CN102833049B - 多个空间多路复用模式的mimo系统 - Google Patents
多个空间多路复用模式的mimo系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及多个空间多路复用模式的MIMO系统。特别是,提供了一种在无线多址多输入多输出通信系统中的设备及使用的方法。在本发明中,选择第一用户终端在第一传输间隔进行数据传输;选择第一空间多路复用模式,以用于第一用户终端;选择第二用户终端在第二传输间隔进行数据传输;选择第二空间多路复用模式,以用于第二用户终端,其中所述第一和第二空间多路复用模式中的至少一个是操纵空间多路复用模式;用第一空间多路复用模式,对在第一传输间隔进行数据传输的第一用户终端进行调度;并且用第二空间多路复用模式,对在第二传输间隔进行数据传输的第二用户终端进行调度。
Description
本申请是申请号为201010119891.4、申请日为2003年10月24日、发明名称为“多个空间多路复用模式的MIMO系统”的发明专利申请的分案申请;而该申请是申请号为200380104553.1、国际申请日为2003年10月24日、发明名称为“多个空间多路复用模式的MIMO系统”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
35U.S.C.§119下的优先权声明
本申请要求于2002年10月25日提交的第60/421,309号临时申请的优先权,后者题为“MIMO WLAN系统”,被转让给本发明的受让人,并在此引入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及通信,尤其涉及具有多传输模式的多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统。
背景技术
多输入多输出(MIMO)通信系统使用多个(NT)发射天线和多个(NR)接收天线进行数据传输,且被称为(NT,NR)系统。由NT个发射天线和NR个接收天线形成的MIMO信道可能被分解为NS个独立信道,其中NS≤min{NT,NR}。NS个空间信道可以用于发送NS个独立数据流以获得更大的总吞吐量。一般,空间处理可能或可能不在发射机处实现,且一般在接收机处实现以同时发送和恢复多个数据流。
常规MIMO系统一般使用特定传输方案以同时发送多个数据流。该传输方案可以基于各种因素的折衷而被选择,所述因素诸如系统要求、从接收机到发射机的反馈量、发射机和接收机的容量等。发射机、接收机和系统然后被设计成根据选定传输方案进行支持和操作。该传输方案一般有可能影响系统性能的较佳和较差的特性。
因此本领域内需要能获得改善性能的MIMO系统。
发明内容
在此描述了一种MIMO系统,能支持多个空间多路复用模式而改善性能并获得更大的灵活性。空间多路复用指多个数据流同时通过MIMO信道的多个空间信道传输。多个空间多路复用模式可以包括(1)单用户操纵模式,这将多个数据流在正交空间信道上发送到单个接收机,(2)单用户非操纵模式,这将来自多个天线的多个数据流发送到单个接收机,而没有发射机处的空间处理,(3)多用户操纵模式,这将多个数据流同时发送到多个接收机,并具有在发射机处的空间处理,(4)多用户非操纵模式,这将来自多个天线(位于同处或不位于同处)的多个数据流发送到带有多个天线的接收机而不经发射机处的空间处理。
为下行链路和/或上行链路上的数据传输选择至少一个用户终端的集合。从系统支持的多个空间多路复用模式中为用户终端集合选择一空间多路复用模式。还为用户终端集合的通过MIMO信道的多个空间信道发送的多个数据流选择多个速率。用户终端集合用选定速率和选定空间多路复用模式被调度在上行链路和/或下行链路上进行数据传输。此后,根据选定速率处理(例如编码、交织和调制)多个数据流,并根据选定的用于通过多个空间信道的空间多路复用模式进一步进行空间处理。
本发明的各个方面和实施例在以下详细描述。
附图说明
图1示出多址MIMO系统;
图2示出MIMO系统的帧和信道结构;
图3示出MIMO系统内的接入点和两个用户终端;
图4示出接入点处的发射(TX)数据处理;
图5示出接入点处的TX空间处理器和调制器;
图6示出多个天线用户终端处的解调器和接收机(RX)空间处理器;
图7示出在多个天线用户终端处的RX数据处理器;
图8示出实现连续干扰对消(SIC)技术的RX空间处理器和RX数据处理器;
图9示出接入点和用户终端处的发射/接收链;
图10示出闭环速率控制机制;
图11示出用于调度用户终端的控制器和调度器;
图12示出用于调度进行数据传输的用户终端的过程;
图13示出用于在下行链路上的发送过程;以及
图14示出用于接收上行链路数据的过程。
具体实施方式
“示例”一词在此仅用于指“作为示例、实例或说明”。任何在此作为“示例”描述的实施例不一定被理解为最优或优于其他实施例的。
MIMO系统可以使用单个载波或多个载波进行数据传输。多载波可以由正交频分复用(OFDM)、其他多载波调制技术或一些其他构建提供。OFDM有效地将整个系统带宽分成多个(NF)个正交子带,它们通常被称为频调、区段、载波和频率信道。OFDM中,每个子带与可用数据进行调制的各个载波相关联。以下描述是针对使用OFDM的MIMO系统。然而,在此描述的概念也可以应用于单载波MIMO系统。
MIMO系统支持多个空间多路复用模式,用于改善性能并获得更大的灵活性。表格1列出支持的空间多路复用模式以及其简短描述。
表格1
MIMO系统还支持其他和/或不同的空间多路复用模式,且在本发明的范围内。
每个空间多路复用模式有不同的容量和要求。操纵的空间多路复用模式一般可以获得更佳性能,但只能在如果发射机有充分信道状态信息以通过分解或其他技术正交化空间信道时才能被使用,所述技术如以下描述。非操纵空间多路复用模式要求非常少的信息以同时发送多个数据流,但性能可能不及操纵空间多路复用模式。取决于可用信道状态信息、发射机和接收机能力、系统要求等可以选用合适的空间多路复用模式。这些空间多路复用模式的每个在以下描述。
1.单用户操纵空间多路复用模式
由NT个发射天线和NR个接收天线形成的频率选择MIMO信道可以用NF个频域信道响应矩阵H(k)描述,其中k=1,...,NF,每个维数为NR×NT。每个子带的信道响应矩阵可以表示为:
其中元素hi,j(k)是子带k的发射天线j和接收天线间的耦合(即复数增益),其中i=1...NR,j=1...NT且k=1...NF。
每个子带的信道响应矩阵H(k)可以经“对角线化”以获得该子带的NS个本征值。该对角线化可以通过实现信道响应矩阵H(k)的奇异值分解或H(k)的相关矩阵的本征值分解而实现,所述相关矩阵R(k)=H H(k)H(k),其中H表示共轭转置。
每个子带的信道响应矩阵H(k)的奇异值分解可以被表示为:
H(k)=U(k)∑(k)V H(k) (2)
其中U(k)是H(k)的左本征向量的(NR×NR)酉阵;
∑(k)是H(k)的(NR×NT)奇异值对角矩阵;
V(k)是H(k)的右本征向量的(NT×NT)酉阵。
酉阵M特征为M H M=I,其中I是单位矩阵。酉阵的列相互正交。
每个子带的H(k)的相关矩阵的本征值分解可以表示为:
R(k)=H H(k)H(k)=V(k)Λ(k)V H(k) (3)
其中Λ(k)是R(k)的(NT×NT)本征值对角矩阵。如等式(2)和(3)示出的,V(k)的列是R(k)本征向量以及H(k)的右本征向量。
奇异值分解和本征值分解由Gilbert Strang在题为“Linear Algebra and ItsApplications”第二版(Academic Press,1980)中描述。单用户操纵空间多路复用模式可以用奇异值分解或本征值分解实现。为了清楚,对以下描述使用奇异值分解。
H(k)的右本征向量还被称为“操纵”向量且可以由发射机用于空间处理以在H(k)的NS个本征模式上发送数据。H(k)的左本征向量可以由接收机用于空间处理以恢复在NS个本征模式上发送的数据。本征模式可以被视作通过分解获得的正交空间信道。对角矩阵∑(k)包含沿着对角线的非负实值,其余处为零。这些对角元素被称为H(k)的奇异值并表示H(k)的NS个本征模式。H(k)的奇异值 还被称为R(k)的本征值方根 其中奇异值分解可以独立地为NF个子带的每个对信道响应矩阵H(k)独立实现以确定该子带的NS个本征模式。
