TWI467956B - 具有多重空間多工化模式之多輸入多輸出系統及使用其之方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本專利申請案要求臨時申請案序列號碼第60/421,309碼之優先權,其名為「多輸入多輸出WLAN系統」,於2002年10月25號申請,已讓渡給本申請案之受讓人,並以引用方式明確地併入本文中。
本發明一般係關於通信,更明確言之,係關於一種具有多重傳送模式之多輸入多輸出(MIMO)通信系統。
多輸入多輸出系統採用多重(NT
個)傳送天線與多重(NR
個)接收天線來進行資料傳送,並表示為(NT
、NR
)系統。一由NT
個傳送天線與NR
個接收天線形成的多輸入多輸出頻道可分解為NS
個空間頻道,其中。NS
個空間頻道可用於傳送NS
個獨立資料流以獲得更大的總體流量。一般而言,空間處理可或不可在發射器上實施,並通常在接收器上實施以同時傳送並恢復多重資料流。
傳統的多輸入多輸出系統通常使用特定傳送方案來同時傳送多重資料流。該傳送方案可基於多個因素的權衡選取,如系統的要求、接收器至發射器的回授量、發射器與接受器的能力等。該發射器、接收器以及系統則係設計成支援所選取的傳送機制並根據所選取的傳送方案來運作。該傳送方案通常具有會影響系統性能之有利特徵與不利特徵。
因此,本技術中需要一種能獲得改進性能之多輸入多輸出系統。
本文說明了一種支援多重空間多工化模式以改進性能並提高靈活性之多輸入多輸出系統。空間多工化係指多重資料流經由一多輸入多輸出頻道的多重空間頻道同時傳送。該等多重空間多工化模式可包括(1)一在正交空間頻道上傳送多重資料流至一單一接收器之單一使用者導引模式,(2)一從多重天線傳送多重資料流至一單一接收器之單一使用者非導引模式,其無需在一發射器處進行空間處理,(3)一在發射器處具有空間處理之同時傳送多重資料流至多重接收器之多重使用者導引模式,以及(4)一從多重天線(共置或非共置)傳送多重資料流至具有多重天線之接收器之多重使用者非導引模式,其無需在該發射器處進行空間處理。
選取一組至少一使用者終端機用於在下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路上的資料傳送。從系統支援的多重空間多工化模式中選取一空間多工化模式用於使用者終端機。亦可為使用者終端機組選取多重速率用於即將經由一多輸入多輸出頻道的多重空間頻道傳送之多重資料流。使用者終端機組以選取的速率與選取的空間多工化模式安排在下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路上的資料傳送。此後,依據選取的速率對多重資料流進行處理(如編碼、交錯以及調變)並依據選取用於經由多重空間頻道之傳送的空間多工化模式進一步進行空間處理。
以下進一步詳細說明本發明的多個方面及具體實施例。
在此使用的「範例性」一詞意即「作為一範例、實例或說明」。在此說明的「範例性」具體實施例不必解釋為較佳具體實施例或優於其他具體實施例。
多輸入多輸出系統可利用一單一載波或多重載波來傳送資料。多重載波可由正交頻分多工(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing;OFDM)、其他多重載波調變技術或某些其他構造提供。OFDM能有效地將總系統頻寬分割為多重(NF
個)正交子頻帶,其亦通常稱為音調、檔、載波以及頻率頻道。藉由OFDM,各子頻帶可與個別可由資料調變之載波相關聯。以下說明係關於利用OFDM的多輸入多輸出系統。但本文所說明之概念同樣適用於一單一載波多輸入多輸出系統。
多輸入多輸出系統支援多重空間多工化模式,以改進性能並提高靈活性。表1列出了所支援的空間多工化模式及其簡短說明。
多輸入多輸出系統亦可支援其他及/或不同的空間多工化模式,其涵蓋於本發明之範疇內。
各個空間多工化模式具有不同的能力與要求。導引空間多工化模式通常可獲得更佳之性能,但只有當發射器具有充足之頻道狀態資訊以經由分解或某些其他技術正交化空間頻道時才能使用,如下所述。非導引的空間多工化模式只需極少資訊即可同時傳送多重資料流,但性能無法與導引空間多工化模式同樣出色。可依據可用頻道的狀態資訊、發射器與接受器之能力、系統要求等選用一適當之空間多工化模式。各個此等空間多工化模式的說明如下。
1.單一使用者導引空間多工化模式
由NT
個傳送天線與NR
個接收天線形成的頻率可選擇多輸入多輸出頻道之特徵係NF
個頻域頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
),k=1...NF
,各個矩陣的維度為NR
×NT
。各子頻帶的頻道回應矩陣可表述如下:
其中,項h i,j
(k
),i=1...NR
、j=1...NT
,以及k=1...NF
係子頻帶k的傳送天線j與接收天線i之間的耦合(即複數增益)。
各子頻帶的頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
)可進行「對角化」,以獲得該子頻帶的NS
個特徵模式。可藉由實施頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
)的奇異值分解或 H
(k
)的一相關矩陣(即 R
(k
)= H H
(k
) H
(k
))之特徵值分解來獲得該對角化,其中「H
」表示共軛轉置。
各子頻帶的頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
)的奇異值分解可表述如下:
H
(k
)= U
(k
)Σ
(k
) V H
(k
), 式(2)
其中, U
(k
)係一 H
(k
)之左特徵向量的(NR
×NR
)單一矩陣;Σ
(k
)係一 H
(k
)的奇異值之(NR
×NT
)對角矩陣;以及 V
(k
)係一 H
(k
)的右特徵向量之(NT
×NT
)單一矩陣。
單一矩陣 M
的特徵係特性 M H M
=I,其中I係單位矩陣。單一矩陣的行彼此正交。
各子頻帶之 H
(k
)的相關矩陣之特徵值分解可表述如下:
R
(k
)= H H
(k
) H
(k
)= V
(k
)Λ
(k
) V H
(k
) 式(3)
其中Λ
(k
)係一 R
(k
)的特徵值之(NT
×NT
)對角矩陣。如式(2)與(3)所示, V
(k
)之行係 R
(k
)的特徵向量以及 H
(k
)的右特徵向量。
奇異值分解以及特徵值分解在Gilbert Strang所著的名為「線性代數及其應用」(第二版,學術出版社,1980)的書中已有說明。單一使用者導引空間多工化模式可藉由奇異值分解或特徵值分解實施。為清楚起見,以下說明將使用奇異值分解。
H
(k
)的右特徵向量亦稱為「導引」向量,並可用於發射器之空間處理,以在 H
(k
)的NS
個特徵模式上傳送資料。 H
(k
)的左特徵向量可用於接收器之空間處理,以恢復在NS
個特徵模式上傳送的資料。特徵模式可視為藉由分解獲得的正交空間頻道。對角矩陣Σ
(k
)沿著對角線包括非負實值,其他地方為零。該等對角項稱為 H
(k
)之奇異值,並可表示 H
(k
)的NS
個特徵模式之頻道增益。 H
(k
)之奇異值,即亦為 R
(k
)之特徵值,即的平方根,其中。奇異值分解可在NF
個子頻帶中的各子頻帶之頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
)上獨立實施,以決定該子頻帶的NS
個特徵模式。
就各子頻帶而言,矩陣Σ
(k
)中的奇異值可從大到小排序,而矩陣 V
(k
)與 U
(k
)中的特徵相連可對應排序。「寬頻」特徵模式可定義為排序後所有NF
個子頻帶之順序相同的特徵模式組(即寬頻特徵模式m包括所有子頻帶的特徵模式m)。一般而言,所有或少於NF
個子頻帶可用於傳送,未使用的子頻帶則用信號值零填充。為簡化起見,以下說明將假設所有NF
個子頻帶係用於傳送。
單一使用者導引的空間多工化模式(或簡稱為「單一使用者導引模式」)在多輸入多輸出頻道的NS
個特徵模式上傳送NS
個資料符號流。其要求發射器與接收器兩者的空間處理。
單一使用者導引模式的各子頻帶在發射器處的空間處理可表述如下:
x su - s
(k
)= V
(k
) s
(k
), 式(4)
其中 s
(k
)係一具有NS
個非零項用於即將在子頻帶k的NS
個特徵模式上傳送之NS
個資料符號的(NT
×1)向量;以及 x su - s
(k
)係一具有NT
個項用於即將從子頻帶k的NT
個傳送天線發送的NT
個傳送符號之(NT
×1)向量。
s
(k
)之NS
個項可表示NS
個資料符號流,而 s
(k
)的其餘項(若存在的話)則以零填充。
各子頻帶接收器獲得的已接收符號可表述如下:
r su-s
(k
)= H
(k
) x su-s
(k
)+ n
(k
)= H
(k
) V
(k
) s
(k
)+ n
(k
), 式(5)
其中, r su-s
(k
)係一具有NR
個項用於NR
個經由子頻帶的NR
個接收天線獲得之已接收符號的(NR
×1)向量;以及 n
(k
)係子頻帶k的雜訊向量。
在接收器處用於恢復各子頻帶的資料向量 s
(k
)的空間處理可表述如下:
或與,其中,係一具有子頻帶k的NS
個偵測到的資料符號之(NT
×1)向量;係一具有子頻帶k的NS
個已恢復資料符號之(NT
