Adaptation

Ceramium tenuicorne (Kützing) Waern is a red alga that is widely distributed in the brackish Baltic Sea. We studied the growth response of Ceramium to low salinity and nutrient enrichment, using isolades from two regions of the Baltic Sea where the alga approaches its inner distribution limit. Ecotypic differentiation was observed in that differences in growth response among isolates corresponded to salinity conditions in their regions of origin. Isolates from the Gulf of Bothnia (4 psu) had inherently lower growth rates that were not increased when transferred to higher salinity, but were better adapted to very low salinity levels than isolates from the Baltic Proper (7 psu). Further, the results indicate that Ceramium from different regions of the Baltic Sea vary in their responses to nutrient enrichment. The observed differences may be best described as a quantitative difference in the proportion of isolates with hyposaline adaptation. The results indicate that the wide distribution of Ceramium in the Baltic Sea is better explained by the occurrence of locally adapted genotypes than by a generalist life strategy, and provide example of adaptive differentiation in a marine edge environment.

The town of Augusta, 300km south of Perth in Western Australia, was settled in May 1830 and represents the first regional settlement of the British Swan River Colony outside of the Swan River area that was settled in 1829. One of many New World settlements established in Australia – and the rest of the New World – during the latter stage of the Industrial Revolution (c.1760-1840), it has not been studied despite its archaeological potential and significance. Augusta’s physical environment, isolation and milder climate comparative to the main settlements established at the Swan River makes it an excellent case study to observe adaptation in frontier environments during this period in Australian and the broader New World context.

The formation of the Swan River Colony resulted in the first ‘free’ – not associated with penal systems of emigration – British settlement in Australia and the archaeology of these initial towns is useful for studying behaviour in frontier environments. Despite Australia’s importance to the archaeological study of free settlement during this period, the comparative emphasis on penal history has created a bias – and general public perception – that Australia’s history is synonymous with a penal colony. While penal systems undoubtedly contributed to rapid development by a good supply of labour and resources, the bias is at the detriment of studying human behaviour in frontier environments. Western Australia was formally a penal colony from 1849 but despite two decades of free settlement the current archaeological literature about its past is tethered to the period post-1849.

The study of adaptation has been a focus of archaeology for many decades that has included how humans learn in frontier environments. A more recent emphasis has been placed on attempting to understand the specific cognitive and environmental variables involved in learning in a foreign environment. Rockman’s (2003) Landscape Learning Model provides a framework to understand how humans learn in a foreign environment using the variables of locational knowledge that involve locating resources; limitational knowledge linked to the limits of the environment and its resources; and social knowledge that is about how existing culture translates into the new environment. The Landscape Learning Model provides a framework that aims to understand the process and archaeological patterns of learning in a foreign environment.

This project asks the questions ‘what knowledge did British settlers bring and how effective was it at Augusta?’ and, ‘what is the archaeological evidence of learning at Augusta’. The questions were addressed using the results of a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) desktop study, two excavations in the main town site – those relating to the Turner and Molloy families– and four pedestrian surveys outside the main town site. The data from these surveys was subjected to functional analysis and used Rockman’s (2003) Landscape Learning Model as a framework to draw out inferences aiming to address learning at Augusta between 1830 and 1849 when most of the 1830 settlers left the area.

The results of this study present a slightly different narrative to that presented in the secondary histories written since the 1950s. The comparative emphasis in these histories on the later Vasse and Busselton settlements provides a basis for inferring that the function of Augusta was as a steppingstone following its abandonment by most of the initial British settlers. Additionally, interpretation to-date using only surviving primary historical documents and the human tendency to explain abandonment using failure – a ‘disaster mindset’ (C. Cameron & Tomka, 1993) - has resulted in the reasons surrounding British settlers departing Augusta being limited to that settlers were unable to overcome the blight of isolation and the physical environment. This is not the case. The British were highly resilient and the archaeology of this project demonstrates that this resilience enabled settlers to effectively learn about the new – foreign – environment. Furthermore, this research suggests that it is not useful to consider Augusta as ‘abandoned’ in 1849 given that continuous settlement occurred post-1849 and the exodus of British settlers can be attributed to social knowledge. The results of the study also highlight the archaeological potential and significance of Augusta and need for future study.

