量贡献最大的结合热点或残基(Wells. J.A., PNAS 93, 1–6, 1996)鉴定为在100nM抗原下不满足阈值结合信号的那些。此外,确定了抗体对野生型和每个突变体的亲和性并且用于计算每个表位残基对结合能量的贡献。
结果总结在下表,其中PD-L1的48个点突变体与野生型PD-L1抗原关于抗体结合进行比较。使用SPR(Biacore)进行动力学研究,其允许动力学速率常数(ka和kd)的确定。简言之,将山羊多克隆抗人Fc抗体化学偶联到CM5芯片。接着注射A11-128并被多克隆抗体捕获。使用缓冲液清洗掉未结合的抗体,直至基线RU稳定。接着注射固定浓度的抗原(野生型或突变体PD-L1)3分钟并且记录结合。进一步注射缓冲液3分钟并且观察解离。以浓度100
nM、50 nM、25 nM、12.5 nM和6.25 nM 注射抗原(除了对于Y56和D61突变体,其以1 uM、500 nM、250 nM、125 nM和62.5 nM注射)。每个循环之间,芯片用低pH缓冲液再生,并且在注射下一抗原浓度之前捕获新鲜的A09-246-2。通过最小化卡方的算法将数据迭代拟合到1:1结合模型确定速率常数。平衡解离常数(KD)计算为动力学常数的比例,并且突变体相对野生型PD-L1的结合的吉布斯自由能的变化(ΔΔGmut)衍生自野生型和突变体KD的比例。根据抗体抗原结合的去稳定作用突出自由能的变化; “**”:>3 kcal/mol 去稳定作用(结合热点);“*”:> 0.7
kcal/mol。在Y56的突变体具有如此低的亲和力,使得可以准确测量KD,并且替代给出最小KD。对于D61A,无结合可以被发现。根据此分析,用 “**”或“*”标记的氨基酸是功能表位的一部分。对于野生型和突变体蛋白给出荧光监测的热变性的温度中点。ND:未确定;BP:双相。还给出了野生型和突变体蛋白在尺寸排阻层析(SEC)上的定量表现。M:单分散和与野生型相同的洗脱体积;M/T:在与野生型相同的洗脱体积的峰,但具有额外的尾部。对于KD和T1/2,给出了平均和标准偏差,其中n
> 1。
重要的是证实Y56A、Y56K和D61A点突变体对A09-246-2结合的缺乏的确由于丧失热点残基并且不是由于抗原的整体解折叠。使用荧光监测的热解折叠测定证实突变蛋白的结构完整性,其中蛋白与在水溶液中淬灭但被暴露的疏水性残基结合时发荧光的染料孵育。随着温度增加,蛋白的热变性暴露疏水核心残基并且这可以通过染料的荧光增加来监测。突变体Y56或D61均展示类似于野生型PD-L1的双状态转变,指示在室温下折叠的结构。数据拟合到公式1(改编自Bullock, A. N.等,Thermodynamic
stability of wild-type and mutant p53 core domain. PNAS 94, 14338–14342 (1997))以确定曲线拐点的温度(T1/2)。
公式
1
:
Y56和D61的突变体显示由一个荧光监测的解折叠的T1/2中的小降低所示的抗原最小的去稳定性(上表)。这证实,Y56和D61是A09-246-2的真正的结合热点。 大多数其他突变体蛋白的结构完整性也通过该方法证实(上表)。大多数突变体蛋白在分析尺寸排阻层析上表现类似于野生型(在上表中最后一栏)的观察结果提供了对突变体的抗原蛋白质的天然结构的进一步支持。
3.6
对肿瘤细胞和原代细胞的结合
A09-246-2对肿瘤细胞表面以及原代人和实验动物细胞上的PD-L1的结合通过FACS测定来证实。A09-246-2显示对所有7种测试的人肿瘤系(A431,上皮癌细胞系;A549,肺腺癌上皮细胞;BxPC3,胰腺癌细胞;HCT116,结肠直肠癌;M24,黑色素瘤细胞系;PC3mm2,前列腺癌细胞系;U-87 MG,胶质母细胞瘤-星形细胞瘤)上的人PD-L1的反应性,其中PD-L1通过干扰素处理上调以能够检测。因为原代PBMC具有低水平的PD-L1的表达,其很难被检测到,人PBMC或来自犬、兔和大鼠的PBMC均进行PHA刺激2天。A09-246-2显示对人和动物原代细胞上PD-L1的反应性。