对于每个子带,矩阵∑(k)奇异值可以按从最大到最小排列,且矩阵V(k)和U(k)内的本征向量也可以相应地被排序。“宽带”本征模式可以被定义为在排序后所有NF个子带的相同顺序本征模式集合(即宽带本征模式m包括所有子带的本征模式m)。一般所有或少于NF个子带可以被用于传输,未使用的子带用为零的信号值填充。为了简洁,以下描述假设所有NF被用于传输。
单用户操纵空间多路复用模式(或简单地“单用户操纵模式”)在MIMO信道的NS个本征模式上发送NS个数据码元流。这需要发射机和接收机的空间处理。
单用户操纵模式的每个子带的发射机处空间处理可以表示为:
x su-s(k)=V(k)s(k) (4)
其中s(k)是具有要在子带k的NS个本征模式上发送的NS个数据码元的NS个非零项的(NT×1)向量;以及
x su-s(k)是具有要从子带k的NT个发射天线发送的NT个发射码元的NT项的(NT×1)向量。
s(k)的NS个项可以表示NS个数据码元流,且s(k)的剩余项如果有则用零填充。
接收机对于每个子带获得的接收到码元可以被表示为:
r su-s(k)=H(k)x su-s(k)+n(k)=H(k)V(k)s(k)+n(k) (5)
其中r su-s(k)是具有通过子带k的NR个接收天线获得的NR个接收到码元的NR项的(NR×1)向量;以及
n(k)是子带k的噪声向量。
接收机处用于恢复每个子带的数据向量s(k)的空间处理可以表示:
(6)
或
其中是带有子带k的NS个检测到数据码元的(NT×1)向量;是子带k的NS个恢复后数据码元的(NT×1)向量;以及
n su-s(k)是子带的处理后噪声向量。
向量是数据向量s(k)的未经归一化估计,且向量是s(k)的归一化估计。等式(6)内乘以∑ -1(k)的乘法考虑了NS个空间信道的(可能不同)增益,并归一化了接收机空间处理的输出,以向相继处理单元提供带有合适幅度的恢复后数据码元。
对于单用户操纵模式,每个子带的发射机使用的操纵向量的矩阵F su-s(k)可以表示为:
F su-s(k)=V(k) (7)
每个子带的由接收机使用的空间滤波器矩阵可以表示为:
M su-s(k)=U H(k) (8)
如果发射机有信道响应矩阵H(k)或H(k)的右本征向量矩阵V(k)的信息,则可以使用单用户操纵模式,其中k=1…NF。发射机可以基于接收机发送的导频为每个子带估计H(k)或V(k),如下所述,或者可以通过反馈信道由接收机提供该信息。接收机一般可以基于发射机发送的导频为每个子带获得H(k)或U H(k)。等式(6)指明可以为在发射机和接收机处具有合适空间处理的单用户操纵模式获得只经过处理后信道噪声n su-s(k)失真的NS个数据码元s(k)。
单用户操纵模式的信号对噪声和干扰比(SNR)可以表示为:
其中Pm(k)是用于在宽带本征模式m的子带k上发送的数据码元的发射功率;
λm(k)是宽带本征模式m的子带k的本征值,所述本征模式m是Λ(k)的第m个对角元素;以及
γ su-s,m(k)是宽带本征模式m的子带k的SNR。
2.单用户非操纵空间多路复用模式
如果发射机没有充分的信道状态信息或如果由于某些原因不支持单用户操纵模式,则可能使用单用非操纵空间多路复用模式(或简单地为“单用户非操纵模式”)。单用户非操纵模式不经发射机处的任何空间处理从NT个发射天线发送NS个数据码元流。
对于单用户操纵模式,对于每个子带发射机使用的操纵向量矩阵F ns(k)可以表示为:
F ns(k)=I (10)
每个子带在发射机处的空间处理可以表示为:
x ns(k)=s(k) (11)
其中x ns(k)是单用户非操纵模式的发射码元向量。该模式的“宽带”空间信道可以被定义为对应于给定发射天线的空间信道(即单用户非操纵模式的宽带空间信道m包括发射天线m的所有子带)。
对于由每个子带接收机获得的接收到码元可以表示为:
r ns(k)=H(k)x ns(k)+n(k)=H(k)s(k)+n(k) (12)
接收机可以使用各种接收机处理技术恢复数据向量s(k),所述技术诸如信道相关矩阵逆(CCMI)技术(还被称为迫零技术)、最小均方误差(MMSE)技术、判决反馈均衡器(DFE)、连续干扰对消(SIC)技术等。
A.CCMI空间处理
接收机可以使用CCMI技术分离数据码元流。CCMI接收机使用响应为M ccmi(k)的空间滤波器,其中k=1…NF,这可以表示为
M ccmi.(k)=[H H(k)H(k)]-1 H H(k)=R -1(k)H H(k) (13)
由CCMI接收机对于单用户非操纵模式的空间处理可以表示为:
(14)
其中是带有子带k的NS个恢复后数据码元的(NT×1)向量;以及
n ccmi(k)=M ccmi(k)n(k)是子带k的CCMI滤波后噪声。
每个子带的CCMI滤波后噪声的自协方差矩阵可以表示为:
(15)
其中E[x]是x的期望值。等式(15)内的最后等号假设噪声n(k)是具有零均值,自协方差矩阵为的加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)。在该情况下,CCMI接收机的SNR可以表示为:
其中Pm(k)是用于在宽带空间信道m的子带k上发送的数据码元的发射功率;
rmm(k)是子带k的R(k)的第m个对角元素;以及
rccmi,m(k)是宽带空间信道m的子带k的SNR。
由于R(k)的结构,CCMI技术可能放大噪声。
B.MMSE空间处理
接收机可以使用MMSE技术以抑制数据码元流间的串话,并最大化恢复的数据码元流的SNR。MMSE接收机利用响应为M mmse(k)的空间滤波器,其中k=1…NF,该响应的导出使得来自空间滤波器的估计数据向量以及数据向量s(k)间的均方误差最小化。该MMSE准则可以被表示为:
等式(17)内的最优化问题解决方案可以用各种方式获得。在一示例方法中,每个子带的MMSE空间滤波器矩阵M mmse(k)可以表示为:
(18)
等式(18)内的第二等号假设噪声向量n(k)是零均值和方差为σ2的AWGN。
MMSE接收机为单用户非操纵模式的空间处理包括两个步骤。第一步骤中,MMSE接收机将NR个接收到码元流的向量rns(k)乘以MMSE空间滤波器矩阵M mmse(k)以获得NS个检测到码元流的向量如下:
(19)
其中n mmse(k)=M mmse(k)n(k)是MMSE滤波器噪声,且Q(k)=M mmse(k)H(k)。NS个检测到码元流是NS个数据码元流的未经归一化的估计。
在第二步骤中,MMSE接收机将向量乘以比例矩阵以获得NS个经恢复的数据码元流的向量如下:
其中D mmse(k)是对角矩阵,其对角元素是Q(k)的对角元素,即D mmse(k)=diag[Q(k)]。NS个恢复的数据码元流是NS个数据码元流的归一化估计。
使用矩阵求逆恒等式,矩阵Q(k)可以重写为:
(21)
等式(21)内的第二等号假设噪声是零均值,方差为σ2的AWGN。
MMSE接收机的SNR可以被表示为:
其中q mm(k)是子带的Q(k)的第m个对角元素;以及
γ mmse,m(k)是宽带空间信道m的子带k的SNR。
C.连续干扰对消接收机处理
接收机可以使用SIC技术以处理NR个接收到码元流以恢复NS个数据码元流。对于SIC技术,接收机开始时对NR个接收到码元流实行空间处理(例如使用CCMI,MMSE或一些其他技术)并获得一个恢复数据码元流。接收机还处理(例如解调、解交织并解码)该恢复后数据码元流以获得解码后数据流。接收机然后估计该流对其他NS-1个数据码元流的干扰并从NR个接收到码元流中对消估计的干扰以获得NR个修改后码元流。接收机然后对NR个修改后码元流重复相同处理以恢复另一数据码元流。
对于SIC接收机,第l级的输入(即接收到或修改的)码元流可以表示为(其中l=1....NS):
其中是第l级中的子带的NR修改后码元向量,且对于第一级
s l(k)是在第l级中子带k还未恢复的(NT-l+1)个数据码元向量;以及
H l(k)是第l级子带k的NR×(NT-l+1)缩减信道响应矩阵。