×1)向量;以及 n su-s
(k
)係子頻帶k的一處理後雜訊向量。
向量係資料向量 s
(k
)的一非正規化估計,而向量係 s
(k
)的一正規化估計。式(6)中的乘法Σ -1
(k
)說明了NS
個空間頻道的增益(有可能不同),並將接收器空間處理的輸出正規化,以使具有適當幅度的已恢復資料符號可提供給隨後的處理單元。
就單一使用者導引模式而言,各子頻帶的發射器所使用的導引向量的矩陣 F su - s
(k
)可表述如下:
F su - s
(k
)= V
(k
)。 式(7)
各子頻帶的接收器所使用的空間濾波器矩陣可表述如下:
M su - s
(k
)= U H
(k
)。 式(8)
若發射器具有頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
)或 H
(k
)的右特徵向量之矩陣 V
(k
)的頻道狀態資訊,則可使用單一使用者導引模式,k=1...NF
。如下所述,發射器可依據接收器傳送的先導估計各子頻帶的 H
(k
)或 V
(k
),或由接收器經由一回授頻道提供該資訊。接收器通常可依據發射器傳送的先導獲得各子頻帶的 H
(k
)或 U H
(k
)。式(6)表示在發射器與接收器處使用適當之空間處理可獲得單一使用者導引模式的Ns
個資料符號流 s
(k
),其僅由處理後頻道雜訊 n su - s
(k
)扭曲。
單一使用者導引模式的信號對雜訊及干擾比(signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio;SNR)可表述如下:
其中,Pm
(k)係用於在寬頻特徵模式m之子頻帶k上傳送的資料符號之傳送功率;λ m
(k
)係寬頻特徵模式m的子頻帶k的特徵值,其係Λ
(k
)的第m個對角元素:以及γ su-s , m
(k
)係寬頻特徵模式m的子頻帶k的SNR。
2.單一使用者非導引的空間多工化模式
若發射器不具有充足頻道狀態資訊或若單一使用者導引的模式因任何原因得不到支援,則可使用單一使用者非導引的空間多工化模式(或簡稱為「單一使用者非導引模式」)。單一使用者非導引模式無需在發射器處的任何空間處理即可將NS
個資料符號流從NT
個傳送天線傳送。
就單一使用者非導引模式而言,各子頻帶的發射器使用的導引向量的矩陣 F ns
(k
)可表述如下:
F ns
(k
)=I
。 式(10)
各子頻帶在發射器處的空間處理可表述如下:
x ns
(k
)= s
(k
), 式(11)
其中, x ns
(k
)係單一使用者非導引模式的傳送符號向量。該模式的「寬頻」空間頻道可定義為對應於一既定傳送天線(即單一使用者非導引模式的寬頻空間頻道m包括傳送天線m的所有子頻帶)之空間頻道。
各子頻帶藉由接收器獲得的已接收符號可表述如下:
r ns
(k
)= H
(k
) x ns
(k
)+ n
(k
)= H
(k
) s
(k
)+ n
(k
)。 式(12)
該接收器可使用多個接收器處理技術來恢復資料向量 s
(k
),如頻道相關矩陣反轉(channel correlation matrix inversion;CCMI)技術(其亦一般稱為零強制技術)、一最小均方誤差(minimum mean square error;MMSE)技術、一決定回授等化器(decision feedback equalizer;DFE)、串列干擾消除(successive interference cancellation;SIC)技術等。
A.CCMI空間處理
接收器可使用CCMI技術來分離資料符號流。CCMI接收器利用一具有一回應 M ccmi
(k
)的空間濾波器,k=1...NF
,可表述如下:
M ccmi
(k
)=[ H H
(k
) H
(k
)]-1 H H
(k
)= R -1
(k
) H H
(k
)。 式(13)
CCMI接收器對單一使用者非導引模式進行的空間處理可表述如下:
其中,(k
)係一具有子頻帶k的NS
個恢復的資料符號之(NT
×1)向量;以及 n ccmi
(k
)= M ccmi
(k
) n
(k
)係子頻帶k的CCMI已濾波雜訊。
各子頻帶的CCMI已濾波雜訊的一自動共變矩陣φ ccmi
(k
)可表述為:
其中,E[x]係x的預期值。式(15)中最後的等式假設雜訊 n
(k
)係附加白高斯雜訊(additive white Gaussian noise;AWGN),具有零平均值、變異數σ2
,以及一自動共變矩陣φ nn
(k
)=E
[ n
(k
) n H
(k
)]=σ2 I
。在此情況下,CCMI接收器的SNR可表述如下:
其中,Pm
(k)係用於在寬頻空間頻道m的子頻帶k上傳送的資料符號之傳送功率;γ mm
(k
)係子頻帶k之 R
(k
)的第m個對角元素;以及γ ccmi , m
(k
)係寬頻空間頻道m的子頻帶k的SNR。由於 R
(k
)的結構,CCMI技術可放大該雜訊。
B. MMSE空間處理
接收器可使用MMSE技術來抑制資料符號流之間的串擾,並將已恢復資料符號流的SNR最大化。MMSE接收器可利用一具有一 M mmse
(k
)的回應(k=1...NF
)的空間濾波器,其可導出,以使來自空間濾波器的估計資料向量與資料向量 s
(k
)之間的均方誤差最小化。該MMSE標準可表述如下:
可以多種方式獲得出現於式(17)中的最佳化問題之解決方式。在一示範性方法中,各子頻帶的MMSE空間濾波器矩陣 M mmse
(k
)可表述如下:
式(18)中的第二個等式假設雜訊向量 n
(k
)係具有零平均值以及變異數σ2
的AWGN。
由MMSE接收器對單一使用者非導引模式所作的空間處理由兩個步驟組成。在第一步中,MMSE接收器將NR
個已接收符號流的向量 r ns
(k
)乘以MMSE空間濾波器矩陣 M mmse
(k
),以獲得NS
個偵測符號流的向量,如下:
其中, n mmse
(k
)= M mmse
(k
) n
(k
)係MMSE濾波雜訊以及 Q
(k
)= M mmse
(k
) H
(k
)。NS
個偵測的符號流係NS
個資料符號流的非正規化估計。
在第二步中,MMSE接收器將向量乘以一縮放矩陣,以獲得NS
個已恢復資料符號流之向量,如下:
其中, D mmse
(k
)係一對角矩陣,其對角元素係 Q
(k
)的對角元素,即 D mmse
(k
)=diag
[ Q
(k
)]。NS
個恢復的資料符號流係NS
個資料符號流的正規化估計。
使用矩陣求逆恆等式,矩陣 Q
(k
)可改寫為:
式(21)中的第二個等式假設雜訊係具有零平均值及變異數σ2
的AWGN。
MMSE接收器的SNR可表述為:
其中,qmm
(k)係子頻帶k之 Q
(k
)的第m個對角元素;以及γ mmse , m
(k
)係寬頻空間頻道m的子頻帶k的SNR。
C.連續干擾消除接收器處理
該接收器可使用SIC技術處理NR
個已接收符號流以恢復NS
個資料符號流。就SIC技術而言,接收器初步地在NR
個已接收符號流上實施空間處理(如使用CCMI、MMSE或某些其他技術)並獲得一已恢復的資料符號流。接收器可進一步處理(如解調變、解交錯以及解碼)該已恢復資料符號流以獲得一解碼資料流。該接收器則可估計該資料流給其他NS
-1個資料符號流造成的干擾,並可消除來自NR
個已接收符號流的估計干擾以獲得NR
個修正符號流。該接收器則可在NR
個修正符號流上重複相同處理,以恢復另一資料符號流。
就一SIC接收器而言,階段的輸入(即已接收的或修正)符號流(其中)可表述為:
其中,在階段中,係子頻帶k的NR
個修正符號之向量,以及(在第一階段中);在階段中,係子頻帶k的尚未恢復的()個資料符號之向量,以及在階段中,係子頻帶k的一之縮小的頻道回應矩陣。
式(23)假設在()先前階段中恢復的資料符號流已消除。頻道回應矩陣 H
(k
)的維度隨著資料符號流的恢復及消除,各階段連續減少一行。就階段而言,縮小之頻道回應矩陣可藉由移除原始矩陣 H
(k
)中對應於()個先前恢復之資料符號流的()個行而獲得,即,其中係傳送天線jn
與NR
個接收天線之間頻道回應的NR
×1向量。就階段而言,在先前階段中恢復的()個資料符號流具有指數,以及尚未恢復的()個資料符號流具有指數。
就階段而言,SIC接收器可依據縮小的頻道回應矩陣(代替原始矩陣 H
(k
))導出一空間濾波器矩陣,k=1...NF
,其使用如式(13)所示之CCMI技術、如式(18)所示之MMSE技術,或某些其他技術。矩陣的維度為。由於各階段的不相同,因此各階段的空間濾波器矩陣亦不相同。
SIC接收器將NR
個修正符號流的向量乘以空間濾波器矩陣,以獲得()個偵測符號流的向量,如下:
其中,係階段中子頻帶k的濾波雜訊,係 n
(k
)的縮小向量以及。SIC接收器則可選取偵測符號流之一來用於恢復。由於在各階段中只可恢復一資料符號流,因此在階段中,SIC接收器只可為即將恢復的資料符號流導出一(1×NR
)空間濾波器列向量。列向量係矩陣中的一列。在此情況下,階段中恢復資料符號流之空間處理係,其可表述如下:
其中,係對應於資料符號流的列。
在任何情況下,接收器可縮放偵測符號流以獲得一恢復資料符號流,並進一步處理(如解調變、解交錯以及解碼)該資料符號流以獲得一解碼資料流。該接收器亦可對該資料流給其他尚未恢復之資料符號流造成的干擾進行估計。為估計該干擾,接收器以與在發射器處所實施之方式相同之方式再編碼、交錯並符號映射該解碼資料流,並獲得一「再調變」符號流,其為才恢復的資料符號流之估計。接收器隨後用頻道回應向量中的NR