Numerosi prodotti di importazione arricchiscono sempre più spesso l’offerta dei media italiani, tv compresa: in questo modo, nel nostro Paese approdano contenuti che non sono pensati e realizzati appositamente per il pubblico nazionale, ma che, una volta trasferiti e adattati, mutano – almeno in parte – la loro forma. In ambito televisivo, un caso particolarmente interessante è quello della situation comedy americana: un genere centrale nella tv statunitense, ma che in Italia è insieme molto diffuso nei palinsesti e spesso frainteso, complesso da tradurre e talvolta ricostruito – o persino stravolto –, disprezzato ma visto (e rivisto) da intere generazioni di spettatori. Questo volume pone le basi teoriche per uno stu dio dei processi di ‘mediazione’, solo apparentemente banali, che intercorrono nel passaggio di un prodotto mediale da un Paese all’altro: l’appropriazione nazionale (o ‘italianizzazione’), la traduzione, l’adattamento, la distribuzione. E poi applica queste basi a un’approfondita analisi delle vicende italiane della sitcom americana, e di alcuni suoi titoli in particolare (Seinfeld, Friends, Will & Grace, How I Met Your Mother), da tre punti di vista: la ricostruzione della sto ria del genere nel nostro Paese; la rassegna delle variazioni e modifiche traduttive che il prodotto televisivo si trova necessariamente ad affrontare; infine, il racconto della sua filiera produttiva e distributiva, delle routine traduttive e dei professionisti coinvolti. Per capire cosa cambia nella sitcom quando passa dagli Stati Uniti all’Italia, e perché.

Most critics of contemporary literature have reached a consensus that what was once called " postmodernism " is over and that its signature modes—metafiction and irony—are on the wane. This is not the case, however, with videogames. In recent years, a number of self-reflexive games have appeared, exemplified by Davey Wreden's The Stanley Parable (2013), an ironic game about games. When self-awareness migrates form print to screen, however, something happens. If metafiction can be characterized by how it draws attention to its materiality—the artificiality of language and the construction involved in acts of representation—The Stanley Parable draws attention to the digital, procedural materiality of videogames. Following the work of Alexander R. Galloway and Ian Bogost, I argue that the self-reflexivity of The Stanley Parable is best understood in terms of action and procedure, as metaproceduralism. This essay explores the legacies of United States metafiction in videogames, suggesting that though postmodernism might be over, its lessons are important to remember for confronting the complex digital realities of the twenty-first century. If irony may be ebbing in fiction, it has found a vital and necessary home in videogames and we underestimate its power to challenge the informatic, algorithmic logic of cultural production in the digital age to our detriment.

How might television aesthetics characterise the 'medium' or 'art form' or television? From a perspective inspired by analytic philosophical aesthetics, this paper disputes the commonplace practice of referring to television as a ‘medium’. It proposes instead that television be regarded as an art composed of many media. Individual works employ various media available to television and also to other arts.
The paper evaluates the usefulness of these distinctions for our conceptual understanding of television, appraisal of television works, and appreciation of television in relation to other arts. Via its reconfiguration of ‘medium/media’, it challenges narrowly contemporary notions of the televisual, positing a more historicised model and situating television alongside other arts – amongst friends.

The aim of this study was to determine morphological and functional changes of the elbow extensor muscles in response to a 12-week self-perceived maximal resistance training (MRT). Twenty-one healthy sedentary young men were engaged in elbow extensor training using isoacceleration dynamometry for 12 weeks with a frequency of five sessions per week (five sets of ten maximal voluntarily contractions, 1-min rest period between each set). Prior to, at 6 weeks and after the training, a series of cross-sectional magnetic resonance images of the upper arm were obtained and muscle volumes were calculated. Maximal and endurance strength increased (P<0AE01) by 15% and 45% at 6 weeks, and by 29% and 70% after 12 weeks compared with baseline values, while fatigue rate of the elbow extensors decreased by 67%. The volume of triceps brachii increased in both arms (P<0AE01) by 4% at 6 weeks, and by 8% after 12 weeks compared with baseline values (right armfrom 487AE4 ± 72AE8 cm 3 to 505AE8 ± 72AE3 cm 3 after 6 weeks and 525AE3 ± 73AE7 cm 3 after 12 weeks; left arm -from 475AE3 ± 79AE1 cm 3 to 493AE2 ± 72AE7 cm 3 after 6 weeks and 511AE3 ± 77AE0 cm 3 after 12 weeks). A high correlation was found between maximal muscle strength and muscle volume prior (r 2 = 0AE62) and after (r 2 = 0AE69) the training (P£0AE05). A self-perceived MRT resulted in an increase in maximal and endurance strength. Morphological adaptation changes of triceps brachii as a result of 12-week specific strength training can explain only up to 26% of strength gain.

In this paper we introduce a new algorithm for simplification of polygonal meshes. It generates a variable resolution structure called hierarchical 4-K mesh. This structure is a powerful representation for non-uniform level of detail that, among other things, allows simple and efficient extraction of conforming meshes.