等式(23)假设对消了先前(l-1)级内恢复的数据码元流。信道响应矩阵H(k)的维数成功地每一级减少一列,因为恢复并对消了数据码元流。对于第l级,缩减的信道响应矩阵H l(k)通过在对应先前恢复的(l-1)个数据码元流的原始矩阵H(k)内的(l-1)列而获得,即 其中是发射天线jn和NR个接收天线间的NR×1的信道响应向量。对于第l级,在先前级内恢复的(l-1)个数据码元流的索引为{j1 j2…jl-1},且还未恢复的(NT-l+1)个数据码元流索引为
对于第l级,SIC接收机基于缩减信道响应矩阵H l(k)(而不是原始矩阵H(k))导出空间滤波矩阵其中k=1…NF,使用的是如等式(13)内示出的CCMI技术、等式(18)内示出的MMSE技术,或一些其他技术。矩阵的维数为(NT-l+1)×NR。由于H l(k)对于每一级都不同,则空间滤波矩阵每一级都不同。
SIC将NR个修改后码元流的向量乘以空间滤波矩阵以获得(NT-l+1)个检测到码元流的向量如下:
(24)
其中是第l级的子带k的滤波后噪声,n l(k)是n(k)的缩减向量,且SIC接收机然后选择一个检测到码元流以进行恢复。由于在每一级只恢复一个检测到码元流,SIC接收机可以简单地为要在第l级内恢复的数据码元流导出一个(1×NR)空间滤波行向量行向量是矩阵的一行。在该情况下,恢复数据码元流的第l级空间处理可以表示为:
其中是对应数据码元流的的行。
在任何情况下,接收机对检测到码元流进行比例缩放以获得恢复数据码元流并进一步对流进行处理(例如解调、解交织和解码)以获得经解码的数据流接收机还形成该流对其他还未恢复的码元流的干扰估计。为了估计该干扰,接收机将解码后数据流以在发射机处实现的相同方式进行重新编码,交织和码元映射,并获得“重新调制”码元流,这是刚恢复的数据码元流估计。接收机然后将重新调制码元流与流的信道响应矩阵内的NR个元素每个卷积以获得该流引起的NR个干扰分量NR个干扰分量然后从第l级的NR个修改后码元流中减去以获得对下一(l+1)级的NR个修改后码元流即修改码元流表示如果还未发送数据码元流则可能已经接收到的流(即假设有效地实现了干扰对消)。
SIC接收机在NS连续级内处理NR个接收到码元流。对于每一级,SIC接收机(1)对NR个接收到码元流或来自先前级的NR个修改后码元流实现空间处理以获得一个恢复数据码元流,(2)对该恢复数据码元流解码以获得对应的解码后数据流,(3)估计并对消该流引起的干扰,以及(4)为下一级获得NR个修改后码元流。如果由于每个数据流引起的干扰可以精准地被估计并被对消,则最近恢复的数据流的干扰会更少且能获得更高的SNR。
对于SIC技术,每个恢复的数据码元流的SNR取决于(1)用于每一级的空间处理技术(例如CCMI或MMSE),(2)恢复数据码元流的特定级,以及(3)由于最近级内恢复的数据码元流引起的干扰量。用CCMI的SIC接收机的SNR可以表示为:
其中是子带k的[R l(k)]-1的第m个对角线元素,其中
使用MMSE的SIC接收机的SNR可以表示为:
其中是子带k的的第m个对角线元素,其中如等式(21)示出的导出,但基于缩减的信道响应矩阵H l(k)而不是原始矩阵H(k)。
一般,因为抵消了先前级内恢复的来自数据码元流的干扰,SNR逐步改善稍后级内恢复的数据码元流。这使得能对稍后恢复的数据码元流使用更高的速率。
3.多用户操纵空间多路复用模式
多用户操纵空间多路复用模式(或简单地说“多用户操纵模式”)支持基于接收机“空间签名”从单个发射机到多个接收机同时数据发送。接收机的空间签名由NT个发射天线和接收机处的每个接收天线间的(每个子带)的信道响应向量给出。发射机可以如下所述获得接收机的空间签名。发射机然后(1)选择用于同时数据传输的接收机集合以及(2)为要发送到选定接收机的数据码元流导出操纵向量,以充分抑制在接收机处的发射流串话。
多用户操纵模式的操纵向量可以以各种方式导出。以下示出两个示例方案。为了简洁,以下描述针对一个子带,且假设每个接收机配备有一个天线。
在信道逆方案中,发射机使用信道逆为多个接收机获得操纵向量。发射机开始时为同时传输选择NT个单天线接收机。发射机为每个选定接收机获得1×NT信道响应行向量h i(k)并用NT个接收机的NT个行向量形成NT×NT信道响应矩阵H mu-s(k)。发射机然后使用信道逆以为NT个选定接收机获得NT个操纵向量的矩阵F mu-s(k)。
对于多用户操纵模式的每个子带在发射机处的空间处理可以表示为:
x mu-s(k)=F mu-s(k)s(k) (29)
其中x mu-s(k)是多用户操纵模式的发射码元向量。
对于每个子带在NT个选定接收机处接收的码元可以表示为:
r mu-s(k)=H mu-s(k)x mu-s(k)+n(k),
=H mu-s(k)F mu-s(k)s(k)+n(k), (30)
=s(k)+i(k)+n(k),
其中r mu-s(k)是NT个选定接收机处子带k的(NT×1)接收到码元向量,且i(k)表示由于发射机处F mu-s(k)的不完善估计引起的串话干扰。每个选定接收机只获得每个接收天线的向量r mu_s的一项。如果发射机处的空间处理有效,则i(k)内的功率很小,且每个恢复数据码元流受到发送到其他接收机的(NT-1)个其他数据码元流的串话干扰很小。
发射机还将操纵导频发送到每个选定接收机,如下所述。每个接收机会处理其操纵导频以估计信道增益和相位并用信道增益和相位估计对来自其单个天线的接收到码元进行相干解调,以获得恢复的数据码元。
多用户操纵模式获得的SNR是信道响应矩阵H mu-s(k)的自协方差(autocovariance)的函数。可以通过选择“兼容”用户终端获得更高的SNR。可以评估不同的用户终端集合和/或组合,且可以为数据传输选择最高SNR的集合/组合。
虽然信道逆方案吸引力在于简单,但一般它性能较差,因为使用等式(29)的逆信道响应矩阵预处理数据码元流强迫发射机将其功率的大部分放在MIMO信道最差的本征模式内。而且,在一些信道中,特别是H mu-s(k)元素间有较大相关性的那些信道,信道响应矩阵小于满秩,且不可能计算逆。
在预编码方案中,发射机对要发送到NT个选定接收机的NT个数据码元流预编码,使得这些数据码元流在接收机处受到较少的串话的干扰。发射机可以为NT个选定接收机形成信道响应矩阵H mu(k)。发射机然后对H mu(k)实现QR分解,使得H mu(k)=F tri(k)Q mu(k),其中F tri(k)是下左三角矩阵,且Q mu(k)是酉阵。
发射机对要发送的数据码元向量实现预编码操作, 以获得预编码码元向量 如下:
其中M是正方QAM信号星座图同相或正交维数内的层数,其间隔为单位间隙;
以及
f li(k)是行i和列j内的F tri(k)的元素。
模(mod)操作向参数加入了充分数量的M的整数倍,使得结果满足al(k)∈[-M/2,M/2)。在该预编码操作之后,发射码元通过用酉操纵矩阵Q mu(k)处理预编码码元向量a(k)计算发射码元,以生成发射码元向量
预编码方案的接收码元向量可以表示为:
可示出F tri(k)a(k)mod(M/2)=s(k)。因此,数据码元向量可以被估计为NT个选定接收机的每个只能获得r mu-pc(k)的NT个元素的一个,且可以通过对其接收到的码元执行mod(M/2)操作而估计发送到它的数据码元。
发射机还将多个数据码元流发送到多用户操纵模式下的多个天线接收机。信道响应矩阵H mu(k)会包括多个天线接收机的每个接收天线的一个行向量。
多用户操纵模式还支持从多个天线发射机到单接收机的数据传输。每个多个天线发射机对其数据码元流实现空间处理以操控到接收机的流。每个发射机还将操纵导频发送到接收机。对于接收机而言,每个发射机看起来是单个传输。接收机实现空间处理(例如CCMI,MMSE等)以恢复来自所有发射机的操纵数据码元流。
4.多用户非操纵空间多路复用模式
多用户非操纵空间多路复用模式(或简单地多用户非操纵模式)支持同时数据传输,这是通过(1)单个发射机到多个接收机(例如对于下行链路),以及(2)多个发射机到单个接收机(例如对于上行链路)。
