Tiger

This case study explores the reintroduction of tigers to Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, India, highlighting how the (re)negotiation between people and tigers is a struggle rooted in place and territory, with boundaries co-constructed by human and nonhuman actors. While the reintroduction came only three years after the official admission of complete species loss, tigers as a dominant force on the landscape were absent for more than a decade in some places. Accordingly, the people of Sariska see the reintroduced tigers as foreigners without place-knowledge and as disturbers of the interspecies boundaries created by the interactions of Sariska's original tigers and many generations of local people. This study speaks to conservation sciences and animal geography to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the human dimensions of rewilding, still a nascent area of restoration ecology specifically in the case of apex predators in the global south. Keywords animal geography – coexistence – rewilding – boundaries – multispecies landscape

Artykuł zawiera analizę wizerunkowej sytuacji kryzysowej, jaka dotknęła markę Tiger w roku 2017. Cel: Ocena skuteczności działań komunikacyjnych badanego podmiotu w zakresie komunikacji kryzysowej. Metody badań: Analiza materiałów pozyskanych z monitoringu mediów, a także desk research od analizowanej fi rmy. Wyniki i wnioski: Opracowanie pokazuje metody reagowania i działania podjęte przez fi rmę w analizowanym kryzysie. Wskazane zostały kluczowe determinanty kryzysu, a także czynniki, które przyczyniły się do właściwego rozwiązania sytuacji kryzysowej. Jednym z istotnych elementów składowych artykułu jest także analiza działań podjętych przez fi rmę po zakończeniu sytuacji kryzysowej. Opisane zostały również błędy popełnione przez fi rmę w zakresie zarządzania kryzysowego. Wartość poznawcza: Materiał zawiera spójny opis wydarzeń kryzysowych, które dotknęły markę, stanowi obiektywne spojrzenie na kryzys wizerunkowy, wraz z oceną zastosowanych metod i narzędzi.

Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies / Yusof Ishak Institute, Temasek History Research Center, Temasek Working Paper Series, No. 1, 69 p.
https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/temasek-working-paper-series

----- ABSTRACT: Borneo has so far remained marginal in studies on Southeast Asian peoples and tigers. While the tiger is not known to exist in Borneo today, it has a significant reality in historical traditions, oral literature, myths, beliefs, and rituals. This study combines various materials about Borneo, with a primary focus on its central regions, in order to, ultimately, try to shed light on ancient belief systems and the modalities of their evolution through time and cultural contact. It first surveys the local Felidae species, the names given to the tiger, and the presence of tiger body parts among villagers. Then, it reviews representations of the tiger in oral literature, its value as a symbol of martial manliness and, locally, its standing as a culture hero, and looks at religious beliefs, the tiger’s ambivalent nature, and its function as mediator between humans and spirits. Focusing on rituals, it then stresses its benevolence (initiation, redemption, purification), as well as its sinister facets (punishment for breach of taboos), both meant to warrant a ‘cool’ socio-cosmic balance. Next, it investigates the historical role of one chieftain named Tiger who, urging forest nomads to settle down and farm, was instrumental in the emergence of a new ethnocultural cluster’s identity, and it explores the modalities of the myth-generating conflation of historical elements with religious beliefs. Finally, it scrutinizes the tiger’s complex relationship with the moon and thunder, hinting at the pre-existence among former nomads of non-dualistic beliefs in a ‘tiger-moon-thunder’ set of deities and, touching briefly on the ‘thunder complex’ question, it stresses ambiguity and variability, reflecting the systemic cultural plasticity and singular cultural histories of these societies. Due to the study’s broad spectrum, a large reference list is appended.