3.7
通过直接
FACS
结合测定测量的
EC50
A09-246-2对细胞表面上的靶的剂量依赖性结合能力通过FACS证实。A09-246-2有效地结合表达在HEK细胞表面上的人PD-L1,具有0.3±0.02nM的EC50(0.04±0.003μg/ml);结合表达于HEK细胞表面上的食蟹猴PD-L1,具有0.94±0.015nM的EC50(0.14±0.002μg/ml);结合表达在HEK293细胞表面上的小鼠PD-L1,具有0.34±0.08 nM的EC 50(0.05±0.012μg/ml)和结合表达在EL4细胞表面的小鼠PD-L1,具有0.91±0.21 nM的EC50(0.13± 0.03μg/ml)。该测定定量地描述了抗PD-L1的剂量依赖性的结合特征。
3.8
细胞测定中的活性
目前还没有科学证据表明,PD-L1与其配体的连接通过PD-L1将刺激信号传导转导到表达PD-L1的细胞,因此开发的测定在程序中采用T细胞活化。抗PD-L1抗体增强T细胞免疫应答的能力在体外使用鼠T细胞或人PBMC的细胞测定中测量。
a)
OT-1
测定
通过用Ova肽SIINFEKL刺激来自OT-1转基因小鼠的脾细胞生成抗原特异性CD8 T细胞并冷冻保存。过表达mPD-L1的EL4细胞用作抗原呈递细胞。测试化合物的连续稀释物与解冻的OT-1的T细胞和携带SIINFEKL的APC孵育48小时。在上清液中的IFN-γ用mIFN-γELISA测量。抗PD-L1(A09-246-2)有效地增强T细胞活性,所述活性通过IFN-γ产生表示,具有0.28±0.1nM的EC 50(0.04±0.015μg/ml)。
b)
SEA
测定
在人PBMC测定的开发中,可以证明只有抗PD-L1处理在没有T细胞活化的情况下不触发IL-2或IFN-γ产生并且在存在最佳活化的情况下也不增强IL-2产生。评价了抗PD-L1通过应答超抗原活化的T细胞增强IL-2产生的能力。超抗原,如葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA)能够交联T细胞受体(TCR)与II类MHC以活化CD4 T细胞。对在这种活化后,A09-246-2增强T细胞功能的剂量依赖性活性进行了评估。A09-246-2系列稀释液在SEA的存在下与人PBMC进行96小时孵育。 在上清液中的人IL-2用人IL-ELISA测量。结果表明抗PD-L1有效地增强T细胞活性,所述活性通过IL-2产生表示,具有0.08±0.03nM的EC 50(0.012±0.005μg/ml)。
3.9
抗体依赖性的细胞介导的细胞毒性(
ADCC
)
利用两个不同的人肿瘤系A431和A549作为靶细胞和人PBMC作为效应细胞来测量ADCC。在一些情况下,使用用干扰素-γ刺激后以增加PD-L1表达的靶细胞进行测试。抗EGFR抗体,西妥昔单抗,被用来作为ADCC阳性对照。 鉴于FcγIIIa受体158V同种异型显示对人IgG1有更高的亲和力并提高ADCC的事实,观察到的结果与供体的同种异型相关联。
A09-246-2的ADCC活性与抗EGFR抗体西妥昔单抗介导的ADCC活性是可比较的,在两种细胞系中均诱导约50%的最大裂解。IFN-γ处理不改变A431细胞对所有测试的不同的同种异型(V/V,V/F和F/F)的应答。当利用A549细胞用于来自V/V和V/F供体的PBMC时,观察到刺激的和未刺激的细胞之间显著差异(几乎两倍)。当来自F/F供体的PBMC用A549细胞进行分析时,没有观察到ADCC。
4.
