CN101341709B - 用于正交频分无线通信系统的导频信号传输 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供用于从移动台或基站进行传输的导频系统的多个传输模式。依据所述移动台与所述基站之间的信道的频率选择性及/或时间选择性来选择适当模式。所述选定模式允许改进所述导频符号的接收。此外,可将扰乱码应用于所述模式,以减少相同频率上和相同时隙中不同移动台的干扰及/或偏差。
Description
技术领域
本文献大体上涉及无线通信且尤其涉及正交频分无线通信系统中的导频信息传输。
背景技术
正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统利用正交频分多路复用(OFDM)。OFDM为将整个系统带宽分割为多个(N个)正交频率副载波的多载波调制技术。这些副载波还可称作音调(tone)、频率组(bin)及频率信道。可用数据来调制每一副载波。在每一OFDM符号周期中可在N个全部副载波上发送多达N个调制符号。通过N点快速傅立叶逆变换(IFFT)将这些调制符号转换到时域,以产生含有N个时域码片或样本的经变换的符号。
在跳频通信系统中,数据以不同时间间隔(可称作″跳频周期″)在不同频率副载波上传输。这些频率副载波可由正交频分多路复用、其它多载波调制技术或某些其它建构来提供。使用跳频,数据传输以伪随机方式在副载波之间跳频。此跳频提供频率分集并允许数据传输更佳地耐受有害路径效应,例如窄带干扰、拥塞、衰落等等。
OFDMA系统可同时支持多个移动台。对于跳频OFDMA系统来说,用于给定移动台的数据传输可在与特定跳频(FH)序列相关联的″业务″信道上发送。此FH序列指示每一跳频周期中用于数据传输的特定副载波。用于多个移动台的多个数据传输可在与不同FH序列相关联的多个业务信道上同时发送。可将这些FH序列定义为彼此正交,使得仅一个业务信道且因此仅一个数据传输在每一跳频周期中使用每一副载波。通过使用正交FH序列,多个数据传输通常在享有频率分集的益处的同时不会彼此干扰。
通常需要对发射器与接收器之间的无线信道的精确估计以便恢复经由所述无线信道发送的数据。信道估计通常通过从发射器发送导频并在接收器处测量所述导频来执行。导频信号由导频符号构成,所述导频符号是发射器及接收器事先已知的。因此接收器可基于所接收的符号及已知符号来估计信道响应。
从任一特定移动台到基站的每一传输的部分(通常称作″反向链路″传输)在一跳频周期期间经分配以传输导频符号。通常,导频符号的数目确定信道估计的质量及因此的包错误率性能。然而,使用导频符号导致减小可实现的有效传输数据率。即,随着指派到导频信息的带宽越大,数据传输可用的带宽越小。
一个类型的FH-OFDMA系统为分块跳频系统,其中将多个移动台指派到连续的频率及符号周期群组。在所述系统中,重要的是,由于所述块具有可用于导频及数据传输的有限量的符号及音调,所以从移动台可靠地接收导频信息且同时减小分配到导频信息的带宽。
发明内容
在一实施例中,提供用于从移动台或基站传输的导频符号的导频符号模式。所述模式允许所传输的导频符号的改进的接收及解调。导频模式的选择可基于用户的频率选择性及频率选择性阈值。
在额外实施例中,提供用于在OFDM系统中在不具有来自在相同频率上且在相同时隙中的基站的同一扇区的不同移动台的干扰及/或偏差的情况下改进多路复用导频符号的能力的方案。
在另外实施例中,提供用于在OFDM系统中减小从在相同频率上且在相同时隙中的相邻小区中的不同移动台传输的导频符号的偏差或干扰的方案。
在其它实施例中,提供用于改变导频符号模式的方法。并且,在其它另外实施例中,提供用于产生导频符号的方法。
附图说明
本发明实施例的特征、性质和优点可从下文结合附图陈述的详细描述中变得更显而易见,在整个附图中相同参考符号相应标识,且其中:
图1说明根据一实施例的多址无线通信系统;
图2说明根据一实施例的多址无线通信系统的频谱分配方案;
图3A说明根据一实施例的导频指派方案的框图;
图3B说明根据另一实施例的导频指派方案的框图;
