Language Notes units (1-9)

Unit (1)
1 – graduated from ‫ تخرج من‬/ graduated in ‫ تخرج في مادة كذا‬/ a graduate of
He graduated from Cairo university.
He is a graduate of Cairo University.
He graduated in law and worked as a lawyer.
2 - as well as + ‫ اسم‬/ V + ing
He was an expert as well as being important writer.
3 – give experiences
The time he spent abroad gave him experiences .
4 – abroad ‫بالخارج‬ aboard ‫ مركب‬/ ‫على ظهر سفينة‬
He worked as a diplomat and lived abroad.
We went aboard the plane and took off.
5 – a district of + ‫مدينة‬
Sayyida Zeinab is a district of Cairo.
6 – career ‫الحياة المهنية‬
his career was full of difficulties.
7 – work as a / an + ‫الوظيفة‬
He worked as a lawyer.
8 – publish = come out ‫ينشر‬
His story was published in 1925.
= His story came out in 1925.
9 – a collection of ---- ‫مجموعة من‬
He wrote a collection of short stories.
10 – poor people = the poor ‫الفقراء‬
He used to help poor people (the poor)
11 – make into a film ‫يحولها الى فيلم‬
The story was made into a film.
12 – habit(s) = something you do often or regularly. )‫عادة فردية (خاصة بشخص‬
His habit was to have breakfast at 7:30.
He has the habit of licking his lips when he is nervous.
13 – customs = an activity or event which is usual in a particular society in
particular circumstances. )‫العرف (في مناسبة معينة‬
14 – traditions= a custom or belief that has existed for a long time
Their traditions were very difficult.
15 – routine ) ‫روتين يومي (ما يفعلة الشخص يوميا‬
He gets up , goes to work, comes back at 5 , this is his daily routine.
16 – red tape ‫روتين حكومي‬
He couldn't finish his paper because of the complex red tape.
17 – a ten-minute break = a break for ten minutes ‫راحة لمدة عشر دقائق‬
You should take a ten-minute break between your study sessions.
18 – insist on = persist in = insist that ‫ُيصر على‬
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He insisted on sending everything as an e-mail attachment.
He persisted in taking the book with him.
She insisted that he was innocent.
19 – an average of …………………..‫بمعدل‬
He wrote an average of 1000 words a day.

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Unit (2)
1 – have the honour of ……………. ‫لديه شرف‬
Some people have had the honour of being called “Teacher”.
2 – realize…….‫يدرك أو يفهم‬ * recognize……..‫يتعرف على‬
 The head teacher realized that the young teacher was worried about his first
lesson.
 After the earthquake, we couldn’t recognize the city.
3 – have the qualities to be………………….‫لدية الصفات‬
He had the qualities to be a good teacher.
4 – responsible for = in charge of……..‫مسؤول عن‬
 He is responsible for the students.
5 – been to………………..‫ذهب وعاد‬ * gone to…………….‫ازال‬ƒƒ‫د ( م‬ƒƒ‫ذهب ولم يع‬
)‫هناك‬
 He has been to the club. He isn’t there now.
They have gone to the cinema. There are still there.
6 – be fatherly and gentle………………‫يكون أبوي ولطيف‬
 You should be fatherly and gentle with the students.
7 – give myself goals……………… ‫يحدد أهداف‬
reach /achieve goals……………………...‫يصل ألهدافه‬
score goals…………………………………. ‫يحرز أهداف‬
 I give myself goals and plan how to achieve them.
8 – Come with fresh ideas…………………‫يبتكر أفكار عديدة‬
 You should come with fresh ideas to be creative.
9 – inspire ……‫يلهم‬ * aspire……‫يطمح‬ * conspire…… ‫يتأمر‬
 A good teacher must inspire his students and encourage them.
10 – encourage………. to + ‫ يشجع على‬.…… ‫مصدر‬
 He should encourage them to communicate.
11 – take part in………‫ = يشارك في‬participate * take place……..‫يحدث‬
The students should take part in conversations.
The coronation took place as it was planned.
12 – spoil the students……………..‫يفسد – يسيء‬
 You shouldn’t spoil the students.
13 – sit in a circle or semicircle……………….‫يجلس فى‬
 The students can sit in a circle or semicircle.

