TWI473622B - 投予抗-TNFα抗體之方法 - Google Patents
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- TWI473622B TWI473622B TW102105358A TW102105358A TWI473622B TW I473622 B TWI473622 B TW I473622B TW 102105358 A TW102105358 A TW 102105358A TW 102105358 A TW102105358 A TW 102105358A TW I473622 B TWI473622 B TW I473622B
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Description
腫瘤壞死因子α(TNFα)為數種細胞類型(包含單細胞及巨噬菌)產生之細胞素,其最初依據其誘發某些老鼠腫瘤之能力而鑑定(參見例如Old,L.(1985)Science230
:630-632)。隨後,與惡質病有關之稱為致惡變蛋白之因子顯示與TNFα相同之分子。TNFα與調節休克有關聯(例如參見Beutler,B.及Cerami,A.(1988)Annu.Rev.Biochem.57
:505-518;Beulter,B.及Cerami,A.(1989)Annu.Rev.Immunol.7
:625-655)。再者,TNFα與各種人類疾病及失調已有關聯,包含敗血、感染、自動免疫疾病、移植排斥及接肢對宿主疾病(參見Vasilli,P.(1992)Annu.Rev.Immunol.10
:411-452;Tracey,K.J.及Cerami,A.(1994)Annu.Rev.Med.45
:491-503)。
由於人類TNFα(hTNFα)於各種人類失調中之有害角色,治療標的已設計成抑制或反作用hTNFα活性。尤其,結合至及中和hTNFα之抗體已認為為抑制hTNFα活性之手段。有些最早之此抗體為老鼠單株抗體(mAbs),係由以hTNFα免疫之老鼠之淋巴細胞製備之融合瘤所分泌(參見例如Hahn T.,等人(1985)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA82
:3814-3818;Liang,C-M.,等人(1986)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.137
:847-854;Hirai,M.,等人(1987)J.Immunol.Methods96
:57-62;Fendly,B.M.,等人(1987)
Hybridoma6
:359-370;Moller,A.,等人(1990)Cytokine2
:162-169;Moeller等人之USP 5,231,024;Wallach,D.之歐洲專利申請案186 833 B1;Old等人之歐洲專利申請案218 868 A1;Moeller,A.等人之歐洲專利申請案260 610 B1)。雖然該等老鼠抗-hTNFα抗體經常顯現對hTNFα之高親和性(如Kd
≦10-9
M)且可中和hTNFα活性,但其體內用途因對人類投予老鼠抗體產生之問題而受到限制,如短血清半生期、於法制約某種人類效應器功能及誘出人類中對老鼠抗體之不欲免疫反應(「人類抗-老鼠抗體」(HAMA)反應)。
為了嘗試克服於人類中使用全老鼠抗體,老鼠抗-hTNFα抗體利用遺傳工程作成更「似人類」。例如已製備其中抗體鏈之可變區域係衍生自老鼠及抗體鏈之恆定區域係衍生自人類之嵌合抗體(Knight,D.M.,等人(1993)Mol.Immunol.30
:1443-1453;Daddona,P.E.,等人之PCT申請案WO 92/16553)。此外,亦已製備其中抗體可變區域之高度可變區域係衍生自老鼠但其他可變區域及抗體恆定區域係衍生自人類之人類化抗體(Adair,J.R.,等人之PCT申請號WO 92/11383)。然而,由於該等嵌合及人類化抗體仍留有些許老鼠序列,仍可誘出不欲免疫反應(人類抗-嵌合抗體(HACA)反應),尤其對例如慢性適應症如風濕性關節炎長期投予時(參見例如Elliott,M.J.,等人(1994)Lancet344
:1125-1127;Elloit,M.J.,等人(1994)Lancet344
:1105-1110)。
對老鼠mAbs或其衍生物之較佳hTNFα抑制劑(如嵌合或人類化抗體)需為整個人類抗-hTNFα抗體,因為此藥劑應不會誘出該HAMA反應,即使長期使用。抗hTNFα之人類單株自動抗體已使用人類融合瘤技術製備(Boyle,P.,等人(1993)Cell.Immunol.152
:556-568;Boyle,P.,等人(1993)Cell.Immunol.152
:569-581;Boyle等人之歐洲專利公報614 984 A2)。然而,該等衍生自融合瘤之單株抗體已報導對hTNFα之親和性太低而無法以習知方法計算,無法結合可溶hTNFα且無法中和hTNFα-誘發之細胞毒性(參見Boyle等人同上文獻)。再者,人類融合瘤技術之成功有賴於人類末梢血液中存在有產生對hTNFα特異之自動抗體之淋巴細胞。某些研究已於人類個體中偵測到抗hTNFα之血清自動抗體(Fomsgaard,A.,等人(1989)Scand.J.Immunol.30
:219-223;Bendtzen,K.,等人(1990)Prog.Leukocyte Biol.10B
:447-452),而其他則無(Leusch,H-G.,等人(1991)J.Immunol.Methods 139:145-147)。
另一天然人類抗-hTNFα抗體為重組hTNFα抗體。已描述以相當低親和性(如Kd
約10-7
M)結合且hTNFα具快速解離出速率(亦即Koff
約10-2
秒-1
)之重組人類抗體(Griffiths,A.D.,等人(1993)EMBO J.12
:725-734)。然而,由於其相對快速之解離動力學,該等抗體不適合治療用途。此外,重組人類抗-hTNFα已描述無法中和hTNFα活性,但卻可增強hTNFα結合至細胞表面且增強hTNFα之融合特性(internalization)(Lidburg,A.,等人(1994)Biotechnol.
Ther.5
:27-45;Aston,R.,等人之PCT申請號WO 92/03145)。
以高親和性及減緩解離動力學結合至可溶hTNFα且具有中和hTNFα活性(包含體外及體內之hTNFα-誘發之細胞毒素及hTNFα-誘發之細胞活化作用)之重組人類抗體亦經描述(參見USP 6,090,382)。投予抗體之典型方式係以每週靜脈內進行。每週以抗體及/或任何藥物投藥可能消費大、不方便且因為投藥次數而導致增加數種副作用。靜脈內投藥亦具有之限制為投藥一般由具藥物訓練者進行。
本發明提供一種治療與TNFα相關失調之雙週投予療程,較好經皮下途徑。雙週投予比每週投予具有許多優點,包含(但不限於)較少之總注射次數、降低之注射部位反應數(如局部疼痛及膨脹)、增加之病患順應性(由於較少注射次數)及病患以及看護提供者之較少花費。皮下投予之優點係由於病患本身可投予治療物質,如人類TNFα抗體,其對病患及看護提供者兼具便利性。
本發明提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法。該方法包括對個體雙週皮下注射投予抗體。該抗體較好為可特異結合至人類TNFα之重組人類抗體。本發明又提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法。該等方法包括利用組合療法,其中人類抗體與其他治療劑投予至個體,如一或多種可結合至其他標的之其他抗體(如結合其他細胞素或結合細胞表面分子之抗體)、一或多種細胞
素、可溶TNFα受體(參見例如PCT專利公報WO 94/06476)及/或一或多種可抑制hTNFα產生或活性之化學劑(如PCT公報WO 93/19751所述之亞環己烷基衍生物),較好氨甲喋呤。該抗體較好為特異結合至人類TNFα之重組人類抗體。本發明抗體之特徵為以高親和性及減緩解離動力學結合至hTNFα且中和hTNFα活性,包含hTNFα-誘發之細胞毒性(體外及體內)及hTNFα-誘發之細胞活化作用。該抗體可為全長(如IgG1或IgG4抗體)或可僅包括抗原-結合部位(如Fab、F(ab')2
、scFv片段或單一區域)。本發明最佳重組抗體稱為D2E7,具有包括序列編號(SEQ ID NO):3之胺基酸序列之輕質鏈CDR3及包括序列編號:4(見附錄B)之胺基酸序列之重質鏈。較好該D2E7抗體具有包括序列編號:1之胺基酸序列之輕質鏈可變區域(LCVR)及包括序列編號:2之胺基酸序列之重質鏈(HCVR)。該等抗體述於USP 6,090,382,其併於本文供參考。
一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法。該等方法包括藉雙週皮下投予抗-TNFα抗體而抑制人類TNFα活性因而治療該失調。該失調可為例如敗血、自動免疫疾病(如風濕性關節炎、過敏、多發性硬化、自動免疫糖尿病、自動免疫葡萄膜炎及腎病徵候群)、感染疾病、惡質病、移植排斥或接肢對宿主疾病、肺失調、骨失調、腸失調或心臟失調。
另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法。該等方法包括對個體雙週皮下投予抗-
TNFα抗體及氨甲喋呤而抑制人類TNFα活性因而治療該失調。一方面,氨甲喋呤在抗-TNFα抗體投藥之前投藥。又另一方面,氨甲喋呤在抗-TNFα抗體投藥之後投藥。
較佳具體例中,用以治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之抗-TNFα抗體為人類抗-TNFα抗體。甚至更佳,治療可雙週皮下投予單離之人類抗體或其抗原-結合部位。該抗體或其抗原-結合部位較好以Kd
為1×10-8
M或以下及Koff
速率常數為1×10-3
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離(兩者均藉表面細胞質粒基因組共振測定)且於體外L929分析標準中以1×10-7
M或以下之IC50
中和人類TNFα細胞毒性。更好,單離之人類抗體或其抗原結合部位以5×10-4
s-1
或以下之Koff
或甚至更好1×10-4
s-1
或以下之Koff
自人類TNFα單離。更好,該單離之人類抗體或其抗原-結合部位以體外L929分析標準中以1×10-8
M或以下之IC50
,甚至更好1×10-10
M或以下之IC50
中和人類TNFα細胞毒性。
另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法,係對個體雙週皮下投予人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好具有下列特徵:a)藉表面細胞質粒基因組共振測定之Koff
為1×10-3
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離;b)具有包括序列編號3之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置1、4、5、7或8或藉1至5個保守胺基酸取代在位置1、3、4、6、7、8及/或9而自序列編號3改質之輕質鏈
CDR3區域;c)具有包括序列編號4之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10或11或藉1至5個保守胺基酸取代在位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11及/或12而自序列編號4改質之重質鏈CDR3區域。
更好,該抗體或其抗原結合部位以Koff
為5×10-4