In recent years, the increase in the number of hurricanes and other costal hazards in the US pose a tremendous threat to the residents of coastal states. According to the National Hurricane Center, Florida is the most vulnerable coastal state to hurricanes. Mitigation policies have been formulated to reduce mortality and provide emergency services by evacuating people from the hazard zone. Many of these evacuees, particularly the elderly or lower income populations, rely on evacuation shelters for temporary housing. Because of the cost and limited use, evacuation shelters are almost exclusively dual use shelters where the primary purpose of the facility is for some other public function (e.g. school, hospital, etc.). In 2000, the estimated shortage of public shelter spaces in Florida was about 1.5 million. The purpose of this study was to rank the existing and candidate shelters (schools, colleges, churches and community centers) available in the state based on their site suitability. The research questions examined in this study include: (1) How many candidate shelters are located in physically suitable areas (e.g. not in a flood prone area, not near hazardous facilities, etc.)?; (2) How many existing shelters are located in physically unsuitable areas, but in socially suitable areas (situated in areas with demand)?; (3) How many alternative existing and/or candidate shelters with high/very high physical suitability are located near physically unsuitable existing shelters and thus, may be better choices for a shelter?; and (4) How many existing shelters located in physically unsuitable areas are not near alternative existing and/or candidate shelters? A Geographic Information System-based suitability model integrating Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) with a Pass/Fail screening technique was implemented for the 17 counties of Southern Florida. It was found that 48% of the existing shelters are located in physically unsuitable areas. Out of all the candidate shelters, 57% are located in physically unsuitable areas. For 15 of the existing shelters in unsuitable locations, no alternative candidate or existing shelter with medium to high physical suitability exists within 10 miles (16.1 km).

Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris Linnaeus, 1758) at Dubailand Headquarters, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

By: Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa.

Abstract:  I visited Dubailand Headquarters in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on 23.03.2009. There was a specially constructed tiger enclosure alongside the lobby area. I saw two Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris Linnaeus, 1758) lying and sleeping in the shade near the viewing window.
The two Royal Bengal Tiger brothers were born at Dubai Zoo on 01.11.2001. The two cubs were raised at Dubai Zoo, and their parents are still there. The Dubailand tigers eat four chickens daily each, as indicated on the information board in front of the enclosure.

Reference: Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris Linnaeus, 1758) at Dubailand Headquarters, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178-6288. Volume 27, Number 89, May 2009. pp. 1-18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342707614_Royal_Bengal_Tigers_Panthera_tigris_tigris_Linnaeus_1758_at_Dubailand_Headquarters_Dubai_United_Arab_Emirates

This article discusses traditional Korean beliefs about the tiger in the context of shamanistic culture and comparative religious study of manifestations of the numinous and the sacred. The tiger's representation in traditional stories, artwork, and religion reflect its qualities as extraordinary animal, numinous being, trickster, and sacred entity, especially in relation to mountains and the mountain spirit. Three tiger tales are analyzed in detail.

This is a book dedicated to the neglected topic of human evolution - the defense system of our distant ancestors. The central argument is that the evolutionary competition between the human ancestors and the ancestors of the big cats in Africa was the crucial factor behind the evolution of our morphology, behavior, religions, and culture.

In the early decades of the Twentieth Century, British anthropologist J. H. Hutton recorded a phenomenon he found practised among many of his Naga informants in the Eastern Himalayas, namely, the projection of their souls into non-human animals. While engaged in astral projection, these Naga were able to control the movements of their nonhuman hosts, and see and experience a world in which they and spirits related to each other and organised themselves in ways similar to humans. With the advent of Christianity such practices have waned considerably and younger generations are scarcely aware they ever existed. Nonetheless, contemporary artists, writers and curators exploring pan-Naga identity and iconography have contributed to revitalising interest in the phenomenon, though sometimes blurring the lines between distinct traditions. Drawing on available historical, ethnographic and literary texts, and situating the phenomenon within a wider anthropological discussion on notions of human and non-human animal co-essence or therianthropy, my aim is to trace the development of the Naga tekhumiavi (person in the shape of a tiger) from observed and recorded practices and traditions to the stuff of modern myth.

Семененко А.А. О возможности размещения первичного очага носителей индоевропейских языков в пограничье Ирана, Афганистана, Средней Азии и Индостана // Труды Маргианской археологической экспедиции. Том 7. Исследования Гонур-депе 2014-2015 гг. / Ред. Н.А. Дубова (отв. ред.), Е.В. Антонова, Р.Г. Мурадов, Р.М. Сатаев, А.А. Тишкин. — Москва: Старый сад, 2018. — С. 202-220.