图3C-3E说明根据另外实施例的导频指派方案的框图;
图4A说明根据一实施例的导频符号扰乱方案;
图4B说明根据另一实施例的导频符号扰乱方案;
图5说明在根据一实施例的多址无线通信系统中的具有多个扇区的基站;
图6说明根据另一实施例的多址无线通信系统;
图7说明多输入多输出多址无线通信系统中的发射器系统及接收器系统的一实施例的框图;
图8说明根据一实施例的导频符号产生的方法的流程图;
图9说明根据一实施例的改变导频符号模式的方法的流程图;及
图10说明一导频模式选择的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
参看图1,其说明根据一实施例的多址无线通信系统。基站100包括每一者包括一个或一个以上天线的多个天线群组102、104及106。在图1中,仅为每一天线群组102、104及106展示一个天线,然而,多个天线可用于对应于基站100的一扇区的每一天线群组。移动台108与天线104通信,其中天线104经由前向链路114将信息传输到移动台108并经由反向链路112从移动台108接收信息。移动台110与天线106通信,其中天线106经由前向链路118将信息传输到移动台110并经由反向链路116从移动台110接收信息。
每一天线群组102、104及106及/或其中天线群组经设计以通信的区通常称作基站的扇区。在所述实施例中,天线群组102、104及106每一者经设计以与一扇区(分别为由基站100覆盖的区的扇区120、122及124)中的移动台通信。
基站可为用于与终端通信的固定站且还可称作接入点、节点B或某其它术语。移动台还可称作移动台、用户设备(UE)、无线通信装置、终端、接入终端或某其它术语。
参看图2,其说明用于多址无线通信系统的频谱分配方案。经由T个符号周期及S个频率副载波来分配多个OFDM符号200。每一OFDM符号200包含T个符号周期中的一个符号周期及S个副载波中的一音调或频率副载波。
在OFDM跳频系统中,可将一个或一个以上符号200指派到给定移动台。在如图2中所示的分配方案的实施例中,符号的一个或一个以上跳频区域(例如跳频区域202)分配到一移动台群组以经由反向链路来通信。在每一跳频区域内,可随机化符号的指派以减少潜在的干扰并提供对抗有害路径效应的频率分集。
每一跳频区域202包括指派到与基站的扇区通信的一个或一个以上移动台并指派到跳频区域的符号204。在其它实施例中,将每一跳频区域指派到一个或一个以上移动台。在每一跳频周期或帧期间,T个符号周期及S个副载波内的跳频区域202的位置根据跳频序列而变化。此外,用于跳频区域202内的个别移动台的符号204的指派可针对每一跳频周期而变化。
跳频序列可伪随机、随机或根据预定序列来选择用于每一跳频周期的跳频区域202的位置。用于同一基站的不同扇区的跳频序列经设计而彼此正交以避免在与同一基站通信的移动台之间的″小区内″的干扰。此外,用于每一基站的跳频序列可相对于用于附近基站的跳频序列伪随机。此可有助于随机化在与不同基站通信的移动台之间的″小区间″的干扰。
在反向链路通信的状况下,跳频区域202的符号204中的某些指派到从移动台传输到基站的导频符号。导频符号到符号204的指派应优选地支持空分多址(SDMA),其中可由于在扇区或基站处的多个接收天线而分离在同一跳频区域上重叠的不同移动台的信号(假设具有对应于不同移动台的空间特征的充分差异)。为更精确地提取并解调不同移动台的信号,应精确地估计相应反向链路信道。因此,可能需要反向链路上的导频符号能够区分在扇区内的每一接收天线处的不同移动台的导频特征,以随后将多天线处理应用于从不同移动台接收的导频符号。
视系统而定,块跳频可用于前向链路及反向链路两者或仅用于反向链路。应注意,尽管图2描绘具有七个符号周期的长度的跳频区域200,但跳频区域200的长度可为任意所要的量,且其大小可在跳频周期之间或在给定跳频周期中的不同跳频区域之间变化。
应注意,尽管关于利用块跳频来描述图2的实施例,但块的位置无需在连续跳频周期之间改变或根本无需改变。