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離。又更好,該抗體或其抗原結合部位以Koff
為1×10-4
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離。
又另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法。該等方法包括對個體雙週皮下投予人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好含有具有包括序列編號3之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置1、4、5、7或8而自序列編號3改質之CDR3區域之LCVR及具有包括序列編號4之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10或11而自序列編號4改質之CDR3區域之HCVR。更好,該LCVR又具有包括序列編號5之胺基酸序列之CDR2區域及HCVR又具有包括序列編號6之胺基酸序列之CDR2區域。又更好,該LCVR又具有包括序列編號7之胺基酸序列之CDR1區域及HCVR具有包括序列編號8之胺基酸序列之CDR1區域。
又另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中TNFα活性有害之失調之方法,係對個體雙週皮下投予單離之人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好含有具有包括序列編號1之胺基酸序列之LCVR及包括序列編號
2之胺基酸序列之HCVR。某具體例中,該抗體具有IgG1重質鏈恆定區域或IgG4重質鏈恆定區域。又另一具體例中,抗體為Fab片段、F(ab')2
片段或單鏈Fv片段。
又另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中藉對個體投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調之方法,係對個體雙週皮下投予一或多種抗-TNFα抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好含有具有包括選自序列編號3、序列編號11、序列編號12、序列編號13、序列編號14、序列編號15、序列編號16、序列編號17、序列編號18、序列編號19、序列編號20、序列編號21、序列編號22、序列編號23、序列編號24、序列編號25及序列編號26所成組群之胺基酸序列之CDR3區域之LCVR或具有包括選自序列編號4、序列編號27、序列編號28、序列編號29、序列編號30、序列編號31、序列編號32、序列編號33、序列編號34及序列編號35所成組群之胺基酸序列之CDR3區域之HCVR。
本發明另一目的係有關一種含有包括醫藥組合物之調配物之套組。該套組包括抗-TNFα抗體及醫藥可接受性載體。該套組含有指示雙週皮下投予該醫藥組合物以治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體具有效益之失調之仿單。另一方面,本發明有關一種含有包括醫藥組合物且又包括抗-TNFα抗體、氨甲喋呤及醫藥可接受載體之調配物之套組。該套組含有指示雙週皮下投予該醫藥組合物以治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體具有效益之失調之仿單。
本發明又一目的係提供一種含有包括抗-TNFα抗體及醫藥可接受載體之醫藥組合物之預負載針筒。又另一目的,本發明提供一種包括抗-TNFα抗體、氨甲喋呤及醫藥可接受載體之醫藥組合物之預負載針筒。
本發明有關一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα有效益之失調之方法,包括投予可以高親和性結合至人類TNFα、低解離速率及高中和能力之單離人類抗體或其抗原結合部位因而治療該失調。本發明各種目的係有關以該抗體及抗體片段及其醫藥組合物之治療。
為了更了解本發明,首先定義某些名詞。
本文中所用之「投藥」代表投予物質(如抗-TNFα抗體)而達成治療標的(如治療TNFα-相關失調)。
本文所用之「雙週投藥療程」、「雙週投藥」及「雙週投予」代表對個體投予物質(如抗-TNFα抗體)而達成治療標的(如治療TNFα-相關失調)之經時過程。雙週投藥療程不欲包含每週投藥療程。較好,物質每9-19天,更好每11-17天,甚至更好每13-15天且最好每14天投予。
本文所用「組合療法」代表投予兩種或多種治療物質如抗-TNFα抗體及藥物氨甲喋呤。該氨甲喋呤可與抗-TNFα抗體同時投予、在抗-TNFα抗體之前或之後投予。
本文所用「人類TNFα」(本文縮寫為hTNFα或簡化為hTNF)欲代表以17 kD分泌態及26 kD膜聯合態(由非共價結合之17 kD分子之三聚物所構成之生物活性態)存在之人類
細胞素。TNFα結構又述於例如Pennica,D.,等人(1984)Nature312
:724-729;Davis,J.M.,等人(1987)Biochemistry26
:1322-1326;及Jones,E.Y.,等人(1989)Nature338
:225-228。該人類TNFα一詞欲包含重組人類TNFα,其可藉標準重組表現方法製備或商業購得(R&D系統,目錄編號210-TA,明尼玻里,MN)。
本文所用「抗體」欲代表由四個多肽鏈(兩個重質(H)鏈及兩個輕質(L)鏈藉二硫醚鍵相互交聯)所構成之免疫球蛋白分子。各重質鏈係由重質鏈可變區域(本文縮寫為HCVR或VH)及重質鏈恆定區域所構成。該重質鏈恆定區域係由三個區域所構成:CH1、CH2及CH3。各輕質鏈係由輕質鏈可變區域(本文縮寫為LCVR或VL)及輕質鏈恆定區域所構成。該輕質鏈恆定區域係由一個區域CL所構成。該VH及VL區域又可次分為高度可變區域(稱為互補決定區域(CDR)),與更保守之網絡區域(FR)之區域相互配置。各VH及VL係由三個CDRs及四個FRs所構成,依下列順序由胺基端排列至羧基端:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3、FR4。
本文所用之抗體之「抗原結合部位」(或簡稱為「抗體部位」)代表抗體維持特異結合至抗原之能力之一或多個片段(如hTNFα)。已顯示抗體之抗原結合功能可藉全長抗體之片段進行。包含於抗體之「抗原結合部位」之結合片段實例包含(i)Fab片段,由VL、VH、CL及CH1區域所構成之單價片段;(ii)F(ab')2
片段,由二硫醚橋在絞鏈區域
鍵聯兩個Fab片段所構成之二價片段;(iii)由VH及CH1區域所構成之Fd片段;(iv)由抗體單臂之VL及VH區域所構成之Fv片段;(v)dAb片段(Ward等人(1989)Nature341
:544-546),其由VH區域所構成;及(vi)單離之互補決定區域(CDR)。再者,雖然Fv片段之兩個區域VL及VH藉個別基因編碼,但其可使用重組方法藉可使其作成其中VL及VH區域配對形成單價分子之單一蛋白質鏈之合成鍵聯子而鍵聯(稱為單一鏈Fv(scFv);參見例如Bird等人(1988)Science242
:423-426;及Huston等人(1988)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA85
:5879-5883)。此單一鏈抗體亦欲包含於抗體之「抗原結合部位」一詞中。亦包含其他型態之單一鏈抗體如二抗體(diabodies)。二抗體為在單一多肽鏈上表現VH及VL區域之二價二特異抗體,但使用太短之鍵聯子而無法使相同鏈上之兩區域間配對,因而驅使該區域與其他鏈之互補區域配對及產生兩個抗原結合位置(例如參見Holliger,P.,等人(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA90
:6444-6448;Poljak,R.J.,等人(1994)Structure2
:1121-1123)。
又抗體或其抗原結合部位可為由抗體或抗體部位與一或多個其他蛋白質或肽經共價或非共價聯合所形成之較大免疫黏著分子之一部分。此免疫黏著分子實例包含使用鏈黴肽核心區域製造四聚合scFv分子(Kipriyanov,S.M.,等人(1995)Human Antibodies and Hybridomas6
:93-101)及使用半胱胺酸殘基、標記物肽及C-端聚組胺酸tag而製造雙
價及生物素化之scFv分子(Kipriyanov,S.M.,等人(1994)Mol.Immunol.31
:1047-1058)。抗體部位如Fab及F(ab')2
片段可使用習知技術自全抗體製備,如全抗體分別以木瓜蛋白酶或胃蛋白酶消化。再者,抗體、抗體部位及免疫黏著分子可使用本文所述之標準重組DNA技術獲得。
本文所用之「人類抗體」欲包含具有可變及恆定區域且衍生自人類種系免疫球蛋白序列之抗體。本發明之人類抗體可包含胺基酸殘基但不被人類種系免疫球蛋白序列所編碼(如藉體外之隨機或位置特異遺傳突變作用或藉體內體細胞遺傳突變作用導入之突變),例如於CDRs中及於特定CDR3中。然而,本文所用之「人類抗體」一雌不欲包含其中衍生自其他哺乳類物種如老鼠種系之CDR序列已接枝至人類框架序列之抗體。
本文所用之「重組人類抗體」欲包含所有藉重組方式製備、表現、產生或單離之所有人類抗體,如使用轉染至宿主細胞之重組表現載體表現之抗體(後文段落II中詳述)、自重組組合之人類抗體基因庫單離之抗體(後文段落III中詳述)、自對人類免疫球蛋白基因具基因轉移作用之動物(如老鼠)單離之抗體(參見例如Taylor,L.D.,等人(1992)Nucl.Acids Res.20
:6287-6295)或藉涉及使人類免疫球蛋白基因序列切成其他DNA序列之任何其他方式製備、表現、產生或單離之抗體。此重組人類抗體具有衍生自人類種系免疫球蛋白序列之可變及恆定區域。但某具體例中,此重組人類抗體進行體外基因突變作用(或當體外體細胞
基因突變作用使用對人類Ig序列基因轉移之動物時)且因此重組抗體之VH及VL區域之胺基酸序列,雖然衍生自人類種系VH及VL序列且與其相關,但非天然存在於體內人類抗體種系庫內之序列。
本文所用之「單離抗體」欲代表實質上不含具有不同抗原特異性之其他抗體之抗體(如特異結合hTNFα之單離抗體實質上不含可特異結合hTNFα以外之抗原之抗體)。但特異結合hTNFα之單離抗體可具有對其他抗原之交叉反應性,如得自其他物種之hTNFα分子(後述討論)。再者,單離抗體實質上不含其他細胞材料及/或化學品。
本文所用「中和抗體」(或「可中和hTNFα活性之抗體」)欲代表其與hTNFα之結合將導致hTNFα生物活性抑制作用之抗體。此hTNFα生物活性之抑制作用可藉測量hTNFα生物活性之一或多種指標而評估,如hTNFα-誘發之細胞毒性(體外或體內)、hTNFα-誘發之細胞活化作用及hTNFα結合至hTNFα受體。hTNFα生物活性之該等指標可藉本技藝已知之數種標準體外或體內分析之一或多種評估(參見實例4)。較好,抗體中和hTNFα活性之能力係藉抑制L929細胞之hTNFα-誘發之細胞毒性而分析。至於hTNFα其他或另外參數,可分析抗體抑制ELAM-1在HUVEC上之hTNFα-誘發表現之能力(為hTNFα-誘發之細胞活化作用之指標)。
本文所用「表面質粒細胞基因組共振」代表可藉例如使用BIAcore系統(Pharmacia Biosensor AB,Uppsala,瑞士
及皮卡威,NJ)偵測生物感測器基質內蛋白質濃度改變而分析實際時間生物特異相互反應之光學性能。進一步描述參見實例1及Jonsson,U.,等人(1993)Ann.Biol.Clin.51
:19-26;Jonsson,U.,等人(1991)Biotechniques11
:620-627;Johnsson,B.,等人(1995)J.Mol.Recognit.8