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15 – Left …… dreaming about……‫تركة يحلم بـــ‬
 The head teacher left him dreaming about his new job as a teacher.
16 – is like…….. ‫يكون مثل أو يشبه‬
 A teacher is like the layers of the earth.
17 – reach level…………………………‫يصل لمستوى‬
 Whatever level you reach, you can dig deeper.
18 – dig deeper to………………..‫يحفر أعمق‬
You can dig deeper to find more layers.
19 – grow up reading………………‫يكبر على قراءة‬
 Many people have grown up reading his books.
20 - graduated in + ‫المادة أو السنة‬
graduated from + ‫الجامعة‬
a graduate of …………….. ‫خريج‬
He graduated in 2000 in English.
He is a graduate of English.
He graduated from Lizo University.
21 – a difficult time for…………………..
His father’s death was a difficult time for him.
22 – Live with…..‫يعيش مع‬ * Live in ……………..‫يعيش في‬ * live on………
‫يتغذي – يعيش على‬
He decided to live with his family in Cairo.
23 – earn money……………………..‫يكسب مال‬ = earn living
gain ( weight – skill – experience……….) ‫يكتسب‬
He wanted to earn money to send his sisters to school.
He gained much experience and new skills.
24 – married to………….‫تزوج من‬ * married with………………..‫متزوج وعنده‬
He is married to Mona and has three children.
He is married with Dina and Ali.
25 – event………………….……..‫حدث هام‬
incident………………..‫حدث في قصة او فيلم‬
accident………….…………………..‫حادثة‬
 He used to write about important events and people in the world.
 The accident happened early yesterdat.
26 – award……….. ‫ة‬ƒƒ‫هادة جامعي‬ƒƒ‫ائزة او ش‬ƒƒ‫ائزة أو يمنح ج‬ƒƒ‫ج‬ * reward…………..
‫يكافيء أو مكافأة على‬
He won many awards for his writing.
He was awarded his PHD last week.
They rewarded him for his good behavior.
27 – famous…. for ….. ‫مشهور بــــــ‬ * famous ….. in ….‫مشهور في‬ * famous
….as ..‫مشهور كـــ‬
He is famous for his honesty.
He became famous in Egypt.
28 – have…. influence …. ‫له تأثير‬
His books have much influence for many years.
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Unit (3)
1 – + ‫ فاعل‬used to + ‫اعتاد أن‬..…… ‫مصدر‬
He used to arrive early. (it was his habit) but now he doesn’t.
‫ فاعل‬+ am – is – are used to + v + ing ……………..‫عادة في المضارع‬
He is used to arriving early. (it is his habit)
‫ مفعول‬+ is – are – was – were + used to + ‫مصدر ……مبنى للمجهول‬
Wood is used to make paper.
‫ مفعول‬+ is – are – was – were + used for + ing …………. ‫مبنى للمجهول‬
Wood is used for making paper.
2 – Write and draw on……
 People used papyrus for writing and drawing on.
3 – soak in…………‫ينقع في‬
They soaked the leaves in water.
4 – press together……. ‫ ……… يضغط‬dry in the sun………‫يجف في الشمس‬
 They pressed them together and dried them in the sun.
5 – trade with….‫يتاجر مع‬ * trade in……..‫يتاجر في‬
 They traded with China.
They traded in silk and spices.
6 – learn to/ how to _ ‫يتعلم‬..……………… ‫مصدر‬
 They learnt how to make paper from the Chinese.
7 – made of…… ‫مصنوع من مادة لم تتغير‬
made from…….‫مصنوع من مادة او اكثر وتغيرت اي النري المادة بعد صنع الشيء‬
made with/ made out of ……………….‫مصنوع من‬
made in………………‫صنع في‬
Made by ……………‫صنع بواسطة‬
 They made paper from cotton.
Books are made of paper.
Computers are made in Japan.
8 – break into…. pieces…..‫يقطع الى أجزاء‬
 They broke the wood into small pieces.
9 – mix with……….. chemicals..‫يخلط بــــــ‬
 They mixed the pieces with chemicals and then bleached.
10 – remove… from ..‫يزيل من‬
 They removed water from the mixture.
11 – make/ produce ….. paper ‫يصنع‬
We cut down millions of trees to make paper.
12 – make from …. recycled paper…‫من ورق يعاد تصنيعة‬
 We make most of today’s newspapers and magazines from recycled paper.

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13 – an amount…. of ….‫كمية من‬
 We have used an enormous amount of paper to produce books.
15 – special…… ‫خاص – مميز‬ * especially……‫خاصة – خصوصا‬
 We use paper to produce books, especially very large books like encyclopedias.
16 – read.. on e-books / online / on websites…….‫يقرأ‬
 We can read on e-books or online.
17 – get … information… from.. ‫يحصل على معلومات من‬
 we can get all our information from the internet.
18 – part of…. history…‫جزء من الماضي – موضة قديمة‬

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Unit (4)
1 – was born into a …… family‫ولد في اسرة‬
He was born into a wealthy family.
2 – decide that …………………….‫ * قرر‬decide to + ‫مصدر‬
 She decided that she wanted to be nurse.
3 – suitable for………………‫مناسب لــــ‬
It wasn’t a suitable job for her.
4 – so ‫ صفة‬that……………….. ‫لدرجه أن‬
 Her work was so effective that she was famous.
5 – be in charge of ……………….‫مسؤول عن‬
 She was in charge of the nursing of wounded soldiers abroad.
6 – be determined to……………….‫مصمم على‬
 She was determined to be a nurse.
7 – introduce new ideas…into……….. ‫يقدم أفكار جديدة‬
 She introduced new ideas into hospitals
8 – make sure………….‫يتأكد‬ * for sure………….‫بالتأكيد‬
 She made sure there was always hot water for doctors.
9 – The first / the only one……… to + ‫مصدر‬
 She was the first and only woman to join a school for pilots.
10 – work as a/an ……………………..‫يعمل كـــ‬
 She worked as a secretary at the airport.
11 – pay for……‫يدفع ثمن شيء‬ * pay to……..‫يدفع لشخص‬
 She worked as a secretary to pay for her lessons.
12 – have a licence………………‫لديه – عنده رخصة‬
 She was the first woman to have a pilot’s licence.
13 – fly …. solo….‫ = يطير منفردا‬alone
 She flew solo in an international race.
15 – from ………. to………..‫ الى‬.... ‫من‬
 The race was from Cairo to Alexandria.
16 – encourage…. to + ‫ يشجع على‬.…… ‫مصدر‬