体内活性
在这里显示的研究中,研究了PD-L1抗体(Ab)针对各种鼠肿瘤模型阻断的效力。提出PD-1/PD-L1相互作用的抑制通过恢复抗肿瘤的CD8+ T细胞应答发挥治疗作用,从而在同系基因鼠肿瘤模型中进行所有的临床前效力研究,其中,宿主的免疫系统是完全完整的。为了规避对替代抗体的需要,本研究中所使用的抗体专门对鼠PD-L1的交叉反应性选择。但是,因为该抗体是完全人的,在小鼠中引起中和免疫原性,这将有效给药窗口限制到七天的时间。尽管如此显著的给药限制,所选择的抗体已经展示了作为单一治疗和在各种联合治疗设置中的显著活性。当作为针对MC38肿瘤的单一疗法给予时,抗PD-L1抗体的抗肿瘤活性表现出剂量依赖性的趋势。
应答性和非应答性肿瘤模型中PD-L1表达的免疫组织化学分析揭示PD-L1的表达水平和抗肿瘤效力的水平之间的密切联系。为了证实提出的作用机制(MOA),在全身缺失CD8+ T细胞的MC38荷瘤小鼠中进行了研究。在缺失CD8+ T细胞的动物中,抗PD-L1疗法的效力完全废除,证实细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)效应子功能负责肿瘤生长的抑制。
为了评价抗PD-L1疗法的组合效能,选择已知引发抗肿瘤T细胞应答或以其它方式增强免疫疗法效果的组合配偶体。与针对MC38肿瘤的分次放射治疗相结合,抗PD-L1抗体显示强的协同活性,具有治疗性的效能。在MC-38模型中与单一低剂量环磷酰胺的组合导致增强的抗肿瘤效果,其与肿瘤抗原特异性的CD8+
T细胞的频率增加相关。当与吉西他滨在胰腺癌的PANC02原位肿瘤模型中组合使用时,抗PD-L1疗法显著延长存活时间。当抗PD-L1与环磷酰胺预治疗后接种Stimuvax进行组合时,在MC38/MUC1和PANC02/MUC1肿瘤模型中取得了显著增加的肿瘤生长抑制。当抗PD-L1抗体组合FOLFOX化学治疗方案的核心组分时,也观察到显著增强的疗效。因此,对于抗PD-L1疗法已成功鉴定了几个有前景的组合方法,包括三种“监护标准”治疗方案(放射治疗;FOLFOX方案;吉西他滨)。
衍生自这些研究的机制数据表明,在治疗的小鼠的脾和肿瘤中,抗PD-L1疗法始终与CD8+ T细胞、CD8+
T效应记忆细胞和PD-1+ CD8+ T细胞的增加的百分比有关。
4.1
在
MC38
肿瘤模型中的剂量应答和组合
CPA
在这项研究中,小鼠在右侧皮下接种1×106
MC38结肠癌细胞。当肿瘤达到~50mm3平均体积时,小鼠分入治疗组(n=14)(定义为研究第0天)。在第0、3和6天,各组以100、200、400、或800μg的剂量水平静脉内施用A09-246-2。对照组用200μg无活性的同种型抗体处理。在研究持续时间每周两次测量肿瘤。当与同种型对照组相比时,所有治疗组均表现显著的疗效(P
<0.050)。虽然800μg剂量组对400μg组未显示增强的疗效,但观察到对剂量依赖性效应的显著趋势。在遵循同样的设计的第二项剂量应答研究中,再次观察到对剂量依赖性活性的一般趋势。 然而,在该特定研究中800μg剂量组显示比400μg剂量组显著更低的抗肿瘤活性。在高于400μg的剂量中缺乏增加的疗效可以指示作为靶饱和结果的效力平台,或者在更高剂量下可以发生更强的免疫原性作用,导致更低的药物暴露。
此外,这些研究探讨抗PD-L1与用低的、免疫调节剂量的环磷酰胺(CPA)预治疗组合的功效。观察到CPA组合显著改善低剂量抗PD-L1(100μg)的功效,而且这种效果是与如通过ELISPOT确定的p15E肿瘤抗原特异性CD8+
T细胞的频率增加相关。
来自这些研究的免疫分型数据揭示,抗PD-L1疗法与在脾脏中多种CD8+
T细胞亚群的显著增加的百分比相关联:总CD8+
T细胞、p15E肿瘤抗原特异性CD8+
T细胞、PD-1+ CD8+ T细胞和CD8+ T效应记忆(TEM)细胞和CD8+ T中央记忆(TCM)细胞。还观察到CD8+ T细胞和CD8+
TEM细胞的增加肿瘤内积聚。这些观察结果支持抗PD-L1疗法作为有效的策略用于驱动抗肿瘤CD8+ T细胞应答。
4.2
C1498/GFP
播散性白血病模型中的功效
为创建播散性白血病模型,在第0天将C4198-GFP白血病细胞(2×104)静脉内注射入C57BL/6小鼠。小鼠然后随机分成治疗组(N=5),其在第1、4和7天通过腹膜内(i.p.)注射接受400μg剂量的抗PD-L1 Ab(A09-246-2)或等效剂量的无活性的同种型抗体。本研究的主要终点是基于指示转移性播散的临床体征发作的存活率,其保证安乐死。在研究结束时(第76天),在同种型抗体治疗组中20%的小鼠(1/5)仍然存活,并且80%(4/5)的存活者保留在A09-246-2治疗组中。
4.3
在
PANC02
原位模型中组合吉西他滨
进行了三个独立的研究,以研究抗PD-L1 MAb(A09-246-2)和吉西他滨(GEM)的组合。 设计该研究以探索抗PD-L1疗法在21天或28天的GEM周期的化学治疗“假期(holiday)”期间内的定位。原位模型涉及将肿瘤细胞接种到原初的器官,导致疾病进展如其发生在人体环境中的密切的重演。要建立胰腺癌模型,将PANC02细胞(1×106)注射到C57BL/6雌性小鼠的胰腺。五天后,将小鼠随机分到治疗组中。在所有研究中,GEM以150mg/kg给药并且A09-246-2以每只小鼠400μg给药。在两项研究中,以28天的GEM周期建立模型(在第5、19、26天施用),具有14天假期周期,其间A09-246-2在第8、11、14天给药。在第三项研究中,以21天的GEM周期建立模型(在第5、12、26、33天施用),具有14天假期周期,其间A09-246-2在第13、16、19天给予。用GEM或抗PD-L1单一治疗在这个模型中未能延长存活时间。然而,在所有三个研究中,GEM和A09-246-2的组合显著延长平均存活时间(P <0.02)。在接受A09-246-2作为单一治疗和与GEM相结合的组中,免疫分型揭示了几种作用,其与提出的抗PD-L1的MOA一致,包括脾中CD8+ TEM增加的百分比,脾CD8+ TEM对Treg细胞增加的比例和脾PD-1+