参看图3A及图3B,其说明根据若干实施例的导频指派方案的框图。跳频区域300及320由T个符号周期、S个副载波或音调来界定。跳频区域300包括导频符号302且跳频区域320包括导频符号322,其中剩余符号周期及音调组合可用于数据符号及其它符号。在一实施例中,每一跳频区域的导频符号位置(即,经由NT个连续OFDM符号的一NS个连续音调群组)应具有位于接近跳频区域的边缘的导频音调。此通常是因为无线应用中的典型信道为时间及频率的相对缓慢函数,使得在时间及频率上跨越跳频区域的信道的一阶近似(例如一阶泰勒展开(Taylor expansion))提供关于足以估计给定移动台的信道的信道条件的信息。因此,优选估计来自移动台的符号的适当接收及解调的一对信道参数,即信道的常数分量(泰勒展开的零阶项)及跨越信道的时间及频率跨度的信道的线性分量(泰勒展开的一阶项)。通常,常数分量的估计精确度独立于导频放置。线性分量的估计精确度通常优选地以位于跳频区域的边缘处的导频音调来实现。
导频符号302及322布置于连续导频符号丛集304、306、308及310(图3A)以及324、326、328及330(图3B)中。在一实施例中,跳频区域内的每一丛集304、306、308及310(图3A)以及324、326、328及330(图3B)在给定跳频区域内具有固定数目且通常具有相同数目的导频符号。在一实施例中,连续导频符号的丛集304、306、308及310(图3A)以及324、326、328及330(图3B)的利用可考虑由起因于高多普勒(Doppler)及/或符号延迟扩展的载波间干扰引起的多个用户干扰的效应。此外,如果来自在同一跳频区域上调度的移动台的导频符号以大体不同的功率电平来接收,则较强移动台的信号可对较弱的移动台产生显著量的干扰。当泄漏由过量延迟扩展导致时(即,当超过OFDM符号的循环前缀的集中于接头上的信道能量的部分变得显著时),干扰量在跳频区域的边缘(例如副载波1及副载波S)处较高,且在边缘OFDM符号(例如符号周期1及T)处也较高。因此,如果导频符号独占地位于跳频区域的边缘处,则可存在信道估计精确度的降级及干扰估计的偏差。因此,如图3A及图3B中所示,将导频符号放置接近于跳频区域的边缘,然而应避免其中所有导频符号均处于跳频区域的边缘处的情形。
参看图3A,跳频区域300包含导频符号302。在信道具有显著频率选择性而非时间选择性的状况下,导频符号302位于连续导频符号丛集304、306、308及310中,其中每一导频符号丛集304、306、308及310跨越多个符号周期及一个频率音调。优选地将所述频率音调选择为接近跳频区域300的频率范围的边缘,然而并非恰好位于边缘处。在图3A中的实施例中,无给定丛集中的导频符号302位于边缘频率音调处且在每一丛集中仅导频符号可位于边缘符号周期处。
导频符号302的连续导频符号丛集的″水平″形状背后的一基本原理为,由于信道具有较高的频率选择性,所以一阶(线性)分量在频域中可比在时域中强。
应注意,在图3A的实施例中,每一丛集中的一个或一个以上导频符号可处于与不同丛集中的一个或一个以上导频符号不同的音调处。举例来说,丛集304可处于音调S处且丛集306可处于音调S-1处。
参看图3B,在信道具有显著的时间选择性而非频率选择性的状况下,导频符号322布置于每一者跨越多个频率音调但具有跳频区域320的相同符号周期的连续导频符号的丛集324、326、328及330中。由于存在处于跳频区域320的边缘处的导频符号322,所以可将在跳频区域320的边缘处的OFDM符号(那些具有定义S个副载波的频率范围的最大音调(例如音调S)或最小音调(例如音调1)的符号)包括为导频符号的部分。然而,在图3B中所示的实施例中,仅将每一丛集中的一导频符号指派到最大或最小频率副载波。
在图3B中所示的实施例中,具有较高时间选择性的信道可具有一典型模式,所述典型模式可通过将经选择用于具有较高频率选择性的信道的模式(图3A)旋转90°来获得。
应注意,在图3B的实施例中,可将每一丛集中的一个或一个以上导频符号指派到一与不同丛集中的一个或一个以上导频符号不同的符号周期。举例来说,丛集324可处于与丛集326不同的符号周期T处。