对于从单个发射机到多个接收机的非操纵传输,发射机为接收者接收机从每个发射天线发送一个数据码元流。可以为每个接收者接收机发送一个或多个数据码元流。每个接收者接收机包括至少NT个接收天线且可以实现空间处理以隔离并恢复其数据码元流。每个期望数据传输的接收机为NT个发射天线的每个估计SNR,并将NT个SNR估计发送到发射机。发射机基于来自所有期望数据传输的接收机的SNR估计(例如以最大化总吞吐量)选择一用于数据传输的接收机集合。
对于从多发射机到单个接收机的非操纵传输,发射机从其天线发送数据码元流(即无空间处理),使得这些流到达接收机的时间接近对齐。接收机可以估计所有发射机的信道响应矩阵,就如同它们是一个发射机。接收机可以使用任何上述单用户非操纵模式的技术(例如CCMI,MMSE和SIC技术)恢复这些多个发射机发送的多个数据码元流。
5.空间处理
表格2概述了上述四种空间多路复用模式在发射机和接收机处的空间处理。对于非操纵模式,还可以使用除了CCMI和MMSE的接收机处理技术。表格2内的最后一列指明是否在接收机处使用SIC技术。
表格2
为了简洁,多发射机到单接收机的多用户操纵模式以及从单发射机到多接收机的多用户非操纵模式的空间处理未在表格2内示出。
在以下描述中,宽带空间信道可以对应于(1)宽带本征模式,对于操纵空间多路复用模式,(2)发射天线,对于非操纵空间多路复用模式,或(3)一个或多个子带的一个或多个空间信道组合。宽带空间信道可以用于发送一个独立数据流。
6.MIMO系统
图1示出带有向多个用户终端(UT)120提供通信的多个接入点(AP)110的多址MIMO系统100。为了简洁,只在图1内示出了两个接入点110a和110b。接入点一般是与用户终端通信的固定站,且还可以被称为基站或一些其他术语。用户终端可以是移动的,且还被称为移动站、无线设备或一些其他术语。系统控制器耦合到接入点并向其提供协调和控制。
MIMO系统100还可以是时分双工(TDD)系统或频分双工(FDD)系统。下行链路和上行链路(1)对于TDD系统共享相同频带,以及(2)对于FDD系统使用不同的频带。以下描述假设MIMO系统100是TDD系统。
MIMO系统100利用传输信道集合以发送不同数据类型。传输信道可以以各种方式实现。
图2示出可以用于MIMO系统100的示例帧和信道结构200。数据传输发生在TDD帧内。每个TDD帧复盖预定时间持续期(例如2毫秒)并被分成下行链路阶段和上行链路阶段。每个阶段被进一步分成多个分段210、220、230、240和250用于多个传输信道。
在下行链路阶段,广播信道(BCH)携带信标导频214、MIMO导频216以及BCH消息218。信标导频用于定时和频率获取。MIMO导频用于信道估计。BCH消息携带用户终端的系统参数。前向控制信道(FCCH)携带调度信息用于分配下行链路和上行链路资源以及其他用户终端的信令。前向信道(FCH)在下行链路上携带FCH协议数据单元(PDU)。FCH PDU 232a包括导频234a和数据分组236a,且FCH PDU 232b只包括数据分组236b。在上行链路阶段,反向信道(RCH)在上行链路上携带RCH PDU。RCH PDU 242a只包括数据分组246a,且RCH PDU 242b包括导频244b和数据分组246b。随机接入信道(RACH)由用户终端用于接入系统并在上行链路上发送短消息。在RACH上发送的RACHPDU 252包括导频254和消息256。
图3示出MIMO系统内的接入点110x和两个用户终端120x和120y的框图。接入点110x是图1内的一个接入点,且配备有多个(Nap)天线324a到324ap。用户终端120x配备有单个天线352x,而用户终端120y配备有多个(Nut)天线352a到352ut。
在下行链路上,在接入点110x处,天线数据处理器310为一个或多个用户终端从数据源308接收话务数据,并控制来自控制器330的数据以及可能来自调度器334的数据。各种类型的数据可以在不同的传输信道上被发送。天线数据处理器310基于一个或多个编码和调制方案处理(例如编码、交织和码元映射)不同类型的数据以获得NS个数据码元流。如在此使用的,“数据码元”指数据的调制码元,而“导频码元”指该导频的调制码元。TX空间处理器320从天线数据处理器310接收NS个数据码元流,对数据码元用矩阵F ap(k)实行空间处理,其中k=1…NF,在导频码元内多路复用,并为Nap个天线提供Nap个发射码元流。矩阵F ap(k)根据选用的空间多路复用模式而被导出。天线数据处理器310和TX空间处理器320的处理在以下描述。
每个调制器(MOD)322接收并处理相应的发射码元流以获得OFDM码元流,并进一步调整(例如放大、滤波和上变频)OFDM码元流以生成下行链路信号。Nap个调制器322a到322ap提供Nap个下行链路信号,以用于从相应的Nap个天线324a到324ap传送到用户终端。
在每个用户终端120处,一个或多个天线352接收Nap个下行链路信号,且每个天线将接收到信号提供给相应的解调器(DEMOD)354。每个解调器354实现与调制器322互补的处理并提供接收的码元流。对于单天线用户终端120x,RX空间处理器360x实现来自解调器354x的接收到码元流的相干解调,并提供一恢复数据码元的流。对于多个天线用户终端120y,RX空间处理器360y用空间滤波矩阵M ut(k)对来自Nut个解调器354的Nut个接收到码元流实现空间处理,其中k=1…NF,并提供Nut个恢复数据码元的流。在任何情况下,每个恢复数据码元流是对由接入点110x发送到该用户终端120的数据码元流{sm}的估计。RX数据处理器370接收并解多路复用恢复的数据码元到合适传输信道。每个传输信道的恢复后数据码元然后经处理(例如解映射,解交织以及解码)以获得该传输信道的解码后数据。每个传输信道的解码后数据可以包括恢复的话务数据,控制数据等,这些可以被提供给数据宿372以存储和/或控制器380以进一步处理。
在每个用户终端120处,信道估计器378估计下行链路信道响应并提供信道估计,这可以包括信道增益估计,SNR估计等。控制器380接收信道估计,导出用于在发射和接收路径上进行空间处理的向量和/或系数,并为在下行链路上的每个数据码元流确定合适速率。例如多个天线用户终端120y的控制器380y可以为下行链路导出空间滤波器矩阵M ut(k),且可以基于下行链路信道响应矩阵H dn(k)导出上行链路的操纵向量矩阵F ut(k),其中k=1…NF。控制器380还可以接收在下行链路上接收到的每个分组/帧的状态,并为接入点110x组装反馈信息。反馈信息和下行链路数据由天线数据处理器390处理,由TX空间处理器392进行空间处理(如果该处理器在用户终端20处存在),与导频码元经多路复用,由一个或多个调制器354调整并通过一个或多个天线352发送到接入点110x。
在接入点110x处,发送的下行链路信号由天线324接收,由解调器322解调并由RX空间处理器340以及RX数据处理器342以与在用户终端120处相反的方式进行处理。恢复的反馈信息被提供给控制器330以及调度器334。调度器334可以使用反馈信息以实现多个功能,诸如(1)调度用户终端的集合以在下行链路和上行链路上进行数据传输,以及(2)将可用下行链路和上行链路资源分配给经调度的终端。
控制器330和380相应控制在接入点110x和用户终端120处的各个处理单元操作。例如,控制器380可以为用户终端120确定在下行链路上空间信道支持的最高速率。控制器330可以为每个经调度用户终端的每个空间信道选择速率、有效负载大小和OFDM码元大小。
在上行链路的接入点110x和用户终端120x和120y处的处理可以与下行链路的处理相同或不同。为了清楚起见,下行链路的处理在以下详细描述。
图4示出在接入点110x处TX数据处理器310的实施例框图。对于该实施例,天线数据处理器310对于NS个数据流的每个包括一个编码器412、信道交织器414和码元映射单元416的集合。对于每个数据流{dm},其中m=1…NS,编码器412基于为该流选择的编码方案接收数据流并对其进行编码,并提供编码比特。编码方案可以包括CRC、卷积、Turbo、低密度一致校验(LDPC)、分组和其他编码或其组合。信道交织器414基于交织方案对编码比特交织(即重新排序)。码元映射单元416基于为该流选择的调制方案映射交织的比特并提供数据码元流{sm}。单元416组合B个交织比特集合以形成B比特二进制值,其中B≥1,且进一步基于选定调制方案(例如QPSK、M-PSK或M-QAM,其中M=2B)将每个B比特二进制值映射到特定数据码元。每个数据流的编码和调制根据控制器330提供的编码和调制控制实现。