個元素之每個來捲積符號流的再調變符號流,以獲得該符號流引起的NR
個干擾成分。在階段中,則從NR
個修正符號流中減去NR
個干擾成分,以在下一階段中獲得NR
個修正符號流,即。若資料符號流尚未傳送(即假設干擾消除得到有效實施),則修正符號流表示已接收的流。
SIC接收器會在NS
個連續階段中處理NR
個已接收符號流。就各階段而言,SIC接受器(1)可對來自前一階段的NR
個已接收符號流或NR
個修正符號流實施空間處理,以獲得一已恢復資料符號流,(2)對該恢復的資料符號流進行解碼以獲得一對應的解碼資料流,(3)估計並消除由該資料流引起的干擾以及(4)獲得下一階段的NR
個修正符號流。若可準確地估計並消除各資料流引起的干擾,則以後恢復的資料流經歷的干擾較少,並有可能可獲得更高的SNR。
就SIC技術而言,各恢復的資料符號流的SNR取決於(1)用於各階段的空間處理技術(如CCMI或MMSE),(2)恢復資料符號流的特定階段,以及(3)在隨後階段中恢復的資料符號流所引起的干擾量。具有CCMI的SIC接收器的SNR可表述為:
其中,係子頻帶k的的第m個對角元素,其中。
具有MMSE的SIC接收器的SNR可表述為:
其中,係子頻帶k的的第m個對角元素,其中如式=(21)所示般導出,但其係依據縮小頻道回應矩陣,而非原始矩陣 H
(k
)。
一般而言,在以後階段恢復的資料符號流的SNR會持續改進,因為在先前階段恢復的資料符號流引起的干擾已消除。其使較高速率可用於隨後恢復的資料符號流。
3.多重使用者導引空間多工化模式
多重使用者導引空間多工化模式(或簡稱為「多重使用者導引模式」)依據接收器的「空間特徵」支援從單一發射器至多重接收器的同時資料傳送。一接收器的空間特徵由NT
個傳送天線與接收器處的各個接收天線之間(各子頻帶)的頻道回應向量給定。發射器可獲得如下所述之接收器的空間特徵。發射器則可(1)選取一組用於同時資料傳送之接收器以及(2)導出即將傳送至選取的接收器之資料符號流的導引向量,以在接收器處充分地抑制傳送流串擾。
多重使用者導引模式的導引向量可以多種方式導出。以下說明兩個示範性方案。為簡化起見,以下說明係針對一子頻帶,並假設各接收器裝備有一天線。
在一頻道反轉方案中,發射器使用頻道反轉可獲得多重接收器的導引向量。發射器初步地選取用於同時傳送的NT
個單一天線接收器。發射器可獲得一各選取的接收器的I×N r
頻道回應列向量 h i
(k
),並形成一具有NT
個列向量用於NT
個接收器的NT
×NT
頻道回應矩陣 H mu - s
(k
)。發射器則可使用頻道反轉以獲得NT
個選取接收器的NT
個導引向量的矩陣 F mu - s
(k
),如下:
多重使用者導引模式的各子頻帶在發射器處的空間處理可表述如下:
x mu-s
(k
)= F mu-s
(k
) s
(k
)。 式(29)
其中, x mu-s
(k
)係多重使用者導引模式的傳送符號向量。
各子頻帶的NT
個選取的接收器之已接收符號可表述如下:
其中 r mu-s
(k
)係NT
個選取的接收器處的子頻帶k的(NT
×1)已接收符號向量,且 i
(k
)表示由發射器處 F mu-s
(k
)的不完美估計引起的串擾干擾。各選取的接收器只可為各接收天線獲得向量 r mu-s
(k
)的一個項。若發射器處的空間處理有效,則 i
(k
)中的功率較小,且各已恢復的資料符號流所經受的來自發送至其他接收器的(NT
-1)個其他資料符號流的串擾較少。
發射器亦可向各選取的接收器傳送一導引的先導,如下所述。各接收器則會處理其導引先導,以估計頻道增益及相位,並使用該頻道增益及相位估計連貫地解調變來自其單一天線之已接收符號,以獲得已恢復的資料符號。
多重使用者導引模式獲得的SNR係頻道回應矩陣 H mu-s
(k
)的自相關(autocovariance)之函數。選取「相容的」使用者終端機可獲得更高的SNR。可評估不同的使用者終端機組及/或組合,且可選取具有最高SNR的組/組合用於資料傳送。
儘管頻道反轉方案以其簡單而吸引人,但一般而言,其提供的性能較差,因為使用式(29)中的反轉頻道回應矩陣預先調節資料符號流會迫使發射器將其大部分功率置於多輸入多輸出頻道的最差特徵模式中。且在某些頻道中,尤其係在 H mu-s
(k
)的元素之間高度相關之頻道中,頻道回應矩陣小於全秩,且計算一反轉亦不可能。
在一預先編碼方案中,發射器對即將發送至NT
個選取的接收器之NT
個資料符號流預先編碼,以使該等資料符號流在接收器處經受的串擾較少。發射器可為NT
個選取的接收器形成頻道回應矩陣 H mu
(k
)。發射器則可對 H mu
(k
)實施QR因數分解,以使 H mu
(k
)= F tri
(k
) Q mu
(k
),其中, F tri
(k
)係一左下三角矩陣,而 Q mu
(k
)係一單一矩陣。
發射器對該即將傳送的資料符號向量實施一預先編碼運算,,以獲得一預先編碼符號向量,如下所述:
其中,M係在方形QAM信號分佈的同相或正交維度中之階數,以單位間隔隔開;以及為 F tri
(k
)中列i、行j的元素。
該模(mod)運算添加充足數量的整數倍M至自變數,以使結果符合。在該預先編碼運算後,藉由使用單一導引矩陣 Q mu
(k
)處理該預先編碼之符號向量 a
(k
)而計算傳送符號,以產生傳送符號向量。
預先編碼方案的接收符號向量可表述如下:
可以看出 F tri
(k
) a
(k
)mod(M/2)= s
(k
)。因此,資料符號向量可估計為。NT
個選取的接收器中的各接收器只可獲得 r nru-pc
(k
)的NT
個元素之一,並可藉由對其已接收符號實施mod(M/2)運算來估計發送至其中的資料符號。
在多重使用者導引模式下,發射器亦可傳送多重資料符號流至一個多重天線接收器。頻道回應矩陣 H mu
(k
)則將包括該多重天線接收器的各接收天線的一列向量。
多重使用者導引模式亦可支援從多個多重天線發射器至一單一接收器之資料傳送。各多重天線發射器對其資料符號流實施空間處理,以朝接收器導引該資料流。各發射器亦可傳送一導引先導至接收器。對接收器而言,各發射器係作為一單一傳送出現。接收器實施空間處理(如CCMI、MMSE等)以恢復來自所有發射器的導引資料符號流。
4.多重使用者非導引空間多工化模式
多重使用者非導引空間多工化模式(或簡稱為「多重使用者非導引模式」)支援同時的資料傳送,藉由(1)從一單一發射器至多重接收器(如就下行鏈路而言)以及(2)從多重發射器至一單一接收器(如就上行鏈路而言)。
就從一單一發射器至多重接收器之非導引傳送而言,發射器從接收器的各傳送天線傳送一資料符號流。可向各接收器傳送一或多重資料符號流。各接收器包括至少NT
個接收天線,並可實施空間處理以隔離並恢復其資料符號流。各希望用於資料傳送之接收器可估計NT
個傳送天線中各天線之SNR,並將該等NT
個SNR估計發送至發射器。發射器依據來自所有希望用於資料傳送之接收器的SNR估計選取一組接收器用於資料傳送(如最大化總流量)。
就從多重發射器至一單元接收器之非導引傳送而言,該等發射器從其天線傳送(即無需空間處理)資料符號流,以使該等符號流到達接收器的時間大致對準。接收器可將所有發射器視做一個發射器來估計頻道回應矩陣。接收器使用上述任何用於單一使用者非導引模式(如CCMI、MMSE以及SIC技術)之技術,可恢復該等多重發射器傳送的多重資料符號流。
5.空間處理
表2概括了上述四種可能空間多工化模式在發射器以及接收器處的空間處理。就非導引模式而言,亦可使用CCMI與MMSE之外的其他接收器處理技術。表2的最後一行表示在接收器處是否使用了SIC技術。
為簡化起見,表2中未顯示從多重發射器至一單一接收器之多重使用者導引模式以及從一單一發射器至多重接收器之多重使用者非導引模式之空間處理。
在以下說明中,寬頻空間頻道可對應於(1)一導引空間多工化模式的一寬頻特徵模式,(2)一非導引空間多工化模式的一傳送天線(3)一或多個子頻帶的一或多個空間頻道之組合。一寬頻空間頻道可用於傳送一獨立的資料流。
6.多輸入多輸出系統
圖1所示的係一具有數個接取點(AP)110的多重接取多輸入多輸出系統100,該AP可為數個使用者終端機(user terminal;UT)120提供通信。為簡化起見,圖1中只顯示了兩個接取點110a以及110b。一接取點一般係一與使用者終端機通信之固定台,並亦可稱為基地台或某些其他術語。一使用者終端機可以係固定或行動,其亦可稱為行動台、無線裝置或某些其他術語。系統控制器130耦合於接取點110,並可向其提供協調與控制。
多輸入多輸出系統100可以係一分時雙工(time division duplex;TDD)系統或一分頻雙工(frequency division duplex;FDD)系統。下行鏈路與上行鏈路(1)在TDD系統中共用相同的頻帶,以及(2)在FDD系統中使用不同的頻帶。以下說明假設多輸入多輸出系統100為一TDD系統。
多輸入多輸出系統100利用一組傳輸頻道來傳送不同類型的資料。傳輸頻道可以多種方式實施。
圖2所示的係一可用於多輸入多輸出系統100的示範性訊框與頻道結構200。資料傳送出現於TDD訊框中。各TDD訊框跨越一預先決定的持續時間(即2毫秒),並可分割為一下行鏈路相位以及一上行鏈路相位。各相位可進一步針對多重傳輸頻道分割為多重區段210、220、230、240與250。