:125-131;及Johnnson,B.,等人(1991)Anal.Biochem.198
:268-277。
本文所用之「Koff
」一詞欲代表抗體自抗體/抗原複合物解離之脫離速率常數。
本文所用之「Kd
」一詞欲代表特定抗體-抗原相互作用之解離常數。
本文所用之「核酸分子」欲包含DNA分子及RNA分子。核酸分子可為單股或雙股,但較好為雙股DNA。
本文所用有關編碼可結合hTNFα之抗體或抗體蛋白質(如VH、VL、CDR3)之核酸所用之「單離核酸分子」欲代表其中編碼該抗體或抗體部位之核苷酸序列不含對可結合hTNFα以外之抗原之抗體或抗體部位編碼之其他核甘酸序列之核酸分子,該其他序列性質為人類基因組DNA中核酸之側翼。因此例如本發明編碼抗-hTNFα抗體之VH區域之單離核酸不含有編碼可結合hTNFα以外之抗原之其他VH區域之其他序列。
本文所用之「載體」欲代表可運載其鍵聯之其他核酸之核酸分子。一類載體為「質體」,其代表其中可接合額外DNA片段之環狀雙股DNA迴路。另一類載體為病毒載體,
其中額外DNA片段可接合至病毒基因組中。某些載體可於其所導入之宿主細胞中自發複製(如具有複製之細菌區域之細菌載體及游離基因哺乳類載體)。其他載體(如非游離基因哺乳類載體)可藉導入宿主細胞中而整合至宿主細胞之基因組中,因而與宿主基因組一起複製。再者,某些載體可引導基因表現至其操作性鍵聯者。此載體於本文稱為「重組表現載體」(或簡稱「表現載體」)。通常,表現載體於重組DNA技術中之利用性經常呈質體態。本說明書中,「質體」及「載體」可交互使用,因為質體為最普遍使用之載體類型。然而,本發明欲包含其他類型之表現載體如病毒載體(如複製缺陷之逆轉錄病毒、腺病毒及腺體相關病毒),其具有等效功能。
本文所用之「重組宿主細胞」(或簡稱為「宿主細胞」)欲代表已導入重組表現載體之細胞。需了解此名詞不僅欲代表特定個體細胞且代表此細胞之子孫。由於繼代中因突變或環境影響可發生某些改質作用,因此此子孫事實上不同於母細胞,但仍包含在本文所用之「宿主細胞」範圍內。
本發明各種目的將於下列次段落中進一步說明。
本發明提供一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα有效益之失調之方法。該方法包括雙週皮下投予可以高親和性結合至人類TNFα、低解離速率及高中和能力之單離人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。較好本發明之人類抗體為重組中和人類抗-
hTNFα抗體。本發明最佳重組中和抗體於本文稱為D2E7(D2E7 VL區域之胺基酸序列示於序列編號1;D2E7 VH區域之胺基酸序列示於序列編號2)。D2E7之性質已述於Salfeld等人USP 6,090,382中,其併於本文供參考。
一目的中,本發明提供一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα有效益之失調之方法。該方法包括雙週皮下投予D2E7抗體及抗體部位、D2E7-相關抗體及抗體部位及其他與D2E7等效性質之人類抗體及抗體部位,如高親和性結合至hTNFα,低解離動力學及高中和能力者。一具體例中,本發明提供以單離人類抗體或其抗原結合部位之治療,該單離人類抗體或其抗原結合部位可以1×10-8
M或以下之Kd
及1×10-3
s-1
或以下之Koff
自人類TNFα解離(兩者均藉表面質粒細胞基因組共振而測定)且以體外L929分析標準中以1×10-7
M或以下之IC50
中和人類TNFα細胞毒性。更好該單離人類抗體或其抗原結合部位可以5×10-4
s-1
或以下之Koff
,或甚至更好1×10-4
s-1
或以下之Koff
自人類TNFα解離。更好該單離人類抗體或其抗原結合部位以體外L929分析標準中以1×10-8
M或以下之IC50
,甚至更好1×10-9
M或以下之IC50
及又更好1×10-10
M或以下之IC50
中和人類TNFα細胞毒性。較佳具體例中,該抗體為單離人類重組抗體或其抗原結合部位。
熟知本技藝者均知抗體重質及輕質鏈CDR3區域在抗體對抗原之結合特異性/親和性中扮演重要角色。據此,另一目的,本發明有關一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調之方法,係皮下投予具有與TNFα聯合有減緩解
離動力學且具有結構相同或相關於D2E7結構之輕質及重質CDR3區域之人類抗體。D2E7 VL CDR3之位置9可被Ala或Thr佔據而實質不影響該Koff
。據此,D2E7 VL CDR3之保守motif包括胺基酸序列:Q-R-Y-N-R-A-P-Y-(T/A)(序列編號3)。此外,D2E7 VH CDR3之位置12可被Tyr或Asn佔據而實質不影響該Koff
。據此,D2E7 VH CDR3之保守motif包括胺基酸序列:V-S-Y-L-S-T-A-S-S-L-D-(Y/N)(序列編號4)。再者,如實例2所證明,D2E7重質及輕質鏈之CDR3區域修正至以單一丙胺酸殘基取代(VL CDR3內之位置1、4、5、7或8或VH CDR3內之位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10或11)而實質不影響該Koff
。又更好熟知本技藝者將明瞭假設D2E7 VL及VH CDR3區域藉丙胺酸取代修正,則CDR3區域其他胺基酸之取代為可能且仍維持抗體之低解離速率常數,尤其以保守胺基酸之取代。本文所用之「保守胺基酸取代」為其中一個胺基酸殘基經具有類似側鏈之其他胺基酸殘基取代者。具類似側鏈之胺基酸殘基家族為本技藝中已定義者,包含鹼性側鏈(如離胺酸、精胺酸、組胺酸)、酸性側鏈(如天冬胺酸、榖胺酸)、無電荷極性側鏈(如甘胺酸、天冬醯胺、榖胺醯胺、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、酪胺酸、半胱胺酸)、非極性側鏈(如丙胺酸、纈胺酸、白胺酸、異白胺酸、脯胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、蛋胺酸、色胺酸)、β-分支側鏈(如蘇胺酸、纈胺酸、異白胺酸)及芳族側鏈(如酪胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、色胺酸、組胺酸)。較好在D2E7 VL及/或VH CDR3區域內不超過1至5個保守胺基酸
取代。更好,D2E7 VL及/或VH CDR3區域內不超過1至3個保守胺基酸取代。此外,保守胺基酸取代不進行在對結合至hTNFα具重要性之胺基酸位置。D2E7 VL CDR3之位置2及5及D2E7 VH CDR3之位置1及7似乎對與hTNFα相互作用具重要性,因此,保守胺基酸取代較好不在該位置進行(但如後述,D2E7 VL CDR3位置5之丙胺酸取代為可接受)(參見USP 6,090,382)。
據此,另一具體例,本發明有關一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調之方法,係雙週皮下投予單離之人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好具有下列特徵:a)藉表面細胞質粒基因組共振測定之Koff
為1×10-3
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離;b)具有包括序列編號3之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置1、4、5、7或8或藉1至5個保守胺基酸取代在位置1、3、4、6、7、8及/或9而自序列編號3改質之輕質鏈CDR3區域;c)具有包括序列編號4之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10或11或藉1至5個保守胺基酸取代在位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11及/或12而自序列編號4改質之重質鏈CDR3區域。
更好,該抗體或其抗原結合部位以Koff
為5×10-4
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離。又更好,該抗體或其抗原結合部位以Koff
為1×10-4
s-1
或以下自人類TNFα解離。
又另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調之方法。該等方法包括雙週皮下投予單離之人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好含有具有包括序列編號3之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置1、4、5、7或8而自序列編號3改質之CDR3區域之輕質鏈可變區域(LCVR)及具有包括序列編號4之胺基酸序列或藉單一丙胺酸取代在位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10或11而自序列編號4改質之CDR3區域之重質鏈可變區域(HCVR)。更好,該LCVR又具有包括序列編號5之胺基酸序列之CDR2區域(亦即D2E7 VL CDR2)及HCVR又具有包括序列編號6之胺基酸序列之CDR2區域(亦即D2E7 VH CDR2)。甚至更好,該LCVR又具有包括序列編號7之胺基酸序列之CDR1區域(亦即D2E7 VL CDR1)及HCVR具有包括序列編號8之胺基酸序列之CDR1區域(亦即D2E7 VH CDR1)。VL之框架區域較好得自VK
I人類種系家族,更好得自A20人類種系Vk基因及最好得自USP 6,090,382之圖1A及1B所示之D2E7 VL框架序列。VH之框架區域較好得自VH
3人類種系家族,更好得自DP-31人類種系VH基因及最好得自USP 6,090,382之圖2A及2B所示之D2E7 VL框架序列。
又另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調之方法,係對個體雙週皮下投予單離之人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好含有具有包括序列編號1之胺基酸序列之輕質鏈
可變區域(LCVR)(亦即D2E7 VL)及包括序列編號2之胺基酸序列之重質鏈可變區域(HCVR)(亦即D2E7 VH)。某具體例中,該抗體包括重質鏈恆定區域,如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA、IgE、IgM或IgD恆定區域。較好該重質鏈恆定區域為IgG1重質鏈恆定區域或IgG4重質鏈恆定區域。再者,該抗體可包括輕質鏈恆定區域,為κ輕質鏈恆定區域或λ輕質鏈恆定區域。較好該抗體包括κ輕質鏈恆定區域。或者,該抗體可為Fab片段或單鏈Fv片段。
又另一具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中藉對個體投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調之方法,係雙週皮下投予單離之人類抗體或其抗原結合部位。該抗體或其抗原結合部位較好含有D2E7-相關VL及VH CDR3區域,例如抗體或其抗原結合部位,其具有包括選自序列編號3、序列編號11、序列編號12、序列編號13、序列編號14、序列編號15、序列編號16、序列編號17、序列編號18、序列編號19、序列編號20、序列編號21、序列編號22、序列編號23、序列編號24、序列編號25及序列編號26所成組群之胺基酸序列之CDR3區域之LCVR或具有包括選自序列編號4、序列編號27、序列編號28、序列編號29、序列編號30、序列編號31、序列編號32、序列編號33、序列編號34及序列編號35所成組群之胺基酸序列之CDR3區域之HCVR。