图5示出TX空间处理器320和接入点110x处调制器322a到322ap的实施例框图。对于该实施例,TX空间处理器320包括NS个多路分解器(Demux)510a到510s,NF个天线子带空间处理器520a到520f,以及Nap个多路复用(Mux)530a到530ap。每个多路分解器510从TX空间处理器320接收相应的数据码元流{sm},将该流多路分解为NF个空间处理器520a到520f。每个空间处理器520从NS个多路分解器510a到510s接收其子带的NS个数据码元,对这些子流实现发射空间处理,并为Nap个接入点天线提供Nap个发射码元子流。每个空间处理器520将数据向量s dn(k)乘以矩阵F ap(k)以获得发射向量x dn(k)。矩阵F ap(k)等于(1)对于单用户操纵模式,H dn(k)的右本征向量矩阵V dn(k),(2)对于多用户操纵模式为矩阵F mu(k),或(3)对于单用户非操纵模式为单位矩阵I。
每个多路复用器530从NF个空间处理器520a到520f为其发射天线接收NF个发射码元子流,将这些子流和导频码元多路复用,并为其发射天线提供发射码元流{xj}。导频码元可以在频率(即在一些子带上)、时间上(即在一些码元周期内)和/或在码空间内(即使用正交码)多路复用。Nap个多路复用器530a到530ap为Nap个天线324a到324ap提供Nap个发射码元流{xj},其中j=1…Nap。
对于图5内示出的实施例,每个调制器322包括快速傅立叶反变换(IFFT)单元542、循环前缀发生器544以及天线RF单元546。IFFT单元542和循环前缀发生器544形成OFDM调制器。每个调制器322提供来自TX空间处理器320相应的发射码元流{xj}并为NF个子带组合每个NF个发射码元集合。IFFT单元542将每个NF个发射码元集合使用NF点快速傅立叶反变换转换到时域,并提供包含NF个码片的对应转换后码元。循环前缀发生器544重复每个变换后码元的部分以获得对应的OFDM码元,它包含NF+Nap个码片。重复部分(即循环前缀)保证了OFDM码元在有频率选择性衰落引起的多径延时扩展情况下保持其正交特性。TX RF单元546接收并对来自发生器544的OFDM码元流调整以生成下行链路已调信号。Nap个下行链路已调信号相应地从Nap个天线324a到324ap被发送。
图6示出解调器354a到354ut以及多个天线用户终端120y的RX空间处理器360y的实施例框图。在用户终端120y处,Nut个天线352a到352ut接收接入点110x发送的Nap个已调信号并将Nut个接收到信号相应提供给Nut个解调器354a到354ut。每个解调器354包括RX RF单元612、循环前缀移去单元614以及快速傅立叶变换(FFT)单元616。单元614和616形成OFDM解调器。在每个解调器354内,RX RF单元612接收、调整并数字化相应接收到信号并提供码元流。循环前缀移去单元614移去每个接收到OFDM码元内的循环前缀以获得接收到变换后码元。FFT单元616然后将每个接收到变换后码元变换到带有NF点快速傅立叶变换的频域以获得NF个子带的NF个接收到码元。FFT单元616向RX空间处理器360y提供接收到码元流并向信道估计器378y提供接收到导频码元。
对于图6内示出的实施例,RX空间处理器360y包括在用户终端120y处的Nut个天线的Nut个多路分解器630a到630ut、NF个RX子带空间处理器640a到640f以及NF个子带的NF个比例缩放单元642a到642f,以及NS个数据流的NS个多路复用器650a到650s。RX空间处理器360y获得来自解调器354a到354ut的Nut个接收到码元流{ri},其中i=1…Nut。每个多路分解器630接收相应接收到码元流{ri},将流多路分解为NF个子带的NF个接收到码元子流,并将NF个子流提供给NF个空间处理器640a到640f。每个空间处理器640从Nut个多路分解器630a到630ut获得其子带的Nut个接收到码元子流,对这些子流实现接收机空间处理,并为其子带提供NS个检测到码元子流。每个空间处理器640将接收到向量r dn(k)乘以矩阵M ut(k)以获得检测到码元向量矩阵M ut(k)等于(1)对于单用户操纵模式为H dn(k)的左本征向量的矩阵或(2)对于单用户非操纵模式为矩阵M ccmi(k)、M mmse(k)或一些其他矩阵。
每个比例缩放单元642接收其子带的NS个检测到码元子流,将这些子流进行比例缩放,并提供其子带的NS个恢复后数据码元子流。每个比例缩放单元642用对角线矩阵实现检测到码元向量的信号比例缩放,并提供恢复后数据码元向量每个多路复用器650接收并多路复用来自NF个比例缩放单元642a到642f的数据流的NF个恢复后数据码元流,并提供恢复的数据码元流。NS个多路复用器650a到650s提供NS个恢复数据码元流其中m=1…NS。
图7示出在用户终端120y处的RX数据处理器370y的实施例框图。RX数据处理器370y包括码元去映射单元712、信道去交织器714以及NS个数据流的每个的解码器716。对于每个恢复的数据码元流其中m=1…NS,码元去映射单元712根据用于该流的调制方案对恢复的数据码元解调并提供解调后数据。信道去交织器714以由接入点110x对该流实现的交织互补的方式对解调后数据去交织。解码器716然后以接入点110x对该流实现的编码互补的方式对去交织后数据解码。例如,如果Turbo或卷积编码相应地在接入点110x处实现,则Turbo解码器或Viterbi解码器可以用于解码器716。解码器716为每个接收到数据分组提供解码后分组。解码器716还校验每个解码后分组以确定分组是否被正确或错误地解码,并提供解码后分组的状态。每个恢复的数据码元流的解调和解码根据控制器380y提供的解调和解码控制实现。
图8示出RX空间处理器360z和RX数据处理器370z的框图,所述处理器实现SIC技术。RX空间处理器360z和RX数据处理器370z为NS个数据码元流实现NS个连续(即级联)接收机处理级。1到NS-1级的每级包括空间处理器810、干扰对消器820、RX数据流处理器830和天线数据流处理器840。最后一级包括空间处理器810s和RX数据流处理器830s。每个RX数据流处理器830包括码元去映射单元712、信道去交织器714以及解码器716,如图7示出。每个TX数据流处理器840包括编码器412、信道交织器414和码元映射单元416,如图4内示出。
对于第1级,空间处理器810a对Nut个接收到码元流执行接收机空间处理,并提供一个恢复后数据码元流其中下标j1表示用于发送数据码元流的接入点天线。RX数据流处理器830a对恢复的数据码元流解调、去交织并解码,并提供对应的解码后数据流天线数据流处理器840a对解码后数据流以与接入点对该流相同的处理方式进行编码、交织和调制,并提供重新调制的码元流干扰对消器820a对重新调制的码元流以接入点110x实现的(如果有)相同方式进行空间处理,并进一步用信道响应矩阵H dn(k)处理结果以获得Nut个由于数据码元流引起的干扰分量。Nut个干扰分量从Nut个接收到码元流中减去以获得Nut个修改后码元流,它们被提供给第2级。
第2到NS-1级的每一级执行如第1级的处理,但是是对来自先前级的Nut个修改后码元流而不是Nut个接收到码元流进行处理。最后一级执行空间处理并对来自第NS-1级的Nut个修改后码元流解码,且不执行干扰估计和对消。
空间处理器810a到810s可以每个实现CCMI、MMSE或一些其他接收机处理技术。每个空间处理器810将输入(接收到或修改后的)码元向量乘以矩阵以获得检测到的码元向量选择一个检测到码元流并对齐进行比例缩放,并将经比例缩放的码元流作为该级的恢复后数据码元流而提供。矩阵是基于该级的缩减后信道响应矩阵而导出的。
