Yalcin Kaya

Five hybrid lines of forage peas (No. 14, No. 6, No. 12A, No. 13 and No. 9) and the Mir variety (standard) were studied in terms of ripeness and yield of grain and green mass. The study was performed in the experimental field of Institute of Forage Crops - Pleven, Bulgaria (2016- 2018). The occurrence of the phenological stages beginning of flowering, full flowering, and technical maturity (days) was monitored. At the full bottom pods stage the green mass yield (kg/da), and at the technical maturity stage the grain yield (kg/da) were recorded. The line No. 14 (vegetation period 218 days) was found to develop faster than other lines. Plants from this line enter the flowering stage much earlier than the Mir variety and reach technological maturity at the earliest. At ripeness, the lines are arranged: line No. 14 (218 days), line No. 12А (222 days), Mir variety (224 days), line No. 6 (225 days) and line No. 13 (233 days). Lines No. 13 and PL managed in the most unfavorable environment to fully manifest their biological potential and to accumulate more green mass (2007 and 2059 kg/da, respectively). In terms of grain yield, line No. 14 exceeds the standard by 35.42% on average over the period. Grain yield after it, lines No. 6 and 12А are ranked, with an excess of 21.53% and 20.83% respectively. For breeding purposes line No. 14 may be used in terms of ripeness, lines No. 14, 2А and 6 in terms of grain yield. The study is a contribution to the selection for the creation of new genotypes of forage peas with pronounced ripeness, increased ecological stability of both, green mass and grains.

Rapeseed is one of the important oil crops in the world. However, rapeseed could not be produced large areas in Turkey like other countries although it has more suitable conditions to grow easily. On the other hand, rapeseed is very suitable for fraying and biodesel. The study was conducted to determine the fatty acid composition of some rapeseed variety in Diyarbakır Province which is outh East Anatolian Region conditions in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons.. Five rapeseed variety (Catalina, Elvis, Jura, Licord and Orkan) were used in the study. Based on study results, , the highest palmitic acid obtained from Jura variety with 6,87 % and the lowest was obtained from Orkan variety with 6,29 %. The highest stearic acid was obtained in Catalina variety with 2,70 % and the lowest was obtained in Licord variety with 2,38 %. The highest Oleic acid was obtained in Elvis variety with 58,36 % and the lowest was obtained from Jura variety with 51,45 %. The highest Linoleic acid was obtained in Orkan variety with 21,21 % and the lowest was obtained in Licord variety with 19,32 %. The highest Linolenic acid was obtained in Licord variety with 10,33 % and the lowest was obtained in Catalina variety with 8,03 %. The highest Arachidic acid was obtained in Catalina variety with 0,33 % and the lowest was obtained from Elvis variety with 0,11 %. According to the two years average results from this study indicated that Elvis and Catalina variety in respect to fatty acid composition can be suitable in South East Anatolian Region

Yaglik aycicegi, adaptasyonu ve mekanizasyon orani yuksek, pazarlanma kolayligi ve tuketicilerce en cok tercih edilen bitkisel yag olmasi nedeniyle, ulkemizin en onemli yag bitkisidir. Ayrica ulkemiz yagli tohum uretimimizin yetersizligi ve son yillarda artan rafine bitkisel yag ve margarin ihracati nedeniyle artan yag acigimiz (2014’de 4 Milyar $), ayciceginin onemini giderek arttirmaktadir. Ulkemizde son yillarda agirlikli olarak Trakya Bolgesi’nde tarimi yapilan yaglik ayciceginin, artan fiyatlara da bagli olarak ekim alanlari giderek diger bolgelerde yayginlasmak olup, ozellikle Konya ve Cukurova bolgelerindeki artis dikkat cekmektedir. Yazlik bir bitki oldugundan , yillara bagli olarak verimi degisiklik gostermektedir. Ulkemizde aycicegi uretimini kisitlayan parametreler; son yillarda yeni irklarina dayanikli hibritler gelistirilen orobans parazitine ilaveten, yabanci otlar ve mildiyo hastaligidir. Ozellikle ekim oncesi ilaclarla kontrol edilemeyen pitrak, sirken, koy gocuren, ...

Sunflower area and production are decreasing in recent years in Turkey. The research covered the changes on inputs and product prices at real base in sunflower and its cost of production in Trakya Region. Total income was found as 1178 US$/ha, total production cost 1138 US$/ha, gross profit 444 US$/ha and net profit was calculated as 39 US$/ha in the research. Although the domestic production cost per MT sunflower seed was calculated as 650.29 US$, the import cost was found as 487.5 US$. Therefore, the import of sunflower seed seems attractive for sunflower oil industry in Turkey. Although inputs such as fertilizer 267%, fuel 105%, seed 14% exhibited in sunflower production, sunflower seed decreased 4.12% in 1999-2008. Research results indicated that subsidizing policy was not efficient to increase oil seed production and oil crops. Based on this situation, the vegetable oil deficit expects to continue in future in Turkey.

Sunflower is one of the most important oil crops in the world. In addition to be the most preferable vegetable oil in the Eastern Europe, Balkans and Blacksea region, sunflower is the main crops in the rotation system in the agricultural production as well as the most planted oil crops in these areas. Both world sunflower planted areas (21.000 ha in 2007 to 26.000 ha in 2019) and also seed production (26.000 MT in 2007 to 51.000 MT in 2019) have raised in last ten years but Blacksea region contributed mainly for these increases. In the region, while sunflower production has tripled from 11800 MT (2007) to 35.000 MT (2019), sunflower planted areas has raised 60% more from 2007 to 2019 (10.000 to 16.000 ha) in last 12 years.  The rate of region in sunflower production has increased from 45 to 68%, acreages from 49 to 64% in this period. Furthermore, the region plays key role and also dominated sunflower world trade as well as other oilseeds such as canola and soybean. As a spring crop, sunflower influence eventually from climatic conditions such as temperature, soil humidity, etc. in some critical stages which are determining seed and oil yield especially bud formation and the grain filling period. Biotic and abiotic stresses coincide in these two stages lead extremely reduce seed yield regularly in sunflower production areas in due to unregularly rainfalls and higher temperatures in spring and early summer seasons in Blacksea region which sunflower grows mostly in dryland. Therefore, it need to well understand these reducing factors and sunflower responses and mechanisms then it need to find accurate management solutions to cope with these factors efficiently such as early planting time and increasing plant density for obtaining better yields. Besides, biotic stresses mostly diseases such as downy mildew, Phomopsis, Sclerotinia, Verticilium wilt, Macrophomina and also broomrape parasite, weeds are the main factors reducing sunflower yield in the region. While there is only genetic resistance possible for disease control mentioned above ones, effective control of broomrape and weeds are possible Clearfield system with post emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide plus resistant varieties as well as sulfonyl Urea (SU) herbicide and resistant hybrids. Furthermore, combining these herbicide resistances together with new races of broomrape races and downy mildew and other diseases will lead higher yield results in sunflower production in the region in addition to other agronomical solutions.

Ecological stability of quantitative signs in white lupine varieties was studied in field trial in the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. Seven varieties of white lupine were used. Analysis of variance showed a well-proven influence of genotype and environment factors and the interaction between them in terms of plant height, number of pods, number of seeds and seeds weight. For plant height, number of seeds and seeds weight, the influence of the environment was stronger than that of the other two factors. The seeds weight strongly correlated with the Anicchiarico Wi indices (r = 0.87), bi (r = 0.634), ai (r = 0.633) and T (r = 0.559) and negative correlated with the Lin and Binns (r = -0.977) parameter. Ecological stability parameters for plant height showed the most stable and high-growing PI533704 variety; for the number of pods, number of seeds and seeds weight Zuter variety, respectively. Zuter variety was found close to the ideal type combining high productivity with ecological stability. Lucky801, for most signs, was environmentally unstable but highly productive and is therefore suitable as a parent component in breeding programs for obtaining high yield varieties.

Eight winter vetch varieties (BGE004222, BGE001847, BGE000637, BGE001076, BGE000639, BGE000643, BGE001383 and Asko 1) were assessed by plant height, fresh leaf weight, fresh stem weight and nodule number per plant in field trial in the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. The varieties are characterised by low general adaptive ability and average specific adaptive ability on the investigated signs. With the highest general adaptive ability by fresh leaf weight is distinguished BGE000643, by number of nodules per plant BGE004222 and BGE001383, and by plant height - BGE001847 and BGE000637, respectively. By the complex indicator selection value of the genotype, taking into account the general adaptive ability and stability, the signs fresh leaf weight and fresh stem weight the best was found BGE001383 variety. According to the number of nodules per plant and the indicators of adaptability and stability, the interest represents the variety BGE004222. Based on the aggregate assessment of the varieties, which is based on the average height of the plant and the parameters of adaptability, the most valuable were the varieties BGE001847 and BGE001076. A positive correlation was established between fresh leaf weight and: the specific adaptive ability (r = 0.568), the general adaptive ability (r = 0.099) and the indicator of the stability level of the variety (r = 0.544); and between the number of nodules with the coefficient of linear regression (r = 0.115) and with homeostaticity (r = 0.116).

Sunflower grows in summer so it influences greatly more from environmental factors then it could not compete efficiently with other crops (commonly wheat in rainfed areas and corn, sugarbeet, etc in irrigated lands) in the rotation. Therefore, breeders should develop new higher yielding and dry tolerant cultivars and also should find new production techniques to increase production with reducing of effects of environmental factors influenced seed yield. Weeds and broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) exist among the most limiting factors for sunflower production in especially in Eastern Europe and Black Sea Region. Clearfield Technology which using post emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides with IMI resistant cultivars presents efficient results both control broomrape and major broadleaf weeds in sunflower production. Furthermore, Sulfonyl Urea (SU) herbicide as post application like IMI is also another method to control weeds efficiently and it is preferred being cheaper than IMI....

Collaboration with Turkish Plant Breeders Association International Sunflower Association FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) MAIN ORGANIZER Trakya Agricultural Research Institute Edirne, Turkey www.ttae.gov.tr Phone: +90 284-235 81 82-83, 235 81 80 Fax : +90 284 235 82 10 E-mail: ttae@ttae.gov.tr Address: Istanbul Yolu, Bolge Trafik Yani PO Box: 16, 22100 EDIRNE, TURKEY

Ayçiçeği, dünyanın en önemli yağ bitkilerinden biri olmakla birlikte, Balkan
ve Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde en çok yetiştirilen, en çok tüketilen ve üretilen yağlı tohumdur. Bölgede aynı zamanda dünya ayçiçeği üretiminin de %60'dan fazlasını üretilmektedir. Orijini Amerika da olsa, ayçiçeği Rus araştırmacılar tarafından yağ bitkisi olarak geliştirilmiş ve ilk olarak bu bölgedeki yetiştiriciler tarafından üretilmiştir. Ayçiçeği, kumlu, çorak tuzlu ve kayalık topraklara kadar yetişen yabani akrabalarından gelen genetik çeşitliliği daha fazla koruduğu için, çok kuru ve normal mevsimsel yağışla birçok değişik bölgelerde yetişebilir (Skoric, 2012; Kaya ve ark., 2012; 2020).
Ayçiçeği, ülkemizde ve dünyada yazlık ve genelde sulanmadan
yetiştirildiğinden kuraklık, aşırı sıcaklık vb çevresel faktörlerden en fazla
etkilenen bitkilerden biridir. Ülkemizde ilkbaharda ekilen ayçiçeğinin ilk gelişme döneminde ihtiyacı olan su miktarı, kış yağışlarıyla toprakta biriken sudan karşılanmaktadır. Tane verimi için kuraklık açısından en kritik periyot, Haziran-Temmuz ayları olup, bu dönem tabla oluşumundan başlayıp, tane dolumunu da içerisine almaktadır (Kaya ve ark., 2005, 2012; 2020; Skoric, 2012; Sahin ve ark., 2020). Yapılan araştırmalarda ayçiçeğinde bu kritik dönemde kuraklığın 5 haftadan fazla sürmesi durumunda, kuraklığın önemli verim kayıplarına yol açtığı, tozlanmayı durdurduğu ve yağ verimini de etkilediği bildirilmiştir (Hussain ve ark., 2000; Fernandez ve ark, 2009; Skoric 2012).