此外,如图3A及图3B的实施例中所述,提供导频模式,使得丛集304、306、308及310(图3A)以及324、326、328及330(图3B)优选地相对于跳频区域的中心而对称。丛集相对于跳频区域的中心的对称性可提供相对于信道的时间及频率响应的经改进的信道同时估计。
应注意,尽管图3A及图3B描绘了每个跳频区域四个导频符号丛集,但在每一跳频区域中可利用较少或较多数量的丛集。此外,还可改变每个导频符号丛集的导频符号的数目。导频符号及导频符号丛集的总数为基站成功地解调在反向链路上接收的数据符号并估计基站与移动台之间的信道所需的导频符号的数目的函数。并且,每一丛集无需具有相同数目的导频符号。在一实施例中,可经由单个跳频区域多路复用的移动台的数目可等于跳频区域中导频符号的数目。
此外,尽管图3A及图3B描绘经设计而用于具有频率选择性或时间选择性的信道的导频符号丛集,但所述导频模式可使得在相同导频模式中存在用于频率选择性信道的丛集以及用于时间选择性信道的丛集,例如布置于丛集304、306、308或310的模式中的某些丛集及布置于丛集324、326、328或330的模式中的某些丛集。
在某些实施例中,选择将利用的导频模式可基于正用于优化信道的条件。举例来说,对于可具有高速移动的(例如,车载的)移动台的信道,可优选时间选择性导频模式,而对于低速移动的(例如,行人的)移动台,可利用频率选择性导频模式。在其它实施例中,可基于信道条件来选择导频模式,在预定数目的跳频周期后作出确定。
参看图3C-3E,描绘额外导频模式。在图3C中,除存在较大数目的丛集(例如9个)且块的大小已改变外,块被描绘为具有类似于图3B的导频模式的导频模式。额外导频可用以改进信道估计特性。应注意,丛集及每个丛集的导频的数目可视用户的所测得速度而变化,例如较大速度的用户可比较小速度的用户具有较多丛集及/或每个丛集的较多导频。
在图3D中,包括一具有用于频率选择性条件的额外导频的导频模式。此可用于具有高度频率选择性的信道的用户,其在某些方面中可基于用户的延迟扩展估计来检测。对扇区或小区或用户会话信息的随着时间的信道统计用于计算小区、扇区或用户特定阈值以切换到具有额外导频的这些模式。所述额外导频可由于将归因于在(例如,移动用户或具有更较频率选择性的其它用户的)不同频率下的不同信道条件而变化的频率变化及多个路径而极其有用。
在图3E中,描绘用于传输多个层的多输入多输出(MIMO)移动台的导频丛集。每一发射天线(此处为四个)包括丛集中的导频符号。因此,如果利用少于全部的天线,则在每一丛集中可包括较少的导频。
参看图4A及图4B,其说明根据另外实施例的导频分配方案。在图4A中,跳频区域400包括布置于丛集402中的导频符号C1,q,、C2,q及C3,q;布置于丛集404中的C4,q、C5,q及C6,q;布置于丛集406中的C7,q、C8,q及C9,q;及布置于丛集408中的C10,q、C11,q及C12,q。在一实施例中,为改进其中多个移动台提供重叠导频符号的跳频区域中的空间分集,不同移动台的导频符号应在相同的OFDM符号周期及音调上以所述方式多路复用,使得所述导频符号当在基站的丛集的天线处被接收时大体上正交。
在图4A和4B中,所述导频符号C1,q、C2,q、C3,q、C4,q、C5,q、C6,q、C7,q、C8,q、C9,q、C10,q、C11,q及C12,q中的每一者从若干不同移动台分别指派到跳频区域400和420的多个移动台,即每一符号周期包括多个导频符号。导频符号丛集(例如,跳频区域400的丛集402、404、406及408和跳频区域420的丛集422、424、426和428)中的导频符号中的每一者以如下方式产生并传输,即丛集中的导频符号的接收器(例如基站)可接收导频符号以使得其相对于来自同一丛集中的每一其它移动台的导频符号而正交。此可通过应用预定相移(例如一标量函数)来进行以倍增构成由移动台中的每一者传输的导频符号的每一样本。为提供正交性,表示用于每一移动台的每一丛集中的标量函数的序列的向量内积可为零。