在下行鏈路相位中,廣播頻道(BCH)載送一信標先導214、一多輸入多輸出先導216以及一BCH訊息218。信標先導係用於時序與頻率獲取。多輸入多輸出先導係用於頻道估計。BCH訊息載送使用者終端機的系統參數。正向控制頻道(forward control channel;FCCH)載送用於下行鏈路與上行鏈路資源指定之排程資訊以及其他使用者終端機之發信。正向頻道(forward channel;FCH)在下行鏈路上載送FCH協定資料單元(protocol data units;PDU)。FCH PDU 232a包括一先導234a以及一資料訊包236a,而FCH PDU 232b只包括一資料訊包236b。在上行鏈路相位中,轉換頻道(reverse channel;RCH)在上行鏈路上載送RCH PDU。RCH PDU 242a只包括一資料訊包246a,而一RCH PDU 242b包括一先導244b以及一資料訊包246b。隨機存取頻道(random access channel;RACH)由使用者終端機使用,以獲得與系統之接取,並在上行鏈路上發送短訊息。在RACH上發送的RACH PDU 252包括一先導254以及一訊息256。
圖3所示的係多輸入多輸出系統100中的一接取點110x以及兩個使用者終端機120x與120y的方塊圖。接取點110x係圖1中的接取點之一,並裝備有多重(Nap
個)天線324a至324ap。使用者終端機120x裝備有一單一天線352x,而使用者終端機120y裝備有多重(Nut
個)天線352a至352ut。
在下行鏈路上,在接取點110x處,TX資料處理器310從一資料源308接收一或多個使用者終端機的資料流,從一控制器330接收控制資料以及有可能從排程器334接收其他資料。不同類型的資料可在不同的傳輸頻道上發送。TX資料處理器310依據一或多個編碼及調變方案處理(如編碼、交錯以及符號映射)不同類型的資料,以獲得NS
個資料符號流。在本文中,「資料符號」指資料的調變符號,而「先導符號」指先導的調變符號。TX空間處理器320從TX資料處理器310接收NS
個資料符號流,並用矩陣 F ap
(k
)對資料符號實施空間處理,其中,k=1...NF
,在先導符號中多工化,並為Nap
天線提供Nap
個傳送符號流。矩陣 F ap
(k
)係依據選用的空間多工化模式而導出。以下說明TX資料處理器310與TX空間處理器320之處理。
各調變器(MOD)322接收並處理個別傳送符號流,以獲得一OFDM符號流,並進一步調節(如放大、濾波以及升頻)該OFDM符號流以產生一下行鏈路信號。Nap
調變器322a至322ap分別為Nap
個天線324a至324ap至使用者終端機之傳送提供Nap
個下行鏈路信號。
在各使用者終端機120處,一或多重天線352接收Nap
個下行鏈路信號,且各天線向個別解調變器(DEMOD)354提供一已接收信號。各解調變器354可實施與調變器322所實施的處理互補之處理,並提供一已接收符號流。就單一天線使用者終端機120x而言,RX空間處理器360x可實施來自一單一解調變器354x的已接收符號流之連貫的解調變,並可提供一已恢復資料符號流。就多重天線使用者終端機120y而言,RX空間處理器360y可使用空間濾波器矩陣 M ut
(k
),(k=1...NF
)對來自Nut
個解調變器354的Nut
個已接收符號流實施空間處理,並提供Nut
個已恢復資料符號流。在任何情況下,各已恢復資料符號流{S m
}係接取點110x傳送至該使用者終端機120的一資料符號流之估計。一RX資料處理器370接收並解多工化已恢復的資料符號至適當之傳輸頻道。隨後對各傳輸頻道的已恢復資料符號進行處理(如解映射、解交錯以及解碼)以便獲得該傳輸頻道的解碼資料。各傳輸頻道的解碼資料可包括已恢復的資料流、控制資料等,其可提供至資料槽372加以儲存以及/或提供至一控制器380作進一步的處理。
在各使用者終端機120處,頻道估計器378對下行鏈路頻道回應進行估計並提供頻道估計,其可包括頻道增益估計、SNR估計等。控制器380接收頻道估計、導出用於在傳送與接收路徑上的空間處理之向量及/或係數,並決定下行鏈路上各資料符號流的適當速率。例如,多重天線使用者終端機120y的控制器380y可依據下行鏈路頻道回應矩陣 H dn
(k
)(其中k=1...NF
)導出用於下行鏈路的空間濾波器矩陣 M ut
(k
)以及用於上行鏈路的導引向量矩陣 F ut
(k
)。控制器380亦可接收在下行鏈路上接收到的各訊包/訊框之狀態,並組合接取點110x的回授資訊。回授資訊與上行鏈路資料由TX資料處理器390處理,由TX空間處理器392進行空間處理(若存在於使用者終端機120處),由先導符號多工化,由一或多個調變器354調節,並經由一或多個天線352傳送至接取點110x。
在接取點110x處,已傳送的上行鏈路信號由天線324接收,由解調變器322解調變以及由RX空間處理器340與RX資料處理器342處理,實施方式與在使用者終端機120處的方式互補。將已恢復的回授資訊提供至控制器330及排程器334。排程器334可使用回授資訊實施數個功能,如(1)排程一組用於在下行鏈路與上行鏈路上進行資料傳送之使用者終端機以及(2)向排程的終端機指定可用的下行鏈路與上行鏈路資源。
控制器330與380分別控制在接取點110x與使用者終端機120處的多個處理單元之運作。例如,控制器380可為使用者終端機120決定下行鏈路上空間頻道所支援的最高速率。控制器330可為各已排程的使用者終端機的各空間頻道選取速率、封包承載大小以及OFDM符號大小。
上行鏈路中,接取點110x與使用者終端機120x及120y處的處理可與下行鏈路中的處理相同亦可不同。為清楚起見,以下將詳細說明下行鏈路的處理。
圖4所示的係接取點110x處的TX資料處理器310之一具體實施例之方塊圖。就該具體實施例而言,TX資料處理器310包括一組編碼器412、頻道交錯器414以及符號映射單元416用於NS
個資料流中的各資料流。就各資料流{dm
}而言,其中m=1...NS
,一編碼器412接收並依據一針對該資料流所選用的編碼方案對資料流進行編碼,並提供編碼位元。編碼方案可包括CRC編碼、捲積編碼、高速編碼、低密度同位檢查(low density parity check;LDPC)編碼、區塊編碼以及其他編碼或其組合。頻道交錯器414將編碼位元依據一交錯方案進行交錯(即重新排序)。符號映射單元416依據一為該資料流選取的調變方案來映射交錯位元,並提供一資料符號流{sm
}。單元416對各組B個交錯位元組合,以形成一B位元二進制值,其中,並依據選取的調變方案(如QPSK、M-PSK或M-QAM,其中M=2B
)進一步將各B位元二進制值映射至一特定資料符號。各資料流的編碼與調變係依據控制器330提供的編碼與調變控制實施。
圖5所示的係接取點110x處的TX空間處理器320與調變器322a至322ap之一項具體實施例之方塊圖。就該具體實施例而言,TX空間處理器320包括NS
個解多工器(Demux)510a至510s,NF
個TX子頻帶空間處理器520a至520f,以及Nap
個多工器(Mux)530a至530ap。各解多工器510從TX空間處理器320接收個別資料符號流{sm
},將該符號流解多工成NF
個資料符號子流用於NF
個子頻帶,並將NF
個子流提供至NF
個空間處理器520a至520f。各空間處理器520從NS
個解多工器510a至510s接收其子頻帶的NS
個資料符號子流,對該等子流實施發射器空間處理,並向Nap
個接取點天線提供Nap
個傳送符號子流。各空間處理器520將資料向量 s dn
(k
)乘以矩陣 F ap
(k
),以獲得傳送向量 x dn
(k
)。矩陣 F ap
(k
)等於(1)單一使用者導引模式的 H dn
(k
)之右特徵向量之矩陣 V dn
(k
),(2)多重使用者導引模式的矩陣 F mu
(k
)或(3)單一使用者非導引模式的單位矩陣I
。
各多工器530從NF
個空間處理器520a至520f中接收NF
個用於其傳送天線的傳送符號子流,將該等子流與先導符號多工化,並為其傳送天線提供一傳送符號流{xj
}。先導符號可在頻率(即在某些子頻帶上)、時間(即在某些符號週期上)以及/或編碼空間(即具有一正交編碼)上進行多工化。Nap
個多工器530a至530ap提供Nap
個天線324a至324ap的Nap
個傳送符號流{xj
},j=1...Nap
。
就圖5所示的具體實施例而言,各調變器322包括一反向快速傅立葉轉換(inverse fast Fourier transform;IFFT)單元542,一循環前置碼產生器544以及一TX RF單元546。IFFT單元542與循環前置碼產生器544形成一OFDM調變器。各調變器322從TX空間處理器320接收一個別傳送符號流{xj
},並將NF
個子頻帶之每組NF
個傳送符號組合。IFFT單元542使用一NF
點反向快速傅立葉轉換將各組NF
個傳送符號轉換為時域,並提供一對應的包含NF
個碼片的轉換符號。循環前置碼產生器544重複各轉換符號之部分以獲得一包含NF
+NCP
