Perception

Although male partner cooperation is often essential for successful use of the female condom, only a few studies have directly assessed men's experiences of using the device. We examined barriers to and facilitators of female condom use via qualitative in-depth interviews with 38 young men (18 to 28 years) in South Africa whose partners, all university students, were enrolled in a female condom intervention trial. In all, 21 men used the female condom; the remaining 17 did not attempt use. The main facilitators to female condom use were convenience of use for men, curiosity to see how female condoms compared to male condoms, enhanced sexual sensation, and perceptions of better safety and comfort of the device compared to male condoms. The main barriers were men's limited familiarity with the device, insertion difficulties, and men's concerns about loss of control over sexual encounters. We recommend that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and condom promotion ...

The verb /forgytan/ is used reflexively six times in the extant Old English corpus, and all six instances are found in King Alfred’s translation of Gregory the Great’s /Regula pastoralis/. As the translation adopts from its Latin source the concept of what I call ‘completely reflexive forgetting’ (the forgetting of one’s self), it adjusts the concept for an Anglo-Saxon audience by reimagining and reconfiguring the logistics of the mind and its mechanisms of perception. Completely reflexive forgetting is thus imagined as the process by which a ruler ceases to perceive himself from within (as God always does) and begins perceiving himself from without (from the perspective of his subjects), thereby slipping into a perpetually totalizing state of self-concealment.

... References. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 7, 197207 (1973) Necessary versus Sufficient Causal Schemata for Success and Failure' ANNA KUN AND ... That is, if one succeeds, then high ability, high effort expenditure, an easy task, or good luck are believed to be ...

Understanding Consciousness, second edition provides a unique survey and evaluation of consciousness studies, along with an original analysis of consciousness that combines scientific findings, philosophy and common sense.

Building on the widely praised first edition of the book, this new edition adds fresh research, and deepens the original analysis in a way that reflects some of the fundamental changes in the understanding of consciousness that have taken place over the last ten years.

The book is divided into three parts; Part I surveys current theories of consciousness, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Part II reconstructs an understanding of consciousness from first principles, starting with its phenomenology, and leading to a closer examination of how conscious experience relates to the world described by physics and information processing in the brain. Finally, Part III deals with fundamental issues such as what consciousness is and does, and how it fits into the evolving universe. As the structure of the book moves from a basic overview of the field to a successively deeper analysis, it can be used both for those new to the subject and for more established researchers.

Understanding Consciousness tells a story with a beginning, middle and end in a way that integrates the philosophy of consciousness with the science. Overall, the book provides a unique perspective on how to address the problems of consciousness and as such will be of great interest to psychologists, philosophers, neuroscientists and other professionals concerned with mind/body relationships, and all who are interested in this subject.

A tout instant, quoi que nous fassions, nous sommes environnés par des corps qui réduisent l’espace et opposent de la résistance. Que sont ces corps qui saturent notre quotidien et avec lesquels il nous faut constamment négocier l’espace ? Plus radicalement, pourquoi y a-t-il des corps ? Je soutiens dans cet ouvrage que la psychologie et la physique ne disposent plus des moyens de répondre à cette question. La désubstantialisation du réel amorcée par la révolution quantique sape les fondements de l’explication objectiviste de la perception privilégiée par la première, et elle évide de sa portée ontologique le discours de la seconde.
Expliquer pourquoi la réalité se présente sous la forme d’un agencement de corps exige en premier lieu de comprendre le rôle que remplit l’anticipation du possible dans la perception. Dans le toucher comme dans la vision, poser l’existence d’un corps implique d’anticiper les contraintes que ce corps exerce sur notre champ de possibilités pratiques, accréditer de manière présomptive la disponibilité ou l’indisponibilité de certaines possibilités d’action. C’est donc uniquement parce que notre subjectivité donne sens à ce qui est en le référant à ce qui peut être que la réalité macroscopique à laquelle nous introduit la perception consiste en un monde solide.
Pour développer cette idée, l’ouvrage dresse une critique de la conception actualiste du phénomène de corps, qui subordonne celui-ci à l’expérience en acte d’une résistance, et il déconstruit l’approche physicaliste et objectiviste, qui prétend dériver les propriétés des corps que nous percevons des propriétés de structures physiques qui leur seraient antécédentes ontologiquement. Si la sémantique des corps présuppose l’épaisseur du temps humain et une perspective foncièrement pragmatique sur l’environnement, il n’est plus question d’assimiler sans autre forme de procès le corps à une « structure physique », quelle qu’en soit la teneur. Les corps sont un produit de l’activité constructrice de notre subjectivité, et seule une incursion profonde dans les mécanismes et principes qui régissent cette activité pourra permettre d’accéder à leur vérité.