此外,在某些实施例中,优选地每一丛集的导频符号与跳频区域的每一其它丛集的导频符号正交。此可通过利用导频符号的每一丛集中的每一移动台的导频符号的标量函数的不同序列、以与提供用于来自不同移动台的每一丛集内的导频符号的正交性的方式相同的方式来提供。正交性的数学确定可通过为特定移动台的特定丛集的导频符号中的每一者选择标量倍数的一序列而进行,其向量相对于表示用于所有丛集中的其它移动台及其它丛集中的相同移动台的导频符号的所述序列的标量倍数的向量而正交(例如内积为零)。
在一实施例中,可支持的移动台的数目(其中提供跨越丛集中的每一者的导频符号的正交性)等于每个导频符号丛集提供的导频符号的数目。
在图4A及图4B的实施例中,Q个重叠用户中的第q-个(1≤q≤Q)用户使用大小为NP的序列S,其中NP为导频音调的总数(在图4A及图4B中,NP=12):
其中(T)表示含有所述序列的矩阵的转置。如上所述,导频符号的每一丛集中标量函数的序列对于不同移动台应不同,以便经由导频符号之间的干扰的减少来获得相应信道的一致估计。此外,所述序列应线性独立,因此优选地无序列或向量为剩余序列的线性组合。在数学上,此可被定义,因为Np×Q矩阵
S=[S1...SQ](2)
为满列秩。应注意,在上述矩阵表达式(2)中,Q≤NP。即,重叠移动台的数目不应超过跳频区域中的总导频符号的数目。
基于上文,具有满秩S的序列Q的任一组实现一致信道估计。然而,在其它实施例中,实际估计精确度可取决于S的相关性特性。在一实施例中,如可利用等式(1)所确定的,可在存在信道的状况下任意两个序列相互(准)正交时改进性能。在数学上,此条件可由下式定义:
其中Hk为对应于第k个导频符号的复合信道增益,1≤k≤NP。在时间及频率不变的信道中条件(3)降低到相互正交序列的要求:
为从一组典型信道实现任意可能的信道而增强此条件可能为不实际的。实际上,在信道展现出有限时间及频率选择性时可满足表达式(3),其为具有相对小的延迟扩展的行人信道的状况。然而所述条件对于车载信道及/或具有显著延迟扩展的信道可大体不同,从而引起性能降级。
如关于图3A及图3B所述,导频分配模式由经放置而接近跳频区域边缘的导频符号的数个丛集组成,其中每一丛集在时间(图3A)及/或频率(图3B)上连续。由于每一丛集内的信道变化因在时间及频率上导频符号的连续特性及在时间及频率上信道的连续性而通常为有限的,因此使不同序列在每一丛集上正交允许满足条件(3)。此解决方法的潜在缺陷为可在每一丛集上正交的重叠移动台的数目被限制于丛集的大小,此处表示为NC。在图4A及图4B中所示的实例中NC=3,且因此在所述实施例中可正交分离高达Q=3个移动台。实际上,在许多实际情形中相当小数目的Q是足够的。当Q>NC时,可能难以保持所有移动台在每个丛集上正交,因为可存在某符号间干扰。因此,近似正交可足够,其中如果Q>NC则时间及/或频率的性能损失改变信道。
在一实施例中,所述序列的标量函数S=[S1...SQ]的一组设计参数可由以下定义:
任意两个序列在导频符号的整个集合上正交,从而满足
后续群组的NC个序列使得一群组内的任意两个序列在导频的任意丛集上相互正交:
所有序列的所有元素Sk,q具有大体上相等的绝对值,例如近似为相同的功率。
其中MC表示大小为NC的丛集的总数,使得导频的数目Np=MCNC。
在一实施例中,使用指数函数来产生序列S=[S1...SQ],使得每个符号的相同能量由每一序列提供。此外,在此实施例中,通过(i)定义每一丛集内的指数序列及(ii)增加跨越丛集的丛集内的部分来使得所述群组的NC个序列可在每一丛集内相互正交而不管丛集大小,因为指数不限于特定倍数,且用于每一其它丛集的序列跨越所有导频符号。此在等式(7)中可见,其中可定义N×N离散傅立叶变换(DFT)的基础。
上述表达式(7)可以紧密块形式而写入如下:
其中<·>:,1:Q表示由原始矩阵的列1到Q所跨越的矩阵块。S的更一般的形式可通过下式给出:
其中U为任意NC×NC酉矩阵且V为任意MC×MC酉矩阵