個碼片的對應OFDM符號。重複部分(即循環前置碼)能確保在出現由頻率選擇衰減引起的多路徑延遲擴展時,OFDM符號能保持其正交特性。TX RP單元546接收並處理來自產生器544的OFDM符號流,以產生一下行鏈路調變信號。Nap
個下行鏈路調變信號分別從Nap
個天線324a至324ap傳送。
圖6所示的係解調變器354a至354ut以及多重天線使用者終端機120y的RX空間處理器360y的一項具體實施例之方塊圖。在使用者終端機120y處,Nut
個天線352a至352ut接收接取點110x傳送的Nap
個調變信號,並將Nut
個已接收信號分別提供至Nut
個解調變器354a至354ut。各解調變器354包括一RX RF單元612、一循環前置碼移除單元614、以及一快速傅立葉轉換(fast Fourier transform;FFT)單元616。單元614與616形成一OFDM解調變器。在各解調變器354內,RX RF單元612接收、調節、並數位化一個別已接收信號並提供一碼片流。循環前置碼移除單元614將各已接收OFDM符號中的循環前置碼移除,以獲得一已接收的轉換符號。FFT單元616隨後能使用一NF
個點的快速傅立葉轉換將各已接收的轉換符號轉換為頻域,以獲得NF
個子頻帶的NF
個已接收符號。FFT單元616將一已接收符號流提供至RX空間處理器360y並將已接收先導符號提供至頻道估計器378y。
就圖6所示的具體實施例而言,RX空間處理器360y包括使用者終端機120y處的Nut
個天線的Nut
個解多工器630a至630ut、NF
個子頻帶的NF
個RX子頻帶空間處理器640a至640f以及NF
個縮放單元642a至642f以及NS
個資料流的NS
個多工器650a至650s。RX空間處理器360y可從解調變器354a至354ut中獲得Nut
個已接收符號流{ri
},i=1...Nut
。各解多工器630接收一個別已接收符號流{ri
},將該符號流解多工為NF
個子頻帶的NF
個已接收符號子流,並將NF
個子流提供至NF
個空間處理器640a至640f。各空間處理器640可從Nut
個解多工器630a至630ut中獲得子頻帶的Nut
個已接收符號子流,對該等子流實施接收器空間處理,並為其子頻帶提供NS
個已偵測符號子流。各空間處理器640將已接收向量 r dn
(k
)乘以矩陣 M ut
(k
),以獲得偵測符號向量。矩陣 M ut
(k
)等於(1)單一使用者導引模式之 H dn
(k
)的左特徵向量之矩陣或(2)單一使用者非導引模式的矩陣 M ccmi
(k
)、 M mmse
(k
)或某些其他矩陣。
各縮放單元642接收其子頻帶的NS
個已偵測符號子流,縮放該等子流,並提供其子頻帶的NS
個恢復資料符號子流。各縮放單元642使用對角矩陣實施已偵測符號向量的信號縮放,並提供已恢復的資料符號向量。各多工器650從NF
個縮放單元642a至642f中接收且多工化其資料流的NF
個已恢復資料符號子流,並提供一已恢復的資料符號流。NS
個多工器650a至650s提供NS
個恢復資料符號流。
圖7所示的係使用者終端機120y處的RX資料處理器370y的一項具體實施例之方塊圖。RX資料處理器370y包括NS
個資料流中各資料流的符號解映射單元712、頻道解交錯器714以及解碼器716之組。就各恢復的資料符號流(其中m=1...NS
)而言,一符號解映射單元712依據用於該符號流之調變方案解調變該恢復的資料符號,並提供解調變資料。頻道解交錯器714解交錯該解調變資料,其採用的方式與接取點110x對該符號流實施交錯之方式互補。解碼器716則解碼該解交錯資料,其採用的與接取點110x對該符號流實施編碼之方式互補。例如,若在接取點110x處分別實施渦輪或捲積編碼,則一渦輪解碼器或一Viterbi解碼器可用於解碼器716。解碼器716為各已接收資料訊包提供一解碼訊包。解碼器716進一步檢查各解碼訊包以決定訊包是否正確解碼或存在錯誤,並提供解碼訊包之狀態。各已恢復資料符號流的解調變與解碼係依據控制器380y提供的解調變與解碼控制實施。
圖8所示的係一RX空間處理器360z與一RX資料處理器370z的一方塊圖,其實施SIC技術。RX空間處理器360z與RX資料處理器370z實施NS
個資料符號流的NS
個連續(即串聯)接收器處理階段。階段NS
至1中的階段1包括一空間處理器810、一干擾消除器820、一RX資料流處理器830以及一TX資料流處理器840。最後階段只包括一空間處理器810s以及一RX資料流處理器830s。如圖7所示,各RX資料流處理器830包括一符號解映射單元712、一頻道解交錯器714以及一解碼器716。如圖4所示,各TX資料流處理器840包括一編碼器412、一頻道交錯器414以及一符號映射單元416。
就第一階段而言,空間處理器810a對Nut
個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,並提供一已恢復資料符號流、其中,下標j1
表示用於傳送資料符號流的接取點天線。RX資料流處理器830a解調變、解交錯以及解碼已恢復資料符號流,並提供一對應的解碼資料流。TX資料流處理器840a編碼、交錯以及調變解碼資料流,其採用的方式與接取點110x對該資料流實施的方式相同,並可提供一再調變符號流。干擾消除器820a在再調變符號流上實施空間處理,其採用的方式與接取點110x所實施的方式相同(若存在的話),並進一步使用頻道回應矩陣 H dn
(k
)處理該結果,以獲得由資料符號流引起的Nut
個干擾元件。Nut
個干擾元件從Nut
個已接收符號流中減去,以獲得Nut
個修正符號流,其在階段2中提供。
階段NS
至階段1之間的階段2實施的處理與階段1相同,儘管其係在來自前一階段的Nut
個修正符號流上,而非Nut
個已接收符號流上。最後階段在來自階段NS
至1的Nut
個修正符號流上實施空間處理及解碼,其不實施干擾估計及消除。
空間處理器810a至810s可分別實施CCMI、MMSE或某些其他接收器處理技術。各空間處理器810將一輸入(已接收或已修正)符號向量乘以矩陣,以獲得一偵測符號向量,選取並縮放偵測符號流之一,並將該縮放符號流作為該階段的已恢復資料符號流提供。矩陣係依據該階段的一縮小之頻道回應矩陣而導出。
上行鏈路在接取點110x及使用者終端機120y處的處理單元可如上述下行鏈路般實施。TX資料處理器390y與TX空間處理器392y分別係藉由圖4中的TX資料處理器310以及圖5中的TX空間處理器320實施。使用RX空間處理器360y或360z實施RX空間處理器340,使用資料處理器370y或370z實施RX資料處理器342。
就單一天線使用者終端機120x而言,RX空間處理器360x使用頻道估計實施一已接收符號流之連貫的解調變,以獲得一已恢復的資料符號流。
A.頻道估計
下行鏈路與上行鏈路的頻道回應可用多種方式估計,如多輸入多輸出先導或一導引先導。就一TDD多輸入多輸出系統而言,可使用特定技術簡化頻道估計。
就下行鏈路而言,接取點110x可傳送一多輸入多輸出先導至使用者終端機120。該多輸入多輸出先導包括Nap
個來自Nap
個接取點天線的先導傳送,來自各天線的先導傳送上「覆蓋」有不同的正交序列(如一Walsh序列)。覆蓋係一方法,藉此,用一L碼片正交序列的所有L個碼片乘以即將傳送的既定調變符號(或一組值相同之L個調變符號),即可獲得L個覆蓋符號,隨後將其傳送。覆蓋可獲得Nap
個接取點天線發送的Nap
個先導傳送中的正交性,並使使用者終端機能區分來自各天線之先導傳送。
在各使用者終端機120處,頻道估計器378使用Nap
個正交序列「解覆蓋」各使用者終端機天線i的已接收先導符號,該Nap
個正交序列與Nap
個天線的接取點110x所使用的Nap
個正交序列相同,以獲得使用者終端機天線i與Nap
個接取點天線中的各天線之間的複數頻道增益之估計。解覆蓋與覆蓋互補,其係一方法,藉此,可用L碼片正交序列的L個碼片乘以已接收(先導)的符號,以獲得L個解覆蓋符號,其隨後可累積以獲得已傳送(先導)符號的一估計。頻道估計器378可針對用於先導傳送的各子頻帶實施相同的先導處理。若先導符號只在NF
個子頻帶的一子集上傳送,則頻道估計器378可使用先導傳送在子頻帶的頻道回應估計上實施內插,以獲得子頻帶的頻道回應估計,而無需先導傳送。就單一天線使用者終端機120x而言,頻道估計器378x可提供單一天線352的估計下行鏈路頻道回應向量,k=1...NF
。就多重天線使用者終端機120y而言,頻道估計器378y可對所有Nut
個天線352a至352ut實施相同的先導處理,並提供估計的下行鏈路頻道回應矩陣,k=1...NF
。各使用者終端機120亦可依據已接收的先導符號估計下行鏈路的雜訊變異數,並提供該下行鏈路雜訊估計。
就上行鏈路而言,多重天線使用者終端機120y可傳送一多輸入多輸出先導,該先導可由接取點110x使用以估計使用者終端機120y的上行鏈路頻道回應。單一天線使用者終端機120x可從其單一天線傳送一先導。多重單一天線使用者終端機120可在上行鏈路上同時傳送正交先導,其中可採用時間及/或頻率來獲得正交性。各使用者終端機使用指定給該使用者終端機的不同正交序列覆蓋其上行鏈路,從而獲得時間正交性。藉由使各使用者終端機在不同子頻帶組上傳送其上行鏈路先導而獲得頻率正交性。來自多重使用者終端機的同時上行鏈路先導傳送可在接取點120x處大致時間對準(即在循環前置碼內時間對準)。