本發明之抗體或其抗體部位可衍生化或鍵聯至另一功能性分子(如另一肽或蛋白質)。據此,本發明之抗體或抗體
部位欲包含本文之衍生化及其他改質態之人類抗-hTNFα抗體,包含免疫黏著分子。例如本發明之抗體或抗體部位可功能性鍵聯(藉化學偶合、基因融合、非共價聯合或其他)至一或多種其他分子實體,如另一抗體(如雙特異抗體或二抗體)、可偵測劑、細胞毒性劑、醫藥劑及/或可調節抗體或抗體部位與另一分子聯合之蛋白質或肽(如鏈黴肽核心區域或聚組胺酸tag)。
一類衍生化抗體係藉交聯兩種或多種抗體(相同類型或不同類型如產生雙特異抗體)而製得。適當交聯劑包含具有藉適當間隔基(如間-馬來醯亞胺基苯甲醯基-N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺酯)分開之兩個不同反應基之雜官能基或同雙官能基(如癸二酸二琥珀醯亞胺酯)者。此鍵聯基得自Pierce化學公司,Rockford,IL。
可衍生化本發明抗體或抗體部位之可用之可偵測劑包含螢光化合物。例舉之螢光可偵測劑包含螢光素、螢光素異硫代氰酸酯、鹼性蕊香紅;5-二甲胺-1-萘磺醯氯、藻膽赤癬素等。抗體亦可以可偵測酵素衍生化,如鹼性磷酸鹽、辣根過氧酶、葡萄糖氧化酶等。當抗體以可偵測酵素衍生化時,其藉添加使用酵素可產生可偵測反應產物之額外試劑。例如當存在有可偵測劑辣根過氧酶時,添加過氧化氰及二胺基苯啶(diaminobenzidine)導致有色之反應產物,其可被偵測。抗體亦可以生物素衍生化且經由間接測量卵白素或鏈黴肽結合而偵測。
本發明之抗體或抗體部位可藉於宿主細胞中重組表現免疫球蛋白輕質及重質鏈基因而製備。為了重組表現抗體,宿主細胞以一或多種帶有可編碼抗體免疫球蛋白輕質及重質鏈之DNA片段之重組表現載體轉染,使輕質及重質鏈於宿主細胞中表現,較好分泌至其中培養宿主細胞之培養基中,由該培養基回收該抗體。標準重組DNA方法用以獲得抗體重質及輕質鏈基因,將該等基因併入重組表現載體及將載體導入宿主細胞中,如Sambrook,Fritsch及Maniatis(編輯),分子選殖;實驗室手冊,第2版,紐約冷泉港出版社(1989),Ausubel,F.M.,等人(編輯)分子生物現有策略,Greene出版協會(1989)及Boss等人之USP 4,816,397所述者。
為了表現D2E7或D2E7-相關抗體,首先獲得編碼輕質及重質鏈可變區域之DNA片段。該等DNAs可使用聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)擴增及改質種系輕質及重質鏈可變序列而獲得。人類重質及輕質鏈可變區域基因之種系DNA序列為本技藝已知(參見例如「Vbase」人類種系序列數據庫;亦參見Kabat,E.A.等人(1991)免疫學有趣之蛋白質序列,第5版,美國衛生及人類服務部門,NIH出版號91-3242;Tomlinson,I.M.,等人(1992)「人類種系VH
序列蒐集透露有關具不同高度可變迴路之VH
片段第5群」J.Mol.Biol.227
:776-798及Cox,J.P.L.,等人(1994)「人類種系V78
片段管理透露於其處理法之強烈基礎」Eur.J.Immunol.24
:827-836;其內容併於本文供參考)。為了獲得編碼
D2E7或D2E7-相關抗體之重質鏈可變區域之DNA片段,人類種系VH基因之VH3家族成員藉標準PCR擴增。最好,擴增DP-31 VH種系序列。為了獲得編碼D2E7或D2E7-相關抗體之輕質鏈可變區域之DNA片段,人類種系VL基因之VK
I家族成員藉標準PCR擴增。最好,擴增A20 VL種系序列。適用於擴增DP-31種系VH及A20種系VL序列之PCR引子可依據上述文獻引述之參考文獻揭示之核苷酸序列使用標準方法設計。
獲得種系VH及VL片段時,該等序列可突變至編碼本文所揭示之D2E7或D2E7-相關胺基酸序列。藉種係VH及VLDNA序列編碼之胺基酸序列首先與D2E7或D2E7-相關VH及VL胺基酸序列比較,以鑑定不同於種系之D2E7或D2E7-相關序列之胺基酸殘基。接著,種系DNA序列之適當核苷酸突變使得突變之種系序列使用遺傳碼可編碼D2E7或D2E7-相關胺基酸序列,以決定需製得之核苷酸變化。種系序列之基因突變作用藉標準方法進行,如PCR-調節之基因突變作用(其中突變之核苷酸併入該PCR引子中使得PCR產物含有該突變作用)或導引位置之基因突變作用。
獲得編碼D2E7或D2E7-相關VH及VL片段之DNA片段時(藉上述之種系VH及VL基因擴增及基因突變作用),該等DNA片段又可藉標準重組DNA技術操作,例如使可變區域基因轉變成全長抗體鏈基因,轉變成Fab片段基因或scFv基因。該等操作中,VL-或VH-編碼DNA片段操作性地鍵聯至編碼另一蛋白質之另一DNA片段,如抗體恆定區域或
可撓鍵聯子。說明書所用之「操作性地鍵聯」意指結合兩種DNA片段使藉該兩個DNA片段編碼之胺基酸序列仍留於框架中。
編碼VH區域之單離DNA可藉操作性地鍵聯該VH-編碼DNA至編碼重質鏈恆定區域之另一DNA分子(CH1、CH2及CH3)轉化成全長重質鏈基因。人類重質鏈恆定區域基因序列為本技藝已知(例如參見Kabat,E.A.,等人(1991)免疫學有趣之蛋白質序列,第5版,美國衛生及人類服務部門,NIH出版號91-3242)及包含該等區域之DNA片段可藉標準PCR擴增而獲得。重質鏈恆定區域可為IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA、IgE、IgM或IgD恆定區域,但最好為IgG1或IgG4恆定區域。就Fav片段重質鏈基因而言,該VH-編碼DNA可操作性地鍵聯至僅編碼重質鏈CH1恆定區域之另一DNA分子。
編碼VL區域之單離DNA可藉操作性地鍵聯該VL-編碼DNA至編碼輕質鏈恆定區域之另一DNA分子CL而轉化成全長輕質鏈基因(以及Fab輕質鏈基因)。人類輕質鏈恆定區域基因序列為本技藝已知(例如參見Kabat,E.A.,等人(1991)免疫學有趣之蛋白質序列,第5版,美國衛生及人類服務部門,NIH出版號91-3242)及包含該等區域之DNA片段可藉標準PCR擴增而獲得。輕質鏈恆定區域可為κ或λ恆定區域,但最好為κ恆定區域。
為了產生scFv基因,該VH-及VL-編碼DNA片段操作性地鍵聯至編碼可撓鍵聯子之另一片段(如編碼胺基酸序列
(Gly4
-Ser)3
),使得VH及VL序列可表現為連續單鏈蛋白質,而VL及VH區域藉可撓鍵聯子連結(例如參見Bird等人(1988)Science242
:423-426;Huston等人(1988)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA85
:5879-5883;McCafferty等人,Nature(1990)348
:552-554)。
為了表現本發明之抗體或抗體部位,上述獲得之編碼部分或全長輕質及重質鏈之DNA片段插入表現載體中使得基因操作性地鍵聯至轉錄及轉譯控制序列。此說明書中,「操作性地鍵聯」意指抗體接合至載體使得載體內之轉錄及轉譯控制序列具有調節抗體基因之轉錄及轉譯之所需功能。該表現載體及表現控制序列係選擇成與所用之表現宿主細胞相容。該抗體輕質鏈基因及抗體重質鏈基因可插入另一載體,或更典型,兩基因插入相同表現載體。該抗體基因藉標準方法(如抗體基因片段及載體互補限制位置之接合、或若不存在限制位置則為鈍化端接合)。插入D2E7或D2E7-相關輕質或重質鏈序列之前,表現載體可以已帶有抗體恆定區域序列。例如,D2E7或D2E7-相關VH及VL序列轉化成全長抗體基因之一方法為將其插入已分別編碼重質鏈恆定區域及輕質鏈恆定區域之表現載體中,因而VH片段可操作性地鍵聯至載體內之CH片段及VL片段操作性地鍵聯至載體內之CL片段。此外或另外,重組表現載體可編碼單一肽,其可促進抗體鏈自宿主細胞分泌。該抗體鏈基因可選殖入載體中使得單一肽於框架中鍵聯至抗體鏈基因之胺基端。該單一肽可為免疫球蛋白單一肽或雜單一
肽(亦即得自非免疫球蛋白蛋白質之單一肽)。
除了抗體鏈基因以外,本發明之重組表現載體帶有可控制宿主細胞中抗體鏈基因表現之調節序列。「調節序列」欲包含啟動子、增強子及可控制抗體鏈基因轉錄或轉譯之其他表現控制元素(如多腺化訊號)。此調節序列述於例如Goeddel;基因表現技術:酵素學方法185,學院出版社,聖地牙哥,CA(1990)。熟知本技藝將了解表現載體之設計包含選擇調節序列可視數種因素而定,欲轉形之宿主細胞選擇、所需蛋白質表現程度等。哺乳類宿主細胞表現之較佳調節序列包含於哺乳類細胞中導入高量蛋白質表現之病毒元素,如衍生自巨細胞病毒(CMV)之啟動子/增強子(如CMV啟動子/增強子)、賽門(Simian)病毒40(SV40)(如SV40啟動子/增強子)、腺病毒(如腺病毒主要延遲啟動子(AdMLP))及多瘤病毒。病毒調節元素及其序列之進一步描述參見例如Stinski之USP 5,168,062,Bell等人之USP 4,510,245及Schaffner等人USP 4,968,615。
除了抗體鏈基因及調節序列以外,本發明之重組表現載體可帶有其他序列,如可於宿主細胞中調節載體複製之序列(如複製源)及可選擇之標記基因。該可選擇之標記基因促進其中已導入載體之宿主細胞之選擇(例如參見Axel等人之USP 4,399,216;4,634,665及5,179,017)。例如,典型上可選擇之標記基因賦予藥物如G418、水黴素(hygromycin)或氨甲喋呤對其中已導入載體之宿主細胞之抗性。較佳之可選擇之標記基因包含二氫葉酸酯還原
酶(DHFR)基因(用於具氨甲喋呤選擇性/擴增作用之dhfr-
宿主細胞)及neo基因(用於G418選擇作用)。
就輕質及重質鏈表現而言,編碼該重質及輕質鏈之表現載體藉標準技術轉染至宿主細胞。各種類型之「轉染」欲包含慣用於將外來DNA導入原核或真核宿主細胞之廣泛種類技術,如電穿透、磷酸鈣沉澱、DEAE-葡聚糖轉染等。雖然理論上可於原核或真核宿主細胞中表現本發明之抗體,但由於真核細胞且尤其哺乳類細胞比原核細胞似乎更易組裝及分泌適當摺疊且免疫學活性之抗體,因此最好於真核細胞中表現抗體,尤其於哺乳類細胞中表現。抗體基因之原核表現已被報導對製造高產量之活性抗體上無效(Boss,M.A.及Wood,C.R.(1985)Immunology Today6
:12-13)。
表現本發明重組抗體之較佳哺乳類宿主細胞包含中國田鼠卵巢(CHO細胞)(包含dhfr-CHO細胞,述於Urlaub及Chasin,(1980)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA77
:4216-4220,與DHFR可選擇之標記基因使用,如述於R.J.Kaufman及P.A.Sharp(1982)Mol.Biol.159
:601-621)、NS0骨髓瘤細胞、COS細胞及SP2細胞。當編碼抗體基因之重組表現載體導入哺乳類宿主細胞時,抗體藉培養宿主細胞一段足以於宿主細胞中表現抗體之時間而產生,或更好抗體分泌入其中生長有宿主細胞之培養基中。抗體可使用標準蛋白質純化方法自培養物培養基中回收。
宿主細胞亦可用以產生完整抗體部位,如Fab片段或
scFv分子。需了解上述程序之變化在本發明範圍內。例如,可能需要以編碼本發明抗體之輕質鏈或重質鏈之一(但非兩者)之DNA轉染宿主細胞。重組DNA技術亦可用以移除有些或所有可編碼輕質鏈或重質鏈之一或兩者之DNA,其對結合至hTNFα為非必要。自此截平之DNA分子表現之分子亦包含於本發明抗體。此外,可藉標準化學交聯方法使本發明抗體交聯至第二抗體而產生雙官能基抗體其中一重質鏈及一輕質鏈為本發明抗體及其他重質及輕質鏈則對hTNFα以外之抗原具特異性。
重組表現本發明抗體或其抗原結合部位之較佳系統中,編碼抗體重質鏈及抗體輕質鏈兩者之重組表現載體藉磷酸鈣調節轉染導入dhfr-CHO細胞中。重組表現載體中,抗體重質及輕質鏈基因各操作性地鍵聯至CMV增強子/AdMLP啟動子調節元素以衍生高程度之基因轉染。重組表現載體亦帶有DHFR基因,其可使用氨甲喋呤選擇作用/擴增作用選擇已藉載體轉染之CHO細胞。該選擇之轉形宿主細胞培養使抗體重質及輕質鏈表現及自培養物培養基回收完整抗體。標準生物分子技術係用以製備重組表現載體、轉染宿主細胞、選擇轉形株、培養宿主細胞及自培養物培養基回收抗體。