CD8+ T细胞的增加的百分比。此外,肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TIL)的免疫分型显示在组合组中CD8+ TIL显著增加的百分比。
4.4
与低剂量环磷酰胺(
CPA
)组合
已知低剂量CPA通过抑制免疫抑制性调节T细胞增强抗肿瘤免疫应答。在MC38皮下肿瘤模型中研究了低剂量CPA预治疗以增强抗PD-L1
Ab(A09-246-2)的效力的潜力。小鼠在右侧皮下接种1×106 MC38结肠癌细胞。当肿瘤达到~50mm3平均体积时,在第0天,小鼠分入治疗组(N=14)。组合组在第0、3和6天通过静脉内注射接受100μg A09-246-2,具有或不具有在第-1天静脉内递送的100 mg/kg剂量的CPA的预治疗。对照处理组接受组合有CPA预治疗的100μg无活性的同种型抗体。当与同种型和单一治疗对照组相比时,组合治疗组展示抗肿瘤活性的统计学上显著的增强(p<0.050)。使用ELISPOT测定,测量了治疗对针对表征清楚的p15E肿瘤抗原的CD8+ T细胞应答的幅度的作用。CPA和A09-246-2均显示当相比同种型对照(约25点)时P15E-反应性CD8 +
T细胞的实质上增加的水平(在两组中约100点),并且组合组显示出进一步的增强(约250点)。因此,CPA加A09-246-2组合的抗肿瘤功效与肿瘤抗原反应性CTL的频率增加相关联。
4.5
与环磷酰胺
/Stimuvax
组合
PD-L1阻断以恢复抗肿瘤T细胞应答的能力提供了与癌症疫苗组合的强有力的原理。
Stimuvax是针对人MUC1抗原的疫苗,其通常由实体瘤过表达。 对于人MUC1蛋白的转基因小鼠(MUC1.tg小鼠)是抗原免疫耐受的,并且当接种也表达人MUC1的鼠肿瘤时,提供临床接种设定的相关模型。在临床上,环磷酰胺(CPA)预治疗与Stimuvax组合使用作为瞬时耗尽能抑制疫苗应答的免疫抑制性Treg细胞的策略。
在这项研究中,MUC1.tg小鼠在右后侧皮下接种1×106 MC38/MUC1结肠癌细胞。肿瘤细胞接种后5天,在第-3天将小鼠随机分入治疗组(N= 10)。在第-3天,通过静脉内施用来施用100 mg/kg剂量的CPA。第0天开始接种,并每周重复。在第0、3和6天,抗PD-L1 Ab(A09-246-2)通过腹膜内注射给药。肿瘤每周测量两次。当与CPA/Stimuvax治疗相比较时,CPA/Stimuvax和A09-246-2的组合证实显著增强(P <0.050)的肿瘤生长抑制。
在第二项研究中,1×106
PANC02/MUC1细胞接种到MUC1.tg小鼠的胰腺。四天后,将小鼠随机分入若干组中(N = 8)并且开始治疗。如对于第一项研究一样应用相同的治疗方案。当与用CPA/Stimuvax治疗相比时,CPA/Stimuvax和抗PD-L1(A09-246-2)的组合显著增加平均存活时间(MST)(43.5天对70天的MST,P=0.0001)。通过FACS的免疫分型显示在组合组中,向CD8+
TEM和CD8+TCM百分比增加的显著趋势。
4.6
与分次放射治疗的组合
已证明放射治疗(RT)通过I类MHC表达增加和细胞内肽池的多样化增强肿瘤细胞的免疫原性。为了测试与放射治疗组合的抗PD-L1抗体的治疗,MC38结肠癌细胞(1×105)肌内接种到C57BL/6雌性小鼠的右四头肌。当肿瘤达到约150mm3平均体积时,在第0天,小鼠分入治疗组(N=8)。将荷瘤的腿分离,并在第0、1、2、3和4天用来自铯-137源的360 cGy的γ辐照处理(1800 cGy的总剂量)。在第3、6和9天,抗PD-L1 Ab(A09-246-2)以400 μg静脉内给药。A09-246-2和放射治疗组合导致高的肿瘤消退率,最终导致6/10完全应答(CR)。CR小鼠通过接种MC38肿瘤细胞被重新攻击,并且在重新攻击后3/6小鼠保持无肿瘤74天,表明通过组合疗法产生有效的免疫记忆。相反地,与辐射组合的同种型对照抗体处理的对照组显示显著的肿瘤生长抑制,但不诱导消退。
重复进行RT和抗PD-L1(A09-246-2)组合研究,包括第二组合治疗组,其中小鼠全身缺乏CD8+
T细胞。在这项研究中测量的额外的免疫读出包括基于FACS的脾细胞免疫分型、体内增殖分析和ELISPOT测定。再次,该组合表现出协同效力,其在所有肿瘤中诱导消退或停滞的初始阶段。然而,仅在1/8小鼠中观察到完全消退,而另外一只小鼠经历延长的肿瘤停滞期。CD8+ T细胞缺失完全废除组合的协同作用,证实了该机制涉及抗肿瘤CD8+ T细胞应答的刺激。这种观察通过对p15E肿瘤抗原反应性的CD8+
T细胞的频率增加得到进一步支持。通过FACS的免疫分型揭示在脾中CD8+ T细胞增殖增加的百分比,以及增加的脾CD8+
TEM和CD8+ TCM百分比。
4.7
与
FOLFOX
方案的核心组分的组合