SUMMARYVarious management approaches have been proposed to address the alarming depletion of marine coastal resources. Prominent among them are community-based management and the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). The overall poor performance of MPAs can be traced to a failure to effectively include local communities in the design and implementation of relevant measures. Recent efforts have incorporated aspects of community-based management into a hybrid form of management, which ideally builds upon existing local management practices. A key challenge lies in the development of appropriate frameworks that allow for the successful participation of local communities in management. A review of studies on MPA design and community-based marine resource management and fieldwork observations provides suggestions on how to address current socioeconomic shortcomings in MPA design and implementation, successfully involving local communities in order to provide a better local basi...

This paper describes two case studies of demand-side water management in the Okanagan region of southern British Columbia, Canada. The case studies reveal important lessons about how local context shapes the process of adaptation; in these cases, adaptation to rising and changing water demand under a regime of increasingly limited supply in a semi-arid region. Both case studies represent examples of water meter implementation, specifically volume-based pricing in a residential area and as a compliance tool in a mainly farming district. While the initiative was successful in the residential setting, agricultural metering met with stiff resistance. These cases suggest many factors shape the character of the adaptation process, including: interpretation of the signal relative to context, newness of the approach, consumer values, and local and provincial political agendas. Although context has been explored in resource management circles, thus far climate change adaptation research has not adequately discussed the embeddedness of adaptation. In other words, how context matters and what aspects of context, unrelated to climate change, could encourage or thwart the act of adapting. This study is a simple illustration of the potential drivers, barriers and enabling factors that have influenced the adaptation process of water management decisions in the Okanagan.

Ce travail présente une partie des étapes de la validation de l'échelle fonctionnelle de Copenhague pour l'évaluation des cervicalgies. Méthodes.-Réinterprétation, a posteriori, des données d'un essai thérapeutique sur la cervicalgie. Les patients sont recrutés localement et examinés en insu par un médecin indépendant des traitements délivrés. Le recueil de données comprend des mesures de douleurs par échelle visuelle analogique (EVA), le questionnaire de qualité de vie SF 36, le montant des prestations remboursées par la sécurité sociale, l'opinion du patient et du médecin. L'évaluation est réalisée à l'entrée dans l'étude, en fin de traitement, à trois mois et à six mois. Résultats.-La répartition des valeurs de l'échelle est normale. La concordance des valeurs et de leurs variations est bonne avec les autres critères de jugement. L'échelle de Copenhague est moins sensible au changement que l'EVA de la douleur mais plus sensible au changement que les autres critères de jugement. Conclusion.-L'échelle fonctionnelle de Copenhague paraît être un instrument utile pour l'évaluation des cervicalgies. Il faudra encore mesurer sa reproductibilité pour en connaître sa validité. Elle vient donc s'ajouter aux échelles déjà existantes qui ont été traduites ces dernières années et qui sont destinées à la recherche clinique. Nous pensons que sa simplicité d'emploi pour les patients lui donnera également une place dans la pratique clinique.

In order to solve the controller overload problem caused by high requirement of do mestic air t raffic, an adaptive airspace sectorization method is proposed. The concerned airspace is div ided into grids, and the distribution of air traffic is featured by aircraft number and segment length in each grid. The TSP strategy is designed to group grids, and monitor alert parameter (MAP) will be assigned a value higher than the median to ensure the count of aircraft in a sector not exceed the limit so as to get an adjusted result of sector boundaries with wh ich the controller workload increase will be eliminated. Based on the peak count per 15 minutes, temporal distribution of flights in each sector is further evaluated and adjusted to coincide with MAP standard. The method has strong adaptability and may solve the overload problem efficiently during busy periods by increasing controllers on duty.

Instead of considering fi lm and television adaptations in the context of the source texts they are adapting, this essay proposes another context for their reception and analysis: the genre of adaptation itself. Focusing on the Hollywood traditions of masculine adventure and feminine romance associated respectively with adaptations of Alexandre Dumas père and fi ls, it identifi es four genre markers common to both traditions that make it more likely a given adaptation will be perceived as an adaptation even by an audience that does not know its source, and one antimarker associated with adaptations in the tradition of the younger Dumas but not the elder. The essay concludes by proposing adaptation as a model for all Hollywood genres.