This paper examines the history and philosophy of a little-known psychological experience: depersonalization. It explores it as a phenomenal experience and as a disorder. It examines nosological debates over the condition, both past and present. It presents speculative hypotheses about phenomenal consciousness, the self and sensation.

Biosemantics is an inclusive naturalistic philosophical account of the intentional content of both mental and linguistic representations. As it is well known, Millikan explains the normative dimension of intentional content in terms of natural function. However, Millikan’s account (and its reception) suffers from three fundamental problems (1) Usually, her account is not situated in the suitable philosophical tradition, in my view, this tradition is classical pragmatism (Peirce, Mead, Morris) and the pragmatist themes in Sellars’ philosophy, and not classical cognitive science (or Fodorian Psychosemantics). The first chapter of the book is, thus, an exercise in re-contextualization. (2) Biosemantics has neither a philosophically satisfactory notion of naturalism nor a very clear idea of normativity. I claim that biosemantics needs both, a non-reductionist notion of naturalism (I call it “Biological Naturalism”) and a unified account of normativity. Chapters 2 and 3 are dedicated to these tasks. (3) Millikan’s account of perception is underdeveloped. By taking up arguments and distinctions from Thomas Reid, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and J.J. Gibson chapter 5 establishes a theory of the non-conceptual content of (visual) perception in a biosemantic framework.
The manuscript is in need of revision on two different levels: Firstly, the architecture of the book is not clear enough, it contains too much material, and the exposition of Millikan’s point of view could be more straight forward. Secondly, two important arguments do not work in their present shape, namely the argument for self-consciousness in non-human animals (section 4.4) and the argument from animalism against the infamous swampman problem (sections 4.1-4.3). I have received many valuable comments, suggestions, and criticisms.
Obviously, my current SNF-Project at the University of Fribourg “Biosemantics and Normative Pragmatism (Millikan and Brandom)” is a continuation of the Habilitation into the realms of concepts, thought, and self-consciousness."

In this chapter, I draw on Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy to explore environmental embodiment—the various lived ways, sensorily and motility-wise, that the body in its pre-reflective perceptual presence engages and synchronizes with the world at hand, especially its architectural and environmental aspects. First, I consider Merleau-Ponty’s interpretation of perception, giving particular attention to his claim that perception involves a lived dynamic between perceptual body and world such that aspects of the world—for example, the heavy hardness of a granite block or the cool smoothness of a chrome railing—are known because they immediately evoke in the lived body their experienced qualities.

Second, I consider the architectural and environmental significance of what Merleau-Ponty calls body-subject—pre-reflective corporeal awareness expressed through action and typically in sync with and enmeshed in the physical world in which the action unfolds. I focus on the taken-for-granted sensibility of body-subject to manifest in extended ways over time and space. I ask how routine actions and behaviors of individuals coming together regularly in an environment can transform that environment into a place with a unique dynamic and character—a lived situation I term place ballet. For both perception and body-subject, I consider how qualities of the physical and designable world—for example, materiality, form, and spatiality—contribute to the lived body’s engagement with and actions in the world.

Note: This chapter was written in 2014 for a proposed edited collection on Merleau-Ponty and architecture. Unfortunately, the editors did not find a publisher(though I was never officially informed of this fact). The chapter has been rewritten, revised, and updated; see the above entry: "Merleau-Ponty, Environmental Embodiment, and Place" (2022)
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I walk into the room and the smell of burning wood hits me immediately. The warmth from the fireplace grows as I step nearer to it. The fire needs to heat the little cottage through night so I add a log to the fire. There are a few sparks and embers. I throw a bigger log onto the fire and it drops with a thud. Again, there are barely any sparks or embers. The heat and the smell stay the same. They don’t change and I do not become habituated to it. Rather, they are just a steady stream, so I take off my VR headset and give my recommendations to the team programming the gameified world of the virtual museum of the future (one depicting an ancient Turkish settlement, being built now at the institution where one of us works). As much as this technological world seems almost too futuristic, it actually retrieves obsolete items from the past—a heater, a piece of wood, and a spray bottle—in keeping with McLuhan’s (1973) insights regarding media that provide strong participation goals and t...