As a summer crop, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is influences commonly by drought stress due to growing generally in rain fed regions without irrigation. Drought affects severely not only seed yield both also other important yield traits which plays important roles on yield formation in sunflower. Therefore, drought resistance became one of the most important goals in the sunflower breeding programs in the world. The study was conducted to determine drought tolerance levels of sunflower genotypes under controlled environmental conditions in Edirne which is a border city in Trakya region which is European part of Turkey and has about 50% of Turkish sunflower production areas. Sunflower restores lines which developed in National Project were evaluated foliar responses against drought stress. Based on study results, the most affected foliar trait was leaf area and it was reduced until 75%. Similarly, leaf number of plants also influenced severely especially from earlier droughts and...

Sunflower a vital crop in Balkan area both for existing as a main crop in rotation and also being as the most preferable and consuming vegetable oil in the region. Eastern Balkan countries Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey exist in top ten sunflower producers in the world. However, Serbia and Moldova exist among important sunflower countries too. Mostly hybrid seeds are planting and broomrape parasite, broad leaf weeds, downy mildew are the main problems in sunflower production area in Balkan Region. However, genetically resistant hybrids are developed and used for broomrape, downy mildew and some other diseases. On the other hand, Clearfield System hybrids having genetically herbicide resistant sunflower hybrids and post applied Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide controlling both broomrape and the main broad leave weeds effectively increase market share recently in the region. Sunflower production increases in the region due to higher demand for oil crops recently. Even though big increase i...

High oleic sunflower is new trend both in Turkey and also in the world due to that it present healthy vegetable oil and also higher standing ability for frying. Higher oleic acid also affects from environment especially nigh temperatures during the grain filling period but genetic contribution is also important. High oleic acid content comes from Pervenent mutation in sunflower and it controlling Ol genes. However, because of being a seed trait which is determining after harvest, it is so difficult and unnecessary works (waiting even low oleic ones until seed treshing, etc) to select high oleic sunflower genetic materials. Therefore, selection utilization of molecular markers for determining of higher oleic types help breeders a lot to select accurately high oleic ones and also reduce costs both workers, isolation material, etc… The study covers determining of higher oleic type sunflower genetic materials developed in National Sunflower Hybrid Breeding Project conducted by Trakya Ag...

In this study, moisture distribution of coarse type pumpkin seed in the form of spheroid is modelled by using diffusion equation. The analysis made for natural sun drying for constant environment temperature. Simulation results were obtained by Comsol Multiphysics finite element analysis software for 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 34 hours respectively. On the other hand, average moisture content as a function of time is obtained and an exponential decay type cure with three parameters is fitted to these results. The results show that drying rate of pumpkin seed is falling with time. Simulations shows a good agreement with experimental results at the literature.

Sunflower is one of the leading oilseed crops and it is widely grown in the Thrace region of Turkey. In 2017, in Turkey as a whole, oilseed and confectionary sunflowers were grown on 779.622 ha with a total production of 1 964 385 t of seed, and average yields of 2.64 t ha−1 for oilseed and 1.67 t ha−1 for confectionary types. Turkey is one of the important countries for crop diversity and has been described as a microcenter for some crops, which originated in different parts of the world. Landraces of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) show significant diversity in Turkey and have been collected in the framework of the “National Industrial Plant Genetic Resources Project” (NPGRP). Nine hundred and thirty two oilseed and confectionary sunflower accessions are in longterm conservation in the National Seed Gene Bank of Turkey. The mission of the National Sunflower Research Project is to develop improved germplasm and hybrid varieties by conventional and biotechnical breeding techniques ...

Confectionery type sunflower grows generally in Eastern and Middle Anatolia in Turkey but there is no certified seed in the production which have white color with grey stripe. The study covered the confectionery sunflower hybrids developed in Confectionery Sunflower Breeding Project conducted by Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey. The candidate confectionery hybrids were tested and evaluated in the regional yield trials in Trakya Region in 2009-2010. Seed yield, 1000 seed weight, flowering and physiological maturity period, plant height, head diameter, oil content were measured. Based on trial results; some experimental hybrids exhibited higher performance than controls for both for seed yield and seed weight and promising candidate hybrids were selected to send to registration trials. From these promising hybrids, 09 TRÇ 003 and 09 TRÇ 004 confectionery hybrid were sent to registration trials in 2011 2012, respectively and production permission were obtained for...

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) sustains frequently into severe droughts in recent years due to global warming as a spring crop. These abiotic stress affects seed yield highly resulting important yield loses as well as in oil yield in sunflower because especially the hot temperatures during grain filling period firstly reduce water quickly in the seed with resulting empty kernels. Therefore, sunflower breeders screen genotypes for searching drought tolerant genes in their sunflower breeding programs frequently to develop drought tolerant hybrids because only tolerant ones which have higher adaption capability to dry areas could be planted widely in the next years. The study was conducted in under controlled environmental conditions in Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne Turkey where is in Trakya Region which is European part of Turkey has about 50% of Turkish sunflower production areas growing in rain fed conditions. Some phenological and yield traits as well as total chlorophyll contents of some sunflower male inbred lines at R3, R5-1 and R6 growing periods as three drought stress applications were examined in the study. Correlation and regression analysis were performed to determine the relationships between seed yield and other yield traits. Based on correlation study results, the significant relationships were observed between seed yield per head and other yield traits (plant height, head diameter, leaf number and area, oil content and yield and thousand seed weights) in sunflower male lines both in control and three stress conditions except total Chlorophyll content in stress conditions. There are significant linear and quadratic relationships between seed yield and other yield traits based on regression analysis results in the study. The relationships of yield traits in this drought tolerance research will associate in sunflower breeding program then it will help starting to develop drought tolerant genotypes for future to escape away from drought stress in global warming conditions.

The genus Helianthus, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a very diverse genus that consists of 53 species including 14 annuals and 39 perennials. The large number of wild sunflower species constitutes a genetic pool for crop improvement providing breeders with potentially useful agricultural traits, such as increased disease resistance, high oil content, better abiotic stress tolerance, early maturity, enhanced antioxidant potential. These advantageous agronomic characteristics could be introduced into elite parental lines by interspecific crosses. The main goal of the present investigation was to examine the antioxidant capacity of different sunflower species grown in the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Trakya University (Edirne, Turkey) using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, and leaf flavonoid content. We analyzed the annuals (2n=2x=34) Helianthus petiolaris ssp. petiolaris, H. praecox ssp. runyonii, H. praecox ssp. praecox, H. praecox ssp. hirtus, the diploid perennials (2n=2x=34) H. divaricatus, H. salicifolius (2 populations), H. pauciflorus, H. smithii, H. grosseserratus, and hexaploid (2n=6x=102) H. tuberosus. Altogether, this work provides experimental evidences for the highly variable antioxidant activity of the studied sunflower accessions, which could be used as a basis for development of novel cultivars with desirable antioxidant properties.

Trial with 10 samples of garden peas was performed on the experimental fields of the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria during three years period. Three of samples had afila leaf type (Echo-af., Kazino-af. and line 22/16-af.), while the other seven (Marsy-n., Plovdiv-n., line 22/16-n., Shugar dwarf-n., Vecherniza-n., line B4/34-n. and line 1/17-n.)normal leaf type. In the stage of technological maturity of 10 plants from each sample the next indicators were evaluated: plant height (сm), height to first fertile node (сm), internode length (сm), tillers number, branches number, ineffective nodes number, total number of nodes, total number of pods per plant, 1 pod per fruiting handle, 2 pods per fruiting handle, pod length (сm), pod width (сm), pod weight per plant (g), green grains weigh per plant (g), % filled grains, % unfilled grains, average number of grains per pod. Regression analysis was applied and based on the values of the regression coefficient (R) it was found the most significant role in the formation of grain productivity was attributed to total number of nodes (R = 1.190), pods weight (R = 0.610) and height to first fertile node (R = 0.162). The analysis allows determining through which structural elements of the yield it is possible to more effectively increase the productivity of green grains from plants. Based on the regression dependencies, the effectiveness of the selection performance in the sampled garden pea can be successfully predicted.

The obtained higher yield results in the study indicated that confectionery sunflower had more potential especially in irrigated conditions, due to that confectionery price 3 times more than oil type. The candidate hybrids revealed mostly requested parameters for confectionery such as lower oil content (≤30%) and bigger size and also having earliness like oil types. Mainly negative correlation coefficients were calculated among yield traits in the research. The 1000 seed weight had more significant relationships with other traits and it is only significant trait related with sed yield with flowering but in negative way.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important edible oil crop in Turkey. Downy mildew and broomrape are the most important limiting factors for yield production in sunflower areas both in Turkey and also Eastern Europe and Black Sea countries. High or mid oleic type sunflower have recently started to gain importance year by year in the world because of that high oleic acid sunflower oil is more appropriate for frying as it is more beneŞcial to health. Therefore, higher oleic varieties will be demanded frequently in the future both in Turkey and also in the world. The study is involved the oleic type sunflower hybrids developed in Hybrid Sunflower Breeding Project conducted by Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey. The measured values were evaluated in oleic type hybrids evaluated in regional yield trials in dry conditions at Edirne and Luleburgaz in the project during 2011 and2012. Oleic type hybrids resistant to broomrape and downy mildew were tested in yi...

Arastirmada ayciceginde (Helianthus annuus L.) tane verimi ile verimin olusumunda etkili diger verim ogeleri arasinda iliskileri 5 yillik bir periyotta, ayciceginin en fazla ekildigi Trakya Bolgesinde iki farkli lokasyonda inceleyerek etkilesimlerini ortaya cikarmak amaciyla regresyon ve korelasyon analizi yapilmistir. Yapilan regresyon analizlerinde, tane verimi - verim ogeleri iliskisinde lokasyonlar arasinda belirgin farkliliklar ortaya cikmistir. Denemelerde erkenci cesitler on plana cikarken, her iki lokasyonda da yag orani arttikca tane verimi artarken, Edirne deki sonuclar bu artisin % 48 e kadar sinirli oldugu, bin tohum agirliginda da genelde paralel olarak gorulen artisin, kuadratik bir yon ile 50-55 g dan sonra duraklayip dusus gosterdigini ortaya koymustur. En yuksek belirleme katsayisinin goruldugu bitki boyu – verim ve tabla capi iliskisindeki Edirne lokasyonundaki lineer pozitif artis, Kirklareli de 165 cm den sonra, tabla capinda da 20 cm de duraklamis olup, tane ver...

● Sunflower is mostly grown for oil in the world and is the most important oil crop in Turkey. To develop new sunflower cultivars with higher oil content and seed yield is the primary goal in the sunflower breeding programs. Knowing the relationship between oil content and other important yield traits in sunflower is important for sunflower breeders to select accurately the best hybrids. Therefore, to investigate these relationships, correlation and regression analyses were performed. ● The experiments were conducted in Trakya Region which is in the European part of Turkey and represents 70% of the sunflower growing region of Turkey, in 2009 and 2010. Five yield trials consisting of 135 candidate sunflower hybrids in 2009 with three controls and four yield trials consisting of 100 hybrids and four controls were conducted in two locations (Edirne and Luleburgaz) in Turkey in 2010. The control hybrids were the top-selling sunflower hybrids in Turkish market in 2009-2010. Correlation a...

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oil crops in the world but it is the essential oilseed in Turkey. Sunflower grows widely in the Turkey and also other countries due to higher adaption capability, higher mechanization use, easy marketing, and also it is one of most preferable and consuming vegetable oil in Turkey. Weeds and broomrape parasite is the devastating biotic stress factor limited seed and oil yield in sunflower production. Clearfield System hybrids resistant to Imidazilonone (IMI) herbicide which controls both broomrape and also key broad-leaf weeds is commonly use in the world widely, because Clearfield system is easy solution both for broomrape problem and also especially large leaf weeds such as Xanthium strumarium Wallr. Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa cruss-galli, Sinapsis arvensis L., Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum L., Datura stramonium L. ragweed, Avena spp. etc. in sunflower production. The study conducted to determine IMI sunflower hybrid perf...

Sunflower is one of the mos t significant oilseed crops in the world. Sunflower lines with high oleic content have high oxidative s tability of its oil. Orobanche cumana Wallr., which is a holoparasitic plant infecting the sunflower roots, is one of the limiting factors for sunflower production especially in Eas tern Europe and Turkey. Screening for high oleic acid content and broomrape resis tant sunflower genotypes by s tandard methods is time consuming and expensive. Molecular markers associated with high oleic acid trait or broomrape resis tance are useful and rapid tool in order to facilitate sunflower breeding program. In this s tudy, two markers were chosen; SSR marker and HO PCR specific fragment for genotyping the 250 sunflower inbred lines for high oleic acid content. According to our results, high oleic acid containing hybrids expressed a specific SSR band at 246 bp, and also HO PCR specific fragment at 870 bp. Also, determination of broomrape resis tance for these 250 su...