除了本文揭示之D2E7或其抗原結合部位或D2E7-相關抗體以外,本發明之重組人類抗體可藉篩選重組組合抗體資料庫而單離,較好為使用自衍生自人類淋巴細胞之mRNA
製備之人類VL及VH cDNA製備之scFv噬菌體(phage)顯示資料庫。製備及篩選此資料庫之方法為本技藝已知。除了商業購得之產生噬菌體顯示資料庫之套組以外(如醫藥重組噬菌體抗體系統,目錄編號27-9400-01;及Stratagene SurfZAPTM
噬菌體顯示套組,目錄編號240612),特別修正用於產生及篩選抗體顯示資料庫之方法及試劑實例可見於例如Ladner等人USP 5,223,409;Kang等人PCT公告號WO 92/18619;Dower等人PCT公告號WO 91/17271;Winter等人PCT公告號WO 92/20791;Markland等人PCT公告號WO 92/15679;Breitling等人PCT公告號WO 93/01288;McCaffery等人PCT公告號WO 92/01047;Garrard等人PCT公告號WO 92/09690;Fuchs等人(1991)Bio/Technology9
:1370-1372;Hay等人(1992)Hum Antibod Hybridomas3
:81-85;Hues等人(1989)Science246
:1275-1281;McCafferty等人,Nature(1990)348
:552-554;Griffiths等人(1993)EMBO J12
:725-734;Hawkins等人(1992)J Mol Biol226
:889-896;Clackson等人(1991)Nature352
:624-628;Gram等人(1992)PNAS89
:3576-3580;Garrard等人(1991)Bio/Technology9
:1373-1377;Hoogenboom等人(1991)Nuc Acid Res19
:4133-4137;及Barbas等人(1991)PNAS88
:7978-7982。
較佳具體例中,為了單離對hTNFα具高親和性及低解離常數之人類抗體,首先使用對hTNFα具高親和性及低解離常數之老鼠抗-hTNFα抗體(如MAK 195,具有寄存編號
ECACC 87 050801之融合瘤)以利用Hoogenboom等人PCT公告號WO 93/06213所述之抗原決定基因之方法選擇具有類似對hTNFα結合活性之人類重質及輕質鏈序列。此方法使用之抗體資料庫較好為McCafferty等人PCT公告號WO 92/01047、McCafferty等人,Nature(1990)348
:552-554;及Griffiths等人(1993)EMBO J12
:725-734所述般製備及篩選之scFv資料庫。該scFv抗體資料庫較好使用重組人類TNFα作為抗原而篩選。
一旦選擇最初人類VL及VH片段,則進行「混合及配對」實驗(其中篩選hTNFα結合之最初選擇之VL及VH片段不同配對)以選擇較佳之VL/VH成對組合。此外,為了進一步改良親和性及/或減低hTNFα結合之解離常數,較佳VL/VH配對之VL及VH片段,可於天然免疫反應期間類似於負責抗體親和性突變肢體外體壁突變製程中,隨機突變,較好在VH及/或VL之CDR3區域內。此體外親和性突變可使用分別互補於VH CDR3或VL CDR3之PCR引子擴增VH及VL區域而進行,該引子已在某些位置以4個核苷酸鹼基之隨機混合物「結穗(spiked)」,因而所得PCR產物可編碼其中隨機突變已導入VH及/或VL CDR3區域之VH及VL片段。該等隨機突變之VH及VL片段再篩選供結合至hTNFα且可選擇對hTNFα結合展現高親和性及低解離速率之序列。
自重組免疫球蛋白顯示資料庫篩選及單離本發明抗-hTNFα抗體後,可自該顯示包裝中(如自噬菌體基因組)回
收可編碼該選擇抗體之核酸及界標準重組DNA技術次選殖入其他表現載體。若需要,該核酸可再操作產生本發明其他抗體型(如鍵聯至可編碼其他免疫球蛋白區域之核酸,如其他恆定區域)。為了表現藉篩選組合資料庫所單離之重組人類抗體,編碼該抗體之DNA選殖入重組表現載體中及導入哺乳類宿主細胞,如上述段落II進一步詳述。
本發明抗體及抗體部位可併入適於以本文所述方法(如雙週皮下投藥)對個體投藥之醫藥組合物中。典型上,該醫藥組合物包括本發明之抗體(或抗體部位)及/或氨甲喋呤及醫藥可接受性載體。本文所用之「醫藥可接受性載體」包含生理可相容且適用於以本文方法對個體投藥之任何及所有溶劑、分散液介質、包衣劑、抗菌及抗真菌劑、等張及吸收延遲劑等。醫藥可接受性載體實例包含水、食鹽水、磷酸鹽緩衝食鹽水、葡萄糖、甘油、乙醇等之一或多種以及其組合。許多例中,較好於組合物中包含等張劑如糖類、多醇如甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇或氯化鈉。醫藥可接受載劑又可包括微量輔助物質如濕潤或乳化劑、保存劑或緩衝劑,其可增進抗體或抗體部位之保存期或效率。
本發明組合物可為各種型態。包含例如液體、半固體及固體劑型,如液體溶液(如注射及灌注溶液)、分散液或懸浮液、錠劑、丸劑、粉劑、脂質體及栓劑。較佳型態視所欲投藥模式及治療用途而定。典型較佳組合物為可注射或可灌注溶液,如類似於人類以其他抗體被動免疫作用所用
之組合物。較佳投藥模式為非經腸道(如靜脈內、皮下、腹膜內、肌肉內)。較佳具體例中,抗體藉靜脈內灌注或注射投藥。另一較佳具體例中,抗體藉肌肉類注射投藥。特佳具體例中,抗體藉皮下注射投藥(如雙週皮下注射)。
治療組合物一般需無菌且在製造及儲存條件下穩定。該組合物可調配為溶液、微乳液、分散液、脂質體或適於高藥物濃度之其他等級結構。無菌可注射溶液可藉將所需量之活性化合物(亦即抗體或抗體部位)若需要與上述成分之一或組合物併入適當溶劑中,隨後過濾殺菌而製備。通常,分散液可藉將活性化合物併入含有主要分散液介質之無菌載體及上物所需其他成分中。製備無菌可注射溶液之無菌粉劑之例中,製備之較佳方法為真空乾燥及冷凍乾燥,其可產生活性成分粉末加上任何前述過濾殺菌溶液中之任何額外所需成分。可藉例如使用包衣劑如卵磷酯、在分散液之例中藉維持所需粒徑及藉使用界面活性劑而維持溶液之適當流動性。注射組合物之延長吸收可藉於組合物中包含可延遲吸收之試劑如單硬脂酸鹽及明膠而達成。
本發明抗體及抗體部位可藉本技藝已知各種方法投藥,但就許多治療用途而言,較佳投藥路徑/模式為皮下注射。如本技藝悉知者,投藥路徑及/或模式將隨所需結果而異。某些具體例中,活性化合物可以將保護化合物免於快速釋出之載體製備,如控制釋出之調配物,包含植入物、經皮貼片及微膠囊輸送系統。可使用生物可降解、生物可相容聚合物,如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙二醇(PEG)、
聚酸酐、聚乙醇酸、膠原、聚原酯及聚乳酸。製備此調配物之許多方法具專利且一般為本技藝悉知者。參見例如,持續及控制釋出藥物輸送系統,J.R.Robinson編輯,Marcel Dekker公司,紐約,1978。
某些具體例中,苯發明抗體或抗體部位可口服投藥,例如,與惰性稀釋劑或可消化載體投藥。該化合物(及若需要之其他成分)亦可包封於硬或軟殼明膠膠囊中、壓縮成錠劑或直接併入個體飲食中。就口服治療投藥而言,化合物可與賦型劑併入且以可消化錠劑、頰內錠劑、扁藥錠、膠囊、甘甜液、懸浮液、糖漿、晶片等使用。為了藉非經腸道以外投予本發明化合物,必要可以避免其去活化之材料包衣或與化合物共同投藥。
補充之活性化合物亦可併入組合物中。某些具體例中,本發明抗體或抗體部位與一或多種其他治療劑共同調配及/或共同投藥。例如,本發明抗-hTNFα抗體或抗體部位可與氨甲喋呤、一或多種可結合其他標的之其他抗體(如結合其他細胞素或結合細胞表面分子之抗體)、一或多種細胞素、可溶TNFα受體(例如參見PCT公告號WO 94/06476)及/或一或多種可抑制hTNFα產生或活性之化學劑(述於PCT公告號WO 93/19751所述之如亞環己烷衍生物)共同調配或共同投藥。再者,本發明一或多種抗體可與兩種或多種前述治療劑組合使用。此組合療法可有利利用較低劑量之投予治療劑,因此避免與各種單一療法有關之可能毒性或併發症。組合使用本發明抗體或抗體部位及其他治療劑
進一步詳述於段落IV。
可與本發明抗體或抗體部位組合使用之風濕性關節炎治療劑之非限制性實例包含下列:非固醇消炎劑(NSAIDs);細胞素抑制消炎劑(CSAIDs);CDp-571/BAY-10-3356(人類化之抗-TNFα抗體;Celltech/Bayer;cA2(趨化性抗-TNFα抗體Centocor);75 kdTNFR-IgG(75 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Immunex;參見例如Arthritis & Rheumatism(1994)卷37
,S295;J.Invest.Med.(1996)卷44
,235A);55 kdTNFR-IgG(55 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Hoffmann-LaRoche);IDEC-CE9.1/SB 210396(非刪失之靈長類化抗-CD4抗體;IDEC/SmithKline;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1995)卷38
,S185);DAB 486-IL-2及/或DBA 389-IL-2(IL-2融合蛋白質;Seragen;參見例如Arthritis & Rheumatism(1993)卷36
,1223);抗-Tac(人類化抗-IL-2Rα;Protein Design Labs/Roche);IL-4(消炎性細胞素;DNAX/Schering);IL-10(SCH 52000;重組IL-10、消炎性細胞素;DNAX/Schering);IL-4;IL-10及/或IL-4促效劑(如促效劑抗體);IL-1RA(IL-1受體拮抗劑;Synergen/Amgen);TNF-bp/s-TNFR(可溶TNF結合蛋白質,例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版)S284;Amer.J.Physiol.-Heart and Circulatory Physiology(1995)卷268
第37-42頁);R973401(磷酸二酯酶IV型抑制劑;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S282);MK-966(COX-2抑制劑;例
如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S81);Iloprost(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S82);胺甲喋呤;酞胺哌啶酮(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S282)及酞胺哌啶酮相關藥物(如瑟忍(Celgen));列氟醯胺(leflunomide)(消炎及細胞素抑制劑,例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S131;Inflammation Research(1996)卷45