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore expert coaches’ perceptions of resistance-based training for sprinting. This research posed three broad questions: i) What resistance exercises are being performed by competitive sprinters? ii) Why coaches have selected these exercises over others? iii) How athletics coaches control and implement their use in training? Participants for the study comprised of seven expert track and field sprint coaches. Findings indicated that the coaches used a variety of resistance-based training including variations of the squat, Olympic weightlifting movements and deadlift, along with resisted running in the form of weighted jackets, hill running and weighted sleds. They also used plyometric variations of bounding and specific drills. Particular emphasis was drawn towards variations of the squat and how exercises transferred from the weights room to the track. All coaches changed exercises to complement the focus from off-season to in-season. The main finding of this study relates to the current dearth of research to support evidence based resistance exercise prescription for sprinters.
Key Words: Coaches, Perceptions, Weight Training, Resistance-based Training, Sprinting, Track and Field Athletics.

Hakikat ötesi (Post-Truth) kavramı hakikat ve olguların önemini yitirdiği bir döneme işaret etmektedir. Nesnel doğruların, yerini öznel algılara bıraktığı çağımızda iletişim kavramına dair bildiklerimizi yeniden düşünmek zorundayız. “Hakikat ötesi çağ” olarak da adlandırılan bu dönemde, dezenformasyon ve bilgi kirliliğinin yaygınlaşması bir strateji olarak kullanılmış ve algıların olguların önüne geçmesi, hakikati savunanlar için ciddi sınamalara dönüşmüştür. Hakikate ulaşılması ve hakikate dayalı rasyonel kararlar alınması da bu sınamalar nedeniyle ciddi manada zorlaşmıştır. Algı-olgu çatışması, algı yönetimi kavramının günlük hayatımıza yoğun bir şekilde dâhil edilmesine neden olmuştur.
Hakikat ötesi söylemler uçucu ve sanal olmalarına rağmen toplumsal bilinçaltında derin izler bırakabilmektedir. Bu yüzden hakikat ve samimiyet eksenlerine oturmayan bir iletişim anlayışına karşı koyabilmek, ancak doğru inşa edilen ve doğru aktarılan bir “algı yönetimi” kavramı ile mümkün olabilir. Hakikat ötesi ile birlikte sınırları belirsizleşen ve muğlaklaşan kavramlar, akademik bir ahlak ve hakikat anlayışını merkeze alarak tekrar düşünülmelidir. Nitekim, gerçekleri bulanıklaştırmaya çalışarak tezviratı ön plana çıkaran zihniyet ile mücadele etmek ve hakikat savunucusu olmak ancak iyi tasarlanmış bir iletişim stratejisiyle tesis edilebilir.
Ülkemizde ve dünyada, sosyal medya kullanımının yaygınlaşması ve kendi içerisinde sürekli çeşitlenen sosyal medya mecraları, algı yönetimi açısından yeni kanallar açmıştır. Bu mecralar, yeni sosyalleşme alanları kurup dünyanın herhangi bir bölgesindeki bir habere ulaşma imkânı sunarken, bir taraftan da manipülatif paylaşımların ve negatif algı operasyonlarının da odak noktası olmuştur.
Gerçeklere bağlı kalabildiği sürece sosyal medya, algıların doğru şekillendirilmesinde değerli bir kaynaktır. Bu çerçevede, doğru bilgi ve samimiyete dayalı olarak tasavvur edilen iletişim yönetimi, manipülatif paylaşımlara ve negatif algı operasyonlarına meydan okumanın en etkili yöntemi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Teknolojik imkanların artmasıyla zenginleşen iletişim kanalları, devletlerin birbirleriyle ve vatandaşlar ile olan ilişkilerini dönüştürmüş; söz konusu ilişkilerin dijitalleşmesinin önünü açmıştır. Dijitalleşen ilişkiler ise hem toplum hem devlet açısından fırsat ve tehditleri aynı anda sunar hale gelmiştir. Öte yandan, dijital dünya, yalan haber ve dezenformasyonun hızla yayıldığı mecralar tarafından tehdit altındadır. Söz konusu tehdidin etkilerinin, en fazla devlet ve vatandaş arasındaki ilişkilerde ortaya çıktığını söyleyebiliriz. Vatandaş-devlet ilişkisinin güçlendirilmesi ve karşılıklı anlayışın sağlanmasına imkân tanıyan dijitalleşme, hakikat eksenli ilerlemediği takdirde vatandaş-devlet ilişkisine zarar verici nitelikte olabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda dijital medya mecralarında samimi bir algı yönetimi kavrayışı, hakikatin anlatılması, vatandaş-devlet ilişkilerine sağlam bir zemin hazırlanması ve şeffaflığın tesis edilmesi açısından stratejik öneme haizdir.
Doç. Dr. Oğuz Göksu editörlüğünde ve değerli akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla, “iletişim” kavramını bütüncül ve kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alan bu eserin, hakikat arayışımızda önemli bir adım olmasını ve okuyuculara katkı sunmasını temenni ederim. 