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 She encouraged other women to have a career in flying.
17 – have a career in …………….‫لديه حياه مهنية في‬
 She encouraged them to have a career in flying.
18 – had to stop flying….‫يتوقف عن‬
 After the accident , she had to stop flying.
19 – at the age of… ‫ في عمر‬.. = aged
She died in 2002 at the age of 94. = aged 94.
20 – make achievements………..‫يحقق انجازات‬
She made great achievements in the field of flying.
21 – As well as + V + ing …………‫باالضافة الى – بجانب‬
As we as writing books, she also wrote poems.
22 – Write books on……………‫تكتب كتب عن‬
She wrote many books on society and culture.
23 – helped to + ‫مصدر‬ * helped in + ‫ * ……… الشيئ‬helped + ‫ مفعول‬with +
‫شيء‬
She helped to improve women’s position in society.
24 – get a good education …….. ‫يحصل على تعليم جيد‬
He mother encouraged her to get a good education.
25 – staff‫ * فريق او مجموعة عاملين في مكان مثل مدرسة او مستشفي‬crew ‫طاقم طائرة‬
‫او مركب‬
She joined the university staff as a research assistant.
The crew drowned when the ship sank.
26 – an inspector for………………‫مفتش‬
She was awarded as a government inspector for teaching Arabic literature.
27 – respected‫محترم‬ * respectful ‫محترم لألخرين‬
She was a respected teacher.
He respected others, he is respectful.
28 – spend + ‫ وقت‬+ V + ing ‫يقضي وقت‬ * take + ‫ وقت‬+ to + ‫مصدر‬
She spent holidays visiting museums.
He took three hours to do homework.
29 – take up + ‫وقت يأخذ من وقته او من حياتة‬ ........
Her work took up much of her personal life.
30 – personal ……………….‫ * شخصي‬personnel …….. ‫شئون العاملين‬
He didn’t tell others about his personal affairs.
31 – is still appreciated……………..‫مازال مقدرا او له قيمة‬
Her work, which had taken up much of her personal life, is still appreciated today.
32 - Expressions WITH get
get ‫يحصل على‬
get education ‫يحصلعلى تعليم – يتعلم‬
get an e-mail ‫يستلم ايميل‬
get news ‫يعرف اخبار‬
get hot ‫يزداد حرارتة‬
get at ‫يقصد‬
get together ‫يتقابل‬
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get to ‫يصل الى‬
get down to ‫يبدأ‬
get off ‫ينزل‬

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Unit (5)
1 – stop……….. from + v + ing ‫يمنع من‬
He can stop the heart from breaking.
2 – in vain = useless ‫بال فائدة‬
 He tried to solve the problem, but in vain.
3 – traditions‫عادات او تقاليد مجتمع‬ * habits ‫عادات شخصية‬
It is a tradition to wear black clothes at funerals.
His habit was to get up early.
4 – follow the rules…..‫يتبع القواعد‬ * break rules……‫يخرجعلى – يكسر القواعد‬
 Her work was so effective that she was famous.
5 – work very well……‫يعمل او يسير بشكل جيد‬
 She was in charge of the nursing of wounded soldiers abroad.
6 – different to……………..‫مختلف عن‬
 Her poems were different to most poems at that time.
7 – challenging to………….‫متحدي – مليئ بالتحدي‬
 Her poems are challenging to read.
8 – play the piano…….‫يعزف على البيانو‬
 She was good at writing and playing the piano.
9 – help with the housework‫يساعد في اعمال المنزل‬
 She helped with the housework because her mother was ill.
10 – instead of……….‫بدال من‬ * instead……………….‫بدال من ذلك‬
 He played football instead of watching TV.
She preferred to write long letters to each friend instead.
11 – It is very moving……………..‫مؤثر – عاطفى‬
 Her poem was is very moving.
12 – That sounds + ‫صفة‬
 That sounds lovely, I am going to read that poem.
13 - Read Well
Ashore ‫على الشاطئ‬
Above‫فوق‬
Asleep‫نائم‬
Ahead‫أمام – في المقدمة‬
Abroad ‫بالخارج‬
Aboard‫على متن – راكب‬
‫على‬
Alive‫حي – على قيد الحياة‬
Along‫بطول – بامتداد‬
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Awake‫متيقظ – صاحى‬

14 - Phrases with Break

break ‫يكسر‬
break rules ‫يكسر القواعد – يخرج على‬
break the law ‫يخرج على القانون‬
break heart ‫يحطم قلب‬
break ‫يخلف وعده‬
promise
break a ‫يحطم رقم قياسي‬
record
break down ‫يتعطل – ينهار‬
break out ‫ينشب لحرب او حريق‬
break into ‫يقتحم‬
break ‫انجاز‬
through
break the ice ‫يكسر حدة الجمود‬