Whereas traditional sunflower with high linoleic acid is predominant, the worldwide demand for oleictype sunflower has been increasing gradually. However, while oleic-type of sunflower has been raised in the USA since 1995 with the mid-oleic NuSun trademark, sunflower produced in Turkey is still almost only of the linoleic acid type and few steps have been taken so far to make the oleic-type more widespread in both production and usage in this country. Aside from the U.S., the most important European sunflower production has totally shifted to oleic-type and now even 75–80% of the share has been reached in France. Actually, Turkey has a big potential for oleic-type of sunflower oil since 600–700 t of worldwide sunflower oil consumption of around 10 million t is consumed by Turkish people. Besides, contrary to the traditional linoleic-type, oleic type sunflower oil totally conforms to EU Biodiesel Standard of EN 14214 and Turkish Biodiesel Standard of TS EN 1421 due to its lower iodi...

Path and correlation analysis were performed to investigate the relationships between seed yield and other important yield components in sunflower during 5 years period in Edirne–Turkiye conditions. To determine the level and forms of these relationships, regression analysis was utilized. Plant height, 1000 seed weight and head diameter were found positively and significantly correlated with sunflower yield. However, earliness of hybrids also played an important role in determining seed yield in sunflower. To get higher yield performance, oil type sunflower hybrids should have higher seed volume, higher oil content, taller plant height, larger heads, and lower husk contents. These hybrids should have also earlier flowering period and shorter physiological maturity duration than 107 days.

Downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii (Farlow) Berlese & de Toni) is widely observed in sunflower planted areas in Trakya region depending on climatic conditions in some years. Although genetically resistant hybrids to downy mildew have just started to plant recently in Turkey, they have been planting many years in European countries. In the study, to determine the situation of downy mildew in Trakya region, leaf samples were collected from mildew infested plants in different areas representing complete region. Consequently, a mixture of all different races was constituted and these leaf samples were dried at shadow at 24-48 hours period, and then they were stored in the refrigerator at -80 oC. Mildew spore solution from these stored plant samples. This spore solution was infested to experimental materials. In the research, HA-89 and 6626-A female lines were found to be to downy mildew and RHA-419, HA-460, RHA-436, RHA-437 and RHA-340 inbred lines were observed as resistant to the dise...

This book, edited by Dr S. K. Gupta, covers important topics by expert scientists on breeding major oil crops. The demand for growing oil crops is increasing continuously in view of growing world population and the ever-increasing threat of climate change. The book presents detailed chapters on the 11 most important oil crops, including brassicas, sunflower, sesame, safflower, oil palm, coconut, cotton, castor, olive, soybean and groundnut. However, keeping in view the recent advances in plant genomics, there are some chapters like chapter 6 on safflower, chapter 8 on coconut and chapter 9 on cotton, where authors have presented less information on the role of genomics and molecular breeding in the improvement of these crops. Nevertheless, the book, in my opinion, is timely and will prove useful for researchers, scholars and teachers in their chosen subject areas.

Clearfield ® (CL) production system is the using post-emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides and resistant sunflowers to control both major broad leaves and also broomrape. CL technology has been used successfully in sunflower production for ten years in Eastern Europe. The trials were conducted in Trakya Region of Turkey in 2009-2011. While the cost of herbicide application CL system was about 60 $ per ha, this cost was about 120 $ per ha classical system so herbicide costs is two times less in CL system. The seed yield performances and also some yield traits of both classical broomrape resistant and IMI herbicide resistant sunflower hybrids were evaluated in the study. Based on the results, there is not much big difference on especially seed yield between these two group hybrids. As a result, CL system, it could be advised especially larger planted areas, worker problem areas and heavily weed infested area in all sunflower planted regions.

Proizvodnja uljarica u Turskoj iznosi oko 20 miliona tona, ali je poslednjih godina postepeno počela da opada, naročito proizvodnja semena pamuka. Proizvedene uljarice ne mogu da zadovolje domaće potrebe, tako da se skoro iste količine i uvoze. Iako kapaciteti prerade u Turskoj ...

Downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii (Farlow) Berlese & de Toni) is widely observed years in sunflower planted areas in Trakya region depending on climatic conditions in some years. Although genetically resistant hybrids to downy mildew have just started to plant recently in Turkey, they have been planting many years in European countries. In the study, to determine the situation of downy mildew in Trakya region, enough leaf samples were collected from mildew infested plants in different areas representing complete region. Consequently, a mixture of all different races was constituted and these leaf samples were dried at shadow at 24-48 hours period, and then they were saved in the refrigerator at -80 ºC. Mildew spore solution from these saved plant samples. This spore solution was infested to experimental materials. In the research, HA-89 and 6626-A female lines were found to sensitive to downy mildew and RHA-419, HA-460, RHA-436, RHA-437 and RHA-340 inbred lines were observed as resistant to the disease. As a result, some resistant lines were observed in the early generations and it was determined that these resistant inbred lines could be used as donor lines in Trakya region in mildew resistance research

Sunflower is mostly grown for oil in the world and is the most important oil crop in Turkey. To develop new sunflower cultivars with higher oil content and seed yield is the primary goal in the sunflower breeding programs. Knowing the relationship between oil ...

Broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.), which is a parasitic angiosperm, is considered as one of the major limiting factors for sunflower production in Eastern Europe, Turkey and Spain [1; 2]. After infection of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) roots, the parasite takes ...

Page 1. 207 The Analysis of Sunflowers Yield and Water Productivity in Trakya Region Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17 (No 2) 2011, 207-217 Agricultural Academy The AnAlysis of sunflowers yield And wATer ProducTiviTy in TrAkyA region ...

... birim alandan daha fazla gelir getiren ve daha geniş alanlarda ekilen bitkilerde uygulanan bazı moleküler ıslah yöntemleri de, pratik olarak ayçiçeğinde ... TANG S, HEESACKER A, KISHORE VK , FERNANDEZ A, SADIK S, COLE G, KNAPP S J. Genetic Mapping of the Or5 Gene ...

The AGBIOL 2020 e-conference was organized by Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey focusing on Agriculture, Biology and Life Sciences topics, on September 1-3, 2020. The virtual event was held in TU Balkan Congress Center in Edirne, Turkey. The program was included oral talks by invited prominent scientists as well selected topics from the submitted abstracts.

Helianthus is a diverse genus comprised of 51 species and 19 subspecies with 14 annual and 34 perennial species. Wild sunflower relatives constitute a genetic resource of useful traits for crop improvement via transfer and infusion of genes into the cultivated Helianthus annuus genome, broadening the narrow genetic base of cultivated sunflower. Wild sunflower species are phenotypically and genetically much more diverse than cultivated H. annuus and their genetic potential has not been fully exploited. In the current study, an evaluation of morphological and biochemical traits on annuals Helianthus argophyllus (5 populations), H. porteri, H. agrestis, H. paradoxus (2 populations), diploid perennials H. nuttallii (6 populations), H. salicifolius (2 populations), H. winteri, and hexaploid H. laetiflorus was performed. Relative water content (%), the total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), total flavonoid content, total protein content and peroxidase activity were estimated. There was a highly significant variation among the all genotypes for all the characters studied. Further screening of wild species, potential donors of specific traits that will contribute to enhance the agronomic qualities of cultivated sunflower is needed.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) which is the most important oil crops grows mainly drylands in the world. Therefore, environmental conditions mostly influence severely sunflower yields especially in some seasons. In addition to biotic stresses such downy mildew, broomrape parasite, weeds, some other diseases, etc. biotic stress such as drought is the most limiting factor of sunflower production in different parts of the world. Due to global warming, sunflower will affect more these conditions so new developing hybrids need to drought tolerant. The study was conducted to determine their drought tolerance performances and to evaluate their drought indices of some sunflower candidate hybrids in conducted yield trials in Tekirdag and Edirne existing in Trakya Region which is European part of Turkey which has more than 40 % of Turkish sunflower production. Based on the study results, some candidate hybrids had higher drought tolerant indices such as total chlorophyll content, hairiness, dry root weight at stem than control hybrids in the study.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important oil crops in Turkey. Hybrids exists totally in sunflower production both in Turkey and also in other main sunflower producer countries in the world due to higher yielding, homogeneity and adaption capability. Downy mildew and broomrape parasite is two main factors reducing seed and oil yield as well as abiotic stress such as drought, higher temperatures during growing period and lower soil fertility in sunflower production. The study conducted to determine their performances of some sunflower candidate hybrids in conducted yield trials in Tekirdag and Edirne existing in Trakya Region which is European part of Turkey which has more than 40 % of Turkish sunflower production. Furthermore, Trakya region exist in Black sea region which has over 60% of world sunflower planted areas so these results represent base performances of sunflower planted areas in the world. The candidate hybrids were existed in yield trials and all important yield traits were measured and compared with control hybrids which are most selling commercial hybrids in the market in 2017. Some candidate hybrids had higher performances than control hybrids in the study.

Forage pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) grows drylands and winter conditions in Turkey and other parts of the world. Therefore, both dry and fresh hay yield is higher and preferred by producers largely for animal feeding. Furthermore, its nutritional value such as fiber value, protein content. etc. is higher and present delicious feed both fresh hay and dry as well as grain for animals. Forage pea production has increased recently in Turkey in different regions especially after government subsidies started on forage pea. The study was conducted to determine yield performance of some candidate forage pea varieties developed by Tragen R&D Co in Edirne and Tekirdag locations in Trakya region in 2017-2018 growing season. Based on study results, some candidate varieties exhibited higher performances both fresh and hay yield than controls. Among candidate forage pea varieties, TG-601 candidate forage pea variety showed promising performance in both locations. Therefore, it sent to registration trials and obtained production permission in 2019 Fall.

As the most consumed snack in Turkey, domestic confectionary sunflower production is not enough and Turkey pay every year about 100 million USD imports. Furthermore, Turkey has excellent location for confectionery sunflower seeds because almost all neighbour countries consume a lot sunflower snacks so has huge advantages for export too. However, mostly open pollinated cultivars are in the market with having less uniform seeds in the confectionery planted areas (about 100.000 ha in Turkey). Therefore, hybrid confectionery sunflower cultivar should exist urgently and they have to have higher adaptation capabilities as well as stability to increase confectionery sunflower production in Turkey. The study was conducted to determine seed yield stability of some sunflower confectionery cultivars in different climatic conditions in 2014-2018 period. Based on study results of the eight stability parametes, Palanci cultivar had higher performance for seed yield as well as could be determined as the most stabile hybrid among cultivars existed in the research.

Confectionary pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo l.) is one of the most consumed confectionery product in Turkey. There are few hybrids in confectionery pumpkin production in Turkey and seed quality is the most important problem in Turkish confectionery market as well as in production. Hybrids are preferred both by industry for homogenous seeds and also by producers for uniform plants and having higher yields and quality. The study was conducted to determine of seed quality characteristics of inbred lines and their F1 hybrids with other yield traits. The relationships of thousand seed weight, seed length and width as seed quality traits with leaf length and width, vine length, fruit diameter, length and width, flesh thickness, number of seeds and seed weight per fruit were investigated based on correlation and regression analysis among these traits in the study. The correlation analysis indicated that fruit width is the most important character for seed quality having higher positive relationships with these three seed quality traits as well as with seed yield in both inbred lines and hybrid. Fruit diameter and seed number per fruit seems other essential characters for seed quality in confectionery pumpkin other than this trait following it respectively. In conducted regression studies, linear relationships in positive way were observed especially between fruit width and these three seed quality traits.

Confectionary sunflower is the most consumed confectionery product in Turkey. Although there is about 100.000 ha confectionery sunflower planted area in Turkey, Turkish seed confectionery sunflower production is not enough for domestic consumption and there is over 100 million USD imports every year. The most important reasons are lower yields due to using standard seeds then resulted lower quality, some diseases and broomrape parasite problem, higher costs due to lower mechanization uses, etc. The confectionery sunflower seed import mostly from China because of the longer grains and these type seeds invade recently almost all Turkish confectionery market. Beside, Turkey has very big potential for confectionery export due to geographical advantages. However, hybrids having higher yields, quality and uniform seed are preferred both by industry and also by farmers are few in Turkey. Furthermore, certified seed use by producers also lower too. The study was conducted to determine yield performance of candidate sunflower confectionery hybrids developed by Tragen R&D Co in Edirne and Tekirdag locations in Trakya region in 2019. Based on study results, some candidate hybrids exhibited higher performances than control hybrid. TG-400 candidate hybrid showed promising performance in both locations and then it sent to registration trials and obtained production permission in 2020.