Prof. Dr. Fahrettin ALTUN
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İletişim Başkanı

The study of colour has become familiar territory in recent anthropology, linguistics, art history and archaeology. Classicists, however, have traditionally subordinated the study of colour to form. By drawing together evidence from contemporary philosophers, elegists, epic writers, historians and satirists, Mark Bradley reinstates colour as an essential informative unit for the classification and evaluation of the Roman world. He also demonstrates that the questions of what colour was and how it functioned – as well as how it could be misused and misunderstood – were topics of intellectual debate in early imperial Rome. Suggesting strategies for interpreting Roman expressions of colour in Latin texts, Dr Bradley offers new approaches to understanding the relationship between perception and knowledge in Roman elite thought. In doing so, he highlights the fundamental role that colour performed in the realms of communication and information, and its intellectual contribution to contemporary discussions of society, politics and morality.

Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome was nominated and longlisted for the 2011 Warwick Prize for Writing.

In phenomenology, normality is neither an objectively measurable average nor a mere historical or social construct. Rather than being understood from without, looked at from the outside of lived experiences, normality is approached from within as a condition and mode of lived experience. In the first part of the paper, I will show why it is relevant to turn to a phenomenological investigation of normality if one is interested in normativity. This perspective, so I will argue, is needed if one wants to understand not only how external norms actually become part of subjective experience but also how norms develop in the first place through repeated practices. As such, the experience of normality, understood here as consisting of selfevident feelings of orientation and familiarity, can be interpreted as the result of an operative normativity. In the second part, I will present Husserl's theory of normality in more detail in order to demonstrate how it could be applied to a more systematic investigation of normality and norms on different genetic levels. Lived normality is seen here as a dynamic and fragile system of balances; a constant attempt to achieve an equilibrium with one's environment and fellow subjects. (Re)turning to normality allows us to see normativity at work, embedded in the need for constant development, appropriation, and transformations of regular structures in experience.

Mental Imagery, whereby we experience aspect of a perceptual scene or perceptual object in the absence of direct sensory stimulation is ubiquitous. Often the existence of mental imagery is demonstrated by asking one’s reader to volitionally generate a visual object, such as closing ones eyes and imagining an apple. However, mental imagery also arises in auditory, tactile, interoceptive, and olfactory cases. A number of influential philosophical theories have attempted to explain mental imagery in terms of belief-based forms of representation using the Dependence Thesis, dependence upon means of access, such as enactivisim, or in terms of the similarity ofcontent with perceptual processing. The focus ofthis paper concerns the later approach and in particular assessing if Nanay’s promissory note that his theory is applicable to modalities other than vision, such as smell, seems likely to be of theoretical tender. The thesis argued for in this paper is that olfactory imagery exists and is best accounted for by considering it as a type of perceptual processing with a unique representational format relative to the olfactory perceptual modality. The paper concludes by summarizing the applicability of Nanay’s theory of mental imagery for olfaction and suggests some further issues that arise when transitioning to multi-modal mental imagery.