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Unit (6)
1 – It is + ‫ صفة‬for + ‫ مفعول‬+ to + ‫مصدر‬
It is important for people to separate their work life from home life.
2 – make sure that…….. ‫يتأكد‬
 Parents should make sure that they spend enough time with their children.
3 – Find it / something + ‫ صفة‬+ to + ‫مصدر‬
Some people find it difficult to get the balance right
4 – get the balance right…………….‫يوازن بشكل سليم او مقبول‬
 It is difficult to get the balance right.
5 – allow + ‫ مفعول‬+ to + ‫مصدر‬ * allow + ‫الشيء‬ * let + ‫ مصدر‬+ ‫مفعول‬
 He didn’t allow them to smoke.
He didn’t allow smoking.
He didn’t let them smoke.
6 – flexible working hours …… ‫ مرونة في الوقت‬- ‫ساعات عمل مرنه‬
 She has more flexible working hours or
7 – available for‫ متاح او متوفر ل‬......................
 They expect them to be available for work all the time.
8 – work such long hours that………….. ‫يعمل ساعات طويلة لدرجة‬
 Some people work such long hours that they may suffer from stress.
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9 – The lead to ………………….. ‫ = يؤدي الى‬result in
 This can lead to a lack of sleep and feeling exhausted
10 – train for ……. ‫يتدرب من اجل‬
 ِِAthletes
Athletes who train for a competition always take breaks.
11 – take…. breaks‫ياخذ فترات راحه‬
 She should takes breaks so as not to feel exhausted.
12 – limit the number of …………………….. ‫يحدد عدد‬
 A break can also help to limit the number of holidays .
13 – take … days… off …..‫ايام اجازات‬
 They need to take some days off because of illness .
15 – If you have a problem ……….. ask ………….. for advice. ‫يطلب نصيحة‬
 If you have a problem at work, ask your manager for advice.
16 – out of stressful……………………‫بعيد عن‬
 It is often the best way out of stressful situations.
17 – have a career in …………….‫لديه حياه مهنية في‬
 She encouraged them to have a career in flying.
18 – part of ……………………..‫جزء من‬
 It is part of a manager’s job to help people with their problems
19 – help …………….. with ………….. problems ‫يساعد في‬
She died in 2002 at the age of 94. = aged 94.
20 – have a child…………..‫يولد له طفل‬
I have just had my first child.
21 – too + ‫ صفة‬+ to + ‫ لدرجة‬... ‫جدا‬ ‫مصدر‬ * so + ‫ صفة‬+ that………….
I'm too busy to go to work every day.
Sometimes I worked so hard that I had to work until late at night.
22 – do …. ours … of work ‫يؤدي ساعات عمل‬
I'm only doing a few hours of work a day.
23 - gets older………………‫يكبر في السن‬
As my son gets older; I'll increase the amount of work that I do.
24 – ‫ صفة‬+ enough to + ‫مصدر‬
You can't work hard enough to live comfortably.
25 – make money……………‫يكسب – يجمع مال‬
It can be hard to make money and look after my family.
26 – The best thing about………………. ‫أفضل شيء بخصوص‬
The best thing about freelance work is that you can choose your working hours.
27 - make ……………………… timetable.‫يعمل جدول‬
You can make your own timetable.
28 - get the work done…….. ‫يتم القيام بالعمل‬
It is very important that you get the work done on time.
29 – on time …..‫في الوقت المحدد‬ * in time……….‫في الوقت المناسب‬
It is important to deliver the money on time.
30 - moved away from……………….‫ينتقل من‬
I moved away from the city I was working in.
31 - make a ………………….. decision= decide ‫يقرر – يتخذ قرار‬
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I had to make an important decision.
32 – work on projects……………‫يعمل في مشروعات‬
I work on lots of different projects.
33 – take on a project…
I can choose exactly which projects to take on.
34 – provide / supply +‫ مفعول‬with+ ‫الشيء‬
= Provide / supply + ‫ الشيء‬for + ‫مفعول‬
The High Dam provides Egypt with electricity.
The High Dam provides electricity for Egypt.
35 – find the client for…..‫يجد العميل‬
If you are working for an organisation, they find the clients for you.
36 - gets lonely…….‫يشعر بالوحدة‬
It sometimes gets lonely working on your own.
37 – do … accounts‫يقوم بالحسابات‬
Freelance workers have to do their own accounts
38 – on your own = alone‫بمفردك‬
It is too difficult for them to do on their own.
39 – Take off………….‫لها اكثر من معنى حسب السياق‬
take off time ‫ياخذ وقت اجازة‬
take off jacket ‫يخلع مالبسة‬
plane take off ‫تقلع الطائرة‬
take off career ‫مسيرته المهنية تنجح‬

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Unit (7)
1 – anniversary‫ذكري سنوية‬
They will celebrate their marriage anniversary next week.
2 – queue
They are waiting in a queue to book the tickets for the match.
3 – row
He is sitting in the second row to the left.
4 – at a height of
The space station is at a height of 320 KM.
5 – Spokes
My bike spokes are broken.
6 – gravity
People in space have no weight because of zero gravity.
7 – treatment for = cure
Scientists are trying hard to find treatment for cancer.
8 – Look down on……………..‫ينظر من أعلى على‬

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Space travellers will be able to look down on the earth.
9 – have fun with………………‫يجد متعه في‬
We will have fun with weightless football.
10 – do sports……………………‫يمارس رياضة‬
I like doing sports in my spare time.
11 – reason for = reason why = cause of………………. ‫سبب – مبرر‬
I can't know the reasons for his death.
We don't know the reason why he arrives late.
12 – Start by + v + ing start with + ‫اسم‬
Can you start by telling us your name?
13 – location
Can you tell me your exact location?
14 – destination
Cairo is our next destination, isn’t it?
15 – Go walking= go for a walk
Let's go walking = Let's go for a walk.
16 – Take into space…….‫يأخذ للفضاء‬
People will be taken into space for their holidays.
17 – orbit ‫………… يدور حول شيء‬.. * spin…..‫يدور بسرعة حول نفسة‬
The space station will orbit the earth.
The space station is like a spinning wheel.
18 – The same…. as …‫نفس‬ * look like…. ‫يشبه‬
It is about the same as the distance from Cairo to El-Minya.
19 – suffer…. from ….. ‫يعانى من‬
They will suffer from the same side effects.
20 – Everyone + ‫………………… فعل مفرد‬
Everyone has described the amazing feeling of looking down on the earth.
21 – It will be impossible + to + ‫…… مصدر‬.
It will be impossible to go shopping or go for a walk.
22 – special …. ‫خاص او مميز‬ * private…. ‫ملك شخص أو عائلة‬ * public…..
uhl
This is a very special week for me.
This is a private garage. Don’t park here.
23 – mission ‫مهمة او بعثة بهدف معين‬
His mission was to do some repairs.
24 – leak…..‫تسرب – يتسرب‬ * lake……‫بحيرة‬ * lack ………‫نقص‬
There may be a leak of some kind.
The lack of medicine affects us badly.
25 – astronaut… ‫رائد فضاء‬ * astronomer… ‫عالم فلك‬ * astrologer…..– ‫عراف‬
‫منجم‬
Astronauts are people who travel into space.
He works as an astronomer and studies stars.
26 – launch …….‫يطلق قمر صناعى او صاروخ – موضة جديدة‬ * lunch….. ‫غداء‬
The launch is at 7:50 the next evening.
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27 – examine……‫يفحص شخص او اجهزة‬
The equipment will be examined.
28 – international …. ‫دولى – عالمى‬ * national ……‫قومى‬
There are two or three little things that need to be looked at on the International
Space Station.