就一TDD多輸入多輸出系統而言,高度的相關通常存在於下行鏈路與上行鏈路的頻道回應之間,因為該等鏈路共用相同的頻帶。但在接取點處的傳送/接收鏈的回應通常與使用者終端處的傳送/接收鏈之回應不同。若經由校準可決定並解決差異,則可將總體下行鏈路與上行鏈路頻道回應假設為彼此的倒數(即轉置)。
圖9所示的係接取點110x以及使用者終端機120y處的傳送/接收鏈。在接取點110x處,傳送路徑由一Nap
×Nap
矩陣 T ap
(k
)模型化,而接受路徑則由一Nap
×Nap
矩陣 R ap
(k
)模型化。在使用者終端機120y處,接收路徑由一Nut
×Nut
矩陣 R ut
(k
)類比,而傳送路徑則由一Nut
×Nut
矩陣 T ut
(k
)類比。各子頻帶的下行鏈路與上行鏈路的已接收符號向量表述如下:
其中「T
」表示轉置。式(34)假設下行鏈路與上行鏈路為彼此之轉置。各子頻帶的「有效」下行鏈路與上行鏈路頻道回應 H cdn
(k
)與 H cup
(k
)包括傳送與接收鏈之回應,其可表述為:
H cdn
(k
)= R ut
(k
) H
(k
) T ap
(k
)及 H cup
(k
)= R ap
(k
) H T
(k
) T ut
(k
)。 式(34)
若下行鏈路與上行鏈路傳送/接收鏈的回應彼此並不相等,則有效下行鏈路與上行鏈路頻道回應並非為彼此之倒數(即)。
接取點110x與使用者終端機120y可實施校準以獲得各子頻帶的校正矩陣 K ap
(k
)與 K ut
(k
),其可表述如下:
校正矩陣可藉由在下行鏈路與上行鏈路上傳送多輸入多輸出先導以及使用MMSE標準或某些其他技術導出校正矩陣而獲得。校正矩陣 K ap
(k
)與 K ut
(k
)分別應用於接取點110x與使用者終端機120y處,如圖9所示。「校準」之下行鏈路與上行鏈路頻道回應 H cdn
(k
)與 H cup
(k
)則互為倒數,可表述為:
各子頻帶的校準上行鏈路與下行鏈路頻道回應矩陣 H cup
(k
)與 H cdn
(k
)的奇異值分解可表述如下:
如式集(38)所示, H cdn
(k
)的左與右特徵向量之矩陣與係 H cup
(k
)的右與左特徵向量的矩陣 V ut
(k
)與 U ap
(k
)複共軛。接取點110x可使用矩陣 U ap
(k
)以用於傳送與接收空間處理,而使用者終端機120y可使用矩陣 V ut
(k
)以用於傳送與接收空間處理。
由於TDD多輸入多輸出系統之多輸入多輸出頻道的倒數特性,以及在實施校準以解決傳送/接收鏈的差異後,奇異值分解只需由使用者終端機120y或接取點110x實施。如由使用者終端機120y實施,則矩陣 V ut
(k
)(k=1...NF
)用於使用者終端機處的空間處理,以及矩陣 U ap
(k
),(k=1...NF
)可以直接形式(如發送矩陣 U ap
(k
)的項)或以間接形式(如經由一導引先導)提供至接取點。實際上,使用者終端機120y只可獲得,其係 H cdn
(k)的一估計,並只可導出與,其分別係 V ut
(k
),Σ
(k
)與 U ap
(k
)之估計。為簡化起見,本文之說明假設頻道估計無錯誤。
使用者終端機120y發送的上行鏈路導引先導可表述如下:
x up , m
(k
)= K ut
(k
) v ut , m
(k
)p
(k
), 式(38)
其中, v up , m
(k
)係 V ut
(k
)的第m行,而p(k)係先導符號。接取點110x處的已接收上行鏈路導引先導可表述如下:
r up , m
(k
)= u ap , m
(k
)σ m p
(k
)+ n up
(k
)。 式(39)
式(40)表示接取點110x可依據來自使用者終端機120y的上行鏈路先導獲得矩陣 U ap
(k
),即某一時間的一向量。
亦可實施互補方法,藉此,使用者終端機120y可在上行鏈路上傳送一多輸入多輸出先導,且接取點110x可實施奇異值分解並在下行鏈路上傳送一導引先導。下行鏈路與上行鏈路的頻道估計亦可以其他方式實施。
在各使用者終端120處,頻道估計器378可估計下行鏈路頻道回應(例如依據接取點110x發送的一多輸入多輸出先導或一導引先導),並將下行鏈路頻道估計提供至控制器380。就單一天線使用者終端機120x而言,控制器380x可導出用於連貫解調變之複數頻道增益。就多重天線使用者終端機120y而言,控制器380y可導出用於接收空間處理之矩陣 M ut
(k
),以及用於依據下行鏈路頻道估計傳送空間處理之矩陣 F ut
(k
)。在接取點110x處,頻道估計器328可估計上行鏈路頻道回應(如依據使用者終端機120發送的導引先導或多輸入多輸出先導)並將上行鏈路頻道估計提供至控制器380。控制器380可導出用於傳送空間處理的矩陣 F ap
(k
)以及用於依據上行鏈路頻道估計接收空間處理的矩陣 M ap
(k
)。
圖9所示的係一子頻帶k的下行鏈路與上行鏈路之接取點110x及使用者終端機120y處的空間處理。就下行鏈路而言,在接取點110x處的TX空間處理器320內,單元910首先將資料向量 s dn
(k
)乘以矩陣 F ap
(k
),並由單元912將其進一步乘以校正矩陣 K ap
(k
),以獲得傳送向量 x dn
(k
)。向量 x dn
(k
)係由調變器322內的傳送鏈914處理,並在多輸入多輸出頻道上傳送至使用者終端機120y。單元910與912實施下行鏈路的傳送空間處理,並可在圖5的TX子頻帶空間處理器520內實施。
在使用者終端機120y處,下行鏈路信號由解調變器354內的接收鏈954處理,以獲得接收向量 r dn
(k
)。在RX空間處理器360y內,首先單元956將接收向量 r dn
(k
)乘以矩陣 M ut
(k
),隨後單元958使用反轉對角矩陣進一步將其縮放,以獲得向量,其係資料向量 s dn
(k
)的一估計。單元956與958可實施下行鏈路的接收空間處理,並可在圖6的RX子頻帶空間處理器640內實施。
就上行鏈路而言,在使用者終端機120y處的TX空間處理器392y內,首先單元960將資料向量 s up
(k
)乘以矩陣 F ut
(k
),隨後單元962將其進一步乘以校正矩陣 K ut
(k
),以獲得傳送向量 x up
(k
)。向量 x up
(k
)係由調變器354內的傳送鏈964處理,並在多輸入多輸出頻道上傳送至接取點110x。單元960與962實施上行鏈路的傳送空間處理。
在接取點110x處,上行鏈路信號由解調變器322內的接收鏈924處理,以獲得接收向量 r up (k
)。在RX空間處理器340內,首先單元926將接收向量r up
(k
)乘以矩陣 M ap
(k
),隨後單元928使用反轉對角矩陣進一步將其縮放,以獲得向量,其係資料向量 s up
(k
)的一估計。單元926與928實施上行鏈路的接收空間處理。
B.TDD多輸入多輸出系統的空間處理
表3概括了TDD多輸入多輸出系統中多種空間多工化模式中的示範性先導傳送及空間處理,其係由用於在下行鏈路與上行鏈路上傳送資料的接取點及使用者終端機實施。就單一使用者導引模式而言,接取點傳送一多輸入多輸出先導以使使用直到終端機可估計下行鏈路頻道回應。使用者終端機傳送一導引先導以使接取點能估計上行鏈路頻道回應。接取點用 U ap
(k
)實施傳送與接收空間處理。使用者終端機可用 V ut
(k
)實施傳送與接收空間處理。
就單一使用者非導引模式而言,就下行鏈路資料傳送而言,接取點從所有天線傳送一多輸入多輸出先導,並從各天線傳送一資料符號流。使用者終端機用多輸入多輸出先導估計下行鏈路頻道回應,並使用下行鏈路頻道估計實施接收器空間處理。上行鏈路資料傳送中出現互補處理。
就多重使用者導引模式而言,就至單一天線及/或多重天線使用者終端機之下行鏈路資料傳送而言,使用者終端機在上行鏈路上傳送正交先導,以使接取點可估計下行鏈路頻道回應。單一天線使用者終端機傳送一非導引先導,而一多重天線使用者終端機傳送一導引先導。接取點依據正交上行鏈路先導導出下行鏈路導引向量,並使用導引向量傳送導引先導以及導引資料符號流只好選取的使用者終端機。各使用者終端機使用導引先導以接收發送至使用者終端機的導引資料符號流。就來自多重天線使用者終端機的上行鏈路資料傳送而言,接取點傳送一多輸入多輸出先導。各多重天線使用者終端機在上行鏈路上傳送一導引先導以及一導引資料符號流。接取點實施接收器空間處理(如CCMI、MMSE等)以恢復資料符號流。
在多重使用者非導引模式中,接取點為自多重天線使用者終端機的下行鏈路資料傳送而在下行鏈路上傳送一多輸入多輸出先導。各使用者終端機決定其可從各接取點天線中接收到的速率並將其發送回。接取點選取一組使用者終端機,並從接取點天線傳送選取的使用者終端機之資料符號流。各多重天線使用者終端機實施接收器空間處理(如CCMI、MMSE等)以恢復其資料符號流。就來自單一天線及/或多重天線使用者終端機的上行鏈路資料傳送而言,使用者終端機在上行鏈路上傳送正交(非導引)先導。接取點依據上行鏈路先導估計上行鏈路頻道回應,並選取一組相容的使用者終端機。各選取的使用者終端機從一使用者終端機天線傳送一資料符號流。接取點實施接收器空間處理(如CCMI、MMSE等)以恢復資料符號流。
C.速率選取