Is the sense of smell a source of aesthetic perception? Traditional philosophical aesthetics has centered on vision and audition but eliminated smell for its subjective and inherently affective character. This article dismantles the myth that olfaction is an unsophisticated sense. It makes a case for olfactory aesthetics by integrating recent insights in neuroscience with traditional expertise about flavor and fragrance assessment in perfumery and wine tasting. My analysis concerns the importance of observational refinement in aesthetic experience. I argue that the active engagement with stimulus features in perceptual processing shapes the phenomenological content, so much so that the perceptual structure of trained smelling varies significantly from naive smelling. In a second step, I interpret the processes that determine such perceptual refinement in the context of neural decision-making processes, and I end with a positive outlook on how research in neuroscience can be used to benefit philosophical aesthetics.

How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our
perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus- centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.

Training and development of employees is critical in organisations in this era of competition due to the fact that organizations need to survive, grow and develop. The work focused on “a detailed analysis on training needs”. It is the process of system of procedures, training, and methods to monitor an organization’s impact of training program conducted. This work was conducted at Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Kochi. The perception and attitude of the employees have a greater impact on the success of any organization. The analysis focuses to employees satisfaction level towards training, towards trainer and training environment. This research design adopted is descriptive type. The sample size is taken as 100 respondents in Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Kochi. The needed data were collected by both primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected from structured questionnaire which are following in the open end, closed end and likert scale. For this study ANOVA and independent sample t test is used to compare the means of the samples. The study will help the organization for identifying the developmental needs and areas prior to each training program.

Family members could play an important role in preventing and reducing the development of delirium in Intensive Care Units (ICU) patients. This study sought to assess the feasibility of design and recruitment, and acceptability for family members and nurses of a family delivered intervention to reduce delirium in ICU patients. A single centre randomised controlled trial in an Australian medical/surgical ICU was conducted. Sixty-one family members were randomised (29 in intervention and 32 in non-intervention group). Following instructions, the intervention comprised the family members providing orientation or memory clues (family photographs, orientation to surroundings) to their relative each day. In addition, family members conducted sensory checks (vision and hearing with glasses and hearing aids); and therapeutic or cognitive stimulation (discussing family life, reminiscing) daily. Eleven ICU nurses were interviewed to gain insight into the feasibility and acceptability of imple...

The literature suggests that the complexity of Autism Spectrum (AS) and the multidimensional care needs of Autistic individuals, often require the involvement of family and caregivers to help with providing support and advocating for an improved quality of life for the person on the spectrum and their family. This involvement in the life of the autistic person can be an enriching and at times challenging and stressful experiences for families and caregivers. To this end, this thesis explores the perception, knowledge and experience of caregivers supporting Autistic individuals or persons that may be Autistic in Grenada. To date, most of the research on autism has been conducted in developed and English speaking countries where there is extensive professional support and services. There is a dearth of research on the prevalence, identification and experiences of people living with autism and their caregivers in non-Western, less affluent and developing countries like Grenada. A sampl...

This study aims to determine how people's perceptions fishermen about the importance of 12 years formal education and how the implications of the fishing community's perception of the importance of 12 years formal education. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling and snowball sampling and the data collection techniques used are documentation, semi-structured interviews and observation. Field data findings show that the fishing community in Kedungrejo Village is a heterogeneous, consumptive community and based on interviews found that community perceptions about the importance of 12 years of formal education are as a provision for diplomas to look for work as land laborers. The meaning of 12 years of formal education in the form of maturity has not yet been felt by the community from the number due to environmental and social factors which are seen from the number of 2292 elementary school students who continue to the...

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experience of how sensory-related behaviors of children with autism affected family routines. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with four primary caregivers regarding the meaning and impact of their child’s sensory-related behaviors on family routines that occurred inside and outside the home. Findings indicated that sensory behaviors are one factor that limited family participation in work, family and leisure activities; and that parents employed specific strategies to manage individual and family routines in light of the child’s sensory-related behaviors. This information has important implications for professionals who work with families of children with autism to decrease caregiver stress and to increase life satisfaction for the child and family.