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Unit (8)
1 – astronauts‫رواد فضاء‬ * astronomers ‫علماء الفلك‬
He travelled into space many times as he was as astronaut.
2 – planet ‫كوكب‬ * plant ‫نبات‬
 The travelled to many planets as Saturn.
3 – was interrupted by ………. ‫يقاطع‬
The message was interrupted by the computer, Hal.
4 – was about to……………….‫على وشك‬
 The part of the spaceship was about to fail.
5 – ‫ فاعل‬+ am – is – are – was – were + used to + V + ing / ‫معتاد على‬ ‫اسم‬
‫مفعول‬ + is – are – was – were + used to + ‫ مصدر‬/ for + v+ ing
 The men were not used to hearing about problems.
The radar was used to help planes to land.
6 – There were problems with…………………………..‫مشاكل في‬
 There were some problems with the spaceship.
7 – something wrong with ……………………………….‫مشكله او خطأ‬
 They were told that there was something wrong with the computer.
8 – decide to + ‫مصدر‬ * decided that + ‫جمله كاملة‬
 He decided to wake up the other astronauts.
9 – Threaten to + ‫مصدر‬
 She threatened to go out without him.
10 – so ‫لذلكـ‬........................... * so that ……….‫لكى ـ‬
 He had to find the controls so that he could turn off the computer.
11 – a waste of ………………………… ‫تضييع لـــــــ‬
 Space exploration is a waste of time and money.
12 – move into space…………………..‫ينتقل الى الفضاء‬
 People will need to move into space to survive.
13 – advantages and disadvantages of ……. = pros and cons ‫مميزات وعيوب‬
 What are the pros and cons of space travel?
15 – give a talk about………………. ‫يتحدث عن‬
 I am going to give a talk about a famous writer of science fiction.
16 – The son of a …………………………….‫ابن‬
 He was the son of a farmer.
17 – got a job with………………………‫يحصل على وظيفة‬

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 He got a job with the government.
18 – graduated in + ‫ عام‬/ ‫ماده‬ * graduated from…..‫تخرج من جامعة‬
 He graduated in maths and physics.
19 – The editor of…………………………..‫ رئيس تحرير‬/ ‫محرر‬
He became the editor of a science magazine.
20 – travel into space………… in rockets ‫يسافر للفضاء‬
Many of his stories were about people travelling into space in rockets.
21 – work on a film………………….‫يعمل على تأليف فيلم‬
He worked on a film for a famous writer.
22 – make a film of…………………….‫يصنع فيلم عن‬
He wanted to make a film of Clarke’s stories.
23 – improve the quality of…………………‫يحسن جودة‬
Technology can improve the quality of life.
24 – developing countries ….. ‫ة‬ƒƒ‫دول النامي‬ƒƒ‫ال‬ * developed (advanced )
countries..‫دول متقدمة‬
Developed countries should help developing countries.
25 – be named after……………….‫يسمى على اسمى‬
He was named after his grandfather.

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Unit (9)
1 – everyone + ‫فعل مفرد‬
Everyone has seen plants growing.
2 – decide that …………………….‫ * قرر‬decide to + ‫مصدر‬
 She decided that she wanted to be nurse.
3 – see + ‫ مفعول‬+ V + ing …..
 Everyone has seen plants growing.
4 – get ….. from ‫ من‬.... ‫يحصل على‬
 Plants get their food from soil.
5 – test with experiment…… = test by doing experiments…..‫يختبر‬
 Helmot decided to test the theory with Experiments
6 – gain weight…… ‫يكتسب وزن – يزيد‬
 The tree gained a lot of weight.
7 – put …… into ‫يضع في‬
 Some soil was dried and put into a pot.
8 – regularly…..‫بانتظام‬ * gradually ……. ‫بالتدريج‬
 He had the tree watered regularly with rain water.
9 – remove…. from ….. ‫يزيل من‬
 the tree was removed from the pot and weighed again.
10 – The same + ‫ اسم‬+ as ……‫نفس‬
 it was almost exactly the same weight as it had been five years earlier.