,第103-107頁);凝血酸(血漿原活化之抑制劑;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S284);T-614(細胞素抑制劑;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S282);前列腺素E1(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S282);坦尼譜(Tenidap)(非固醇消炎藥;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S280);納譜森(Naproxen)(非固醇消炎藥;例如參見Neuro Report(1996)卷7
,第1209-1213頁);美羅希肯(Meloxicam)(非固醇消炎藥);布普分(Ibuprofen)(非固醇消炎藥);匹羅希肯(Piroxicam)(非固醇消炎藥);代氯分(Diclofenac)(非固醇消炎藥);消炎痛(Indomethacin)(非固醇消炎藥);舒法沙井(Sulfasalazine)(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S281);氮硫雜嘌呤(Azathioprine)(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S281);ICE抑制劑(酵素介
白素-1β轉化酵素);zap-70及/或lck抑制劑(酪胺酸激酶zap-70或lck之抑制劑);VEGF抑制劑及/或VEGF-R抑制劑(脈管內皮細胞生長因子或脈管內皮細胞生長因子受體;血管形成之抑制劑);皮質甾類消炎藥(如SB203580);TNF-轉化酶抑制劑;抗-IL-12抗體;介白素-11(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S296);介白素-13(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S308);介白素-17抑制劑(例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1996)卷39
,第9期(增補版),S120);金;青黴胺;氯喹啉;羥基氯喹啉;氯丁酸氮芥;環磷醯胺;環孢素;總淋巴樣放射;抗-胸腺細胞球蛋白;抗-CD4抗體;CD5-毒素;口服投藥之肽及膠原;羅本查特二鈉(lobenzarit disodium);細胞素調節劑(CRAs)HP228及HP466(Houghten醫藥公司);ICAM-1反意硫代磷酸酯寡去氧核苷酸(ISIS 2302;Isis醫藥公司);可溶互補受體1(TP10;T細胞科學公司);潘迪松(prednisone);歐葛汀(orgotein);葡萄糖胺聚糖聚硫酸鹽;二甲胺四環素;抗-IL2R抗體;老鼠及植物脂質(魚及植物種子脂肪酸;參見例如DeLuca等人(1995)Rheum.Dis.Clin.North Am.21
:759-777);金褐素(auranofin);苯基丁腙;甲氯滅酸;氟滅酸;靜脈內免疫球蛋白;利魯酮(zileuton);霉酚酸(RS-61443);塔羅母(tacrolimus)(FK-506);希羅母(sirolimus)(雷帕黴素(rapamycin));胺比糖(amiprilose)(色拉非汀(therafectin));羅代濱(cladribine)(2-
氯去氧腺苷);及氮魯濱(azaribine)。
與本發明抗體或抗體部位組合使用之發炎性腸疾病之治療劑非限制性實例包含下列:不丹苷(budenoside);表皮生長因子;皮質甾類;環孢素;舒法沙井;胺基水楊酸酯;6-氫硫基嘌呤;氮硫雜嘌呤;滅滴靈(metronidazole);脂氧酶抑制劑;美沙胺(mesalamine);歐沙井(olsalazine);貝沙井(balsalazide);抗氧化劑;凝血萼烷抑制劑;IL-1受體拮抗劑;抗-IL-1β單株抗體;抗-IL-6單株抗體;生長因子;彈性酶抑制劑;吡啶基咪唑化合物;CDP-571/BAY-10-3356(人類化抗-TNFα抗體;Celltech/Bayer;cA2(趨化性抗-TNFα抗體Centocor);75kdTNFR-IgG(75 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Immunex;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1994)卷37
,S295;J.Invest.Med.(1996)卷44
,235A);55 kdTNFR-IgG(55 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Hoffmann-LaRoche);介白素-10(SCH 52000;Schering Plough);IL-4;IL-10及/或IL-4促效劑(如促效劑抗體);介白素-11;潘尼松、地塞米松(dexamethasone)或不丹苷之葡糖醛酸苷-或葡聚糖-共軛前藥;ICAM-1反意硫代磷酸酯寡去氧核苷酸(ISIS 2302;Isis醫藥公司);可溶互補受體1(TP10;T細胞科學公司);低釋放之美沙井;氨甲喋呤;血小板活化因子(PAF)之拮抗劑;希譜氟辛(ciprofloxacin);及利多卡因(lignocaine)。
可與本發明抗體或抗體部位組合之多發性硬化之治療劑
非限制實例包含下列:皮質甾類;潘尼松;甲基去氫潘尼松;氮硫雜嘌呤;環磷醯胺;環孢素;氨甲喋呤;4-胺基吡啶;替呫啶(tizanidine);干擾素-β1a(AvonexTM
;Biogen);干擾素-β1b(BetaseronTM
;Chiron/Berlex);共聚物1(Cop-1;CopaxoneTM
;Teva醫藥公司);高比重氧;靜脈內免疫球蛋白;羅比濱(clabribine);CDP-571/BAY-10-3356(人類化抗-TNFα抗體;Celltech/Bayer);cA2(嵌合抗-TNFα抗體;Centocor);75 kdTNFR-IgG(75 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Immunex;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1994)卷37
,S295;J.Invest.Med.(1996)卷44
,235A);55 kdTNFR-IgG(55 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Hoffmann-LaRoche);IL-10;IL-4;及IL-10及/或IL-4促效劑(如促效劑抗體)。
可與本發明抗體或抗體部位組合之敗血症之治療劑非限制實例包含下列:高等張食鹽溶液;抗生素;靜脈內γ球蛋白;連續血液過濾;卡巴配寧(carbapenems)(如美羅配寧(meropenem));細胞素之拮抗劑如TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6及/或IL-8;CDP-571/BAY-10-3356(人類化抗-TNFα抗體;Celltech/Bayer);cA2(嵌合抗-TNFα抗體;Centocor);75 kdTNFR-IgG(75 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Immunex;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1994)卷37
,S295;J.Invest.Med.(1996)卷44
,235A);55 kdTNFR-IgG(55 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Hoffmann-LaRoche);細胞素調節劑(CRAs)HP228及HP466
(Houghten醫藥公司);SK&F 107647(低分子肽;SmithKline Beecham);四價胍基腙CNI-1493(Picower協會);組織因子路徑抑制劑(TFPI;Chiron);PHP(化學修飾之紅血球素;APEX Bioscience);鐵螯合劑及螯合物,包含二伸乙基三胺五乙酸-鐵(III)錯合物(DTPA鐵(III);Molichem醫藥);溶胞菲琳(lisofylline)(合成小分子甲基黃嘌呤;細胞治療公司);PGG-葡聚糖(水性可溶β1,3-葡聚糖;Alpha-Beta技術公司);以脂質再構成之載脂蛋白A-1;對掌性羥肟酸(合成抗菌劑可抑制脂質A生合成);抗-內毒素抗體;E5531(合成脂質A拮抗劑;美國Eisai公司);rBPI21
(人類殺菌/增加滲透性蛋白質之重組N-端片段);及合成抗-內毒素肽(SAEP;BioYnth研究實驗室)。
可與本發明抗體或抗體部位組合之成人呼吸道窘迫徵候群之治療劑非限制實例包含下列:抗-IL-8抗體;界面活性劑置換療法;CDP-571/BAY-10-3356(人類化抗-TNFα抗體;Celltech/Bayer);cA2(嵌合抗-TNFα抗體;Centocor);75 kdTNFR-IgG(75 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Immunex;例如參見Arthritis & Rheumatism(1994)卷37
,S295;J.Invest.Med.(1996)卷44
,235A);及55 kdTNFR-IgG(55 kD TNF受體-IgG融合蛋白質;Hoffmann-LaRoche)。
本發明組合物可包含「治療有效量」或「預防有效量」之本發明抗體或抗體部位。「治療有效量」代表在投藥及所需期間內可有效達成所需治療結果之量。抗體或抗體部
位之治療有效量可依據數種因素而定,如個體疾病狀態、年齡、性別及體重,及抗體或抗體部位於個體誘出所需反應之能力。治療有效量亦可為抗體或抗體部位之治療效益效果高於任何毒性或有害效果者。「預防有效量」代表在投藥及所需期間內可有效達成所需預防結果之量。典型上,由於預防劑量係在疾病早期階段用於個體,因此預防有效量將小於治療有效量。
投藥療程可調整至提供最佳之所需反應(如治療或預防反應)。例如,可投予單一丸粒,某時段內可投予數次分開劑量,或劑量可成比例地降低或增加,由治療立場之急迫性所示。調配單位劑型之非經腸道組合物就易於投藥及劑量均勻性而言特別有利。本文所用單位劑型代表對欲治療哺乳類個體以單位劑量物理性分隔之單位;各單位含有計算可產生所需治療效果之預訂量之活性化合物以及所需醫藥載體。本發明單位劑型規格受令於及直接與下列相關:(a)活性化合物獨特徵及欲達成之特定治療或預防效果,及(b)混合此活性化合物供治療個體感應性之領域中固有之限制。
治療或預防有效量之本發明抗體或抗體部位之例舉非限制性範圍為10-100毫克,更好20-80毫克,且最好40毫克。需注意劑量質可隨欲舒緩之病況類型及嚴重性而異。又需了解對任何特定個體而言,特定劑量療程需依據個體需求及投予或監視組合物投藥者之專業判斷隨時間加以調整,且本文所述劑量範圍僅為例舉而非用以限制本發明範圍或
操作。
假定其結合至hTNFα之能力,則本發明抗-hTNFα抗體或其部位可使用習知免疫分析法如酵素鍵聯之免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)、放射免疫分析法(RIA)或組織免疫組織化學法偵測hTNFα(如於生物樣品如血清或血漿中)。本發明提供一種於生物樣品中偵測hTNFα之方法,包括使生物樣品與本發明抗體或其抗體部位接觸及偵測結合至hTNFα之抗體(或抗體部位)或未結合之抗體(或抗體部位)。該抗體直接或間接以可偵測物質標記以加速偵測該結合或未結合抗體。適宜之可偵測物質包含各種酵素、輔基、螢光物、發光物及放射活性物。適宜之酵素實例包含辣根過氧酶、鹼性磷酸酶、β-半乳糖苷酶或乙醯基膽鹼酶;適宜輔基錯合物實例包含鏈酶肽/生物素及卵白素/生物素;適宜螢光物實例包含繖形花內酯、螢光素、螢光素異硫代氰酸酯、鹼性蕊香紅、二氯三井基胺螢光素、5-二甲胺-1-萘磺醯氯或藻膽赤癬素;發光物實例包含發光醇(luminol);及適宜放射活性物實例包含125