Wheat is the most important crop both in Turkey and also in Trakya region which is European part of Turkey. The study was conducted to test performance of some wheat cultivars in Trakya Region conditions in 2017-2018 growing season. Yield trials were planted at two locations as Edirne and Kirklareli provinces and both provinces exist top fifteen wheat producer provinces in Turkey. Trials were planted by planter in 10 November in 2017 and harvested by harvest combine in 13 July in 2018. Experiment was conducted with four replications at Randomized Complete Block Design (RCB). 25 kg/da N and 5 kg/da P2O5 fertilizer were applied from planting to spiking stage periodically. 24 candidate wheat lines and five control cultivars which are the most planted and preferred wheat cultivars by farmers and flour industry in Trakya Region as Pehlivan, Gelibolu Rumeli, Esperia and Flamura-85 existed in yield trials. Based on experiment results, some cultivars exhibited higher seed yield performances over control cultivars and the average of seed yield was calculated as 767,4 kg/da. TRAGEN-10 was existed in top rank based on average seed yield and TRAGEN GB11, GB10, GB 8 followed this candidate. The candidate also evaluated and compared with control cultivars based seed and flour quality results. As results, TRAGEN Ltd wheat cultivars had favourable results based this study and promising ones will be tested again future trials and selected ones will send to registration trials to produce and then exist in Turkish seed market.

Sunflower is one of the most important oil crops in the world. In addition to be the most preferable vegetable oil in the Eastern Europe, Balkans and Blacksea region, sunflower is the main crops in the rotation system in the agricultural production as well as the most planted oil crops in these areas. Both world sunflower planted areas (21.000 ha in 2007 to 26.000 ha in 2019) and also seed production (26.000 MT in 2007 to 51.000 MT in 2019) have raised in last ten years but Blacksea region contributed mainly for these increases. In the region, while sunflower production has tripled from 11800 MT (2007) to 35.000 MT (2019), sunflower planted areas has raised 60% more from 2007 to 2019 (10.000 to 16.000 ha) in last 12 years.  The rate of region in sunflower production has increased from 45 to 68%, acreages from 49 to 64% in this period. Furthermore, the region plays key role and also dominated sunflower world trade as well as other oilseeds such as canola and soybean. As a spring crop, sunflower influence eventually from climatic conditions such as temperature, soil humidity, etc. in some critical stages which are determining seed and oil yield especially bud formation and the grain filling period. Biotic and abiotic stresses coincide in these two stages lead extremely reduce seed yield regularly in sunflower production areas in due to unregularly rainfalls and higher temperatures in spring and early summer seasons in Blacksea region which sunflower grows mostly in dryland. Therefore, it need to well understand these reducing factors and sunflower responses and mechanisms then it need to find accurate management solutions to cope with these factors efficiently such as early planting time and increasing plant density for obtaining better yields. Besides, biotic stresses mostly diseases such as downy mildew, Phomopsis, Sclerotinia, Verticilium wilt, Macrophomina and also broomrape parasite, weeds are the main factors reducing sunflower yield in the region. While there is only genetic resistance possible for disease control mentioned above ones, effective control of broomrape and weeds are possible Clearfield system with post emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide plus resistant varieties as well as sulfonyl Urea (SU) herbicide and resistant hybrids. Furthermore, combining these herbicide resistances together with new races of broomrape races and downy mildew and other diseases will lead higher yield results in sunflower production in the region in addition to other agronomical solutions.

BIALIC CONGRESS
www.bialic.org
INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGICAL, AGRICULTURAL AND LIFE SCIENCE CONGRESS
November 7-8, 2019
Lviv, Ukraine

“International Biological, Agricultural and Life Science Congress” is a premier international science, technology and business forum focusing on Biology, Agriculture, and Life Science. The technical sessions will highlight invited and oral presentations.
Keynote (Invited) Speakers will be existed in each session also in three categories in the Congress program.
The Congress will be Green Congress basis so as much as less papers will be used and with carrying out our environment.
CONGRESS TOPICS:
Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Agricultural Engineering, Aquaculture and Biosystems, Animal Science, Biomedical Science, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology, Bioengineering, Biomaterials, Biomechanics, Biophysics, Bioscience, Biotechnology, Botany, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Food Science, Genetics and Human Genetics, Medical Science, Machinery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics, Soil Science, Sustainable Agriculture.
INVITED SPEAKERS
Prof Dr Yaroslav BLUME, Director of Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Prof Dr Aziz TEKIN, Dean of Engineering Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey
Prof Dr Ioannis TOKATLIDIS, Trakia Democritus University, Greece
Dr. Leonardo VELASCO, Director of IAS-CSIC, Córdoba, Spain, EUCARPIA Oilseed Coordinator
Prof. Dr Maria DUCA, Rector of University of National Academy of Sci. Moldova
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nooduan MUANGSAN, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
Prof Dr Alla YEMETS, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine
Acad Prof Dr Gheorghe DUCA, President of Moldova Academy of Science, Moldova

IMPORTANT DATES
Deadlines of Abstract Submission ~ September 1st 2019
Deadlines of Full Paper Submission ~ November 1st 2019
Deadlines for Early Registration ~ July 31st 2019
Congress Dates ~ November 7-8, 2019
Early Registration fee for Turkish participants 600 TL, Students for 400 TL
Early Registration fee for Ukrainan participants 2500 UAH, Students for 2500 UAH
Early Registration fee for other country participants 125 Euro Students for 75 Euro
Registration Fee covers attending of all Congress sessions, Congress materials (bag, flash memory, etc.), coffee breaks, lunches, transfers between the congress center and hotels during the Congress (November 7– 8th), city excursion in November 8th and gala dinner on November 8th.
Congress Language is English.
Congress papers will be published in Congress Abstract of Proceeding Book. Additionally, the participants are encouraged to send their full papers that after the Congress are going to be published in indexed International Scientific Journals or Congress Proceeding Book.
Abstract submission and registration link is below. http://bialic.congress.gen.tr/
You can get more information from our web page.  https://bialic.org/ 

Wait you to attend in our congress…
See you in Lviv, Ukraine..

Prof. Dr. Yalcin KAYA
Chair of Organizing Committee

WORLD OILSEEDS CONGRESS
http://worldoilseed.org
November 6-7, 2019
Lviv, Ukraine

“World Oilseed Congress” is a premier international science, bringing together producers, trade, industry, technology and business focusing on oilseeds. The program will include a plenary session on oilseed production, markets, economics and the policies and regulations governing oil trade. The technical sessions will highlight invited and oral presentations on congress topics.
The congress will be green congress basis so as much as less papers will be used and with carrying out our environment.
Congress language is ENGLISH.
Congress Topics:
• All oilseeds (Sunflower, Canola, Peanut, Flax, Sesame, Cottonseed, Castor, Palm, Olive and other oilseeds) production, breeding, agronomy, biotechnology, etc.
• World oilseed and oil trade,
• Oilseed and Oil chemistry
• Oilseed and Oil Industry and sector
• Oilseed and Oil equipment
• Nutrition and Lipids
• Processing and Industrial Applications
• Food Applications and Products
• Methods and Standards
INVITED SPEAKERS
Prof Dr Aziz TEKIN, President of Oil Science and Technology Association, Turkey (YABITED), Dean of Engineering Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, Euro Fed Lipid Board Member
Metin YURDAGUL, President of Margarine Producers and Industry Association, Turkey (MUMSAD),
Dr. Leonardo VELASCO, Director of IAS-CSIC, Córdoba, Spain, EUCARPIA Oilseed Coordinator
Prof. Dr Maria DUCA, Rector of University of National Academy of Sci. Moldova
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nooduan MUANGSAN, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand
Prof. Dr. Nurhan T. DUNFORD, Oklahoma State University, USA



IMPORTANT DATES
Deadlines of Abstract Submission ~ September 1st 2019
Deadlines of Full Paper Submission ~ November 1st 2019
Deadlines for Early Registration ~ May 31st 2019
Congress Dates ~ November 6-7, 2019
Early Registration fee for Academicians & Researchers 125 Euro, Students for 75 Euro
Early Registration fee for Industry 200 Euro, Late registration 250 Euro
Registration Fee covers attending of all Congress sessions, Congress materials (bag, flash memory, etc.), coffee breaks, lunches, transfers between the congress center and hotels during the Congress (November 6th – 7th), city excursion in November 7th and gala dinner on November 7th.
Congress papers will be published in Congress Abstract of Proceeding Book. Additionally, the participants are encouraged to send their full papers that after the Congress are going to be published in indexed International Scientific Journals or Congress Proceeding Book.
Abstract submission and registration link is below. http://oilseed.congress.gen.tr/
You can get more information from our web page.  https://worldoilseed.org/
Wait you to attend in our congress…
See you in Lviv, Ukraine..

Prof. Dr. Yalcin KAYA
Chair of Organizing Committee

Sunflower is one of the leading oilseed crops and it is widely grown in the Thrace region of Turkey. In 2017, in Turkey as a whole, oilseed and confectionary sunflowers were grown on 779.622 ha with a total production of 1 964 385 t of seed, and average yields of 2.64 t ha À1 for oilseed and 1.67 t ha À1 for confectionary types. Turkey is one of the important countries for crop diversity and has been described as a microcenter for some crops, which originated in different parts of the world. Landraces of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) show significant diversity in Turkey and have been collected in the framework of the "National Industrial Plant Genetic Resources Project" (NPGRP). Nine hundred and thirty two oilseed and confectionary sunflower accessions are in longterm conservation in the National Seed Gene Bank of Turkey. The mission of the National Sunflower Research Project is to develop improved germplasm and hybrid varieties by conventional and biotechnical breeding techniques in Turkey. New germplasm and breeding lines have been developed to improve oilseed and confectionary sunflower hybrids with desired characters including high yield and oil quality, resistance to diseases such as: Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl de Toni., Puccinia helianthi Schw., and Orobanche cumana Walr. Adverse conditions are also taken under consideration. These studies are integrated with agronomic and other related research. Résumé-Tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) en Turquie : ressources génétiques, production et recherche. En Turquie, le tournesol est l'une des principales cultures d'oléagineux et est principalement cultivé dans la région de Thrace. En 2017, les tournesols oléagineux et de bouche ont été cultivées sur 77 9622 hectares en Turquie pour une récolte de 1 964 385 t et des rendements moyens de 2640 t/ha pour le premier et 1 670 t/ha pour le second. La Turquie est l'un des principaux pays pour la diversité des cultures et est décrite comme un microcentre pour certaines cultures originaires de différentes régions du monde. Les variétés du tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) présentent également une diversité importante en Turquie. Les variétés de pays de tournesol ont été rassemblées dans le cadre du « Projet national de ressources génétiques pour les cultures industrielles » (National Industrial Plant Genetic Resources Project, NPGRP). Neuf cent trente-deux entrées (932 entrées) de tournesol oléagineux et de bouche sont en conservation à long terme à la Banque nationale de ressources génétiques de Turquie. Le projet de recherche national sur le tournesol a pour mission de développer du matériel génétique amélioré au moyen de techniques de sélection conventionnelles et biotechnologiques pour la région de Thrace et d'autres zones de production en Turquie. De nouveaux germplasmes et lignées parentales ont été mis au point pour améliorer les variétés hybrides oléagineux et de bouches avec les caractères recherchés : rendement élevé et huile de bonne qualité, résistance aux maladies telles que Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl de Toni., Puccinia helianthi Schw. et Orobanche cumana Walr. Les comportements en conditions défavorables sont également pris en compte. Ces études sont également intégrées à des recherches en agronomie et d'autres sujets connexes.

Increasing the sunflower seed oil content as well as improving its quality makes it compatible for industrial demands. This is an important breeding objective of sunflower which increases its market value and ensures high returns for the producers. The present review focuses on determining the progress of improving sunflower seed oil content and modifying its quality by empirical and advanced molecular breeding methods. It is known that the oil content and quality of sunflower oil have been altered through empirical selection methods and mutation breeding programs in various parts of the world. Further improvement in seed oil content and its components (such as phytosterols, tocopherols and modified fatty acid profile) has been slowed down due to lower genetic variation in elite germplasm and complex hereditary of traits. Introgression from wild species can be carried out to modify the fatty acids profile and tocopherol contents with linkage drags. Different transgenes introduced through biotechnological methods may produce novel long chain fatty acids within sunflower oil. Bio-engineering of sunflower oil could allow to be utilized in diverse industrial products such as biodiesel or bioplastics. These results showed that past and current trends of modifying the sunflower oil quality are essential for its further expansion as an oilseed crop.