接入点110x处和用户终端120y的处理单元可以如上所述为下行链路实现。天线数据处理器390y和TX空间处理器392可以分别用图4的天线数据处理器310以及图5内的TX空间处理器320实现。RX空间处理器340可以用RX空间处理器360y或360z实现,且RX数据处理器342可以用数据处理器370y或370z实现。
对于单天线用户终端120x,RX空间处理器360x用信道估计实现一个接收到码元流的相干解调以获得一个恢复的数据码元流。
A.信道估计
下行链路和上行链路的信道响应可以用各种方式估计,诸如用MIMO导频或操纵导频。对于TDD MIMO系统,可以使用一些技术以简化信道估计。
对于下行链路,接入点110x可以将MIMO导频发送到用户终端120。MIMO导频包括来自Nap个接入天线的Nap个导频传输,来自每个天线的导频传输用不同的正交序列(例如Walsh序列)“覆盖”。覆盖是一过程,其中要发送的给定调制码元(或带有相同值的L个调制码元集合)乘以L码片正交序列的所有L码片以获得L个覆盖后码元,然后被发送。覆盖获得了从Nap个接入点天线发送的Nap的导频传输之间的正交性,且允许用户终端区别来自每个天线的导频传输。
在每个用户终端120处,信道估计器378用接入点110x为Nap个天线使用的相同的Nap个正交序列对每个用户终端i的接收到导频码元“去覆盖”,以获得用户终端天线i和Nap个接入点天线的每个间的复数信道增益估计。去覆盖与覆盖是互补的,且该过程是接收到(导频)码元被乘以L码片正交序列的L码片以获得L个去覆盖后码元,它们然后被累加以获得发送(导频)码元的估计。信道估计器378为用于导频传输的每个子带实现相同的导频处理。如果导频码元只在NF个子带的一子集上被发送,则信道估计器378可以用导频传输对子带的信道响应估计实现内插以不用导频传输而获得子带的信道响应估计。对于单天线用户终端120x,对于单天线352,信道估计器378x提供估计的下行链路信道响应向量其中k=1…NF。对于多个天线用户终端120y,信道估计器378y为所有Nut个天线352a到352ut实现相同导频处理,并提供估计的下行链路信道响应矩阵其中k=1…NF。每个用户终端120还可以基于接收到的导频码元估计下行链路的噪声方差并提供下行链路噪声估计
对于上行链路,多个天线用户终端120y可以发送一MIMO导频,接入点110x可以使用该导频以为用户终端120y估计sx上行链路信道响应单天线用户终端120x可以从其单个天线发送导频。多个单天线用户终端120可以在上行链路上同时发送正交导频,其中可以在时间和/或频率内获得正交。时间正交性可以通过使得每个用户终端用不同的分配给用户终端的正交序列覆盖其上行链路导频而获得。频率正交性可以通过使得每个用户终端在不同的子带集合上发送其上行链路导频而获得。来自多用户终端同时上行链路导频传输应在接入点120x处大致时间对齐(例如在循环前缀内时间对齐)。
对于TDD MIMO系统,一般在下行链路和上行链路的信道响应间存在高度的相关,因为这些链路共享相同的频带。然而,接入点处的发射/接收链响应一般不同于在用户终端处的发射/接收链响应。如果确定该差异且通过校准考虑了该差异,则总下行链路和上行链路信道响应可以被假设为相互互易(即转置)。
图9示出在接入点110x和用户终端120y处的发射/接收链。在接入点110x处,发射路径建模为Nap×Nap矩阵T ap(k),且接收路径建模为Nap×Nap矩阵R ap(k)。在用户终端120y处,接收路径被建模为Nut×Nut矩阵R ut(k),且发射路径建模为Nut×Nut矩阵T ut(k)。每个子带的下行链路和上行链路的接收到码元向量可以表示为:
r dn(k)=R ut(k)H(k)T ap(k)x dn(k), (33)
r up(k)=R ap(k)H T(k)T ut(k)x up(k),
其中“T”表示转置。等式(34)假设下行链路和上行链路互为转置。每个子带“有效”下行链路和上行链路信道响应H edn(k)和H eup(k)包括发射和接收链的响应,可以表示为:
H edn(k)=R ut(k)H(k)T ap(k)和H eup(k)=R ap(k)H T(k)T ut(k) (34)
如果下行链路和上行链路发射/接收链的响应相互不相等,则有效下行链路和上行链路信道响应不互易(即)。
接入点110x和用户终端120y可以实现校准以获得每个子带的纠正矩阵Kap(k)和K ut(k),这可以表示为:
纠正矩阵可以通过在下行链路和上行链路上发送MIMO导频并使用MMSE准则或一些其他技术导出纠正矩阵而获得。纠正矩阵K ap(k)和K ut(k)可以在接入点110x和用户终端120y相应被应用,如图9内示出。“校准后”下行链路和上行链路信道响应互为互易,且可以表示为:
每个子带的校准后下行链路和上行链路信道响应矩阵H cdn(k)和H cup(k)的奇异值分解可以表示为:
(37)
如等式集合(38)内示出,H cdn(k)的左右本征向量矩阵和是H cup(k)的右左本征向量矩阵V ut(k)和U ap(k)的复数共轭。矩阵U ap(k)可以由接入点110x用于发射和接收空间处理。矩阵V ut(k)可以由用户终端120y用于发射和接收空间处理。
由于TDD MIMO系统的MIMO信道互易性质,且在实现了校准以考虑发射/接收链内的差异之后,奇异值分解只需要由用户终端120y或接入点110x实现。如果由用户终端120y实现,矩阵V ut(k)(其中k=1…NF)用于用户终端处的空间处理且矩阵U ap(k)(其中k=1…NF)可以以直接形式(例如通过发送矩阵U ap(k)的项)或间接形式(例如通过操纵导频)被提供给接入点。实际上,用户终端120y只可以获得它是H cdn(k)的估计,且可以导出和它们分别是V ut(k),∑(k)和U ap(k)的估计。为了简洁,在此描述假设信道估计没有误差。
用户终端120y发送的上行链路操纵导频可以表示为:
x up,m(k)=K ut(k)v m,m(k)p(k), (38)
其中v up,m(k)是V ut(k)的第m列,且p(k)为导频码元。在接入点110x处接收到的上行链路操纵导频可以表示为:
r up,m(k)=u ap,m(k)σmp(k)+n up(k) (39)
等式(40)指明接入点110x可以基于来自用户终端120y的上行链路操纵导频获得矩阵U ap(k),每次一个向量。
还可以实现互补过程,其中用户终端120y在上行链路上发送MIMO导频,且接入点110x实现奇异值分解并在下行链路上发送操纵导频。下行链路和上行链路的信道估计还可以以其他方式实现。
在每个用户终端120处,信道估计器378可以估计下行链路信道响应(例如基于MIMO导频或接入点110x发送的操纵导频),并向控制器380提供下行链路信道估计。对于单天线用户终端120x,控制器380x可以导出用于相干解调的复数信道增益。对于多个天线用户终端120y,控制器380y可以基于下行链路信道估计导出用于接收空间处理的矩阵M ut(k)以及用于发送空间处理的矩阵F ut(k)。在接入点110x处,信道估计器328可以估计上行链路信道响应(例如基于用户终端120发送的操纵导频或MIMO导频)并向控制器380提供下行链路信道估计。控制器380可以基于上行链路信道估计导出用于发射空间处理的矩阵F ap(k)以及用于接收空间处理的矩阵M ap(k)。
图9示出对于一个子带k的下行链路和上行链路的接入点110x和用户终端120y处空间处理。对于下行链路。在接入点110x处的TX空间处理器320内,数据向量s dn(k)首先由单元910乘以矩阵F ap(k),并进一步由单元912乘以纠正矩阵K ap(k)以获得发射向量x dn(k)。向量x dn(k)由调制器322内的发射链914处理,并在MIMO信道发送到用户终端120y。单元910和912实现下行链路的发射空间处理,且可以在图5内的TX子带空间处理器520内实现。
在用户终端120y处,下行链路信号由解调器354内的接收链954处理以获得接收向量r dn(k),接收向量r dn(k)首先由单元956乘以矩阵M ut(k)并进一步由单元958用逆对角矩阵进行比例缩放以获得向量这是数据向量s dn(k)的估计。单元956和958实现下行链路的接收空间处理且可以在图6内的RX子带空间处理器640内实现。