Conservation Kaleidoscope is a collection of over a 100 edits and accompanying news items that have appeared over the last two decades in the Protected Area Update.
Written by the newsletter's long-time editor, Pankaj Sekhsaria, the individual edits offer an interesting and often counter-intuitive account of the state of wildlife conservation and protected area management in contemporary India. Organised over 14 broad themes in this collection, the book offers a ringside view of conservation that is as challenging and informative as it is insightful and provocative.

As pressure from a growing human population increases around the world, greater levels of conflict between people and wildlife over shrinking available land may be inevitable. The conversion of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) in India is a conservation initiative under "Project Tiger" scheme to facilitate greater habitat connectivity across the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. We interviewed local people in the MTR landscape to determine their interest and attitude towards resettlement and tiger conservation following MTR's new status designation. We found that non-tribal Mountain Chetties generally had negative attitude towards tiger conservation, Kurumbas were positive toward the idea, and Kattunaickers, and Irula people and other minor ethnic groups were found neutral. We found that literate respondents were less likely to collect firewood and more likely to exhibit positive attitude towards tiger conservation and the establishment of MTR. Households with higher milk production, and people with generally negative attitude towards wildlife conservation , were against the declaration of MTR. People employed in private sectors and those having negative perception towards wildlife conservation were more likely to show negative attitude towards declaration of MTR. Locals desiring resettlement post MTR declaration were literate, and interested in availing better livelihood resources. However, they usually suffered relatively high livestock loss to large carnivores, and high crop damage caused by elephant (Elephas maximus). Most respondents (74.3%) were interested in resettlement provided that basic amenities were available to them. We recommend that conservation authorities facilitate "choice-based resettlement" options, which account for local people's consent before making decisions on "re-settlement". This approach will avoid possible conflicts between forest managers and local people.

Ülkemiz araştırmacıları, Hünkâr Hacı Bektâş-ı Veli’nin Horasan-Nişabur’dan Anadolu’ya seyahati sırasında uğradığı Aslanlı Sahra’dan, orada taşa çevirdiği aslanlardan genellikle uzak durmuşlardır. Bu araştırma yazımız, bölgeye yapılan iki keşif gezisini de kapsamaktadır. Luristan bölgesindeki aslan mezar taşlarının oluşumu ve tarihi incelenmiştir. Oryantalistlerin sürekli ilgi alanında bulunan bölge, kültürel tarihimizin bir parçasıdır.
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Turkish researches usually standed clear from the subjects like lions area where Hünkâr Hacı Bektâş-ı Veli run across during its journey from Horasan-Nişabur city of Iran to Anatolia, legend about lions that he gorgonized. This research writing of ours includes two exploration journeys to the area. Formation and history of the lion tomb Stones, located in Luristan region, are examined. The area which is a field of
interest of orientalists is a part of our cultural history.

News and information on wildlife and protected areas from India and South Asia. Published by Kalpavriksh and the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS), IIT Bombay with support from the Duleep Matthai Nature Conservation Trust. In it's 27th year of non-stop publication.

Abstract
Context: Source populations of many large carnivores such as tigers (Panthera tigris) are confined within small wildlife refuges in human-dominated landscapes. Appropriate management of these populations may warrant understanding fine-scale use of habitat.

Aims: The aim of the present study is to understand the fine spatial-scale habitat associations of tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal.

Methods: We conducted camera-trap surveys across the park and applied an occupancy modelling approach to assess the probability of tiger detection and occurrence as a function of fine-scale habitat covariates.

Results: Tiger detection probability as a function of fine-scale habitat covariates was ≤0.20 compared with that of a constant detection model. Detectability patterns were best explained by models incorporating the effect of prey, slope and landcover type. Similarly, the best occupancy model incorporating the detection probability included prey, landcover type, water and slope. Tiger occurrence patterns were positively associated with prey availability and certain landcover types such as grasslands. Contrary to expectation, occurrence probability decreased further from human settlements. However, as expected, the occurrence of tigers was higher in proximity to water sources.