FOLFOX是组合化学治疗方案,由叶酸、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)和奥沙利铂(OX)组成,在III期结肠直肠癌的治疗中使用。在皮下MC38结肠癌模型中研究了对于组合抗PD-L1与FOLFOX方案的核心组分(5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂)的效能。小鼠在右侧皮下接种1×106 MC38结肠癌细胞。当肿瘤达到约50mm3平均体积时,在第0天,小鼠分入治疗组(N=10)。在第0和14天施用5-FU(60mg/kg静脉内)和OX(5mg/kg腹膜内)。在第3、6和9天给予抗PD-L1 Ab(A09-246-2)(400 μg静脉内)。观察到组合治疗当相比A09-246-2单独给予,或5-FU和OX与同种型抗体组合给予时具有显著更高的功效(p <0.050)。进行了抗PD-L1抗体和FOLFOX组合研究的重复,并再一次地,组合展示相比任一单一治疗方案显著更高(p <0.050)的抗肿瘤活性。
在这些研究中进行的基于FACS的免疫分型揭示在几个与CD8+
T细胞驱动的MOA一致的免疫学标志物中的增加,包括增加的p15E肿瘤抗原特异性CD8+ T细胞的脾的水平,TEM对调节性T细胞(Treg)的脾的比例中的增加,以及增加的CD8+ PD-1+ T细胞的脾百分比。此外,观察到肿瘤浸润性自然杀伤(NK)细胞和CD8+
T细胞的百分比在所述组合组中显著增加。
4.8
在食蟹猴中的
4
周重复给药实验性毒性研究
四组2只雄性和2只雌性的食蟹猴用抗人PD-L1(A09-246-2)以0(媒介物)、20、60和140mg/kg的剂量水平通过每周静脉内输注总共5次施用进行处理。
TK评价表明,在整个研究过程中所有动物都暴露于测试材料。暴露水平与在第1次和第4次剂量时增加的剂量大致成比例增加,而在任何剂量下均无任何相关积累或性别依赖性。在20和140mg/kg的水平下在分别2/4和1/4的猴子中检测到抗药物抗体。在研究中没有过早的动物死亡。在20和60mg/kg给药组对于研究中评估的所有参数均没有注意到处理相关的变化。
在140mg/kg的高剂量水平,处理相关的发现包括在研究日第30天的血液学测试中淋巴细胞的略微下降,淋巴细胞计数的略微减少连同NK细胞计数的减少。在主要器官/组织中没有显著的组织学变化,除了在140 mg/kg局部注射部位观察到的中度的血管周围出血和炎症/血管坏死。在此剂量水平在多细胞因子分析中没有观察到明显的趋势或变化。根据此研究的结果,无可观察的不良作用水平(NOAEL)被鉴定为140mg/kg。
结论:在接受总共5次连续的周剂量之后,在至多达140 mg/kg的剂量水平,在食蟹猴中A09-246-2被耐受。在140
mg/kg下观察到具有中等严重程度的皮下/血管周围和血管炎症和退行性改变的注射部位反应。
Claims (92)
1.分离的重链可变区多肽,其包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其中:
(a) 所述HVR-H1序列是
;
(b) 所述HVR-H2序列是;
(c) 所述HVR-H3 序列是;
进一步其中:X1是K、R、T、Q、G、A、W、M、I或S; X2是V、R、K、L、M或I;X3是H、T、N、Q、A、V、Y、W、F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D。
2.权利要求1的多肽,其中X1是M、I或S;X2是R、K、L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D。
3.权利要求1的多肽,其中X1是M、I或S;X2是L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是I;X5是S或T;X6是D。
4.权利要求1的多肽,其中X1是S;X2是I;X3是M;X4是I;X5是T;X6是D。
5.权利要求1-4任一项的多肽,其进一步包含在HVR之间并置的可变区重链构架序列HC-FR1、HC-FR2、HC-FR3和HC-FR4,从而形成下式的序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4)。
6.权利要求5的多肽,其中所述构架序列衍生自人共有构架序列。
7.权利要求5的多肽,其中所述构架序列衍生自人种系构架序列。
8.权利要求5的多肽,其中一种或多种构架序列是下列:
HC-FR1是;
HC-FR2是;
HC-FR3是;
HC-FR4是。
9.权利要求8的多肽,其进一步包含至少一个CH1结构域。
10.权利要求9的多肽,其进一步包含CH1、CH2和CH3结构域。
11.权利要求1-10任一项的分离的重链多肽,其组合有包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3的可变区轻链,其中:
(a) 所述HVR-L1 序列是;
(b) 所述HVR-L2 序列是;
(c) 所述HVR-L3 序列是;
进一步其中:X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是I、N或S;X12是D、H或N;X13是F或Y;X14是N或S;X15是R、T或S;X16是G或S;X17是I或T。
12.权利要求11的多肽,其中X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是N或S;X12是N;X13是F或Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是G或S;X17是T。
13.权利要求11的多肽,其中X7是S;X8是S;X9是G;X10是D;X11是S;X12是N;X13是Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是S;X17是T。