I、131
I、35
S或3
H。
此外標記該抗體,hTNFα可於生物流體中利用以可偵測物質標記之rhTNFα物質及未標記抗-hTNFα抗體藉競爭性免疫分析進行分析。此分析中,生物樣品、標記之rhTNFα標準及抗-hTNFα抗體可混合及測定結合至未標記抗體之經標記rhTNFα標準之量。生物樣品中hTNFα量與結合至抗-hTNFα抗體之經標記hTNFα標準之量成反比。
本發明之D2E7抗體亦可用以偵測得自人類以外之敗血病之TNFαs,尤其得自靈長類(如黑猩猩、狒狒、小猿、小狒狒及恆河猴)、豬及老鼠,因為D2E7可結合至各該等TNFαs。
本發明抗體及抗體部位可於體外及體內中和hTNFα活性(參見USP 6,090,382)。再者,至少有些本發明抗體如D2E7可中和得自其他物種之hTNFα活性。據此,本發明之抗體及抗體部位可用於例如含hTNFα之細胞培養物、人類個體或具有可與本發明抗體交叉反應之TNFαs之其他哺乳類個體(如黑猩猩、狒狒、小猿、小狒狒、恆河猴、豬及老鼠)中抑制hTNFα活性。一具體例中,本發明提供一種抑制TNFα活性之方法,包括使TNFα與本發明抗體或抗體部位接觸因而抑制TNFα活性。較好,該TNFα為人類TNFα。例如於含有或懸浮有TNFα之細胞培養物中,可添加本發明抗體或抗體部位至培養物培養基中以於培養物中抑制hTNFα活性。
較佳具體例中,本發明提供一種治療其中投予抗-TNFα抗體為有效益之失調之方法,包括對個體雙週皮下投予本發明抗體或抗體部位因而治療該失調。特佳具體例中,抗體係以雙週方式皮下投予。另一特佳具體例中,抗體係在氨甲喋呤投予前、期間或之後皮下投予。較好,個體為人類個體。或者,個體可為具有可與本發明抗體交叉反應之TNFα之哺乳類。又其他個體可為哺乳類其中已導入hTNFα(如藉投予hTNFα或表現hTNFα基因轉移)。本發明
抗體可對人類個體投藥供治療目的(如前述討論)。再者,本發明抗體可對具有可與本發明抗體交叉反應之TNFα之非人類哺乳類(如靈長類、豬或老鼠)投藥供獸醫目的或作為人類疾病之動物模型。有關後者,此動物模型可用以評估本發明抗體之治療效果(如測試劑量及投藥時間過程)。
本文所用之「其中投予抗-TNFα抗體有效益之失調」欲包含疾病及其他失調,其中患有該失調之個體中存在有TNFα已顯示或預期可負責該失調之病理或造成失調惡化之因素或已顯示其他抗-TNFα抗體或其生物活性部位已成功用以治療該疾病者。據此,其中TNFα活性有害之失調為其中抑制TNFα預期可舒緩該失調之病徵及/或發展。此失調可由例如患有該失調之個體之生物流體中TNFα濃度增加(如個體之血清、血漿、滑膜液等)加以證明,其可使用例如上述之抗-TNFα抗體偵測。其中TNFα活性有害之失調實例有數種。本發明抗體及抗體部位在治療特定疾病之用途進一步討論如下:
A.敗血症
腫瘤壞死因子於敗血症病理學上已建立某種角色,而生物效果包含低血壓、心肌抑鬱、血管滲漏徵候群、器官壞死、毒性次要調節物釋出之刺激作用及凝血塊級聯之活化作用(例如參見Tracey,K.J.及Cerami,A.(1994)Annu.Rev.Med.45
:491-503;Russell,D及Thompson,R.C.(1993)Curr.Opin.Biotech.4
:714-721)。據此,本發明之人類抗體及抗體部位可用以治療任何臨床設定之敗血症,包含敗
血性休克、內毒性休克、革蘭氏陰性敗血症及毒性休克徵候群。
再者,為了治療敗血症,本發明之抗-hTNFα抗體或抗體部位可與一或多種其他可舒緩敗血症之其他治療劑共同投藥,如介白素-1抑制劑(如PCT公告號WO 92/16221及WO 92/17583所述者)、細胞素介白素-6(例如參見PCT公告號WO 93/11793)或血小板活化因子拮抗劑(例如參見歐洲專利申請公告EP 374 510)。
此外,較佳具體例中,本發明之抗-TNFα或抗體部位係對人類個體投藥,其內敗血症病患之次組群在治療時IL-6之血清或血漿濃度高於500 pg/毫升,且更好1000 pg/毫升(參見Daum,L等人之PCT公告號WO 95/20978)。
B.自動免疫疾病
腫瘤壞死因子與各種自動免疫疾病之病理中扮演角色有關聯。例如TNFα與活化組織發炎及引起風濕性關節炎之關節破壞有關聯(參見例如Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻;Arend,W.P.及Dayer,J-M.(1995)Arth.Rheum.38
:151-160;Fava,R.A.,等人(1993)Clin.Exp.Immunol.94
:261-266)。TNFα與促進島狀細胞死亡及調節糖尿病胰島素抗性具有關聯(參見例如Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻;PCT公告號WO 94/08609)。TNFα亦與調節對少突神經膠質細胞之細胞毒性及於多發性硬化中誘發發炎噬菌斑有關聯(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻)。嵌入及人類化老鼠抗-hTNFα抗體已經歷治療風濕性關節炎之臨床測試(例
如參見Elliott,M.J.,等人(1994)Lancet344
:1125-1127;Elliot,M.J.,等人(1994)Lancet344
:1105-1110;Rankin,E.C.,等人(1995)Br.J.Rheumatol.34
:334-342)。
本發明之人類抗體及抗體部位可用以治療自動免疫疾病,尤其與發炎有關者,包含風濕性關節炎、風濕性脊椎炎、骨關節炎及痛風關節炎、過敏、多發性硬化、自動免疫糖尿病、自動免疫葡萄膜炎及腎病徵候群。典型上,該抗體或抗體部位係全身性投藥,但對某些失調而言,在發炎部位局部投予抗體或抗體部位可能具有效益(如於風濕性關節炎之關節局部投予或對糖尿病潰瘍局部施用,可單獨或與PCT公告號WO 93/19751所述之環亞環己基衍生物一起投藥)。
C.感染疾病
腫瘤壞死因子與調節各種感染疾病中所見之生理效果有關聯。例如TNFα與調節瘧疾中之腦發炎及毛細血管栓塞及梗塞有關聯(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻)。TNFα亦與調節腦發炎有關聯,包含腦膜炎之血液-腦障壁破裂、制約敗血性休克徵候群及活化靜脈梗塞(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻)。TNFα亦與包含惡質病、後天免疫缺乏徵候群(AIDS)中刺激病毒增殖及調節中樞神經系統損傷有關聯(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻)。據此,本發明抗體及抗體部位可用以治療感染疾病,包含細菌腦膜炎(例如參見歐洲專利公告號EP 585 705)、腦瘧疾、AIDS及AIDS-相關併發症(ARC)(例如參見歐洲專利公
告號EP 230 574)以及對移植之次要巨細胞病毒感染(例如參見Fietze,E.,等人(1994)移植58:675-680)。本發明抗體及抗體部位亦可用以舒緩感染疾病有關之徵候群,包含因感染(如流行性感冒)引起之發燒及肌痛及感染續發之惡質病(如續發性AIDS或ARC)。
D.移植
腫瘤壞死因子與作為移植排斥及移植物對宿主疾病(GVHD)之主要調節物有關聯及與當有關抗T細胞受體CD3錯合物之大鼠抗體OKT3用以抑制腎移植排斥時所見之不利反應之調節有關(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻;Eason,J.D.,等人(1995)移植59
:300-305;Suthanthiran,M.及Strom,T.B.,(1994)New Engl.J.Med.331
:365-375)。據此,本發明之抗體及抗體部位可用以抑制移植排斥,包含同體移植及異體移植及抑制GVHD。雖然該抗體或抗體部位可單獨使用,但更好與一或多種可抑制抗同體移植之免疫反應或抑制GVHD之其他藥物組合使用。例如,一具體例中,本發明抗體或抗體部位可與OKT3組合使用以抑制OKT3-誘發之反應。另一具體例中,本發明抗體或抗體部位與一或多種導向涉及調節免疫反應之其他標的之抗體組合使用,如細胞表面分子CD25(介白素-2受體-α)、CD11a(LFA-1)、CD54(ICAM-1)、CD4、CD45、CD28/CTLA4、CD80(B7-1)及/或CD86(B7-2)。又另一具體例中,本發明抗體或抗體部位係與一或多種一般免疫抑制劑如環孢素A或FK506組合使用。
E.惡性病
腫瘤壞死因子與惡性病中誘發惡質病、刺激腫瘤生長、增進遷移潛能及調節細胞毒性有關聯(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻)。據此,本發明抗體及抗體部位可用以治療惡性病以抑制腫瘤生長或遷移及/或舒緩惡性病續發之惡質病。該抗體或抗體部位可全身性或對腫瘤部位局部投藥。
F.肺失調
腫瘤壞死因子與成人呼吸窘迫徵候群之病理有關聯,包含刺激白血球-內皮細胞活化、對肺細胞導入細胞毒性及誘發血管滲漏徵候群(例如參見Tracey及Cerami,同上文獻)。據此,本發明抗體及抗體部位可用以治療各種肺失調,包含成人呼吸窘迫徵候群(例如參見PCT公告號WO 91/04054)、肺休克、慢性肺發炎疾病、肺類肉瘤、肺纖維化及矽土沉積。該抗體或抗體部位可全身性或對肺表面例如以氣溶膠局部投藥。
G.腸失調
腫瘤壞死因子與發炎性腸疾病之病理有關聯(例如參見Tracey,K.J.,等人(1986)Science234
:470-474;Sun,X-M.,等人(1988)J.Clin.Invest.81
:1328-1331;MacDonald,T.T.,等人(1990)Clin.Exp.Immunol.81
:301-305)。嵌入老鼠抗-hTNFα抗體已對科隆氏疾病進行臨床測試(van Dullemen,H.M.,等人(1995)腸胃學109
:129-135)。本發明人類抗體及抗體部位亦可用以治療腸失調如
特發性發炎性腸疾病,其包含兩種徵候群:科隆氏疾病及結腸潰瘍。
H.心臟失調
本發明抗體及抗體部位亦可用以治療各種心臟失調,包含心臟絕血(例如參見歐洲專利公告EP 453 898)及心臟不全(心臟肌肉變弱)(例如參見PCT公告號WO 94/20139)。
I.其他
本發明抗體及抗體部位亦可用以治療其中TNFα活性有害之各種其他失調。其中TNFα活性與病理有關且可使用本發明抗體或抗體部位治療之其他疾病及失調實例包含發炎性骨失調及骨再吸收疾病(例如參見Bertolini,D.R.,等人(1986)Nature319
:516-518;Konig,A.,等人(1988)J.Bone Miner.Res.3
:621-627;Lerner,U.H.及Ohlin,A.(1993)J.Bone Miner.Res.8
:147-155;及Shankar,G.及Stern,P.H.(1993)Bone14
:871-876)、肝炎包含醇性肝炎(例如參見McClain,C.J.及Cohen,D.A.(1989)肝病學9
:349-351;Felver,M.E.,等人(1990)Alcohol.Clin.Exp.Res.14
:255-259;及Hansen,J.,等人(1994)肝病學20
:461-474)及病毒性肝炎(Sheron,N.,等人(1991)肝病學期刊12:241-245;及Hussain,M.J.,等人(1994)J.Clin.Pathol.47
:1112-1115)、凝血干擾(例如參見van der Poll,T.,等人(1990)N.Engl.J.Med.322
:1622-1627;及van der Poll.T.等人(1991)Prog.Clin.Biol.Res.367
:55-60)、燒傷(例如參見Giroir,B.P.,等人(1994)Am.J.