Arctic communities are recently reporting warmer and shorter winters, which have implications for the ice season and, consequently, on the access to local territories and resources by members of these communities. These climatic shifts are resulting in increased risks for travel during the winter season associated with less stable and thinner ice. An integrated communitybased monitoring (ICBM) program was developed in Nunavik to generate adaptation tools to support safe access to land and resources and to enhance local adaptive capacity through participation in community-based monitoring activities. The Nunavik ICBM approach brings together partners (northern communities, Canadian universities, and various organizations) that have different perspectives on the issues surrounding land and resources in Nunavik. The ICBM project also brings together traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge, linking data collected through semi-structured interviews, local ethnocartographic interviews, and ice-monitoring activities with data gathered at weather stations. The partnership-based Nunavik ICBM program dealing with territory and resource access is an example of communities and scientists working together to improve our understanding of climate change impacts in the North, their importance for aboriginal people, and the ways in which an integrated, cooperative research process can develop local adaptive capacity.

Introduction 379 2 Principles of adaptation 380 2.1 Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation 380 2.2 Functional and morphological adaptation 380 2.3 Adaptation theory 381 2.4 Physiological forcing functions 382 3 Adaptation to cold 383 3.1 An overview of cold-adaptive response patterns 383 3.2 Cold adaptation: evidence from ethnic groups 385 3.3 The nature of human adaptation to cold 386 4 Adaptation to heat 387 4.1 Heat adaptation: evidence from ethnic groups 387 4.2 Heat acclimation: its induction, retention and decay 389 4.3 Impact of aerobic fi tness 391 4.4 Adaptive actions and physiological mechanisms 392 4.5 Dry-heat versus humid-heat comparisons and cross-acclimation 395 5 The relationship between adaptation to cold and heat 396 References 396

The metabolic responses to repeated cycles of temperature change, alternating 24 h at -16 and +3"C, wer': compared for a freeze-tolerant (Eurosta soliduginis) vs a freeze-avoiding (Epiblema scudderiuna) insect. The two species differed most strongly in the response by cellular energetics. ATP content and energy charge were depressed in E. scudderiana larvae with each -16°C exposure but rebounded with each return to + 3°C; after 12 such cycles, final energy status at + 3°C was not significantly different than cc'ntrol values. By contrast, E. soliduginis larvae maintained a high energy charge (at the expense of a decrease in the total adenylate pool) over the first two cycles of freeze/thaw only. Subsequently energy stress was cumulative, with no recovery in the +3"C half of each cycle, and energy charge fell to 0.70-0.75.

The income-generating activities in the Middle Drâa valley are strongly based on water use and land resources. Nevertheless, labor migration and tourism increasingly help to diversify the sources of income for farm and pastoral households. The most important component of water demand in the Drâa basin is crop production in the oases of the Middle Drâa valley, which would be impossible without the extensive use of irrigation schemes. Agronomic and economic options for irrigation water management are analyzed and simulated. From an agronomic perspective, specific emphasis is put on problems of temporal water scarcity and on problems with increasing salinization of soils as a consequence of irrigation water use and groundwater mining. Using a hydro-economic simulation model, the consequences of long-term trends in the volatility of water supply are simulated. Land use, by contrast, is dominated by extensive pastoral-nomadic production. The physical biomass productivity of extensive pasture under Climate Change is simulated using a locally adapted version of the SAVANNA-Model. This spatially explicit, process-orientated model simulates spatial animal dynamics based on the distribution of biomass productivity. In addition, we look into the resilience mechanisms of pastoral-nomadic range management in the wider Drâa region. Pastoralists' mobility in the region allows for the use of and creates reliable fodder resources, which are ecological buffers against environmental variability. Decisions also depend on socioeconomic resources and individual networks, which function as economic buffers.

This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 11481 “Models@run.time”. Research on models@run.time seeks to extend the applicability of models and abstractions to the runtime environment, with the goal of providing effective technologies for managing the complexity of evolving software behaviour while it is executing. The Dagstuhl Seminar “Models@run.time” brought together a diverse set of researchers and practitioners with a broad range of expertise, including MDE, software architectures, reflection, self-adaptive systems, validation and verification, middleware, robotics and requirements engineering. Seminar 27. November – 02. December, 2011 – www.dagstuhl.de/11481 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.2 Software Engineering, D.2.10 Design, H.1 Models and Principles

The scientific literature contains numerous descriptions of observed and potential effects of global climate change on species and ecosystems. In response to anticipated effects of climate change, conservation organizations and government agencies are developing "adaptation strategies" to facilitate the adjustment of human society and ecological systems to altered climate regimes. We reviewed the literature and climatechange adaptation plans that have been developed in United States, Canada, England, México, and South Africa and found 16 general adaptation strategies that relate directly to the conservation of biological diversity. These strategies can be grouped into four broad categories: land and water protection and management; direct species management; monitoring and planning; and law and policy. Tools for implementing these strategies are similar or identical to those already in use by conservationists worldwide (land and water conservation, ecological restoration, agrienvironment schemes, species translocation, captive propagation, monitoring, natural resource planning, and legislation/regulation). Although our review indicates natural resource managers already have many tools that can be used to address climate-change effects, managers will likely need to apply these tools in novel and innovative ways to meet the unprecedented challenges posed by climate change.