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11 – realize…..‫يدرك‬ * recognize……… ‫يتعرف على شكل شخص او مكان‬
 H e did not realize that the tree was being fed by another invisible food.
12 – make / produce……….. food‫يصنع او ينتج الغذاء‬
 plants and trees make their own food.
13 – process… ‫عمليه حدوث او تصنيع شي‬ * operation …..‫عمليه جراحية‬
 During the process of photosynthesis, oxygen and sugar are produced.
15 – released ……..back into the air ‫يطلق او يحرر‬
 The oxygen is released back into the air.
16 – ‫ الشيء‬+ is used …. as ….‫يستخدم كـــ‬
 The sugar is used by the plant as food.
17 – have an effect on…..‫له تأثير على‬ * the effect of……
 Some people are worried about the effect that mobile phone signals might have
on our health.
 What is the effect of smoking on our health?
18 – sign…. ‫الفته او عالمة‬ * signal ….. ‫رساله أو اشارة صوتية او ضوئية‬
 These signals are sent to and from our mobile phones
19 – device …… ‫ه‬ƒƒ‫ادا او ال‬ * devise ……‫ر‬ƒƒ‫يبتك‬ * advice….‫يحه‬ƒƒ‫* … نص‬
advise…..‫ينصح‬
Mobiles are excellent devices.
20 – live close to……‫يعيش بالقرب من‬
Many people who live close to masts are worried about getting headaches.
21 – complain to… ‫يشكوا الى‬ * complain about……‫يشكون من‬
‫او بخصوص‬
complain to …. ‫ * يشكون من الم – تعب – مرض‬complain that + ‫جمله كاملة‬
Many people have complained about feeling tired.
He complained that they treated him badly.
Ali complained of continuous headache.
22 – a link… between…‫رابط بين – صله بين‬
Is there really a link between illnesses and radio waves?
23 – There is no proof…… ‫ال يوجد دليل‬
There is no proof that radio waves make people ill.
24 – do experiments…… ‫يجري تجارب‬
In 2014, scientists did an experiment in England.
25 – experiment….‫تجربة علمية‬ * experience …..‫خبرة وهي اسم ال يعد‬
)an( ‫) بمعنى موقف او تجربة شخصية في الحياة فهى تأخذ قبلها‬experience( ‫ولكن اذا جاءت كلمة‬
‫ويمكن جمعها‬
Scientists do experiments to discover new things.
experience is a must for this job.
Facing the thief was an experience that I won’t forget.
26 – had + ‫ الشيء‬+ p.p. …..‫ال يفعل الشيء بنفسة‬
I had my car cleaned.
27 – result in = lead to….. ‫يؤدي الى‬ * result from = come from….‫يأتى‬
‫من‬
as a result of….. ‫نتيجة لــــ‬ * the result of…… ‫نتيجة الشيء‬
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 The cause of …. ‫سبب‬
Smoking results in Cancer. = Smoking is the cause of cancer.
Cancer results from smoking.
Cancer is the result of smoking.
Cancer happens as a result of smoking.
28 – affect = have an effect on / have effects on ‫يؤثر على أو له تأثير على‬
The effect of + ‫ الشيئء‬On + ……..
Pollution affects us badly.
Pollution has a bad effect on us.
What is the effect of POLLUTION on us?
29 – rather than…. ‫بدال من‬ * would rather + ‫مصدر … يفضل‬
We should recycle rubbish rather than burning it.
I would rather play football.
30 – follow advice ….‫يتبع نصيحه‬ * give advice…. ‫يعطى نصيحه‬
You must follow your parents advice.
31 – do / cause damage…. ‫يسبب ضرر او اذي‬
The signals are too weak to do any damage to our health.
32 – cure = treat ‫ يعالج باعطاء دواء‬...... * heal ……‫يخف او يلتئم للجروح والكسور‬
The doctor treated him carefully and he got better.
His broken arm healed after the accident.

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Unit (10)
1. work as a / an + ‫الوظيفة‬ - work for‫يعمل لدي شخص او شركة‬ - work on ‫يعمل على‬
‫تطوير او ايجاد‬
He works as a sales assistant for a big company.
He is working on a new treatment for cancer.
2. experience ‫ تجربة او موقف في الحياة‬/ ‫خبرة‬ - experiment ‫تجربه علمية‬
He has some experience in life.
He travelled a lot and had many experiences.
3. encourage + ‫ مفعول‬+ to + ‫مصدر‬ - encourage + ‫ اسم‬/ / V+ ing
He encouraged me to travel abroad.
He encouraged travelling abroad.
4. profession ‫مهنة عموما مثل الطب التدريس الهندسة‬ - career ‫اة‬ƒƒ‫يره حي‬ƒƒ‫ة (س‬ƒƒ‫اة المهني‬ƒƒ‫الحي‬
)‫الشخص العملية‬
This company has a very good reputation in the medical profession.
He started his career as a salesperson then he owned a company.
5. sociable ‫شخص اجتماعى له عالقات مع األخرين‬ - social ‫شيء اجتماعى مثل مشكلة أو أزمه‬
My brother is a sociable person who loves meeting others.
Unemployment leads to many social problems.

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6. on time ‫في الوقت المحدد تماما‬ - in time ‫في الوقت المناسب‬
If you have an appointment, you must come on time.
Luckily, the police came in time and arrested the thief.
7. make sure (be sure) ‫يتأكد‬ - for sure ‫بالتأكيد‬
You should make sure of what you want to do before starting work.
8. The result of ‫ نتيجه الشيء‬- result in (lead to) ‫يؤدي الى‬
Cancer is the result of smoking.
Smoking results in cancer.
9. neighbors )‫الجيران (األشخاص‬ - neighborhood ‫الجوار (المنطقة السكنية‬
)‫حولنا‬

neighboring ‫ متجاور‬/‫صفة بمعنى مجاور لـــ‬ - neighborly ‫صفة بمعنى محب لجيرانه او‬
‫متعاون‬
Our neighbors are very nice people.
There is a pharmacy in our neighborhood.
Egypt and Libya are neighboring countries.
He is neighbourly, he has good relations with his neighbors.
10. award ‫جائزة أو يمنح شهادة جائزة‬ - reward ‫يكافيء على مهارة أوسلوك‬
He was awarded his degree last week.
Ahmed zewail was awarded the Noble Prize.
His teacher rewarded him for his honesty.
11. soft / personal skills ‫مهارات شخصية مثل القيادة والحكمة‬ - hard skills ‫مهارت مكتسبة‬
‫كشهادة او رخصة‬
His wisdom is one of his best soft / personal skills.
Having a driving licence is one of the required hard skills.
12. Special ‫ خاص بـ او مميز‬especially ‫ خصوصا او خاصة‬private ‫خاص او ملك شخص او عائلة‬
Doctors and nurses wear a special uniform.
Tomorrow is a special day for my family.
I love all my family especially my daughter.
We own a private house overlooking the Nile.
13. fluent in English ‫ = طلق في االنجليزي‬speak English fluently = speak fluent English
He is fluent in English.
He speaks English fluently.
He speaks fluent English.
14. apply for a job‫ يتقدم لوظيفة‬- apply in writing ‫يتقدم بكتابة طلب‬
He has decided to apply for the job advertised in the newspaper.
If you are interested, you should apply in writing an application form.
15. do the accounts for …‫يقوم بحسابات‬
He does the accounts for a big company.