对于上行链路,在用户终端120y的TX空间处理器392y内,数据向量s up(k)首先由单元960乘以矩阵F ut(k)并由单元962进一步乘以纠正矩阵K ut(k)以获得发射向量x up(k)。向量x up(k)由调制器354内的发射链964处理并在MIMO信道上发送到接入点110x。单元960和962实现上行链路的发射空间处理。
在接入点110x,上行链路信号由解调器322内的接收链924处理以获得接收向量r up(k)。在RX空间处理器340内,接收向量r up(k)首先由单元926乘以矩阵M ap(k)并由单元928进一步用逆对角矩阵进行比例缩放以获得向量这是数据向量s up(k)的估计。单元926和928为上行链路实现接收空间处理。
B.TDD MIMO系统的空间处理
表格3概述了对于TDD MIMO系统内的各种空间多路复用模式,接入点和用户终端为在下行链路和上行链路上数据传输实现的示例导频传输和空间处理。
对于单用户操纵模式,接入点发送MIMO导频以使得用户终端能估计下行链路信道响应。用户终端发送操纵导频以允许接入点估计上行链路响应。接入点用U ap(k)实现发送和接收空间处理。用户终端用V ap(k)实现发送和接收空间处理。
对于单用户非操纵模式,对于下行链路数据传输,接入点从所有天线发送MIMO导频,并从每个天线发送数据码元。用户终端用MIMO导频估计下行链路信道响应,并使用下行链路信道估计实现接收机空间处理。对于上行链路传输则发生互补处理。
表格3
对于多用户操纵模式,对于到单天线和/或多个天线用户终端的下行链路数据传输,用户终端在上行链路上发送正交导频以允许接入点估计下行链路信道响应。单天线用户终端发送非操纵导频,且多个天线用户终端发送操纵导频。接入点基于正交上行链路导频导出下行链路操纵向量,并使用操纵向量将操纵导频以及操纵数据码元流发送到选定用户终端。每个用户终端使用操纵导频接收发送到用户终端的操纵数据码元流。对于来自多个天线用户终端的上行链路数据传输,接入点发送MIMO导频。每个多个天线用户终端在上行链路上发送操纵导频和操纵数据码元流。接入点实现接收机空间处理(例如CCMI,MMSE等)以恢复数据码元流。
对于多用户非操纵模式,对于到多个天线用户终端的下行链路数据传输,接入点在下行链路上发送MIMO导频。每个用户终端确定并发送回它可以从每个接入点天线接收的速率。接入点选择用户终端集合并为选定用户终端从接入点天线发送数据码元流。每个多个天线用户终端实现接收机空间处理(例如CCMI,MMSE等)以恢复其数据码元流。对于来自单天线和/或多个天线的用户终端的上行链路数据传输,用户终端在上行链路上发送正交(非操纵)导频。接入点基于上行链路导频估计上行链路信道响应并选择兼容用户终端集合。每个选定用户终端从用户终端天线发送数据码元流。接入点实现接收机空间处理(例如CCMI,MMSE等)以恢复数据码元流。
C.速率选择
下行链路和上行链路的每个数据流使用一个空间多路复用模式在宽带空间信道m上被发送。每个数据流还以一速率被发送,所述速率的选择使得可以为该流获得目标性能水平(例如百分之一的分组差错率(PER))。每个数据流的速率可以基于在接收机处为该流获得的SNR(即接收到SNR)而确定,其中SNR取决于发射机和接收机处执行的空间处理,如上所述。
在示例速率选择方案中,为宽带空间信道m确定速率,如上所述首先获得宽带空间信道的每个子带k的SNR估计γm(k)(例如单位为dB)。然后为宽带空间信道m计算平均SNRγavg,如下:
SNR估计的方差计算如下:
SNR回退(backoff)因子γbo,m的确定是基于平均SNR和SNR方差的函数例如可以使用函数其中Kb是可以基于MIMO系统的一个或多个特性选择的比例缩放因子,所述特性诸如交织、分组大小和/或用于该数据流的编码方案。SNR回退因子考虑了在宽带空间信道上SNR变化。接着计算宽带空间信道m的工作SNR γop,m,如下:
γop,m=γavg,m-γbo.m (42)
数据流速率然后基于工作SNR确定。例如,查找表(LUT)可以存储MIMO系统支持的速率集合以及其要求的SNR。每个速率要求的SNR可以由计算机仿真、经验测量等确定,并基于AWGN信道的假设。等于或低于工作SNR要求的SNR的查找表内最高速率被选为在宽带空间信道m上发送的数据流的速率。
还可以使用各种其他速率选择方案。
D.闭环速率控制
可以为在多个宽带空间信道上发送的数据流的每个使用闭环速率控制。闭环速率控制可以用一个或多个环路实现。
图10示出闭环速率控制装置实施例框图,它包括与外环路1020一起操作的内环路1010。内环路1010估计信道条件并确定每个宽带空间信道支持的速率。外环路1020估计每个宽带空间信道上接收到的数据传输质量并相应地调整内环路操作。为了简洁,一个下行链路宽带空间信道m的环路1010和1020的操作在图10内示出,并在以下描述。
对于内环路1010,用户终端120的信道估计器378估计宽带空间信道m并提供信道估计(例如信道增益估计和噪声方差估计)。控制器1030内的速率选择器确定宽带空间信道m支持的速率,这是基于(1)来自信道估计器378的信道估计,(2)来自质量估计器1032对于宽带空间信道m的SNR回退因子和/或速率调整,以及(3)MIMO系统支持的速率查找表(LUT)1036和其要求的SNR。宽带空间信道m支持的速率由控制器380发送到接入点110。在接入点110处,控制器330为宽带空间信道m接收支持速率并为要在该空间信道上发送的数据流确定数据速率、编码和调制控制。数据流然后根据这些控制由TX数据处理器310处理、由TX空间处理器320经空间处理并与导频码元多路复用、由调制器322调整并发送到用户终端120。
外环路1020估计在宽带空间信道m上接收到的解码后数据流质量并调整内环路1010的操作。宽带空间信道m接收到的码元由RX空间处理器360经空间处理并进一步由RX数据处理器370处理。RX数据处理器370将在宽带空间信道m上接收到的每个分组状态和/或解码器度量提供给质量估计器1032。外环路1020可以提供用于控制内环1010操作的各类信息(例如SNR回退因子、速率调整等)。
上述的闭环速率控制因此可以为每个下行链路和上行链路宽带空间信道独立地实现,这可以对应(1)用于单用户操纵模式的宽带本征模式,(2)用于单用和多用户非操纵模式的发射天线。
E.调度用户终端
图11示出控制器330和调度器334实施例框图,用于调度在下行链路和上行链路上用户终端的数据传输。在控制器330内,请求处理器1110接收在RACH上用户终端120发送的接入请求以及来自其他源的可能接入请求。接入请求是为请求在下行链路和/或上行链路上的数据传输。请求处理器1110处理接收到的接入请求并提供所有请求用户终端的身份(ID)和状态。用户终端的状态可以指明终端处可用的天线数,终端是否被校准等。
速率选择器1120从信道估计器328接收信道估计并为请求用户终端确定下行链路和/或上行链路宽带空间信道支持的速率,如上所述。对于下行链路,每个用户终端120可以确定其宽带空间信道的每个支持的速率,如上所述。支持速率是可以用于在宽带空间信道上数据传输以获得目标性能水平的最大速率。每个用户终端120可以通过例如RACH向接入点110发送所有其下行链路宽带空间信道可支持速率。另一种方式是,如果(1)下行链路和上行链路为互易,且(2)向接入点提供了用户终端120处的噪声方差或噪声底线,则接入点110可以确定用于下行链路宽带空间信道的支持速率。对于上行链路,接入点110可以为每个请求用户终端120确定每个宽带空间信道的支持速率。
用户选择器1140为下行链路和/或上行链路上可能的数据传输从所有请求用户终端中选择一个或多个用户终端的不同集合。用户终端可以基于各种准则选择,所述准则诸如系统要求、用户终端容量和可支持速率、用户优先级、要发送的数据量等。对于多用户空间多路复用模式,每个集合的用户终端还可以基于其信道响应向量而选择。