We have measured the spread of contrast adaptation across the dimension of spatial frequency. Threshold elevation was tightly tuned to the adapting spatial frequency but became much broader as test contrast was increased. This means that, for a given test frequency, there arc some frequencies which do not raise threshold but do result in a loss of perceived contrast. The contrast dependence, retinal specificity and interocular transfer of adaptation effects elicited from sameand remote-frequency adaptation were compared. While we were able to show some distinct differences between threshold and suprathreshold tests, we were unable to demonstrate any reliable differences in the retinal specificity and interocular transfer between same-and remotefrequency adaptation.

The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (ICP-Water) started in 1987. The main aim of the programme is to establish degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters and evaluate dose/response relationships to aquatic biota attributable to acidic deposition. The sample frequency in each locality is from a few-to a large number every year. Samples of invertebrates are taken from 108 localities. One time samples as well as regularly seasonal samples over years exist in the database. The acidity score (Raddum index) is determined for the different sites and regions, and compared with the corresponding chemical data. The analysis show a strong relationship between water quality and fauna. Sensitive species/taxa are associated with high ANC and pH, while tolerant species/taxa are associated with low pH and ANC. The diversity of the fauna in less acidified areas varies from region to region depending on the native water quality and the adaptions of the fauna. In areas with strongly oligotrophic water, low in ionic strength, the sensitive fauna tolerate lower ANC and pH than in areas with originally high ionic strength and high pH. The critical load of ANC, 20/~eq/l, developed for the oligotrophic water in Norway, should therefore be increased in watersheds with high ionic strength. In Central Europe the data indicate a critical level of ANC-50/zeq/1.

Introduction 379 2 Principles of adaptation 380 2.1 Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation 380 2.2 Functional and morphological adaptation 380 2.3 Adaptation theory 381 2.4 Physiological forcing functions 382 3 Adaptation to cold 383 3.1 An overview of cold-adaptive response patterns 383 3.2 Cold adaptation: evidence from ethnic groups 385 3.3 The nature of human adaptation to cold 386 4 Adaptation to heat 387 4.1 Heat adaptation: evidence from ethnic groups 387 4.2 Heat acclimation: its induction, retention and decay 389 4.3 Impact of aerobic fi tness 391 4.4 Adaptive actions and physiological mechanisms 392 4.5 Dry-heat versus humid-heat comparisons and cross-acclimation 395 5 The relationship between adaptation to cold and heat 396 References 396

Juvenile Atlantic halibut (40.5±9.1g mean initial body mass±SD) were reared at five different levels of oxygen availability (57%, 84%, 100%, 120%, and 150% of air saturation) for 94days. The availability of oxygen significantly affected the growth rate of the fish while feed conversion was not significantly different. The final size of fish reared at 57% of air saturation was significantly

In addition to answering Hutchinson's question ''Why are there so many species?'', we need to understand why certain species are found only under certain environmental conditions and not others. Trait-based approaches are being increasingly used in ecology to do just that: explain and predict species distributions along environmental gradients. These approaches can be successful in understanding the diversity and community structure of phytoplankton. Among major traits shaping phytoplankton distributions are resource utilization traits, morphological traits (with size being probably the most influential), grazer resistance traits, and temperature responses. We review these trait-based approaches and give examples of how trait data can explain species distributions in both freshwater and marine systems. We also outline new directions in trait-based approaches applied to phytoplankton such as looking simultaneously at trait and phylogenetic structure of phytoplankton communities and using adaptive dynamics models to predict trait evolution.

A discussion of social science and sustainability concepts, frameworks and methodologies.
Sustainability policies shape the ways that society and the economy interact with the environment, natural resources and ecosystems, and address issues such as water, energy and food security, and climate change. These policies are complex and are, at times, obscured by contestation, uncertainty and sometimes ignorance. Ultimately, sustainability problems are social problems and they need to be addressed through social and policy change.