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16
 Unit (11)
Be born
- be born in + ‫مكان – سنة‬
He was born in Sidi Salem in 1973.
- be born on + ‫اليوم و التاريخ‬
Adam was born on the first of October 2014.
- be born into + (family)
She was born into a very respectable family.
- be born with + ‫مرض – مشكلة – إعاقة‬
My friend was born a heart problem.

graduate
- graduate from + ‫مكان‬
My brother graduated from Tanta university.
- graduate in + ‫التخصص – السنة‬
My brother graduated in law.
She graduated in 1995.
- a graduate of + ‫مكان‬
My brother is a graduate of Tanta university.
century – decade –
millennium
- century (a period of 100 years) ‫قرن‬
- decade ( a period of 10 years) ‫العقد – الحقبة‬
- millennium ( a period of 1000 years) ‫األلفية‬

help
- help + ‫ مفعول‬+ inf. = help + ‫مفعول‬+ to + inf.
My teacher always helps me speak well (to speak well)
- help + ‫ مفعول‬+ with + noun
My mother used to help me with my homework.
aged = at the age of
My father died aged 66.

17
 My father died at the age of 66.
My father died when he was 66.
blizzard – downpour – gale
- blizzard ‫عاصفة ثلجية‬
There was a blizzard last night, so the roads are full of snow.
- downpour ‫امطار غزيرة‬
The downpour lasted for most of last night and so we couldn't go out.
- gale ‫رياح عاتية‬
The heavy gale resulted in blowing down some trees.
publish – come out
- publish )‫) (من الممكن ان تبني للمجهول‬... ‫ينشر (كتاب – قصة‬
The publisher is the person who publishes books and stories.
The writer's new novel was published last week.
- come out )‫تظهر ال( تبني للمجهول‬
The writer's new novel came out last week.

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Unit (12)
provide
- provide + ‫ شخص‬+ with+ ‫شىء‬
Parents always provide their children with feelings and money.
- provide + ‫ شىء‬+ for + ‫شخص‬
The government provides schools with modern equipment.
communicate – contact
- communicate with + ‫شخص‬
We should communicate with each other to have a full benefit.
- communicate in + ‫اللغة‬
We usually like to communicate in English.
- communicate + ‫ الشىء‬+ to + ‫الشخص‬
He doesn't communicate his ideas very clearly to the students.
- contact (v) )‫يتصل بــ ال( ياتي بعدها حرف جر‬
I promised my friend to contact him the following week.
- contact with (n) ) ‫اتصال (تاخذ حرف جر‬
We all need much contact with the outside world.
sensible – sensitive
- sensible ‫( عاقل – حكيم في قراراته‬sensible ides – sensible
decision)

18
- sensitive
A good teacher is sensitive to their students' needs. ‫يتفهم مشاعر و‬
‫مشاكل االخرون‬
She is very sensitive to comments about her weight. ‫تتأثر و تتأذي بما يفعله او‬
‫يقوله االخرون‬
In the end – At the end
- In the end, + ‫في النهاية‬ ‫جملة‬
In the end, we managed to cross the river to the other side.
- At the end of + noun, + ‫في نهاية‬ ‫ جملة‬.....
At the end of the film, the hero was killed.
waste – spend
- waste (v) ‫يضيع الوقت او المال بال وعى او حكمة – يبذر‬
They wasted much time playing computer games.
My brother wastes a lot of money to buy very expensive clothes.
- spend (v) ‫يقضي وقت او ينفق مال في شىء محدد و بال اسراف‬
I spent 150 pounds on this shirt.
We really need to spend much time with our families.
retire – resign
- retire ‫يتقاعد عن العمل – يعتزل‬
My father retired when he was 60 years old.
As he was badly injured, the player decided to retire.
- resign )‫يستقيل من عمله (في أي وقت‬
He decided to resign to start his own business.
profession – career
- profession ).... ‫المهنة بوجه عام (الطب – الهندسة‬
Teaching profession is actually the best of all.
My brother is a lawyer by profession, but he works as a journalist.
- career ‫فترة الحياة العملية‬
I spent most of my career as a teacher.
Noha started her career at the age of 20.
appreciate – estimate
- appreciate ‫يقدر الشىء أو الشخص الهميته و فائدته‬
I hope my work will be appreciated in the future.
- estimate ‫يقدر الكمية او النسبة المئوية او العدد‬
We estimate that about 75 percent of our customers are teenagers.