模式选择器1130基于集合内的用户终端操作状态和容量以及可能其他的因子选择特定空间多路复用模式以用于每个用户终端集合。例如,单用户操纵模式可以用于已经实现了校准的“经校准”多个天线用户终端,使得一个链路(例如下行链路)的信道响应可以基于通过其他链路(例如上行链路)接收到的(例如经操纵)导频而被估计。单用户非操纵模式可以用于还未实现校准或由于某些原因不支持单用户操纵模式的“未经校准”多个天线用户终端。多用户操纵模式可以用于到多个用户终端的下行链路传输,每个用户终端配备有一个或多个天线。多用户非操纵模式可以由多用户终端用于上行链路传输。
调度器334从用户选择器1140接收用户终端集合,从模式选择器1130接收每个用户终端集合的选定空间多路复用模式,并从速率选择器1120接收每个用户终端集合的选定速率。调度器334调度在下行链路和/或上行链路上用于数据传输的用户终端。调度器334为每个TDD帧选择一个或多个用户终端集合用于在下行链路上进行数据传输,并选择一个或多个用户终端集合用于在上行链路上进行数据传输。每个集合包括一个或多个用户终端,并在TDD帧内指定的传输间隙内被调度迸发地进行数据传输。
调度器334为每个被调度在下行链路和/或上行链路上进行数据传输的用户终端形成信息元素(IE)。每个信息元素包括(1)用于数据传输的空间多路复用模式,(2)用于在每个宽带空间信道上发送的数据流的速率,(3)数据传输的开始和持续期,以及(4)可能其他信息(例如与数据传输一起被发送的导频类型)。调度器334为所有被调度用户终端通过FCCH发送信息元素。每个用户终端处理FCCH以恢复其信息元素,且此后根据接收到调度信息接收下行链路传输和/或发送上行链路传输。
图11示出当支持多个空间多路复用模式时调度用户终端进行数据传输的实施例。调度可以以其他方式实现,且这在本发明范围内。
图12示出在MIMO系统100内调度用户终端进行数据传输的过程1200流程图。为下行链路和/或上行链路上的数据传输选择至少一个用户终端集合(框1212)。从系统支持的多个空间多路复用模式中为用户终端集合选择空间多路复用模式(框1214)。还为用户终端集合为要通过多个空间信道发送的多个数据流选择多个速率(框1216)。用户终端集合用选定速率和选定空间多路复用模式经调度用于在下行链路和/或上行链路上进行数据传输。
图13示出用于在MIMO系统100内下行链路上发送数据的过程1300流程图。过程1300还可以由接入点110x实现。第一组数据流根据第一组速率经编码和调制以获得第一组数据码元流(框1312)。对于单用户操纵模式,第一组数据码元流用第一组操纵向量经空间处理以获得第一组发射码元流,所述码元流在第一传输间隙内从多个天线发送到第一用户终端(框1314)。导出第一组操纵向量,使得第一组数据流在正交空间信道上被发送到第一用户终端。第二组数据流根据第二组速率经编码和调制以获得第二组数据码元流(框1316)。对于单用户非操纵模式,第二组数据码元流被提供为第二组发射码元流,以在第二传输间隙内从多个天线发送到第二用户终端(框1318)。第三组数据流经编码和调制以获得第三组数据码元流(框1320)。对于多用户操纵模式,第三组数据码元流用第二组操纵向量经空间处理以获得第三组发射码元流,以在第三传输间隙内从多个天线发送到多个用户终端(框1322)。第二组操纵向量的导出使得第三组数据码元流的接收抑制了多个用户终端处的串话。
图14示出在MIMO系统100内在上行链路上接收数据的过程1400流图。过程1400还可以由接入点110x实现。根据第一空间多路复用模式(例如单用户操纵模式)对第一组接收到码元流实现接收机空间处理以获得第一组恢复的数据码元流(框1412)。第一组恢复的数据码元流根据第一组速率经解调和解码以获得第一组解码后数据流(框1414)。根据第二空间多路复用模式(例如非操纵模式)对第二组接收到码元流实行接收机空间处理以获得第二组恢复数据码元流(框1416)。第二组恢复数据码元流根据第二组速率经解调和解码以获得第二组解码后数据流,它们是对由一个或多个用户终端发送的数据流的估计(框1418)。
每个用户终端执行在一个或多个上行链路宽带空间信道上发送数据并在一个或多个下行链路宽带空间信道上接收数据的对应过程。
在此描述的带有多个空间多路复用模式的数据传输可由各种手段来实现。例如,这些技术可以用硬件、软件或它们的组合来实现。对于硬件实现而言,用于在接入点处实现数据处理、空间处理和调度的处理单元可以在以下设备内实现:一个或多个应用专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、数字信号处理设备(DSPD)、可编程逻辑器件(PLD)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、处理器、控制器、微控制器、微处理器、设计成执行这里所述功能的其它电子单元、或者它们的组合。用户终端处的处理单元还可以实现在一个或多个ASIC、DSP等之上。
对于软件实现而言,接入点处和用户终端处用多个空间多路复用模式进行数据传输的处理可以用执行这里所述功能的模块(例如过程、功能等等)来实现。软件代码可以被保存在存储器单元(例如图3中的存储器单元332或382)中,并可由处理器(例如控制器330或380)执行。存储器单元可以在处理器内实现或在处理器外实现。
这里包括的标题供引用,并且帮助定位特定的章节。这些标题并不限制其下所述概念的范围,这些概念可应用于整篇说明书中的其它章节。
上述优选实施例的描述使本领域的技术人员能制造或使用本发明。这些实施例的各种修改对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的,这里定义的一般原理可以被应用于其它实施例中而不使用创造能力。因此,本发明并不限于这里示出的实施例,而要符合与这里揭示的原理和新颖特征一致的最宽泛的范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种在无线多输入多输出通信系统中发送数据的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
对第一组多个数据流进行编码和调制,以获得第一组多个数据码元流;
用第一组多个操纵向量对第一组多个数据码元流进行空间处理,以获得第一组多个发射码元流,以便在第一发送间隔从多个天线发送至第一用户终端;
对第二组多个数据流进行编码和调制,以获得第二组多个数据码元流;
提供第二组多个数据码元流作为第二组多个发射码元流,以便在第二发送间隔从所述多个天线发送至第二用户终端。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
导出第一组多个操纵向量,致使在第一多输入多输出信道的多个正交空间信道上为第一用户终端发送第一组多个数据流。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
对第三组多个数据流进行编码和调制,以获得第三组多个数据码元流;以及
用第二组多个操纵向量对第三组多个数据码元流进行空间处理,以获得第三组多个发射码元流,以便在第三发送间隔从多个天线发送至多个用户终端。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
导出第二组多个操纵向量,致使在所述多个用户终端接收第三组多个数据流,并使串话得到抑制。
5.一种在无线多输入多输出通信系统中的设备,其特征在于,所述设备包括:
发射数据处理器,用于对第一组多个数据流进行编码和调制,以获得第一组多个数据码元流,并且对第二组多个数据流进行编码和调制,以获得第二组多个数据码元流;
发射空间处理器,其用第一组多个操纵向量对第一组多个数据码元流进行空间处理,以获得第一组多个发射码元流,以便在第一发送间隔从多个天线发送至第一用户终端,并且提供第二组多个数据码元流作为第二组多个发射码元流,以便在第二发送间隔从所述多个天线发送至第二用户终端。
6.如权利要求5所述的设备,其特征在于,第一组多个操纵向量被导出以使在第一多输入多输出信道的多个正交空间信道上为第一用户终端发送第一组多个数据流。
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