14.权利要求11-13任一项的多肽,其进一步包含在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链构架序列LC-FR1、LC-FR2、LC-FR3和LC-FR4,从而形成下式的序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
15.权利要求14的多肽,其中所述构架序列衍生自人共有构架序列。
16.权利要求14的多肽,其中所述构架序列衍生自人种系构架序列。
17.权利要求14的多肽,其中一种或多种构架序列是下列:
LC-FR1是;
LC-FR2是;
LC-FR3是;
LC-FR4是。
18.权利要求17的多肽,其进一步包含CL结构域。
19.分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3,其中进一步:(i) 所述HVR-H1序列是;(ii) 所述HVR-H2序列是;(iii) 所述HVR-H3
序列是IKLGTVTTVX6Y 和(SEQ ID NO:3);
(b) 所述轻链包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3,其中进一步:(iv) 所述HVR-L1序列是;(v) 所述HVR-L2序列是X10VX11X12RPS
(SEQ ID NO:9);(vi) 所述HVR-L3
序列是;
其中进一步:X1是K、R、T、Q、G、A、W、M、I或S; X2是V、R、K、L、M或I;X3是H、T、N、Q、A、V、Y、W、F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D;X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是I、N或S;X12是D、H或N;X13是F或Y;X14是N或S;X15是R、T或S;X16是G或S;X17是I或T。
20.权利要求19的抗体或抗体片段,其中X1是M、I或S;X2是R、K、L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是F或I;X5是S或T;X6是E或D;X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是N或S;X12是N;X13是F或Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是G或S;X17是T。
21.权利要求19的抗体或抗体片段,其中X1是M、I或S;X2是L、M或I;X3是F或M;X4是I;X5是S或T;X6是D;X7是N或S;X8是T、R或S;X9是A或G;X10是E或D;X11是N或S;X12是N;X13是F或Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是G或S;X17是T。
22.权利要求19的抗体或抗体片段,其中X1是S;X2是I;X3是M;X4是I;X5是T;X6是D;X7是S;X8是S;X9是G;X10是D;X11是S;X12是N;X13是Y;X14是S;X15是S;X16是S;X17是T。
23.权利要求19-22任一项的抗体或抗体片段,进一步包含:
(a)在HVR之间并置的可变区重链构架序列HC-FR1、HC-FR2、HC-FR3和HC-FR4,从而形成下式的序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),和
(b)在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链构架序列LC-FR1、LC-FR2、LC-FR3和LC-FR4,从而形成下式的序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)- (HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
24.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述构架序列衍生自人共有构架序列。
25.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述构架序列衍生自人种系构架序列。
26.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,其中一种或多种构架序列是下列:
HC-FR1是;
HC-FR2是;
HC-FR3是;
HC-FR4是。
27.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,其中一种或多种构架序列是下列:
LC-FR1是;
LC-FR2是;
LC-FR3是;
LC-FR4是。
28.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,其中:
(a) 所述可变重链构架序列是下列:
(i)
HC-FR1是;
(ii) HC-FR2是;
(iii) HC-FR3是;
(iv) HC-FR4是;和
(b) 所述可变轻链构架序列是下列:
(i)
LC-FR1是;
(ii) LC-FR2是;
(iii) LC-FR3是;
(iv) LC-FR4是。
29.权利要求28的抗体或抗体片段,其进一步包含至少一个CH1结构域。
30.权利要求28或29的抗体或抗体片段,其进一步包含CL结构域。
31.权利要求28-30任一项的抗体或抗体片段,其进一步包含CH1、CH2和CH3结构域。
32.权利要求28的抗体或抗体片段,其进一步包含人或鼠恒定区。
