JP5503287B2 - 固体電極 - Google Patents
固体電極 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5503287B2 JP5503287B2 JP2009527217A JP2009527217A JP5503287B2 JP 5503287 B2 JP5503287 B2 JP 5503287B2 JP 2009527217 A JP2009527217 A JP 2009527217A JP 2009527217 A JP2009527217 A JP 2009527217A JP 5503287 B2 JP5503287 B2 JP 5503287B2
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- ZOCHARZZJNPSEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron Chemical compound B#B ZOCHARZZJNPSEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N norethisterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@@H]2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@](CC4)(O)C#C)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
- C25B11/043—Carbon, e.g. diamond or graphene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46128—Bipolar electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
- C02F2001/46147—Diamond coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/34—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32
- C02F2103/343—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32 from the pharmaceutical industry, e.g. containing antibiotics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
Description
a)体積1mm3中のドーパント原子の濃度と他の体積1mm3中のドーパント原子の濃度との差が50%を超えない、という特徴と、
b)電極の厚さ方向のドーピングの一様性は、その厚さ分を通してほぼ一様な間隔で並ぶ少なくとも5つの点でSIMSにより測定されたときに、最大ドーパント濃度が平均値の約150%未満となり、最小ドーパント濃度が平均値の約50%を超えるような一様性である、という特徴と、
c)厚さの範囲は0.2mmから5mmまでである、という特徴と、
d)少なくとも1つの側方寸法は少なくとも10mmである、という特徴と、
e)表面積は少なくとも10cm2である、という特徴のうちの少なくとも1つの特徴を有する。
R=V/I
を使用して表面抵抗を測定することができるが、ただし、Vは、2つの測定点の間の電圧差であり、Iは、2つの測定点の間に強制的に流された電流である。
ρ=Rπt/ln2
を使用して双極電極の電気的抵抗率を計算することができるが、ただし、tは、cmを単位とする双極電極の厚さであり、Rは、Ωを単位とする上で定義されているように決定された抵抗であり、抵抗率ρは、Ωcmを単位とする。
CnHaObNc+dCr2O7 2−+(8d+c)H+→nCO2+(a+8d−3c)/2H2O+cNH4 ++2dCr3+
で例示されているように、酸性溶液中の二クロム酸塩を使用して化学的に酸化されうる廃液中の有機材料及び易酸化性無機材料の酸素当量の尺度であるが、ただし、d=(2n/3)+(a/6)−(b/3)−(c/2)である。
効率=(1Ahで破壊されるmg COD)/298.5
として定義することができる。
後述の方法を使用して11個の電極が作製された。放電加工によりより大きなブランクから直径140mm及び厚さ9.2mmの高純度の高融点金属基材が作製された。高融点金属円板の表面は、0.5μmから2μmまでの範囲の表面粗さ(表面のRaにより定義されているような)になるように粗研磨された。次いでこの高融点金属円板は、溶媒を使用して徹底的に洗浄された。ダイヤモンド堆積前に高融点金属基材をシーティングするために、プロパン−2−オール中に懸濁している2μmから4μmのダイヤモンド粉末を使用する超音波シーディングが使用された。
A=厚さ(μm)
B=抵抗(mΩ)
C=抵抗率(Ωcm)。
実施例1によって製作された5つの電極は、反応炉内の自己バイアス双極電極として使用された。これらに電気的接続が行えるように適合された2つの類似の電極が、セル内の終端アノード及びカソードとして使用された。双極電極は、反応炉のハウジング内に嵌め込まれたポリメタクリル酸メチル(「アクリル」とも呼ばれる)のホルダ内に装着された。アノード及びカソードは、電解される液体に電気的接続部が曝されないよう防ぐために柔らかいポリマー(シリコーン)シールを備える少し異なるホルダ内に取り付けられた。これらのホルダにより、電極の間隔を約20mmに維持することができる。電気化学セルは、反応炉内にアノード、カソード、及び5つの双極電極で構成された。隣接する電極のそれぞれの対の間に必要な電位差は、約5Vであり、そこで、アノード及びカソードは、約30Vの電圧の大電流を供給できる直流(DC)電源に接続された。動作中、セルは、約75Aの総電流と同等の、約0.5A/cm2の電流密度で稼動した。
一連の21個の直径138mmのホウ素ドープダイヤモンド電極が、実施例1で説明されているように作製された。電極は、セルが5個ではなく21個の双極電極を含んでいることを除き実施例2で使用されたのと類似の反応炉で使用される。反応炉は、さらに、前の実施例のようにアノード及びカソードを備えていた。流れのパターンは、並流パターンであった。
HPO3 2−→PO43−
に従って、亜リン酸イオンをリン酸イオンに酸化するが、これはその後沈殿されうる。
3個の直径138mmのホウ素ドープダイヤモンド電極が、実施例1で説明されているように作製された。電極は、反応炉が5個ではなく3個の双極電極を含んでいることを除き実施例2と類似の反応炉で使用された。流れのパターンは、電極間ギャップが3mmである並流パターンであった。
Claims (1)
- アノードとカソードと少なくとも10cm2の面積を有する第1及び第2の主要作業面がそれらの間に配置されている少なくとも1つの平面状円板であり、0.2mmから2mmまでの範囲内の厚さを有し、かつ0.2×106Ah/m2以上の稼働寿命を有する双極電極とを備える反応炉であって、前記少なくとも1つの双極電極は、ダイヤモンドからなり、前記ダイヤモンドはドーパントを含んで導電性を有し、0.005Ωcmから0.50Ωcmまでの範囲内の電気抵抗率を有し、前記ドーパントは、いかなる体積1mm3中のドーパント原子の濃度と他のいかなる体積1mm3中のドーパント原子の濃度との差も50%を超えないように、前記ダイヤモンド双極電極全体にわたって一様に分散され、前記主要作業面のうちの少なくとも1つの作業面の領域内の深さ50nmまでの前記ドーパントの平均濃度は、少なくとも8×1019原子/cm3であり、かつ、前記電極のうち、いずれの2つの隣接する電極の間の分離距離も、該電極の1つの面に対する法線方向で測定して、30%を超えて異ならない、上記反応炉。
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GB0703083A GB0703083D0 (en) | 2007-02-16 | 2007-02-16 | Solid electrode |
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