Physiol.267
:H118-124;及Liu,X.S.,等人(1994)燒傷20
:40-44)、再灌注損傷(例如參見Scales,W.E.,等人(1994)Am.J.Physiol.267
:G1122-1127;Serrick,C.,等人(1994)移植58
:1158-1162;及Yao,Y.M.,等人(1995)Resucitation29
:157-168)、瘢瘤形成(例如參見McCauley,R.L.(1992)J.Clin.Immunol.12
:300-308)、瘢痕組織形成及發熱。
本發明藉下列實例進一步說明,其應不作為限制。本說明書中引述之所有參考文獻、專利及公告專利申請案均併於本文供參考。
D2E7皮下投藥後之效率
此研究中,患有RA之24位病患每週以劑量0.5毫克/公斤D2E7(n=18)或安慰劑(n=6)藉s.c.注射治療3個月。參與此研究之病患研究前平均病齡為10.1年而疾病指數(DAS)為4.87及平均3.4 DMARDs(疾病改質抗-風濕病藥物);再度反映相當之疾病活性。感應者持續以D2E7開放-標記處理,而對0.5毫克/公斤劑量無反應或對0.5毫克/公斤劑量失去DAS反應之病患在研究第12週增強劑量以s.c.注射1毫克/公斤。
第一組病患登記接受達60次注射且因此研究藥物接受60週。高達78%病患再治療第一週期間達到DAS及ACR20反應。以0.5毫克/公斤/週劑量皮下投予D2E7在12週可降低54%關節膨脹(SWJ)數、軟化關節數(TJC)61%及CRP為
39%(與基準線相較),而安慰劑組所有參數則增加。研究期間完成安慰劑對照後,病患繼續以持續效率治療14個月。該等結果因此顯示以0.5毫克/公斤/週劑量皮下投予D2E7可以良好局部容忍度安全地自我投藥。
D2E7及氨甲喋呤投藥
此研究中,除了其開始以(氨甲喋呤)MTX治療以外,以1毫克/公斤劑量s.c或i.v.投予安慰劑或D2E7。54位病患列入此研究及18位病患i.v.接受D2E7及s.c.接受安慰劑,18位病患i.v.接受安慰劑及s.c.接受D2E7及18位i.v.及s.c.接受安慰劑。病患僅在喪失其盲反應狀態後接受第二次劑量,不早於第一次投藥後4週。隨後,所有病患雙週s.c.注射D2E7接受開放標記。
此研究之研究人口統計特徵包含平均RA期間11.1年,暴露前平均3.6 DMARDs(非MTX)及研究列入時平均DAS4.81。第29天,72%之i.v.D2E7治療病患及44% s.c.D2E7治療病患已達到DAS標準之反應,係相較於僅28%安慰劑-治療病患(述於圖5)。此研究感應者中,28%安慰劑治療病患第29天維持ACR20反應,相較於72% i.v.-治療之D2E7病患及67% s.c.-治療之D2E7病患,其在1及3個月內維持其反應。
每週皮下投予D2E7
此研究列入284位RA病患且設計成測定皮下投予D2E7之最佳總人體劑量。病患每週隨機接受20、40或80毫克
D2E7或安慰劑共12週,隨後安慰劑治療之病患盲目地切換成40毫克D2E7/週。
約49%病患在20毫克達ACR20,55%病患在40毫克達ACR20及54%病患在80毫克達ACR20,僅10%接受安慰劑病患達ACR20(述於圖1A)。約23%病患在20毫克達ACR50,27%病患在40毫克達ACR50,及20%病患在80毫克達ACR50,及僅2%接受安慰劑病患達ACR50。該等數據說明皮下投予D2E7(尤其劑量40毫克/週)可產生良好反應。
雙週皮下投予D2E7
以數種劑量每隔週皮下(s.c.)注射安慰劑或D2E7歷時24週並繼續MTX治療而探討臨床效果、安全性、免疫原及對MTX潛在反應之RA病患之容忍度。
研究設計
於對MTX不足效率或容忍度之RA病患進行安慰劑-對照、雙盲、隨機、複中心研究。試驗期間,病患持續穩定之MTX劑量及劑量範圍在下述之特定涵括標準中。
此研究包含兩部分:1)投予第一次劑量藥物前4週「洗除期間」,該期間戒除DMARDs(MTX除外);及2)「安慰劑對照期間」,該期間病患隨機分成67位病患之1/4接受20、40或80毫克D2E7(總人體劑量)每隔週s.c.投予達24週。各研究藥物劑量以各1.6毫升兩次s.c.注射投藥。病患之第一次劑量由醫藥人員投藥作為病患訓練之一部分。隨
後劑量則在第一個4週內在專業人員直接監視下由參與研究之病患自我投藥。隨後,劑量在研究位置以外之處由病患、病患指定之受訓人員或由醫藥人員投予。4或5週之投藥在各臨床評估後分配。於研究之第1、2、3、4、6、8、12、16、20及24週連續檢視病患,而關節檢視則藉不明評估者進行,與治療醫師無關。
此研究列入271位RA病患。研究人口為北美中度至嚴重RA人口之代表:約70%女性及大部分年齡超過40。使用預定包含及排除標準選擇人口(為熟知本技藝悉知者),如病患需接受RA診斷,如1987-重定之美國大學風濕學(ACR)標準(述於附錄A)。
結果
圖1B及圖2-4顯示與胺甲喋呤皮下雙週投予D2E7在24週後降低RA訊號及病徵方面明顯優於安慰劑。所有3種D2E7劑量效果統計上明顯優於每週投予安慰劑。再者,40毫克及80毫克D2E7比20毫克劑量有更優異效果。
熟知本技藝者將明瞭或可使用一種以上之例行實驗探究本發明所述之特定具體例之許多等效物。此等效物欲包含於本發明申請專利範圍內。
RA之ACR定義
1987年對風濕性關節炎(RA)之分類樹標準及功能
.若病患包含於表7所列之5RA次組群且尤其醫師臨床診斷為RA則稱該病患患有RA。標準1、2及3需持續至少6週。
Arthritis & Rheumatism,卷31,第3期(1988年3月)
圖1A及圖IB顯示患有風濕性關節炎(RA)之病患每週以抗體D2E7皮下投藥共12週(1A)或每隔週以抗體D2E7及氨甲喋呤皮下投藥共24週(1B)後之美國大學風濕學20(ACR20)及ACR50反應。該等數據顯示每隔週投藥如同每週投藥般有效。
圖2顯示患有RA之病患以每隔週皮下投予抗體D2E7及氨
甲喋呤後24週之ACR20、ACR50及ACR70反應。
圖3A及圖3B顯示患有RA之病患在每隔週皮下投予D2E7及氨甲喋呤後24週之柔弱關節計數(3A)及膨脹之關節計數(3B)在24週內之經時過程。
圖4顯示患有RA之病患在每隔週皮下投予D2E7及氨甲喋呤後24週之短期健康檢視結果(SF-36)。RP,生理角色;PF,生理功能;BP,肉體疼痛;GH,一般健康;V,元氣;SF,社會功能;RE,情緒角色;及ME,情緒健康。
圖5顯示對患有RA之病患單一靜脈內注射抗體D2E7及氨甲喋呤後之ACR反應者之百分比。
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Claims (4)
- 一種醫藥組合物之用途,其係用於製備治療科隆氏疾病之藥物,其中該藥物係每13至15天皮下投藥一次以治療該疾病,且其中該醫藥組合物包含40毫克劑量之人類抗-TNF α抗體,其中該人類抗-TNF α抗體包含IgG1重質鏈恆定區域;可變輕質鏈(VL )區域,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:7所示胺基酸序列之CDR1、具有SEQ ID NO:5所示胺基酸序列之CDR2及具有SEQ ID NO:3所示胺基酸序列之CDR3;及可變重質鏈(VH )區域,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:8所示胺基酸序列之CDR1、具有SEQ ID NO:6所示胺基酸序列之CDR2及具有SEQ ID NO:4所示胺基酸序列之CDR3。
- 一種醫藥組合物之用途,其係用於製備治療結腸潰瘍之藥物,其中該藥物係每13至15天皮下投藥一次以治療該疾病,且其中該醫藥組合物包含40毫克劑量之人類抗-TNF α抗體,其中該人類抗-TNF α抗體包含IgG1重質鏈恆定區域;可變輕質鏈(VL )區域,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:7所示胺基酸序列之CDR1、具有SEQ ID NO:5所示胺基酸序列之CDR2及具有SEQ ID NO:3所示胺基酸序列之CDR3;及可變重質鏈(VH )區域,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:8所示胺基酸序列之CDR1、具有SEQ ID NO:6所示胺基酸序列之CDR2及具有SEQ ID NO:4所示胺基酸序列之CDR3。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之用途,其中該人類抗-TNF α 抗體之VL 區域具有SEQ ID NO:1之胺基酸序列及該人類抗-TNF α抗體之VH 區域具有SEQ ID NO:2之胺基酸序列。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之用途,其中該藥物係投與至對嵌合或人類化抗-TNF α抗體具有不欲免疫反應之個體。
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