Öz Yağlık ayçiçeği, adaptasyonu ve mekanizasyon oranı yüksek, pazarlanma kolaylığı ve tüketicilerce en çok tercih edilen bitkisel yağ olması nedeniyle, ülkemizin en önemli yağ bitkisidir. Ayrıca ülkemiz yağlı tohum üretimimizin yetersizliği ve son yıllarda artan rafine bitkisel yağ ve margarin ihracatı nedeniyle artan yağ açığımız (2014'de 4 Milyar $), ayçiçeğinin önemini giderek arttırmaktadır. Ülkemizde son yıllarda ağırlıklı olarak Trakya Bölgesi'nde tarımı yapılan yağlık ayçiçeğinin, artan fiyatlara da bağlı olarak ekim alanları giderek diğer bölgelerde yaygınlaşmak olup, özellikle Konya ve Çukurova bölgelerindeki artış dikkat çekmektedir. Yazlık bir bitki olduğundan, yıllara bağlı olarak verimi değişiklik göstermektedir. Ülkemizde ayçiçeği üretimini kısıtlayan parametreler; son yıllarda yeni ırklarına dayanıklı hibritler geliştirilen orobanş parazitine ilaveten, yabancı otlar ve mildiyö hastalığıdır. Özellikle ekim öncesi ilaçlarla kontrol edilemeyen pıtrak, sirken, köy göçüren, vb yabancı otlar, verimi fazlaca etkilediğinden, hem bu geniş yapraklı otları, hem de orobanşı kontrol eden çıkış sonrası Imidazolinone (IMI) terkipli herbisitlerin ve buna dayanıklı ayçiçeği hibritlerinin kullanıldığı Clearfield teknolojisi, pazarda payını giderek arttırmaktadır. Son yıllarda, mildiyö ve orobanşın yeni ırklarına dayanıklı çeşitler piyasada olduğundan, ayçiçeğinde çeşit problemi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak tüketicilere hem kaliteli bir yağ sunan, hem de kızartmaya daha uygun ve dünyada payı giderek artan oleik tip ayçiçeğinin ülkemizde gelecekte fazlaca yaygınlaşması, ülkemiz ekonomisine önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Abstract Oil type sunflower is the most important oil crops due to its higher adaptation and mechanization use, being easy marketable and the most preferred vegetable oil by consumers in Turkey. Due to the lack of our domestic oilseed production, rising vegetable oils and margarine exports and our oil deficit (4 billion in 2014) in recent years increases gradually the importance of sunflower. Oil type sunflower which are mainly cultivated in Trakya region is going to spread to other regions its acreage due to rising prices and the increases particularly in the Konya and Cukurova region in recent years are noteworthy. As being a summer crop, its yield varies depending on the year. Parameters that restrict the sunflower production in our country are weeds and downy mildew in addition to broomrape parasite which were developed resistant hybrids against it in recent years. The broad-leaf weeds such as cocklebur, Cirsium, Chenopodium etc. which are not controlled by pre emergence herbicides influence more seed yield much so Clearfield technology applied post-emergence with controlling both broomrape and Imidazolinone (IMI) resistant sunflower hybrids are gradually increased its market share. In recent years, there is no sunflower variety problem because new cultivars resistant to downy mildew and broomrape are in the market. However, the increase of oleic type sunflower both offering a high quality oil to consumers as well as is much more affordable for frying oil with increasing market share widespread in the world will make an important contributions to our country economy in the future.

Hibrit (Melez) tohumluklar gerek ayçiçeğinde, gerekse birçok üründe geliştirilmiş  ve üretimde yerini almıştır. Bütün dünyada, özellikle de yabancı döllenen bitkilerde, yüksek verim potansiyeli ve kaliteye sahip oluşları, hastalık ve zararlılara olan dayanıklılıkları nedeniyle, giderek artan oranda kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür tohumlar aynı zamanda olgunlaşıp, gerek görünüm, gerekse üründeki homojen yapısı nedeniyle gerek üretici, gerek tüketicilerce fazlaca tercih edilmektedir. Ayçiçeğinde ilk hibrit çeşitler, CMS hatların 1968 yılında ve bunları restore eden genlerin de 1970li yılların başında bulunmasıyla, yetmişli yılların sonunda geliştirilmiştir.
Ülkemizde ise ayçiçeğinde ilk hibrit tohumluklar, tohumculuğun özel sektöre açılmasıyla 1984 yılında yurt dışından getirilmiştir. Bunlar aynı zamanda, orobanşın yeni ırklarına da dayanıklı olduklarından, bu yıldan itibaren hibrit tohumlar yaygın olarak ekilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu suretle, o yıllarda ülkemizde ayçiçeği ekim alanlarında ve üretiminde önemli artışlar sağlanmıştır. Halen ülkemizin bütün bölgelerinde ayçiçeği tarımı yapılmakta olup, üretimin hemen hemen tamamında hibrit tohumlukların kullanılmaktadır.

Ayçiçeği kabuğu her bitkide olduğu gibi, taneyi kaplar ve dış etmenlerden korur. Yağlık ayçiçeği tanesinin toplam ağırlığın yaklaşık % 21-30’u kabuktur. Çerezlik çeşitlerde bu oran % 36-50 arasında değişir. Ancak çerezlik ve yağlık tiplerin kimyasal kompozisyonları arasında, çerezliklerin biraz daha fazla lif içermesi hariç, belirgin bir fark yoktur. Ayçiçeğinde tanedeki kabuk ve yağ oranı arasındaki ters bir korelasyon söz konusudur. Tanedeki yağ oranı arttıkça kabuk oranı düşer. İyi bir yağlık ayçiçeği hibrit çeşidin tanesindeki yağ oranı % 50’nin üzerinde ve kabuk oranı ise, % 20 civarında olmalıdır.

Erkek kısırlık doğada yüksek oranda kendine döllenmiş bitkilerde yabancı döllenmeyi kolaylaştırmak için kullanılır. Erkek kısırlığın genetik kontrolü genelde tek resesif gen çifti tarafından belirlenmesine rağmen, daha karmaşık genetik sistemlerin de olduğu görülmüştür. Islah programlarında erkek kısırlık temel kullanımı tekrarlamalı seleksiyon ile populasyonlarının arzulanan genetik özelliklere kavuşmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Populasyon içi seleksiyonda, tek bir bitki, döl kontrolü ve ya her ikisi de kullanılır. Erkek kısırlığın F1 hibrit üretiminde kullanımı, ayçiçeği, mısır ve sorgum gibi bitkilerde üretim patlamasına yol açmıştır. Ayçiçeğinde ve diğer yabancı döllenen bitkilerde iki tür kısırlık vardır.  Sitoplazmik erkek kısırlık (CMS)  Genetik erkek kısırlık (NMS) Ayçiçeğinde her iki tip kısırlıkta mevcuttur. Bunlardan sitoplazmik erkek kısırlık (CMS) bitki ıslahında ilk defa mısırda 1960'larda kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Ancak ayçiçeğinde ilk defa 1968 yılında Leclerq tarafından H. annuus X H. petiolaris melezlenmesinden elde edilmiştir. Bu sistemde yabani ayçiçeği H. petiolaris türünden elde edildiği için PET1 olarak kodlandırılmıştır. Yine bu sistemde daha sonra elde edilen kaynaklar da bu sisteme göre, ilk üç harfi elde edildiği türe göre kodlanarak isimlendirilmiştir. PET1 CMS kaynağı 1990'lara kadar, ticari hibrit üretiminde kullanılan tek kaynaktır. Oldukça stabil olup, bitki ve tohum özelliklerine herhangi bir olumsuz etkisi yoktur. Ayçiçeğinin tüm dünyada yayılmasında en önemli etken sitoplazmik erkek kısırlığın ve bunu restore eden genlerin bulunması sonucunda hibrit üretiminin pratikleşmesidir. 1970 yılında ABD de, CMS i tam olarak restore eden genlerin bulunmasıyla ilk hibrit 1972 yılında elde edilmiş ve 5 yıl süre içerisinde toplam üretimin % 80 ne ulaşmıştır. Ayçiçeği Asteraceae familyasında CMS gen kaynağı olan tek bitkidir (Seiler ve Rieseberg, 1997). Ayçiçeğinde CMS, sporofitik karakterde yani sporla çoğalmakta ve maternal olarak, yani anaya bağlı kalıtımı olarak sadece dişi bitkinin kısırlığı ile ilgili bir özelliktir. Bunun dışındaki tüm diğer bitki özellikleri aynen korunmaktadır. Ayçiçeğinde CMS bitkilerin diğerlerinden farkı, çiçek tozu keseleri normallerin yarısı genişliğinde olmaları ve çiçek borusundan anter (çiek tozu kesesi) çıkarmamalarıdır. Anterler üstten değil, sadece dipten çıkmaktadırlar. Bazı ana hatlarında ise, corolla'dan (çiçek borusundan) anter çıkarmasına rağmen, bunlar boştur ve çiçek tozu içermezler. Döllenen dişi bitkiler aynı normal görünümde olup, döllenmeyen bitkiler uzun bir süre yeşil yapraklı görünümlerini muhafaza etmektedirler. Bu nedenle, bitkilerin döllenip döllenmediğini dış görünüşüne bakarak anlaşılabilir. Ayçiçeğinde CMS in oluşumu, sitoplazma ve hücre çekirdeği arasındaki uyuşmazlığın interakisyonundan kaynaklanmaktadır (Jan, 1997). CMS ve yeniden genlerle bitkiden fertiliteyi sağlanması; genlerle sitoplazmanın arasındaki değişken bir reaksiyondan oluşan karmaşık bir diziliş tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Ayçiçeğinde en yaygın kullanımı olan PET1 CMS kaynağı birbirini tamamlayıcı etkisi olan iki bağımsız gen tarafından kontrol edilmektedir (Fick ve Miller, 1997). Ayçiçeğinde ve diğer bitkilerde yüksek verim sağlayan hibrit ıslahının kolaylaşmasını sağlayan sitoplazmik erkek kısırlığın tek kaynaktan elde edilmesinin büyük avantajları yanında, genetic vulnerability olarak adlandırdığımız ha as st ta al lı ık kl la ar ra a k ka ar rş şı ı d du uy ya ar rl lı ıl lı ık k i ih ht ti im ma al li in ni i o or rt ta ay ya a ç çı ık ka ar rm ma ak kt ta ad dı ır r.. Genetik olarak üniform olan bu bitkiler eğer bu sitoplazmik kaynak herhangi bir