在一实施例中,可支持的移动台的数目(其中提供跨越丛集的每一者的导频符号的正交性)等于每个导频符号丛集提供的导频符号的数目。
在一实施例中,利用离散傅立叶变换函数来产生用来倍增导频符号的样本的指数函数,此是众所周知的。在其中离散傅立叶变换函数用于产生用于传输的符号的实施例中,在产生用于传输的符号时在使用离散傅立叶变换函数来形成符号期间应用额外相移。
在图4A及图4B的实施例中,表示用于每一移动台的每一丛集中的标量函数序列的向量的内积可为零。然而,在其它实施例中此可并非为所述状况。其可经布置以使得仅提供在每一移动台的每一丛集中的标量函数的序列之间的准正交性。
此外,在其中指派到跳频区域的移动台的数目小于指派到跳频区域的导频符号的数目的那些情况下,仍可在所述基站处解码所述标量移位以便用于执行干扰估计。因此,由于这些导频符号相对于由其它移动台指派到跳频区域的导频符号正交或准正交,所以其可用于干扰估计。
关于图4A及图4B所述的方法可应用于图3C-3E中所述的丛集及结构。在这些状况下,序列的长度及数目可需要变化以支持丛集的数目及每个丛集的导频符号的数目。
参看图5,其说明在根据一实施例的多址无线通信系统中具有多个扇区的基站。基站500包括多个天线群组的天线502、504及506。在图5中,仅针对每一天线群组502、504及506展示一个天线,然而可利用多个天线。除提供到不同移动台的不同物理位置的空间分集外,每一天线群组502、504及506的多个天线可用以在基站处将空间分集提供到从相应扇区中的移动台传输的信号。
基站500的每一天线群组502、504及506经配置以与一待由基站500覆盖的扇区中的移动台通信。在图5的实施例中,天线群组502覆盖扇区514,天线群组504覆盖扇区516,且天线群组506覆盖扇区518。在每一扇区内,如关于图4所述,由于在所有扇区间导频符号丛集之间的正交性或近似正交性,所以在基站处从移动台传输的导频符号可被精确地解调且用于信道估计以及其它功能性。
然而,对于接近扇区的边界的移动台(例如,接近扇区514及516的边界的移动台510),可存在扇区内的干扰。在所述状况下,来自移动台510的导频符号可处于比来自扇区514及516两者中的其它移动台的导频符号低的功率下。在所述情况下,移动台510尤其在其信道到服务扇区时可最终从在两个扇区天线处的接收获益,即如果功率从天线504增大则扇区516信号可衰落。为从来自扇区514的天线502的接收充分获益,应提供对在扇区514的天线502之间的移动台510的信道的精确估计。然而,如果相同或大体上相同的序列用于具有当前导频设计的不同扇区中的导频符号的标量倍数,则由移动台510传输的导频符号可与由移动台508传输的导频符号碰撞,移动台508在与移动台510调度于扇区516中相同的跳频区域上调度于扇区514中。此外,在某些状况下,视基站用来控制移动台的功率控制策略而定,来自移动台508的符号的功率电平可大体上超过在扇区514的天线群组502处的移动台510的信号电平,尤其当移动台508接近基站500时。
为对抗可出现的扇区内的干扰,扰乱码可用于移动台。所述扰乱码对于个别移动台可唯一或对于与个别扇区通信的移动台中的每一者可相同。在一实施例中,这些特定扰乱码允许天线群组502观察移动台508与510的复合信道。
在其中单个移动台指派到整个跳频区域的状况下,可提供用户特定扰乱序列,使得给定扇区中的每一移动台利用同一导频序列;关于图4A及图4B描述这些序列的构造。在图5的实例中,移动台508、510及512可具有不同用户特定扰乱序列且因此可实现充分的信道估计。
在多个移动台指派到或可指派到同一跳频区域的状况下,两种方法可用来减少丛集内的干扰。首先,如果丛集大小NC大于或等于每一扇区中的重叠移动台的数目Q乘以小区中的扇区的数目,则可利用用户特定扰乱序列。如果为此状况,则可将不同组的Q个不同用户特定扰乱码指派到不同扇区。
然而,如果丛集大小NC小于每一扇区中的重叠移动台的数目Q乘以小区中的扇区的数目,则此在系统设计的目标为保持NC维持于有限导频开销时是重要的,用户特定扰乱码可能无法有效地减少小区间干扰。在所述状况下,可使用扇区特定扰乱序列与用户特定扰乱序列。