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Unit (13)
19
 The + adj.
- The + adj. ‫تشير الي مجموعة من االشخاص‬ = adj. + people
We should all help the poor. = We should help poor people.
historic – historical – historian
- historic )‫تاريخي (مع االماكن و الحدث الذي له عالقة بالتاريخ‬
historic (place – event – moment)
Luxor is a very important historic city.
- historical )‫تاريخي (متعلق بدراسة التاريخ‬
historical (story – film – book – events – site – fact –
research…..)
I like reading historical stories and books.
- historian )‫مؤرخ (من يقوم بدراسة التاريخ‬
This book about history is written by a great historian.
clothes – cloth – clothe – clothing
- clothes )‫مالبس (دائما جمع و ليس لها مفرد‬
I took my son and daughter to buy some new clothes for them.
- cloth (un) )‫قماش (كمية ال تعد و تعامل معاملة المفرد‬
How much cloth do you need for this dress?
- clothe (v) ‫يكسو – يوفر الملبس لشخص‬
Fathers work hard to be able to feed and clothe their families.
- clothing ‫الملبس – الكسوة بوجه عام‬
Supplies of food and clothing were taken to the destroyed village.
like – Be like – unlike – alike
- ‫ فاعل‬+ like + ‫يحب‬ ‫مفعول‬ I like all my family
- ‫ فاعل‬+ Be like + ‫ = مفعول يشبه‬look like
My daughter is like her mother. (She looks like her)
What is the weather like today?
- alike )‫متشابه ال( ياتي بعدها مفعول‬
Although they are twins, they are not alike.
My daughter and her mother are alike.
- Unlike + ‫ إسم علي عكس‬Unlike his father, he is dishonest.
other – another – the other - others
- other + ‫إسم جمع‬
There are many other books that you can read.
We should all help each other.
- another + ‫إسم مفرد‬ another + ‫فترة زمنية‬
These cakes are so wonderful. Can I have another piece?
- the other + ‫إسم مفرد أو جمع‬
Can you give me the other cup? (The other cups)
- others + ‫بمعنى اآلخرون‬ ‫فعل‬
Some students are very clever, others are lazy.
event – accident – incident
20
 - event ‫حدث هام في التاريخ او الحياة‬
There are three main events in man's life; birth, marriage and death.
The victory of October is a very important historic event.
- accident )‫حادثة (تؤدي إلي إصابة او موت‬
My friend was injured in a car accident.
- incident ‫حدث في قصة و رواية‬
This story is full of some wonderful incidents.
make – one of
- make + ‫ مفعول‬+ (inf. – adj.)
He is a clever teacher who makes us enjoy our lessons.
My son makes me angry when he doesn't study.
- one of + ‫إسم جمع‬
Adam is one of the best students in the school.
society – community
- society )‫المجتمع (الناس يشتركون في نفس القوانين و التنظيمات‬
People in the same society share the same laws.
- community ‫طائفة من الناس يعيشون في نفس المكان او المدينة‬
We do a lot of charity work in our local community .
Phrasal verbs with "Take"

- take part in ‫يشارك في‬

- take place ‫يحدث‬
- take …….. place ‫يحل محل‬
- take turns ‫يتناوب األدوار‬
take off ‫تقلع – يخلع مالبسه‬

Phrasal verbs with give

give out ‫يوزع‬
give off ‫ينتج او يحدث‬
give away ‫يتبرع – يهب‬
give up – ‫ع عن‬ƒƒƒƒƒƒ‫يقل‬
‫يستسلم‬

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Unit (14)
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 allow – let
- allow + ‫ مفعول‬+ to + inf. ‫يسمح‬
My father allowed me to go out with my friends.
- let + ‫ مفعول‬+ inf. ‫يسمح‬
My father let me go out with my friends.
discover – invent – explore
- discover ‫يكتشف شيء موجود سابقا‬ - discoverer ‫مكتشف‬
Dr. Zewail discovered the femtosecond.
It was a shock for me to discover the truth about his terrible past.
- invent ‫يخترع شىء ليس له وجود مسبقا‬ - inventor ‫مخترع‬
Graham Bill invented the telephone.
They used barter system before money was invented.
- explore ‫يستكشــف مكــان لم يقم بزيارتــه مســبقا‬ - explorer
‫مستكشف‬
We went to the Alps and began to explore them.
Space exploration takes several years. ‫استكشاف الفضاء‬

else – other – another – the

other
- else )‫آخر (تأتي في السؤال و النفي‬
Do you want anything else?
What else did you buy from the market?
I didn't want to buy anything else.
- other + ‫آخر‬ ‫اسم جمع‬
I read some books and want to read other books.
- another + ‫آخر‬ ‫اسم مفرد‬
I read some books and I want another book.
- the other + ‫آخر‬ ‫اسم جمع – اسم مفرد‬
I want the other books / book.
transport – transfer –
transplant
- transport ‫وسائل النقل – ينقل عن طريق المواصالت‬
We should all use public transport to reduce pollution.
Goods are transported by sea, land or air.
- transfer ‫يحول شخص إلي – يحول شيء‬
The doctor transferred my father to a specialist in heart surgery.
The electric power is transferred to all houses in Egypt.
- transplant ‫نقل او زرع األعضاء‬
My father went to hospital as he needed hear transplant.
too – either
- too + adj. ‫جدا‬
The question is too difficult, so I can't answer it
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 - too + ‫ صفة‬+ to + inf. ‫جدا لدرجة أن ال‬
The question is too difficult for me to answer it.
- too ‫بمعني أيضا في نهاية الجملة المثبتة‬
I can speak English and my daughter can speak it too.
- either ‫بمعني أيضا في نهاية الجملة المنفية‬
I can't speak English and my daughter can't speak it either.
imaginary – imaginative
- imaginary ‫خيالي – غير حقيقي‬
This story is about imaginary people who got lost in the Pacific.
- imaginative )‫مبدع – خيالي (لديه أفكار شيقة‬
Our teacher is an imaginative one who creates interesting ideas during the
lesson.
alone – lonely – only
- alone ‫بمفرده‬
I left my son alone at home, so I want to hurry.
- lonely ‫يشعر بالوحدة‬
She felt lonely after her husband's death.
I had a lonely childhood as I had no sisters or brothers.
- only ‫فقط‬
I don't have enough money for this trip, only 30 pounds.
mystery – secret
- mystery ‫سر غامض لم يتم اكتشافه بعد‬
We all have tried to solve the mystery of the murder but in vain.
- secret ‫سر بين اشخاص يعرفونه و لكن يخفونه عن غيرهم‬
He told me to keep what he said a secret even from my family.

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