Ayçiçeği dünyada en önemli yağ bitkilerinden biri olup, ülkemizde ise Trakya bölgesinde ekim nöbetinin temel bitkisi oluşu, tüketicileri en fazla ayçiçeği yağını tercihi, geniş adaptasyon kabiliyetine sahip ve mekanizasyona çok uygun olması vb nedenlerden dolayı en önemli yağ bitkisidir. Derin ve kazık kök sistemine sahip olduğundan, ayçiçeğinin kuraklık, tuzluluk ve yaşlılık gibi problemleri olan topraklardaki üretim performansı diğer bitkilerden daha iyidir. Ancak her türlü toprakta yetişmesine rağmen, iyi drenajlı, su tutma kapasitesi yüksek, milli tınlıdan killi tınlıya kadar değişik bünyeye sahip toprakları daha fazla sever. Ancak topraktan fazlaca kalsiyum kaldırması nedeniyle orta miktarda kirece sahip, PH değeri (6-7.2) çok yüksek olmayan topraklar ayçiçeği tarımı için çok uygundur. Ancak toprak PH'ı (asitlik-bazik oranı), bitkiler için ve uygulanacak gübre miktarı için son derece önemli olup, nötr olmayan topraklarda gübrelemeyle verilecek besin maddelerinin alımı önemli ölçüde engellenir. Toprak tuzluluğu açısından ayçiçeği orta toleranslı durumdadır. Ayçiçeğinin tuzluluğa dayanımı arpa, şeker pancarı ve pamuktan sonra gelmekte olup, durumu buğday, çeltik ve mısırdan nispeten daha iyi seviyededir. Tuzlu topraklar, nemi fazla miktarda tuttukları için, genelde soğuk topraklar olup, bu tür topraklarda çimlenme ve çıkış problemleri fazla miktarda görülebilmektedir. Bu tür topraklarda yapılan ayçiçeği tarımında, tuzluluğun zararını azaltmak için, ilave potasyum gübrelemesi yapılmalıdır. Topraktaki kireç miktarının fazlalığı ayçiçeği tarımını olumsuz etkileyen bir diğer sorun olup, bu tür topraklarda genelde PH yüksek olup, özellikle fosfor, demir ve çinko gibi önemli elementlerin alımın engellemektedir. Toprakta genelde kalsiyum karbonat veya dolomit şeklinde bulunan kireç fazlalığı, sulama suyunun da aşırı kireçli olmasıyla da bitkilere olumsuz etkilerde bulunabilir. Bu tür koşullarda yapılacak ayçiçeği tarımında, ilave fosforlu gübrelemenin yanında, PH normal düzeyde, ama kireci fazla olan topraklarda DAP (% 46, Di amonyum Fosfat) ve bunu içeren kompoze gübreler, düşük PH değerine sahip topraklarda ise alınabilirlik düzeyi daha yüksek olan Triple Süper Fosfat gübresi tercih edilmelidir. Gerek ayçiçeğinde, gerekse diğer bitkilerde gübreleme miktarını ve verimi belirleyen en önemli faktör topraktaki mikroorganizmalar tarafından parçalanarak ortaya çıkan ve humus olarak adlandırılan topraktaki organik madde miktarıdır. Toprak verimliliğine, kolay ısınmasına ve havalanmasına etkisi, toprağın su tutma kapasitesinin arttırması vb bir çok faydası olan humusun miktarını arttırmak için, ayçiçeği hasadından sonra saplarının kıyılarak toprağa karıştırılması, kesinlikle yakılmaması, hatta topraktaki mikroorganizma faaliyetini arttırmak ve kolayca parçalanması için, ilave 5-6 Kg/da Amonyum Nitrat (CAN) veya 4-5 kg % 33 AN azotlu gübresi serpildikten sonra toprak karıştırılmalıdır. Tüm yeşil bitkiler gibi, ayçiçeği de büyüme için en az 16 elemente ihtiyaç duyar. Bunlardan oksijen, hidrojen ve karbon gibi elementleri su ve havadan alır. Azot, fosfor ve potasyum herhangi bir iklim bölgesindeki topraklarda eksikliği bulunabilir. Özellikle potasyum, kalsiyum ve magnezyum yüksek yağışlı bölgelerde eksikliği görülebilir. Bunun yanında iz elementlerden demir, manganez, çinko, bakır, molibden, bor ve klor eksikliği fazla olmamakla birlikte bir çok toprakta görülebilir. Ayçiçeğinde verim ve kalitede önemli rol oynayan üç ana bitki besin maddesinin yanında, özellikle kalitenin oluşmasında kalsiyum ve magnezyum ve mikro besin maddelerinden bor da önemli oranda etkide bulunmaktadır. Ayçiçeği de diğer bitkiler gibi, besin maddelerini toprakta kılcal kökleri vasıtasıyla suda eriyik halde almakta olup,

Ülkemizdeki mevcut durum: Ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.), dünyada ve ülkemizde en önemli bitkisel yağ kaynaklarından biridir. Artan nüfusa paralel olarak ülkemizin bitkisel yağ ihtiyacı da giderek artmaktadır. Ülkemiz insanının bitkisel yağ tüketiminde çoğunlukla ayçiçeği yağını tercih etmesi ve son yıllarda artan yağ açığımız, ayçiçeğinin önemini giderek arttırmaktadır. Çok geniş bir adaptasyon kabiliyeti olmasına rağmen, ayçiçeği ekim alanları fazla olmayıp, ayçiçeğinde birim alandan elde edilen gelir çeşitli sebeplerle düşük olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ayçiçeğinde geniş alanlarda ekiminin yayılmasını arttırıcı önlemlerin alınması gereklidir. Türkiye ayçiçeği yağı tüketimi, ayçiçeği yağı üretimimizden fazla olup, bu açık, ayçiçeği tohumu veya ham yağ ithalatı ile giderilmektedir. Türkiye yağlı tohumlar, bitkisel yağ ve küspe ithalatı ise, son yıllarda en üst seviyelere ulaşmıştır (2011 yılında 3,2 milyar $). Ülkemizde dünya standartlarında çok sayıda yağ fabrikası bulunmasına rağmen, hammadde yetersizliği sebebiyle bu tesisler, ancak % 50 kapasite ile çalışabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, ülkemizde bitkisel yağ üretimini arttırmak ve döviz açığını azaltmaya yönelik çalışmalar, stratejik ve ekonomik açıdan son derece önemlidir. Ayçiçeği yağı linoleik asitçe zengin olup, ülkemizde bu tür ayçiçeği yetiştirilmektedir. Ancak, başta ABD, Fransa, İspanya, Arjantin gibi dünyada ayçiçeğinde söz sahibi ülkelerde ise, 90'lı yıllarda çalışmaları ve piyasası oluşmaya başlayan, üretimi ve tüketimi giderek artan, oleik asidi yüksek ayçiçeği çeşitleri yetiştirilmektedir. ABD'de daha çok orta yüksek (% 60-70) oleik asit içerikli çeşitler yer alırken, Avrupa da daha sağlıklı olduğu kabul edilen, yüksek oleik tip (% 80 ve üzeri) ayçiçeği üretimi ve tüketimine bir yönelme söz konusudur. Dünyada ayçiçeği pazarına hâkim ve tüketici bilincinin daha yaygın olduğu ülkelerdeki bu son durum nedeniyle, dünyada oleik tip tüketim ve dolayısıyla üretiminin, son yıllarda büyük bir hızla arttığı söylenebilir. Bu yüksek oleik asitli ayçiçeği yağı tercihi akımı, ülkemizde de çok kısa zamanda gündeme gelmiş olup, bu yönde talep hızla artmaktadır. Ülkemizde ise, Trakya Birlik, 2008 yılında başlayan oleik tip ayçiçeği ürünü alımlarını başlatmış olup, yüksek oleik tiplere kg başına 10 kr ilave prim vererek gerçekleştirmektedir. Yine Trakya Birlik tarafından alınan bu ürün işlenerek, yüksek oleik asit içeren ayçiçeği yağı olarak % 15 daha fazla fiyatla piyasada satılmaya başlamıştır. Ülkemizde ayçiçeğinde özellikle dünya yağ fiyatlarının ve ülkemizde yağlı tohumlara ödenen prim desteklerinin artmasıyla ekim alanlarında son 1-2 yılda önemli artışlar kaydedilmiştir. Yağlık ayçiçeği ülkemizde en fazla Trakya Bölgesinde (% 50) ekilmekte olup, illere göre ise; en fazla Tekirdağ (% 20), Edirne (% 18), Konya (%12), Kırklareli (% 9) ve Adana (% 8) Çanakkale (% 3,5) Balıkesir (% 3,4) illerinde tarımı yapılmaktadır. Ülkemizde ayçiçeğinde 2012 yılında, özellikle İç Anadolu'daki ekim alanlarının artışıyla gerek ekim alanı ve gerekse üretimde rekor kıran bir sezon geçirmiştir. Trakya bölgesindeki birçok olumsuz faktöre rağmen, ürün fiyatları da en yüksek oranda gerçekleşmiştir. Bu yıl ise, olumsuz kış ve bahar iklim şartlarına rağmen, özellikle İç Anadolu ve diğer bölgelerde ayçiçeğine olan yoğun talepten dolayı, ekim alanların 700 bin ha ulaştığı tahmin edilmektedir.

Dünyada yağlı tohum denildiğinde Soya, Kolza, Ayçiçeği, Palm, Yer Fıstığı, Pamuk çiğidi gibi bitkiler anlaşıldığı halde, ülkemizde büyük oranda Ayçiçeği ve az da olsa Pamuk ve Kolza anlaşılmaktadır. Ülke genelinde ayçiçeği, ancak Akdeniz ve Ege bölgesinde de pamuk yağı anlaşılmaktadır. Ülkemiz gibi yağlı tohum söz konusu olduğunda ayçiçeği anlayan ülkeler; Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika ülkeleri ve Güney Afrika vb, Akdeniz Bölgesinde özellikle İspanya, İtalya vb ülkeler ve Doğu Avrupa’nın tamamında yer almaktadır. Yine Rusya ve Ukrayna’nın yer aldığı Karadeniz havzasının yaklaşık yüzde 50-60’ı dünyada ayçiçeğinin bu bölgede üretilmektedir.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important edible oil crop in Turkey. Downy mildew and broomrape are the most important limiting factors for yield production in sunflower areas both in Turkey and also Eastern Europe and Black Sea countries. High or mid oleic type sunflower have recently started to gain importance year by year in the world because of that high oleic acid sunflower oil is more appropriate for frying as it is more beneficial to health. Therefore, higher oleic varieties will be demanded frequently in the future both in Turkey and also in the world. The study is involved the oleic type sunflower hybrids developed in Hybrid Sunflower Breeding Project conducted by Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey. The measured values were evaluated in oleic type hybrids evaluated in regional yield trials in dry conditions at Edirne and Luleburgaz in the project during 2011 and2012. Oleic type hybrids resistant to broomrape and downy mildew were tested in yield trials. Some experimental hybrids exhibited higher performance than controls in some locations both for seed yield and seed weight and promising candidate hybrids were selected to promote in registration trials. Based on yield trials in the study, some oleic type candidate hybrids exhibited higher performance in terms of grain yield than other varieties. These hybrids were also resistant to broomrape and downy mildew and their oleic acid contents were measured as over 80% which were characterized as high oleic varieties while some of them were categorized mid oleic acid type as having 60-75% oleic acid content.

Downy mildew is the most serious disease in sunflower production in Turkey. To determine the adaptation and combining abilities of inbred lines is key issue in sunflower hybrid breeding. F8 and F9 stage restorer lines having high oleic acid content crossed with 9661-A (CMS) female line used as female tester for general combination ability were used in the study. These restorer lines developed in National Sunflower Hybrid Breeding Project conducted by Trakya Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) were selected as resistant to the broomrape parasite (Orobanche cumana) which is the major problem in most of sunflower growing areas in Turkey among other inbred lines in TARI. Mildew tests were conducted in artificial inoculation collected from infected plants as a mixture at various locations across Thrace region in 2014. In downy mildew tests, plant samples having a blend of all the mildew races were dried under shadow as 24-48 hours then they were preserved in the cooler at-80 Cº. Based on downy mildew test results, the hybrids with F8-R SN: 1, 2, 7, 8, 17 and F9-R SN: 9, 10, 12, 13 restorer lines were found fully resistant and others were found mid resistant. To determine their performances of these 18 hybrids, yield trial was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with 3 reps in 4 rows and with three commercial controls at Edirne location in 2015. For seed yield, the number of 5, 15 and 12 inbred line hybrids exhibited higher performances than commercial checks. While the numbered of 4, 5, 12, 15 and 16 line hybrids were found as resistant to downy mildew whereas other hybrids were found as mid resistant. As a result, high oleic, resistant to downy mildew and broomrape restorer lines and their hybrids and also exhibited higher yield and quality performance ones were determined. If they keeps higher performances in this year, they will send registration trials and the same testers will be used for developing sunflower hybrids for downy mildew and high oleic types.

Orobanche L. is a large genus mainly distributed throughout subtropical and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The Mediterranean region is one of the most important centers of diversity. The genus Orobanche has been represented by 39 species due to this new record in Turkey. (Zare et al., 2009) Sunflower cultivation has gradually increased in the eastern Mediterranean region since 2004.). In 2011, sunflower broomrape began to appear in cultivated area in Adana and increased rapidly until today. Based on this research results and natural condition observations show that infested new broomrape races areas are increasing seriously year by year in the mediterranean region. As a result it will be required of new sources genetic resistance to the most virulent races or herbicide resistant hybrids for this region.