下行鏈路與上行鏈路的各資料流使用空間多工化模式之一在一寬頻空間頻道m上傳送。亦可以一選取的速率傳送各資料流,該速率係選擇以達到該資料流的性能目標位準(如百分之一的訊包錯誤率(packet error rate;PER))。各資料流的速率可依據在接收器處達到之該資料流的SNR(及已接收的SNR)決定,其中SNR取決於在發射器與接收器處實施的空間處理,如上所述。
在一示範性速率選取方案中,為決定寬頻空間頻道m的速率,可首先得出該寬頻空間頻道的各子頻帶k的一SNR估計γ m
(k
)(如以dB單位),如上所述。以下計算寬頻空間頻道m的平均SNR,γ avg
:
SNR估計的變異數計算如下:
一SNR後退因數γ bo , m
係依據平均SNR的函數以及SNR變異數決定。例如,可使用函數,其中Kb
係一縮放因數,該因數可依據多輸入多輸出系統的一或多個特徵選擇,如該資料流所用的交錯、訊包大小及/或編碼方案。SNR後退因數說明橫跨寬頻空間頻道的SNR中的變異數。以下計算寬頻空間頻道m的運作SNR,γ op , m
:
γ op , m
=γ avg , m
-γ bo , m
。 式(42)
該資料流的速率隨後依據運作SNR決定。例如,查找表(look-up table;LUT)可儲存一組多輸入多輸出系統支援的速率及其所需的SNR。各速率所需的SNR可由電腦模擬、實驗測量等決定,並依據一AWGN頻道的假設。將查找表中具有一所需SNR(其等於或低於運作SNR)的最高速率選為用於在寬頻空間頻道m上發送資料流的速率。
亦可使用多種其他速率選擇方案。
D.封閉迴路速率控制
封閉迴路速率控制可用於在多重寬頻空間頻道上傳送的各資料流。封閉迴路速率控制可用一或多重迴路獲得。
圖10所示的係一封閉迴路速率控制機制1000的一項具體實施例之方塊圖,其包括一與一外部迴路1020一起運作之內部迴路1010。內部迴路1010估計頻道條件並決定各寬頻空間頻道支援的速率。外部迴路1020可估計各寬頻空間頻道上接收到的資料傳送的品質,從而調整內部迴路的運作。為簡化起見,圖10所示的係一下行鏈路寬頻空間頻道m的迴路1010與1020運作,說明如下。
就內部迴路1010而言,使用者終端機120處的頻道估計器378可估計寬頻空間頻道m並提供頻道估計(如頻道增益估計與雜訊變異數估計)。控制器380內的一速率選擇器1030可決定寬頻空間頻道m支援的速率,其係依據(1)來自頻道估計器378的頻道估計,(2)來自品質估計器1032的用於寬頻空間頻道m的一SNR後退因數及/或一速率調整,以及(3)一多輸入多輸出系統支援的速率之查找表(LUT)1036及其所需的SNR。控制器380將寬頻空間頻道m的支援速率發送至接取點110。在接取點110處,控制器330接收寬頻空間頻道m的支援速率,並決定即將在該空間頻道上發送的資料流的資料速率、編碼以及調變控制。隨後依據該等控制,由TX資料處理器310對資料流進行處理,由TX空間處理器320用先導符號對其進行空間處理以及多工化,由調變器322調節,並傳送至使用者終端機120。
外部迴路1020可估計在寬頻空間頻道m上接收到的解碼資料流的品質,並調整內部迴路1010之運作。寬頻空間頻道m的已接收符號由RX空間處理器360進行空間處理,並由RX資料處理器370進一步處理。RX資料處理器370提供在寬頻空間頻道m上接收到的各訊包之狀態及/或解碼器矩陣至品質估計器1032。外部迴路1020可提供用於控制內部迴路1010之運作的不同類型之資訊(如SNR後退因數、一速率調整等)。
上述封閉迴路速率控制可因此針對各下行鏈路與上行鏈路寬頻空間頻道而獨立實施,其可對應於(1)寬頻特徵模式(就單一使用者導引模式而言)或(2)一傳送天線(就單一使用者與多重使用者非導引模式而言)。
E.排程使用者終端機
圖11所示的係控制器330以及用於排程使用者終端機在下行鏈路與上行鏈路上的資料傳送之排程器334之一項具體實施例之方塊圖。在控制器330內,一請求處理器1110接收使用者終端機120在RACH上傳送的接取請求以及有可能來自其他源頭的接取請求。該等接取請求係針對下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路的資料傳送。請求處理器1110處理已接收的接取請求,並提供所有請求使用者終端機的識別項(identity;ID)及狀態。使用者終端機的狀態可表示在終端機處可用的天線數量,終端機是否校準等。
速率選擇器1120從頻道估計器328接收頻道估計,並決定請求使用者終端機的下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路寬頻空間頻道支援的速率,如上所述。就下行鏈路而言,各使用者終端機120可決定各寬頻空間頻道支援的速率,如上所述。支援速率係可用於寬頻空間頻道上資料傳送的最大速率,以獲得目標位準的性能。各使用者終端機120可發送其所有下行鏈路寬頻空間頻道的支援速率至接取點110,例如,可經由RACH。或者,若(1)下行鏈路與上行鏈路互為倒數以及(2)接取點110在使用者終端機120處提供有雜訊變異數或雜訊底部,則接取點110可決定該下行鏈路寬頻空間頻道的支援速率。就上行鏈路而言,接取點110可決定各請求使用者終端機120的各寬頻空間頻道的支援速率。
使用者選擇器1140為在下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路可能之資料傳送從所有的請求使用者終端機中選取不同組的一或多個使用者終端機。可依據多個標準選取使用者終端機,如系統要求、使用者終端機能力以及支援速率、使用者優先權、欲發送的資料量等。就多重使用者空間多工化模式而言,各組的使用者終端機亦可依據其頻道回應向量選取。
模式選擇器1130依據該組中的使用者終端機之運作狀態與能力以及可能之其他因素選取用於各使用者終端機組的特定空間多工化模式。例如,單一使用者導引模式可用於「校準」的多重天線使用者終端機,其已實施校準以便一鏈路(如下行鏈路)的頻道回應可依據經由其他鏈路(如上行鏈路)接收到的一(如導引)先導估計。單一使用者非導引模式方式可用於一「未校準」的多重天線使用者終端機,其尚未實施校準或因任何理由不能支援單一使用者導引模式。多重使用者導引模式可用於至多重使用者終端機之下行鏈路傳送,各終端機都裝備有一或多個天線。多重使用者非導引模式可用於多重使用者終端機的上行鏈路傳送。
排程器334從使用者選擇器1140接收使用者終端機組,從模式選擇器1130中接收各使用者終端機組之選取的空間多工化模式以及從速率選擇器1120接收為各使用者終端機組選取的速率。排程器334為在下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路上的資料傳送排程使用者終端機。排程器334為在下行鏈路上的資料傳送選取一或多組使用者終端機,為各TDD訊框在上行鏈路上的資料傳送選擇一或多組使用者終端機。各組包括一或多個使用者終端機,並為TDD訊框內以一制定傳送間隔同時的資料傳送。
排程器334為各使用者終端機形成一資訊元素(IE),為下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路上的資料傳送而排程該終端機。各資訊元素包括(1)用於資料傳送的空間多工化模式,(2)用於在各寬頻空間頻道上發送資料流之速率,(3)資料傳送的開始與持續時間以及(4)有可能其他資訊(如與資料傳送一起傳送的先導之類型)。排程器334經由FCCH發送所有排程使用者終端機的資訊元件。各使用者終端機處理FCCH以恢復其資訊元素,並在此後依據已接收的排程資訊接收一下行鏈路傳送及/或發送一上行鏈路傳送。
圖11所示的係當多重空間多工化模式得到支援時,用於資料傳送的使用者終端機之排程的一項具體實施例。亦可以其他方式實施排程,其涵蓋於本發明之範疇內。
圖12所示的係在多輸入多輸出系統100內安排使用者終端機之資料傳送之程序1200的流程圖。選取至少一使用者終端機之一組,用於在下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路上之資料傳送(方塊1212)。從系統支援的多重空間多工化模式中為使用者終端機組選取一空間多工化模式(方塊1214)。亦可為使用者終端機組選取即將經由多重空間頻道傳送的多重資料流之多重速率(方塊1216)。針對下行鏈路及/或上行鏈路上的資料傳送使用選取的速率與選取的空間多工化模式對使用者終端機組排程(方塊1218)。
圖13所示的係在多輸入多輸出系統100內的下行鏈路上傳送資料之程序1300之流程圖。程序1300可藉由接取點110x實施。第一複數個資料流係依據第一複數個速率編碼與調變,以獲得第一複數個資料符號流(方塊1312)。就單一使用者導引模式而言,針對從多重天線至第一使用者終端機之傳送,在第一傳送間隔中,使用第一複數個導引向量空間處理第一複數個資料符號流以獲得第一複數個傳送符號流(方塊1314)。第一複數個導引向量係導出,以便第一複數個資料流在正交空間頻道上傳送至第一使用者終端機。第二複數個資料流係依據第二複數個速率編碼與調變,以獲得第二複數個資料符號流(方塊1316)。就單一使用者非導引模式而言,在第二傳送間隔中,針對從多重天線至於第二使用者終端機的傳送,第二複數個資料符號流係作為第二複數個傳送符號流提供(方塊1318)。對第三複數個資料流進行編碼與調變以獲得第三複數個資料符號流(方塊1320)。就多重使用者導引模式而言,針對從多重天線至多重使用者終端機的傳送,在第三傳送間隔中,使用第二複數個導引向量空間處理第三複數個資料符號流以獲得第三複數個傳送符號流(方塊1322)。導出第二複數個導引向量,以使在多重使用者終端機處接收到的第三複數個資料符號流具有抑制的串擾。