33.权利要求32的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述恒定区选自IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。
34.权利要求33的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述恒定区是IgG1。
35.抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含分别与、 和具有至少80%总体序列同一性的HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3,和
(b) 所述轻链包含分别与、和具有至少80%总体序列同一性的HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3。
36.权利要求35的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述序列同一性是至少90%。
37.权利要求35的抗体或抗体片段,其中,相比于、和的序列,至少如下通过下划线突出的那些氨基酸保持不变:
(a) 在HVR-H1中,,
(b) 在HVR-H2中,,
(c) 在HVR-H3中,;
并且进一步其中,相比于、和的序列,至少如下通过下划线突出的那些氨基酸保持不变:
。
38.权利要求35-37任一项的抗体或抗体片段,其进一步包含:
(a)在HVR之间并置的可变区重链(VH)构架序列HC-FR1、HC-FR2、HC-FR3和HC-FR4,从而形成下式的序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-
FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),和
(b)在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链(VL)构架序列LC-FR1、LC-FR2、LC-FR3和LC-FR4,从而形成下式的序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
39.权利要求38的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VH和VL构架序列衍生自人种系序列。
40.权利要求38的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VH构架序列是下列:
HC-FR1是;
HC-FR2是;
HC-FR3是;
HC-FR4是。
41.权利要求38的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VL构架序列是下列:
LC-FR1是;
LC-FR2是;
LC-FR3是;
LC-FR4是。
42.分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含重链可变区序列和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链序列与下列重链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
,和
(b) 所述轻链序列与下列轻链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
。
43.权利要求42的抗体或抗原结合片段,其中所述序列同一性是至少90%。
44.分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含重链可变区序列和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链包含序列:
,和
(b)所述轻链包含序列:
。
45.权利要求44的抗体,其中所述抗体进一步包含CH1、CH2、CH3和CL结构域。
46.权利要求19-45任一项的抗体,其中所述抗体结合人、小鼠或食蟹猴PD-L1。
47.权利要求19-46任一项的抗体,其中所述抗体能够阻断人、小鼠或食蟹猴PD-L1和相应的人、小鼠或食蟹猴PD-1受体之间的相互作用。
48.权利要求19-47任一项的抗体,其中所述抗体以5x10-9 M或更低的KD结合人PD-L1。
49.分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其结合包含人PD-L1(SEQ
ID NO:28)的残基Y56和D61的功能表位。
50.权利要求49的分离的抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,其中所述功能表位进一步包含人PD-L1 (SEQ ID NO:28)的残基E58、E60、Q66、R113和M115。
51.分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其结合包含人PD-L1(SEQ
ID NO:28)的残基54-66和112-122的构象表位。
52.分离的抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段,其中所述抗体与权利要求19-51任一项的抗体或抗原结合片段交叉竞争结合PD-L1。
53.组合物,其包含权利要求19-52任一项的抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段和至少一种药学上可接受的载体。