Molecular markers use commonly in recent years in plant breeding in addition to use of different breeding methods as well as to implement or accelerate of sunflower breeding programs for integrating biotechnology with traditional breeding specially to identify and to transfer resistant genes in resistance breeding. It calls marker-assisted selection (MAS) using genetic markers linked to the resistance and they are preferring highly because of providing the fast and accurate selection to accelerate of conventional breeding efforts. However, they should present high level of polymorphism, co-dominance in expression to distinguish heterozygotes from homozygotes, clear distinct allelic features to identify easily the different alleles, single copy and no pleiotropic effect, low cost or cost-efficient marker development and genotyping, easy assay/detection and automation, higher availability, etc. to use efficiently in sunflower breeding programs. Many molecular markers on determining resistant genes in some important diseases were determined in both cultural type sunflower and also wild sunflower sources then they were implemented and introgressed successfully in molecular studies and breeding programs. Different RAPD, SSR (microsatellite) RFLP, AFLP, CAPS, IFLP, NBS-LRR, TIR-NBS-LRR, STS, SCAR, TRAP, EST, etc. markers to have been determined until today to identify resistant genes in different sunflower diseases in many studies. For instance, Pl6 resistance gene to downy mildew from wild H. annuus at 42.9 cM in the inbred line HA335, Pl8 from H. argophyllus at 37.3 cM were determined in the inbred line RHA340. Similarly, The PlArg, Pl13 and Pl14 resistant genes were determined in localized on linkage group LG1 in different studies. The mapping resistance genes of downy mildew which is one of having the largest races among plant diseases was initiated MAS programs and also ameliorated the original resistance sources due to eliminated by recombination and selection by molecular markers in sunflower. In rust which damage more and effective in confectionery sunflower mainly, molecular markers linked and associated with rust resistance genes were first described for R1 race localized on LG8 found in RHA279 inbred line, Radv from RHA340, R4 from HAR3, R2 from MC29 located using SSR markers in LG9 described currently in sunflower genetic maps. In other study, 3 major QTLs in LG 4, 10 and 17 and the QTL were introgressed by backcrossing from Alternaria resistant sources utilizing MAS in sunflower. As results, MAS is so valuable breeding tool, but new molecular tools and technologies such as next-generation sequencing, high-throughput genotyping and genome wide selection will make MAS more based on the whole genome, rather than small parts with offering several advantages over genetic engineering to overcome barriers.

ÖZET Trakya yöresinde ayçiçeği tarımı yapılan alanların tamamını temsil edecek biçimde Büyük Toprak Grubu haritalarına göre toplam 409 noktadan koordinatlar CBS (Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi) ile belirlenmek üzere toprak ve yaprak örnekleri alınmıştır.Alınan toprak örnekleri analize tabii tutulduğunda; Edirne ili ayçiçeği ekiliş alanlarının %23'ü, Kırklareli ilinin %22'si, Tekirdağ ilinin %7'si, İstanbul ilinin Trakya bölümünde yer alan toprakların %5'i ve yine Çanakkale ilinin Trakya bölümünde yer alan toprakların %8'inde bor seviyesinin 0,5 mg/ kg seviyesinin altında olduğu saptanmıştır. Tüm Trakya yöresi ayçiçeği ekiliş alanlarının %16'sı bor bakımından olukça fakirdir.2013 ve 2014 yılında kurulan tarla denemelerinde topraktan ve yapraktan bor uygulamaları sonucu hem toprakların hem de yaprakların bor kapsamlarında istatistiki anlamda önemli artışlar olmuştur. 2013 yılı ve 2014 yılında kurulan toplam 18 tarla denemesinin 16'sından verim sonuçları alınmıştır. Yapılan varyans analiz sonuçlarına göre 9 denemenin sonucu %99, 4 denemenin sonucu ise %95 önem seviyesinde önemli bulunmuştur. 3 deneme ise istatistiki anlamda önemsizdir. 2012-2014 yılları arasına Trakya yöresi ayçiçeği ekiliş alanlarında bor uygulaması yapılmış tarla denemelerinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre %10-%20 arasında değişen verim artışları sağlanmıştır. Verimdeki bu artış ayçiçeği bitkisi için önemlidir.Trakya yöresinde ayçiçeği yetişme döneminde yıllık yağış çok yıllık ortalamalar civarında ise; 0,5 mg/kg altında bor tespit edilmiş alanlarda; 0,1 kg B/da topraktan uygulanmalıdır. Yapılacak bu uygulama hem ürün kalitesi hem de verim artışı sağlamaktadır. Yağışların çok yılık yağış ortalamasının altında olması durumunda ise; 0,05 kg B/da çiçeklenme başlangıcı ve tabla teşekkülü öncesi olmak üzere iki defa yapraktan uygulama yapılması önerilir. ABSTRACT Soil and leaf samples have been taken from 409 points according to Big Soil Group maps in order to determine the coordinates by CBS as representing all of the areas in which sunflower farming is done in Thrace Region. When the soil samples have been analyzed, it has been determined that the boron level is under 0.5 mg/kg in 23 percentage of Edirne sunflower farming areas, in 22 percentage of Kırklareli sunflower farming areas, in 7 percentage of Tekirdağ sunflower farming areas, in 5 percentage of Thrace region of İstanbul sunflower farming areas and in 8 percentage of Thrace region of Çanakkale sunflower farming areas. 16 percentage of sunflower farming areas in Thrace region is considerably poor in terms of boron. Statistically significant increases have occurred in the boron contents of both soils and leafs as a result of the boron applications from soil and leaf in the field trials established in 2013 and 2014 The yield values have been obtained from 16 field trials of total 18 trials established in 2013 and 2014. According to variance analyses results, the results of 9 trials have been determined statistically important in %99 confidence level and the results of 4 trials have been determined statistically important in %95 confidence level. The third trial is not statistically important. According to the results which have been obtained from the field trials in which boron applcation has been done in Thrace region sunflower sowing areas between 2012-2014, yield increases have been obtained between the percentages of 10-20. This increase in the yield is important for sunflower plant. If ever the annual precipitation is around the perennial averages, 0.1 kg/da B should be applied from soil in the areas in which boron under 0.5 mg/kg have been determined. This application provides both crop quality and yield increase. If ever the precipitations are under the perennial averages, 0.05 kg/da B should be applied twice in for blooming and table texture.

As a summer crop, sunflower is influenced a lot by environmental conditions, so sunflower yield changes frequently year by year. On the other hand, in the recent years' temperatures increased daily or periodically due to global warming. Therefore, new breeding s tudies should focus mos tly to develop sunflower hybrids having high drought tolerance. Based on these priorities, the s tudy was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought s tress on plant height, head diameter, flowering and physiological maturity period of some male inbred lines developed previously by Trakya Agriculture Research Ins titute (TARI). In this s tudy, there were big changes among male lines on tolerance levels of yield traits under controlled conditions to drought. The significant effect of drought s tress was determined on head diameter among examined yield traits. However, plant height affected less from drought s tress. While head diameter of plants reduced up to 50%, drought s tress conditions decreased the days of flowering up to 20% (about one week) of flowering time and about 15% (about 11-12 days) of physiological maturity period. Sunflower lines were screened for improved drought tolerance based on drought factor index (DFI) calculated for head diameter values.. Effects of drought on morphological traits of some sunflower lines. Ekin J. 2(2): 54-68.

Orobanche L. is a large genus mainly distributed throughout subtropical and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The Mediterranean region is one of the most important centers of diversity. The genus Orobanche has been represented by 39 species due to this new record in Turkey. (Zare et al., 2009) Sunflower cultivation has gradually increased in the eastern Mediterranean region since 2004.). In 2011, sunflower broomrape began to appear in cultivated area in Adana and increased rapidly until today. Based on this research results and natural condition observations show that infested new broomrape races areas are increasing seriously year by year in the mediterranean region. As a result it will be required of new sources genetic resistance to the most virulent races or herbicide resistant hybrids for this region.

Although sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is
deep rooted crop, water stress is one the most reducing factors on
sunflower seed yield because sunflower grows generally in dry
lands and rainfed regions. When drought stress appears in dry
summers, some morphological and physiological changes emerge
on sunflower plants to defend themselves against drought and to
overcome of this stress period. Roots and other plant organs
mostly affected from drought stress during this period.
Therefore, sunflower breeders should be aware of plant
responses to drought stress to develop better drought resistant
lines and cultivars in their breeding programs. The study was
conducted to determine drought tolerances of sunflower male
inbred lines developed in National Project under controlled
conditions in Edirne, a city in Trakya region which has about
50% of sunflower areas in Turkey. Their root and plant
developments and responses of fifty sunflower male lines were
evaluated against drought stress in the study. Based on results,
the most affected trait in the study was total fresh root weight
and reduced over 90% especially at first stress conditions. Total
fresh and dry weights followed this trait respectively. Sunflower
inbred lines responded varyingly drought stress in the studied
traits depending on when stress applied early or late. However,
mostly sunflower plants influenced more at first stress conditions
almost all traits because these traits started to be effective mostly
while constituting yield at earlier plant development stages.
Based on measured traits and damage index for drought stress,
TT 135 R, TT 199 R, 9786 R and 9993 R inbred lines existed at
drought tolerant lines. As results, dry and total fresh weight and
total root fresh weight are important indicators evaluating of
sunflower genotypes for drought tolerance. Besides, sunflower
genotypes exhibited different tolerance levels against drought
stress so higher tolerant male lines will be selected to develop
hybrids regarding these traits.

Plant breeders have always tried to know that which characters contribute more in the seed yield that is a quantitative character influenced highly from environment and their relationships. Path coefficient analysis helps the breeders to explain the direct and indirect ...

The applying post emergence IMI (Imidazolinone) herbicide over genetically IMI herbicide resistant plants as called Clearfield™ production system promises to be one of the best tools available for weed control in sunflower [1]. The Clearfield trait for sunflower was ...

... 2 20 Kemal köy - Edirne 2 20 Budakdoğanca - Edirne 2 20 Karabulut - Edirne 2 20 Turnacı - Uzunköprü 2 20 Kurduköy – Uzunköprü ... İlk gerçek yapraklar 2-3 mm uzunluğa ulaştığında, saksılar şeffaf naylon ile sıkıca kapatılarak ortamda yüksek nem elde edilmesi sağlanmıştır. ...

ABSTRACT About 65% of sunflower production in Turkey, which is the world's 11 th largest producer of sunflower based on the FAO data, occurs in the Thrace region. The biggest problem in sunflower areas in the Thrace region is broom-rape (Orobanche cernua L.). Three types of sunflower cultivars are planted in the region, namely hybrids genetically resistant to broomrape (GRH), non-resistant ones (NRH) and IMI (Imidazolinone) herbicide resistant ones (IMIH), which control both broomrape and key weeds in sunflower production. The adoption situation and the performances of these three sunflower hybrid types were studied in the research. The research data was obtained from 571 agri-cultural enterprises, which were determined based on the Stratified Random Sampling Method in the Thrace region. Sunflower is grown on 42% of the total cultivated land surveyed in the research and accounts for 23% of the total agri-cultural revenue. The adoption rate and degree of IMIH and GRH sunflower hybrids were calculated to be over 90%. The highest yield (1,915.10 kg ha -1) was obtained from GRH hybrids in the research areas. A high yielding potential and easier weed control are seen by the farmers as being among the most important factors for choosing a particular type of sunflower seed. Statistical differences were observed among the sunflower hybrid types based on seed yield, revenue, and seed amounts. The highest net profit was obtained from GRH hybrids in the study. Additionally, based on the results, NRH hybrids were found to be more profitable than IMI hybrids.

... (Jan 2008) in Tr. -, Development of Diploid Monogram hybrid cultivar adapted to Moghan climatic conditions. by Ranji, Zabih Ol-Lah; Habib Khodaei, A`li; Moharram Zadeh, Majid; Asdaqi, A`bd Ol-Hossein; Sadeq Kuhestani ... (2008) in Farsi. ...

Clearfield® (CL) production system is the using post-emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides and resistant sunflowers to control both major broad leaves and also broomrape. CL technology has been used successfully in sunflower production for ten years in Eastern Europe. The trials were conducted in Trakya Region of Turkey in 2009-2011. While the cost of herbicide application CL system was about 60 $ per ha, this cost was about 120 $ per ha classical system so herbicide costs is two times less in CL system. The seed yield performances and also some yield traits of both classical broomrape resistant and IMI herbicide resistant sunflower hybrids were evaluated in the study. Based on the results, there is not much big difference on especially seed yield between these two group hybrids. As a result, CL system, it could be advised especially larger planted areas, worker problem areas and heavily weed infested area in all sunflower planted regions.