圖14所示的係在多輸入多輸出系統100的上行鏈路上接收資料之程序1400的流程圖。程序1400亦可藉由接取點110x實施。依據第一空間多工化模式(如單一使用者導引模式)對第一複數個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,以獲得第一複數個已恢復資料符號流(方塊1412)。第一複數個已恢復資料符號流依據第一複數個速率進行解調變以及解碼,以獲得一第一複數個解碼資料流(方塊1414)。依據第二空間多工化模式(如一非導引模式)對第二複數個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,以獲得第二複數個已恢復資料符號流(方塊1416)。第二複數個已恢復資料符號流係依據第二複數個速率進行解調變與解碼,以獲得第二複數個解碼資料流,其係一或多重使用者終端機傳送的資料流之估計(方塊1418)。
各使用者終端機實施對應方法以在一或多重上行鏈路寬頻空間頻道上傳送資料,並在一或多重下行鏈路寬頻空間頻道上接收資料。
如本文所述,具有多重空間多工化模式之資料傳送可藉由多種方式實施。例如,該方法可在硬體、軟體及其組合中實施。就硬體實施而言,用於在接取點處實施資料處理、空間處理及排程的處理單元可實施於一或多個特定應用積體電路(ASIC)、數位信號處理器(DSP)、數位信號處理裝置(DSPD)、可程式邏輯裝置(PLD)、場可程式閘極陣列(FPGA)、處理器、控制器、微控制器、微處理器、其他設計以執行本文所述功能之電子單元或其組合。在一使用者終端機處的製程單元亦可在一或多個ASIC、DSP等上實施。
就軟體實施而言,在用於資料傳送的接取點及使用者終端機處使用多重空間多工化模式進行之處理可藉由可實施本文所述功能之模組(如程序、函數等)實施。該等軟體編碼可儲存在一記憶體單元(如圖3中的記憶體單元332及382)中並由一處理器(如控制器330或380)執行。記憶體單元可在處理器內或處理器外部實施。
本文所包含用於參考的標題係用來輔助定位某些段落。這些標題並不是要限制此處所述之觀念的範圍,而這些觀念可以應用到整個說明文件的其他段落。
前面對該等已揭露之具體實施例所作的說明可讓熟習本技術的人士製造或利用本發明。熟悉技術人士應明白可對該等具體實施例進行各種修改,而且本文定義的一般原理可應用於其他具體實施例而不致背離本發明之精神或範疇。因此,本發明並不意味著受限於本文所示的該等具體實施例,而係符合與本文揭示的該等原理及新穎特徵相一致的最廣範疇。
100...多輸入多輸出系統
110...接取點
120...使用者終端機
130...系統控制器
200...頻道結構
214...信標先導
216...多輸入多輸出先導
218...BCH訊息
256...訊息
308...資料源
322...調變器
330...控制器
334...排程器
354...解調變器
372...資料槽
378...頻道估計器
412...編碼器
414...頻道交錯器
416...符號映射單元
510...解多工器
542...反向快速傅立葉轉換單元
544...循環前置碼產生器
546...TXRF單元
612...RXRF單元
614...循環前置碼移除單元
616...快速傅立葉轉換單元
630...解多工器
642...縮放單元
712...符號解映射單元
714...頻道解交錯器
716...解碼器
810...空間處理器
820...干擾消除器
830...RX資料流處理器
840...TX資料流處理器
1000...封閉迴路速率控制機制
1010...內部迴路
1020...外部迴路
1032...品質估計器
1036...查找表
1110...請求處理器
1120...速率選擇器
1130...模式選擇器
1140...使用者選擇器
210,220,230,240與250...區段
232a,232b...PDU
234a,244b,254...先導
236a,236b,246a,246b...資料訊包
242a,242b,252...PDU
310,390...TX資料處理器
320,392...TX空間處理器
324,352...天線
330,380...控制器
340,360...RX空間處理器
342,370...RX資料處理器
520,640...空間處理器
530,650...多工器
910,912,926,928...單元
914、964...傳送鏈
924、954...接收鏈
956,958,960,962...單元
圖1所示的係多重接取多輸入多輸出系統;
圖2所示的係多輸入多輸出系統的一訊框及頻道結構;
圖3所示的係多輸入多輸出系統中的一接取點以及兩個使用者終端機;
圖4所示的係接取點處的一傳送(TX)資料處理器;
圖5所示的係接取點處的一TX空間處理器以及一調變器;
圖6所示的係多重天線使用者終端機處的解調變器以及一接收(RX)空間處理器;
圖7所示的係多重天線使用者終端處的一RX資料處理器;
圖8所示的係一RX空間處理器以及一RX資料處理器,其可實施一連續干擾消除(successive interference cancellation;SIC)技術;
圖9所示的係接取點與使用者終端機上的傳送/接收鏈;
圖10所示的係一封閉迴路速率控制機制;
圖11所示的係一控制器以及一用於排程使用者終端機之排程器;
圖12所示的係一用於排程使用者終端機之資料傳送之方法;
圖13所示的係用於在下行鏈路上傳送資料之方法;以及
圖14所示的係用於在上行鏈路上接收資料之方法。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (7)
- 一種在一無線多輸入多輸出通信系統中接收資料之方法,其包括:依據一第一空間多工化模式對一第一複數個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,以獲得一第一複數個已恢復資料符號流;依據一第一複數個速率來解調變與解碼該等第一複數個已恢復資料符號流,以獲得一第一複數個解碼資料流;依據一第二空間多工化模式對一第二複數個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,以獲得一第二複數個已恢復資料符號流;以及依據一第二複數個速率來解調變與解碼該等第二複數個已恢復資料符號流,以獲得一第二複數個解碼資料流。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該第一空間多工化模式係一導引空間多工化模式,且其中使用一使用者終端機的一多輸入多輸出頻道的複數個空間頻道的複數個特徵向量來空間處理該等第一複數個已接收符號流。
- 一種位於一無線多輸入多輸出通信系統中的設備,其包括:一接收空間處理器,其係運作以:依據一第一空間多工化模式對一第一複數個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,以獲得一第一複數個已恢復資料符號流,以及依據一第二空間多工化模式對一第二複數個已接收符號流實施接收器空間處理,以獲得一第二複數個已恢復資料符號流;以及一接收資料處理器,其係運作以:依據一第一複數個速率來解調變與解碼該等第一複數個已恢復資料符號流,以獲得一第一複數個解碼資料流;以及依據一第二複數個速率來解調變與解碼該等第二複數個已恢復資料符號流,以獲得一第二複數個解碼資料流。
- 一種在一無線多輸入多輸出通信系統中傳送資料之方法,其包括:接收表示用於資料傳送的一空間多工化模式與複數個速率之資訊,其中該空間多工化模式選自該系統支援的複數個空間多工化模式,且其中各個該等複數個速率係選自該系統支援的一組速率;依據該等複數個速率來編碼與調變複數個資料流,以獲得複數個資料符號流;以及依據該空間多工化模式來空間處理該等複數個資料符號流,以獲得複數個用於從複數個天線傳送的傳送符號流。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中該空間多工化模式係一導引空間多工化模式,且其中該等複數個資料符號流係使用複數個導引向量進行空間處理,以在一多輸入多輸出頻道的複數個正交空間頻道上傳送該等複數個資料符號流。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其進一步包括:實施校準以使上行鏈路頻道回應為下行鏈路頻道回應之倒數。
- 一種位於一無線多輸入多輸出通信系統中的設備,其包括:一控制器,其係運作以接收表示用於資料傳送的一空間多工化模式以及複數個速率之資訊,其中該空間多工化模式選自該系統支援的複數個空間多工化模式,且其中各個該等複數個速率係選自該系統支援的一組速率;一傳送資料處理器,其係運作以依據該等複數個速率來編碼與調變複數個資料流,以獲得複數個資料符號流;以及一傳送空間處理器,其係運作以依據該空間多工化模式來空間處理該等複數個資料符號流,以獲得複數個用於從複數個天線傳送之傳送符號流。
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