Conclusions: Both tiger detection and occurrence are influenced by fine-scale habitat factors, including prey availability. In small protected areas, individuals may persist at high population densities by intensively focusing their activity on small portions of their home ranges.

Implications: Our study provided insight into the fine spatial-scale occurrence probability of tigers, and thereby aids in developing appropriate habitat management strategies at the protected-area level. Our approach is broadly applicable to the robust assessment of fine-scale wildlife–habitat associations of many wide-ranging species that are ecologically ‘confined’ in smaller protected areas.

Additional keywords: camera trapping, fine-scale habitat association, occupancy modelling.

This article analyzes Mencius 7B.23, a concise passage that offers complex ethical dilemmas. It provides a close reading of the passage, along with relevant passages elsewhere in the text and, occasionally, in other texts. The narrow goal of the article is to present a coherent reading of the passage within the context of the Mencius as a whole. This reading suggests that while the passage touches upon a wide range of topics, including personal credibility and political responsibility, the overarching concern is on being a morally superior person, on the difficult dilemmas such people may face, and on how they would respond to them. More broadly, the article shows that while the philosophical practice of "weighing circumstances" (quan 權) allows moral agents in exceptional cases to break certain moral or ritual rules, Mencius seems unwilling to apply this discretion when morality as a whole, or the integrity of the person who embodies it (shi 士), are involved.

1. India, a mega-diverse country in terms of both biodiversity and people, is battling environmental problems on many fronts: chronic dependence on natural resources, dwindling ecosystem services, declining environmental quality, effects of climate change, and a
biodiversity crisis.
2. We review the current focal areas and infrastructure for ecological research and education in India, along with the surrounding legal and policy aspects of related socio-economic issues.
3. Currently, ecological and applied research is predominantly focused on charismatic species within protected areas. This scope could be broadened beyond organismal biology towards functional landscapes and ecosystems; the education system also needs to promote ecology as a career-choice for scientists. Expectedly, many environmental challenges are generic in nature and occur in other regions of the world, are primarily biophysical in origin but extend into human dimensions; some challenges are socio-political and have implications for biodiversity conservation.
4. Synthesis and applications. India’s environmental concerns include, but are not restricted to the biodiversity crisis. The biodiversity crisis, in turn, includes, but is not restricted to, the most charismatic species. Greater integration and alignment among the mandates of government agencies, scientists, policy makers, and educators is needed to meet contemporary environmental issues."""

1. Several conservation initiatives are aiming to improve the status of the rapidly dwindling populations of tiger Panthera tigris. However, possible cascading effects of intra-guild competition on other sympatric carnivores are rarely considered while planning such recovery programmes.

2. In this study, we examine how, following the reduction of anthropogenic pressures by relocation of pastoralists, a recovering tiger population affects leopards Panthera pardus in the Chilla Range of Rajaji National Park (RNP), India. By combining data gathered over 4 years (2004–2005 to 2007–2008) on prey availability, food habits and population density of the two predators, we investigate some of the mechanisms of niche partitioning.

3. Based on existing information, we predicted that there would be high dietary overlap between the two predators. Over time, optimal habitats would be dominated by tigers forcing leopards to the periphery of the protected area where they would subsist on small prey and domestic livestock. Consequently, leopards would occur at a lower density where sympatric with tigers.

4. Our results confirmed that annual dietary overlap (0·89, 0·82, 0·78, 0·77) between the two predators was high during the study. As expected, we observed a shift in the diet of leopards towards a significantly higher intake of domestic prey (∼6·8% to ∼31·8%) and small prey (∼9% to ∼36%). Mean leopard density declined from 9·76 animals per 100 km2 in 2004–2005 to 2·07 per 100 km2 in 2007–2008, while the mean density of tigers increased from 3·31 per 100 km2 to 5·81 per 100 km2 over the same period.

5. Synthesis and applications. Although based on small sample sizes, our study revealed that over the 4 years following the relocation of pastoralists out of RNP, the tiger population recovered but leopard densities declined sharply. The concurrent shift in leopard diet indicated heightened livestock depredation from the surrounding area. Therefore, it is important that conservation initiatives targeting the recovery of tigers should be preceded by careful examination of interspecific interactions with sympatric carnivores. Comprehensive human–carnivore conflict management measures like monitoring the extent of livestock depredation, improving livestock management and providing adequate compensation and/or insurance schemes are critical for successfully implementing such conservation efforts.