Social Science and Sustainability draws on the wide-ranging experience of CSIRO’s social scientists in the sustainability policy domain. These researchers have extensive experience in addressing complex issues of society–nature relationships, usually in interdisciplinary collaboration with natural scientists. This book describes some of the evidence-based concepts, frameworks and methodologies they have developed, which may guide a transition to sustainability. Contributions range from exploring ways to enhance livelihoods and alleviate poverty, to examining Australians’ responses to climate change, to discussing sociological perspectives on sustainability and how to make policy relevant.

Researchers, policy-makers and decision-makers around the globe will find this book a valuable and thought-provoking contribution to the sustainability literature. It is also suited to academics and students in postgraduate-level courses in social sciences and sustainability, or in courses in applied sociology, applied social psychology and other applied social sciences.

- See more at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7583/#details

The role of phenotypic plasticity in evolution has historically been a contentious issue because of debate over whether plasticity shields genotypes from selection or generates novel opportunities for selection to act. Because plasticity encompasses diverse adaptive and non-adaptive responses to environmental variation, no single conceptual framework adequately predicts the diverse roles of plasticity in evolutionary change. 2. Different types of phenotypic plasticity can uniquely contribute to adaptive evolution when populations are faced with new or altered environments. Adaptive plasticity should promote establishment and persistence in a new environment, but depending on how close the plastic response is to the new favoured phenotypic optimum dictates whether directional selection will cause adaptive divergence between populations. Further, non-adaptive plasticity in response to stressful environments can result in a mean phenotypic response being further away from the favoured optimum or alternatively increase the variance around the mean due to the expression of cryptic genetic variation. The expression of cryptic genetic variation can facilitate adaptive evolution if by chance it results in a fitter phenotype. 3. We conclude that adaptive plasticity that places populations close enough to a new phenotypic optimum for directional selection to act is the only plasticity that predictably enhances fitness and is most likely to facilitate adaptive evolution on ecological timescales in new environments. However, this type of plasticity is likely to be the product of past selection on variation that may have been initially non-adaptive. 4. We end with suggestions on how future empirical studies can be designed to better test the importance of different kinds of plasticity to adaptive evolution.

Recently, we have shown that lipread speech can recalibrate auditory speech identification when there is a conflict between the auditory and visual information . Visual recalibration of auditory speech identification: a McGurk aftereffect. Psychol. Sci. 14 (2003) 592-597). When an ambiguous sound intermediate between /aba/ and /ada/ was dubbed onto a face articulating /aba/ (or /ada/), the proportion of responses consistent with the visual stimulus increased in subsequent unimodal auditory sound identification trials, revealing recalibration. In contrast, when an unambiguous /aba/ or /ada/ sound was dubbed onto the face (with no conflict between vision and audition), the proportion of responses decreased, revealing selective adaptation. In the present study we show that recalibration and selective adaptation not only differ in the direction of their aftereffects, but also that they dissipate at different rates, confirming that the effects are caused by different mechanisms.

The evidence for structuring of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) into distinct reproductive populations and for genetic differentiation and local adaptation is compelling. The effect of genetic variation among populations is demonstrably a factor determining the economic value of salmonid fisheries in the British Isles. Genetic considerations are, therefore, a matter of self-interest for fisheries managers and a shared interest with those advocating more general approaches to the conservation of diversity and variation. The local population is the basic unit of production and, therefore, the preferred unit of management. However, salmonid populations are numerous and many are small. These factors limit practical possibilities for management at the population level. We suggest that this difficulty can be addressed by combining populations in fisheries-biased management units that comprise interchangeable, nested groupings of populations that are both genetically and biologically meaningful. This population-based approach addresses the necessity of managing the fisheries in ways that are consistent with the conservation of adaptive potential in relation to the dynamic aspects of populations, their capacity to respond to changing environmental conditions, and the likelihood that salmonids will remain a worthwhile resource for the future. Crown address: a.youngson@marlab.ac.uk (A.F. Youngson). east Atlantic, since rivers, lakes and streams took their present form in the aftermath of the last glacial retreat. Both species have probably constituted an important resource for man over most of this same period. Relatively recently, the economic value of the wild resource in the British Isles has come to be dominated by recreational exploitation by angling, rather than, as previously, by food fisheries. However, many salmonid fisheries in the British Isles, as in other parts of the species' range, are in decline 0165-7836/02/$ -see front matter. Crown