54.分离的核酸,其编码权利要求1-18任一项的多肽。
55.分离的核酸,其编码权利要求19-52任一项的抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段的轻链或重链序列。
56.分离的核酸,其编码抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段的轻链或重链可变序列,其中:
(a) 所述重链包含分别与、和具有至少80%的序列同一性的HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,或
(b) 所述轻链包含分别与、和具有至少80%的序列同一性的HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3序列。
57.权利要求56的核酸,其中序列同一性是至少90%。
58.权利要求56或57的核酸,其中所述抗PD-L1抗体进一步包含衍生自人种系序列的VL和VH构架区。
59.权利要求55-57任一项的核酸,其中所述抗PD-L1抗体包含衍生自人或鼠抗体的恒定区。
60.权利要求59的核酸,其中所述恒定区是IgG1。
61.权利要求60的核酸,其对于所述重链是SEQ ID NO:30,并且对于所述轻链是SEQ ID NO:31。
62.载体,其包含权利要求54-61任一项的核酸。
63.宿主细胞,其包含权利要求62的载体。
64.权利要求63的宿主细胞,其是真核的。
65.权利要求63的宿主细胞,其是哺乳动物的。
66.权利要求65的宿主细胞,其是中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞。
67.权利要求63的宿主细胞,其是原核的。
68.权利要求67的宿主细胞,其是大肠杆菌。
69.制备抗PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段的方法,其包括在适合于编码抗PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段的载体表达的条件下,培养权利要求63-68任一项的宿主细胞,以及回收所述抗体或片段。
70.组件试剂盒,其包含权利要求53的组合物和至少一种进一步的治疗剂或疫苗。
71.权利要求70的组件试剂盒,其中所述进一步的治疗剂是化学治疗剂。
72.权利要求71的组件试剂盒,其中所述化学治疗剂是吉西他滨。
73.权利要求71的组件试剂盒,其中所述化学治疗剂是环磷酰胺。
74.权利要求71的组件试剂盒,其中所述化学治疗剂是5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂。
75.权利要求70的组件试剂盒,其中所述进一步的治疗剂是环磷酰胺并且所述疫苗是Stimuvax。
76.治疗癌症的方法,其包括向有其需要的对象施用有效量的诱导抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)的抗PD-L1抗体。
77.权利要求76的方法,其中所述抗PD-L1抗体的恒定区是IgG1。
78.权利要求77的方法,其中所述抗PD-L1抗体是权利要求19-52任一项的抗体。
79.治疗癌症的方法,其包括向有其需要的对象施用有效量的权利要求53的组合物。
80.权利要求76-79任一项的方法,其中所述癌症选自:乳腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌、肝癌、唾液腺癌、胃癌、神经胶质瘤、甲状腺癌、胸腺癌、上皮细胞癌、头颈癌,胃癌和胰腺癌。
81.增强T细胞功能的方法,其包括向功能失调的T细胞施用有效量的权利要求53的组合物。
82.治疗T细胞功能失调性病症的方法,其包括向患有T细胞功能失调性病症的患者施用治疗有效量的权利要求53的组合物。
83.权利要求82的方法,其中所述T细胞功能失调性病症是肿瘤免疫。
84.权利要求83的方法,其中所述肿瘤免疫产生于选自下列的癌症:乳腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌、肝癌、唾液腺癌、胃癌、神经胶质瘤、甲状腺癌、胸腺癌、上皮细胞癌、头颈癌,胃癌和胰腺癌。
85.权利要求76-84任一项的方法,其进一步包括施用至少一种进一步的治疗剂或疫苗。
86.权利要求85的方法,其中所述进一步的治疗剂是化学治疗剂。
87.权利要求86的方法,其中所述化学治疗剂是吉西他滨。
88.权利要求86的方法,其中所述化学治疗剂是环磷酰胺。
89.权利要求86的方法,其中所述化学治疗剂是5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂。
90.权利要求85的方法,其中所述进一步的治疗剂是环磷酰胺并且所述疫苗是Stimuvax。
91.权利要求76-90任一项的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括应用选自下列的治疗方案:手术、放射治疗、化学治疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗、激素治疗、血管发生抑制和姑息治疗。
92.权利要求91的方法,其中所述治疗方案是放射治疗。
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SG (1) | SG11201402603WA (zh) |
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