A newsletter in Marathi with news, information and analysis on wildlife and conservation in the state of Maharashtra, India. Published by Kalpavriksh with support from the Duleep Matthai Nature Conservation Trust. Editor: Reshma Jathar; Associate Editor: Pankaj Sekhsaria

Stefan Bengtsson’s commentary about policy hegemony discusses the alternative discourses of socialism, nationalism, and globalism. However, Stefan does not adequately demonstrate how these discourses can overcome the Dominant Western Worldview (DWW), which is imbued with anthropocentrism. It will be argued here that most policy choices promoting sustainability, and education for it, are made within a predetermined system in which the already limiting notion of environmental protection is highly contingent on human welfare.  What would really contest the dominant assumptions of Vietnamese policy and, more specifically, education for sustainable development (ESD) is an alternative discourse that challenges the DWW. That alternative discourse embraces philosophical ecocentrism and practices of ecological justice between all species, and deep ecology theory - all perspectives fundamentally committed to environmental protection.

The tradition of tiger worship was originated in ancient nomadic cultures.In South China, the tradition of tiger worship has distributed in the area from Wuling to Luoxiao,and possibly reached the Wuyi Mountains.During the development of culture,the worships of wild boar and tiger have merged; and later,tiger has generally superseded wild boar as the worship object.The tiger-worshipping mountain people have affected the formation of,so-called,post-Shijiahe culture.During the Yin and Zhou periods, in the ｍｉｄｄｌｅ　ｒｅａｃｈｅｓ　ｏｆ　Ｙａｎｇｔｚｅ　Ｒｉｖｅｒ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　Ｈｕｎａｎ　ａｎｄ　Ｊｉａｎｇｘｉ　ａｒｅａｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅ　ｅｘｉｓｔｅｄ　ａ　ｔｉｇｅｒ－ｗｏｒｓｈｉｐｐｉｎｇ　ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ　ｏｆ　ａｎｃｉｅｎｔ　ｓｔａｔｅｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｎａｍｅｄ　ａｓ　Ｈｕｆａｎｇ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｏｒａｃｌｅ　ｂｏｎｅ　ａｎｄ　ｂｒｏｎｚｅ　ｉｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　Ｓｈａｎｇ　ａｎｄ　Ｚｈｏｕ　Ｄｙｎａｓｔｉｅｓ.

People’s urge to see and experience the environment around them has led the tourism industry to become one of the fast-growing industries all around the globe. Sunderbans Tiger Reserve has always been alluring to the tourist to experience the scenic beauty of the mangrove forest and see the Royal Bengal Tiger. Successful execution of Project Tiger for protecting this endangered species from getting extinct has put India on the international platform. The aim of the research paper is to (1) identify the contribution of conservation plan in boosting tourism, (2) conduct the strengths, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis of the study area, and (3) estimate the potential of tiger tourism in the study area. The study concludes that the conservation plans are helping in building the product image, financing the study to area which is upgrading the surroundings for tourism along with other benefits. Trend analysis result predicts a continuous rise of tourist footfall in the reserve, which suggests big potential of the reserve.

This case study explores the reintroduction of tigers to Sariska Tiger Reserve in
Rajasthan, India, highlighting how the (re)negotiation between people and tigers is
a struggle rooted in place and territory, with boundaries co-constructed by human
and nonhuman actors. While the reintroduction came only three years after the official
admission of complete species loss, tigers as a dominant force on the landscape
were absent for more than a decade in some places. Accordingly, the people of Sariska
see the reintroduced tigers as foreigners without place-knowledge and as disturbers
of the interspecies boundaries created by the interactions of Sariska’s original tigers
and many generations of local people. This study speaks to conservation sciences and
animal geography to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the human dimensions
of rewilding, still a nascent area of restoration ecology specifically in the case of apex
predators in the global south.