Two different Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) cohorts originating from 60°N (Bergen) and 69°N (Tromsø) were investigated in equal environmental conditions to study their different physiological responses to the same environment. A two-plus-two-bag mesocosm study was carried out between March and July 1998, in Håkøybotn, Tromsø, in order to determine development and mortality rates of the two parallel cohorts of C. finmarchicus. For practical reasons, the cohort from Bergen was incubated 10 days earlier than the Tromsø cohort. Consequently, they were exposed to elevated food conditions as compared to the Tromsø cohort. A high initial mortality among the Bergen cohort could clearly be ascribed, by genetic discrimination, to "contamination" with C. helgolandicus. After this initial mass mortality, the mortality was constantly 0.03–0.04 day−1. In cohorts starting from naupliar stage I, there was no significant difference in development or growth, the median development time (NI–CIV) differing by only 7 days (~6%). The difference in development time can be explained to a large extent (~4 days) by temperature differences. This is substantiated with model simulations using a physiological model developed for C. finmarchicus. There was a time lag in incubation between the two cohorts, resulting in elevated temperature during incubation of the Tromsø cohort. A fraction of both cohorts differentiated sexually at stage CV, with males differentiating before females. Females from both cohorts produced eggs, but specific egg production differed significantly (P>0.001, t-test). This was supported by elevated RNA:DNA ratio in females from the Bergen cohort. Both cohorts demonstrated quite similar development and physiological growth rates and, consequently, are considered to belong to the same genetic population inhabiting the Norwegian Shelf. The study demonstrates that C. finmarchicus is capable of adaptation to changes in environment and, thereby, demonstrates a significant physiological plasticity.

Medical decision protocols constitute theories for health-care decision making that are applicable for “standard” medical cases but have to be adapted for the other cases. This holds in particular for the breast cancer treatment protocol studied in the Kasimir research project. Protocol adaptations can be seen as knowledge-intensive case-based decision support processes. Some examples of adaptations that have been performed by oncologists are presented in this paper. Several issues are then identified that need to be addressed while trying to model such processes, namely: the complexity of adaptations, the lack of relevant information about the patient, the necessity to take into account the applicability and the consequences of a decision, the closeness to decision thresholds, and the necessity to consider some patients according to different viewpoints. As handling these issues requires some additional knowledge, which has to be acquired, different methods are presented that perform adaptation knowledge acquisition either from experts, or in a semi-automatic manner. A discussion and a conclusion end the paper.

In the coastal area, 28% people of total population lives where 16% of total rice of Bangladesh is being produced. Although arable land is decreasing, modern technologies help to increase food production. However, impacts of inappropriate application of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and climate change constrain the agricultural progress. The objective of the current study is to find out suitable existing environmental friendly agricultural practice that can adapt with climate changing condition. Dacope and Dumuria upazilas of Khulna district were the study area which situate at the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Three types of available agricultural practices had been identified which were rice cultivation, combined rice and fish culture, and vegetable cultivation. Ten Rice Farmers (RF), ten combined Rice and Fish Farmers (RFF), and five Vegetable Farmers (VF) had been interviewed. VF use comparatively low amount of chemical fertilizer than other farmers. Farmers do no...

This paper analyzes the functional implications of stem tilting and pseudocephalium orientation in the giant columnar cactus Cephalocereus columna-trajani. This species shows a consistent northern orientation of its pseudocephalium (a nonphotosynthetic hairy structure where flowers are produced) and stem tilting in the same direction. Analysis of pseudocephalium orientation was made on field data gathered from subpopulations of C. columna-trajani from slopes with different exposures. Additionally, from morphometric characteristics measured in the field, a model cactus was constructed with the purpose of simulating radiation interception by different morphologies. Variations of this model cactus allowed the simulation of irradiance on erect and tilted cacti, as well as on plants with varying pseudocephalium orientation. Results of irradiance interception by different morphologies were related to actual data of growth rates, flowering period, and rainfall and temperature patterns on the study zone. Sampled individuals of C. columna-trajani showed a significant north-northwest pseudocephalium orientation (angular mean ϭ 339Њ Ϯ 22Њ). Simulations showed that tilted cacti with pseudocephalia facing northwards increase yearly interception of direct solar radiation by the whole plant compared to erect cacti with or without a pseudocephalium (2 and 7% increase, respectively), and with tilted cacti with the pseudocephalium facing away from the north (9-10% increase). Additionally, the observed morphology decreases radiation interception during the hottest and driest period of the year. From our results, pseudocephalium orientation and stem tilting in C. columnatrajani appear to be morphological adaptations that allow the fine-tuning of a columnar morphology to its thermal and radiation environment. However, the cost of tilting in this giant columnar cactus is that branching (which increases photosynthetic area and reproductive output) appears to be almost impossible without serious risk of stem breakage.