Reliable information about agricultural areas and agricultural production will be benificial for decision makers working for both Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and other fields to make more appropriate decisions in planning and invesment activities. As a result of this optimum usage of our sources and positive benifit/cost analysis invertments will be realized in low social cost. For this purpose determination of crop cultivation patterns and sunflower yield prediction in Edirne were done with this Project. Satellite images were classified and field work for yield prediction were executed in 9 county which belong to Edirne province. 500 GPS coordinates were collected in the study area. In the respect of classified images, sunflower cultivation areas were calculated as 114.562 ha in Edirne. Furthermore, a simulation model developed by FAO named as AGROMETSHELL was used for yield estimation. According to this prediction sunflower yield was found 151 kg/da in 2007.

Downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii (Farlow) Berlese & de Toni) is widely observed years in sunflower planted areas in Trakya region depending on climatic conditions in some years. Although genetically resistant hybrids to downy mildew have just started to plant recently in Turkey, they have been planting many years in European countries. In the study, to determine the situation of downy mildew in Trakya region, enough leaf samples were collected from mildew infested plants in different areas representing complete region. Consequently, a mixture of all different races was constituted and these leaf samples were dried at shadow at 24-48 hours period, and then they were saved in the refrigerator at -80 ºC. Mildew spore solution from these saved plant samples. This spore solution was infested to experimental materials. In the research, HA-89 and 6626-A female lines were found to sensitive to downy mildew and RHA-419, HA-460, RHA-436, RHA-437 and RHA-340 inbred lines were observed as resistant to the disease. As a result, some resistant lines were observed in the early generations and it was determined that these resistant inbred lines could be used as donor lines in Trakya region in mildew resistance research

INTERNATIONAL SUNFLOWER OIL QUALITY SYMPOSIUM
1 June 2016, Edirne, TURKEY
www.isc2016.org

The conference is being organized by International Sunflower Association (ISA) and Trakya University (TU) with support of BYSD, YABITED, MUMSAD, TYSD and AOSC in Edirne, Turkey. The symposium is intended to present in the subjects on global sunflower seed and oil production, industry, processing and trade. Furthermore, it will be huge opportunity for vegetable oil industry, scientists, and representatives being together with all sunflower community from different parts of the world in 19th ISC2016 in a friendly environment of Edirne to share their ideas each other. 
Venue
The Symposium will take place in Balkan Congress Center in TU, Edirne, Turkey. 
Symposium Program
The symposium will be invited speakers in morning and will be oral/poster presentations in afternoon session. Participants could attend in Thursday morning technical tour and the afternoon will be Edirne city excursion. On Friday, there will be a full day post excursion to Istanbul including a city tour and Bosphorus Yacht Tour with an evening dinner.
Subjects
Oil Quality, Processing, Oil Industry, Marketing, Trade.
Language
Official Symposium language is English.
Registration Fee
Registration fee covers attending in symposium, materials (bag, CD, etc.), all lunches, dinners, transfers between the congress center and hotels in the symposium (May 31th - June 1st), technical tour and Edirne city excursion in June 2nd, coffee breaks, and gala dinner on Wednesday.
Registration fees are:
            Before April 1st    After April 1st
Students   75 €         100 €
Regular Participants 100 €        150 €
Accompanying Persons      50 €
Onsite registration            200 €
Please NOTE that registration fee does not include accommodations, airport transfer, and the post conference excursion. In case of cancellation, refunds are possible until April 15, 2016, except for a handling fee of 50 € for participants, and full refund for accompanying persons. No refunds are allowed after April 15, 2016. Payments can be made via credit card and bank transfer via web page.
Abstract Submission
Abstract submission is until February 26th, 2016. Abstracts should be in English and not exceed 250 words. Please state the name(s) of author(s) address, and email address. Please register then send your abstracts via below web page.
http://isc2016.congress.gen.tr/

Full Manuscripts
Full papers should be sent by April 1, 2016 and not exceed 10 pages. All accepted papers will be published in a special Conference Book on a CD or a flash drive. The final program will be posted on website 15 days before the Symposium / Conference.
Grants
Grants will be available for M Sc and PhD students.

Scientific Committee

Prof Dr Aziz TEKIN YABITED, Turkey
Prof Dr Selma TURKAY Istanbul Technical Univ., Turkey
Prof Dr Mehmet M. OZCAN Selcuk University, Turkey
Prof. Dr Beraat OZCELIK Istanbul Technical Univ., Turkey
Prof Dr Enrique M. FORCE CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
Prof Dr Nurhan T. DUNFORD Oklahoma State University, USA
Assoc Prof Dr Umit GECGEL Namik Kemal University, Turkey
Assoc Prof Dr Haci A. GULEC Trakya University, Turkey
Asst Prof Dr Buket AŞKIN Kırklareli University, Turkey
Dr Leanordo VELASCO CSIC, Cordoba, Spain
Dr. Yakov DEMURIN Vniimk Institute, Russia
Fabrice TURON Fat & Associes, France
Huseyin BUYUKSAHIN BYSD, Turkey
Metin YURDAGUL MUMSAD, Turkey
Suat OZTURK TYSD, Turkey

Symposium Program

08.00-09.00 Registration
09.00-09.20 Opening Session
09.20-09.50 Nurhan T. DUNFORD- Oklahoma State Univ. USA.
- Sunflower Oil: A Premium Oil for Food Applications
09.50-10.10 Fabrice THURON- Fat & Associes, France
- HO Oilseeds and Oils Market: Positioning Sunflower Today and Tomorrow
10.10-10.30 Dr Leanordo VELASCO- CSIC, Cordoba, Spain
- Sunflower Oil Quality Breeding
10.30-10.45 Discussions
10.45-11.00 Coffee Break
11.00-12.00 Oral Sessions
12.00-13.00 Lunch Break
13.00-17.00 Oral Sessions
17.00 Closing of Symposium
17.00-18.00 Poster Sessions

Accommodation
Accommodation will be announced, made reservation and payment by webpage for Edirne hotels. Earlier reservations with payment will guarantee your room. Accommodation prices will be about 60 euro for a single room and around 40 euro for a double room per person or cheaper in other hotels.
Margi Hotel (5 *) www.margiotel.com/‎
RYS Hotel (4 *), www.ryshotel.com/‎
University Guest House or other hotels in Edirne

Contact
Please contact the Organizing Committee with any questions via e-mail (info@isc2016.org). Or call +90 284 226 12 18 int. # 1310 to Bilge AFSAROGLU. Further information and registration form will be available on the Conference website www.isc2016.org

See you in Turkey…

Assoc Prof Dr Yalcin KAYA
ISA President
Head of Organizing Committee

Sunflower grows in summer so it influences greatly more from environmental factors then it could not compete efficiently with other crops (commonly wheat in rainfed areas and corn, sugarbeet, etc in irrigated lands) in the rotation. Therefore, breeders should develop new higher yielding and dry tolerant cultivars and also should find new production techniques to increase production with reducing of effects of environmental factors influenced seed yield. Weeds and broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) exist among the most limiting factors for sunflower production in especially in Eastern Europe and Black Sea Region. Clearfield Technology which using post emergence Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides with IMI resistant cultivars presents efficient results both control broomrape and major broadleaf weeds in sunflower production. Furthermore, Sulfonyl Urea (SU) herbicide as post application like IMI is also another method to control weeds efficiently and it is preferred being cheaper than IMI. Farmers prefer commonly this technology because of well control on both broomprape and also common weeds in Eastern Europe. Recent trends in sunflower breeding and production is combining broomrape resistant genes with IMI resistance ((IMI + Orb) and also some other disease resistance such as downy mildew in the same hybrid give farmers more options better control weeds. Future trend is combined all three traits (Orb + IMI + SU) in the hybrids to present more economical results and efficient solutions to control weeds in their fields

Confectionery type sunflower grows generally in Eastern and Middle Anatolia in Turkey but there is no certified seed in
the production which have white color with grey stripe. The study covered the confectionery sunflower hybrids developed
in Confectionery Sunflower Breeding Project conducted by Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey. The
candidate confectionery hybrids were tested and evaluated in the regional yield trials in Trakya Region in 2009-2010.
Seed yield, 1000 seed weight, flowering and physiological maturity period, plant height, head diameter, oil content were
measured. Based on trial results; some experimental hybrids exhibited higher performance than controls for both for seed
yield and seed weight and promising candidate hybrids were selected to send to registration trials. From these promising
hybrids, 09 TRÇ 003 and 09 TRÇ 004 confectionery hybrid were sent to registration trials in 2011 2012, respectively
and production permission were obtained for them. After evaluation of candidate hybrids in these years, having higher
general combining inbred lines were also sent to National Registration Office for registration too. In 2010; two female
line and three restorer (male) lines were sent to registration. In 2011; one female and one male line sent for DUS tests and
then registration in 2012.

As a summer crop, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is influences commonly by drought stress due to growing generally in rain fed regions without irrigation. Drought affects severely not only seed yield both also other important yield traits which plays important roles on yield formation in sunflower. Therefore, drought resistance became one of the most important goals in the sunflower breeding programs in the world. The study was conducted to determine drought tolerance levels of sunflower genotypes under controlled environmental conditions in Edirne which is a border city in Trakya region which is European part of Turkey and has about 50% of Turkish sunflower production areas. Sunflower restores lines which developed in National Project were evaluated foliar responses against drought stress. Based on study results, the most affected foliar trait was leaf area and it was reduced until 75%. Similarly, leaf number of plants also influenced severely especially from earlier droughts and plants responded about 60% leaf number decreases. On the other hand, on the chlorophyll content of plant leaves, sunflower genotypes responded differently both in earlier (R.3) and later (R.5.1) plant growth stages. While chlorophyll content of sunflower lines increased about 40-50%, some of them decreased about 30%. Similarly, sunflower genotypes responded differently drought stress in their foliar traits depending on when stress applied early or late. As results, sunflower genotypes had different tolerance to drought and higher tolerant ones will be considered to develop tolerant hybrids and will be used as initial material for further breeding purposes.

rotation and also being as the most preferable and consuming vegetable oil in the region. Eastern Balkan countries Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey exist in top ten sunflower producers in the world. However, Serbia and Moldova exist among important sunflower countries too. Mostly hybrid seeds are planting and broomrape parasite, broad leaf weeds, downy mildew are the main problems in sunflower production area in Balkan Region. However, genetically resistant hybrids are developed and used for broomrape, downy mildew and some other diseases. On the other hand, Clearfield System hybrids having genetically herbicide resistant sunflower hybrids and post applied Imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide controlling both broomrape and the main broad leave weeds effectively increase market share recently in the region. Sunflower production increases in the region due to higher demand for oil crops recently. Even though big increase in both planted areas and seed production in recent years, Turkey is the main importer in the region while other countries such as Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Serbia exist among the main sunflower exporter countries in the world. Turkey imports especially sunflower seeds from Romania, Bulgaria and Moldova crushes for domestic needs and also exports Middle Eastern and North African countries mainly. It seems that sunflower keep its position as the main oil crop in the region in the future too.
Keywords: Sunflower, Production, Balkan region, Problems, Solutions

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting you our conference will be organized by International  Sunflower Association (ISA) and Trakya University (TU) in Edirne,  Turkey. The conference is intended that the scientific subjects should  be presented broadly in order to provide opportunity to sunflower  community to present their work for sunflower production and trade in  the world bringing science, research and private communities together  in a friendly environment of Edirne, Turkey to share their knowledge  and to get benefit from each other.

19TH INTERNATIONAL SUNFLOWER CONFERENCE
29 MAY – 3 JUNE, 2016, EDİRNE, TURKEY, http://www.isc2016.org/

Conference activities;
Plenary sessions with oral and poster presentations on May 30 to June  1st and Technical and City tour in June 2nd and Sightseeing post  conference tour to Istanbul on June 3rd, 2016.
Please share our event all interested people in your e mail list, in  your country and your region.

  Expecting to see all of you in Edirne, TURKEY,

  Yours sincerely,

Assoc Prof Dr. Yalcin KAYA
  ISA President
  Chair of the Organizing Committee

Head of Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty,  Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey http://genbiyomuh.trakya.edu.tr/

The Director of Plant Breeding Research Center, Trakya University,  Edirne, Turkey  http://bisam.trakya.edu.tr/

The President of International Sunflower Association http://isasunflower.org/

The President of Turkish Plant Breeders Union, http://www.bisab.org.tr/

yalcinkaya22@gmail.com
yalcinkaya@trakya.edu.tr

https://www.facebook.com/yalcinkaya22
http://personel-en.trakya.edu.tr/yalcinkaya/
http://scholar.google.com.tr/citations?user=t4kHh9AAAAAJ&hl=tr