Policy measures regarding adaptation to climate change include efforts to adjust socio-economic and ecologic systems. Colombia has undertaken various measures in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation since becoming a party of the Kyoto protocol in 2001 and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995. The first national communication to the UNFCCC stated how Colombian agriculture will be severely impacted under different emission scenarios and time frames. The analyses in this document further support that climate change will severely threaten the socioeconomics of Colombian agriculture. We first query national data sources to characterize the agricultural sector. We then use 17 Global Circulation Model (GCM) outputs to quantify how Colombian agricultural production may be affected by climate change, and show the expected changes to years 2040-2069 ("2050") under the A2 scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES-A2) and the overall trends in both precipitation and temperature to 2100. We then evaluate expected changes within different regions and measure the proportion of area affected within each crop's distributional range. By 2050, climatic change in Colombia will likely impact 3.5 million people, 14 % of national GDP corresponding to agriculture, employment of 21 % of the population, agro-industries, supply chains, and food and nutritional security. If no adaptation measures are taken, 80 % of crops would be impacted

Drawing on field-based interviews with the Jawoyn people, we found that these indigenous people categorize water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) as an important food source (tucker), view horses ( Equus caballus) as bush pets, and consider pigs ( Sus scrofa) a threat to their lands. As a result, Jawoyn people want more water buffalo in the park, have high tolerance of environmental damage caused by horses, and are open to the idea that pig population densities should be reduced. Jawoyn also advocate an adaptive and participatory approach to feral animal control so that the consequences of any management actions can be properly understood before irrevocable change occurs. These findings highlight one example of how indigenous people's ecological knowledge has adapted in response to changing landscapes and community aspirations. Co-management strategies that aim to incorporate the dynamics of indigenous people's views need to start with issues on which there is agreement between different groups and take a cautious approach to joint exploration of more contentious issues. That approach should include ongoing and on-site monitoring so that the consequences of management actions can be properly understood and comprehensively negotiated by all parties. Key Words: adaptive management, bush pets, bush tucker, co-management, feral animal damage, indigenous ecological knowledge Alimento, Mascotas y Amenazas en el Matorral: Manejo Cooperativo de Animales Cimarrones en el Parque Nacional Kakadu en Australia

This book addresses the motif of literary twinship from the Shakespearean age until today. Twins have all too often been discussed as mere footnotes to the allegedly more nuanced motif of the doppelganger, or as a kind of 'embarrassing' secret of literary history that is said to occur merely in inferior genres like farce or horror fiction. This study, by contrast, makes a case for the complexity of literary twinship across the literary spectrum, and it demonstrates that twinship articulates bodily anxieties, dynastic troubles, and genetic concerns that the classic double trope cannot ac-commodate. While the book does not deliver a complete and unabridged history of literary twin-ship (as such a history would inevitably be one marked by long gaps), it still examines twinship in a diachronic fashion and in different historical periods in order to show how the category of twinship is frequently re-negotiated as part of larger discursive shifts. Some historical periods understand twins mainly as a biological conundrum that threatens to expose the arbitrary laws of dynastic kin-ship, others as an epistemological problem that challenges any attempt to impose clear-cut definitions.
The individual case studies trace the development of the category of twinship over time, demonstrating how the twin was repeatedly (re-)invented as a cultural and pathological type when other discursive areas (including the fields of criminology and eugenics) constituted themselves, and how it served as the battleground for ideological disputes. It is in-midst of these discursive processes that I locate literary twinship, and my goal is not to demonstrate that literature 'mirrors' scientific debates of the day. Not only is it evident that literature frequently prefigured the discussions of modern twin scholarship, it has also been instrumental in facilitating these debates and in contributing to the negotiation of power shifts, for instance by setting the stage for debates regarding kinship systems in the Shakespearean age, by engaging in the Victorian reformulation of the criminal as genetically/pathologically evil, or by contributing to the dystopian quality of cloning discourse in the 20th century.

This article proposes a specific structuralist methodology that may help organize the analysis of the relationship between literature and cinema. Through the instance of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s short story “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” and David Fincher’s film adaptation of it, a focus on the comparable diegetic structures of a narrative cinematic text and the literary work on which it is based is offered, along with an exploration of the semiotic codes that support their comparative textual analyses. Este articulo propone una metodologia estructuralista especifica que posibilita organizar el estudio para analizar la relacion entre la literatura y el cine. Utilizando como ejemplo el cuento de F. Scott Fitzgerald “El curioso caso de Benjamin Button” y su adaptacion al cine de David Fincher, se ofrece un enfoque en las estructuras diegeticas comparables entre un texto cinematografico narrativo y la obra literaria en la cual se basa; ademas de una exploracion de los codigos semio...

Too intensive training may lead to overreaching or overtraining. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase ( phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group ( phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase ( phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal m...