扇区特定扰乱序列为NP复变函数的序列其针对同一扇区中的所有移动台倍增序列S=[S1...SQ]的相应元素。在由S个扇区组成的小区中,一组S个扇区特定扰乱序列X1,...,XS可用来倍增移动台的序列S=[S1...SQ]。在所述状况下,不同扇区(例如,可具有利用相同用户特定扰乱序列S=[S1...SQ]的移动台的扇区514及516)内的移动台可由于用来倍增用户特定扰乱序列的不同扇区特定扰乱序列及而不同。
类似于用户特定扰乱,优选地X1,...,XS的所有条目具有大致相等的绝对值以在导频符号之间维持大致相等的功率。在其它实施例中,优选,X1,...,XS的条目使得导频符号丛集中任意对的导频符号(对应于用户特定及扇区特定扰乱序列的任意两个组合)应满足条件(3)。一种进行由序列的穷举搜寻(例如每一序列的元素)组成的每一扇区特定序列的内容的选择的方式取自某恒定模数(PSK)群集,例如QPSK、8-PSK。选择准则可基于对应于来自不同扇区的移动台与基于潜在特定环境的不同用户特定扰乱的″最坏″组合的″最坏状况″的信道估计误差方差。信道估计误差可基于信道的统计特性来分析计算。特定来说,信道估计的协方差矩阵的轨迹基于例如移动台速度(其定义时间选择性)及传播延迟扩展(其定义频率选择性)的预期衰落模型及参数来假定信道相关性结构。用于经受真实信道的给定相关性结构的最小可实现的信道估计误差的分析表达式在此项技术中是已知的。其它相似的准则还可用于优化X1,...,XS的选择。
在其中正交调幅用作调制方案的实施例中,在下文表1中展示可利用的一组扇区特定扰乱序列X1,...,XS。表的每一条目指定每一Xk.s的I及Q个分量,1≤s≤S且1≤k≤NP,其中S=3且NP=12。
表1
k | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
s=1 | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} |
s=2 | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {-1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+0,-1} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+0,-1} | {+0,+1} | {+0,+1} | {+0,+1} | {+0,+1} |
s=3 | {+0,+1} | {-1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+0,+1} | {+0,-1} | {+0,-1} | {+0,+1} | {+1,+0} | {+0,-1} | {+1,+0} | {-1,+0} |
在其中正交调幅用作调制方案的实施例中,在下文表1中展示可利用的一组扇区特定扰乱序列X1,...,XS。表的每一条目指定每一Xk.s的I及Q个分量,1≤s≤S且1≤k≤NP,其中S=3且NP=12。
在某些实施例中,在通信网络中的每一小区可利用用于扇区特定的扰乱序列的相同序列。
参看图6,其说明根据另一实施例的多址无线通信系统600。在当相同组的用户特定及扇区特定扰乱序列用于多个小区(例如小区602、604及606)中的情况下,来自相邻小区的干扰可由于导频符号碰撞而导致信道估计精确度降级,其中,多个小区中的每一小区都具有同移动用户620和系统控制器630进行通信的基站650。举例来说,所关注的扇区内的信道估计可能因来自相邻小区的移动台(所述移动台具有相同用户特定及扇区特定扰乱)的信道而产生偏差。为避免所述偏差,除用户特定扰乱及扇区特定扰乱外,可利用小区特定扰乱。小区特定扰乱概要可由定义,其为倍增小区中的每一移动台的导频符号的相应序列的标量函数的向量。对应于在第c个小区的第s个扇区中具有第q个用户特定扰乱的移动台的导频符号的全部序列 可如下定义。如果利用扇区特定扰乱:
Zk,(q,s,c)=Sk,q·Xk,s·Yk,c,1≤k≤NP,1≤s≤S,c=1,2,....(10)
如果未利用扇区特定扰乱:
Zk,(q,s,c)=Sk,q·Yk,c,1≤k≤NP,1≤s≤S,c=1,2,....(11)
如上所述,当Q>1时推荐使用扇区特定扰乱且当Q=1时不推荐使用扇区特定扰乱。
与用户特定及扇区特定扰乱不同,无需利用小区特定扰乱序列的特定优化。可利用的两个设计参数为:
小区特定扰乱序列的所有元素具有相等的模数。
小区特定扰乱序列对于不同小区大体不同。
在缺少经由基站的网络的小区特定扰乱序列的预定指派的情况下,可利用来自某恒定模数(PSK)群集(例如QPSK、8-PSK)的(伪)随机小区特定扰乱序列形成Y小区特定序列。为进一步增强小区特定扰乱的随机化并避免扰乱序列的较差的稳定组合,可以(伪)随机方式周期性地改变小区特定扰乱。在某些实施例中,周期性改变可为每个帧、超帧,或多个帧或超帧。
图7为MIMO系统700中发射器系统710及接收器系统750的一实施例的框图。在发射器系统710中,将若干数据流的业务数据从数据源712提供到传输(TX)数据处理器714。在一实施例中,每一数据流经由相应发射天线来传输。TX数据处理器714基于经选择用于每一数据流的特定编码方案而将此数据流的业务数据格式化、编码并交错以提供经编码的数据。
每一数据流的经编码的数据可使用OFDM技术以导频数据来多路复用。导频数据通常为以已知方式处理的已知数据模式且可在接收器系统处用于估计信道响应。每一数据流的多路复用的导频及经编码的数据接着基于经选择用于所述数据流的特定调制方案(例如BPSK、QSPK、M-PSK或M-QAM)来调制(即,符号映射)以提供调制符号。每一数据流的数据速率、编码及调制可由控制器730提供并执行的指令来确定。
接着将所有数据流的调制符号提供到TX处理器720,其可进一步处理调制符号(例如,用于OFDM)。TX处理器720接着将NT个调制符号流提供到NT个发射器(TMTR)722a到722t。每一发射器722接收并处理相应符号流以提供一个或一个以上模拟信号并进一步调节(例如放大、滤波并上变频)所述模拟信号以提供适用于经由MIMO信道传输的经调制的信号。来自发射器722a到722t的NT个经调制的信号接着分别从NT个天线124a到124t传输。
在接收器系统750中,所传输的经调制的信号由NR个天线752a到752r接收且将从每一天线752接收的信号提供到相应接收器(RCVR)754。每一接收器754调节(例如滤波、放大并下变频)相应所接收的信号、将所述经调节的信号数字化以提供样本且进一步处理所述样本以提供相应的″所接收的″符号流。
RX数据处理器760接着基于特定接收器处理技术而从NR个接收器754接收并处理NR个所接收的符号流以提供NT个″经检测的″符号流。下文更详细地描述由RX数据处理器760所进行的处理。每一经检测的符号流包括为传输以用于相应数据流的调制符号的估计的符号。RX数据处理器760接着解调、解交错并解码每一经检测的符号流以恢复数据流的业务数据。由RX数据处理器760所进行的处理与在发射器系统710处由TX处理器720及TX数据处理器714所执行的处理互补。
RX处理器760可(例如)基于用业务数据多路复用的导频信息而导出对在NT个传输与NR个接收天线之间的信道响应的估计。RX处理器760可根据存储于存储器(例如,存储器772)中的识别指派到每一导频符号的频率副载波及符号周期的导频模式来识别导频符号。此外,用户特定、扇区特定及小区特定扰乱序列可存储于存储器中,使得其可由RX处理器760用来使所接收的符号倍增,以使得可发生适当的解码。
由RX处理器760产生的信道响应估计可用于在接收器处执行空间、空间/时间处理、调整功率电平、改变调制速率或方案或其它动作。RX处理器760可进一步估计经检测的符号流的信噪干扰比(SNR)及可能的其它信道特征并将这些量提供到控制器770。RX数据处理器760或控制器770可进一步导出对系统的″操作″SNR的估计。控制器770接着提供信道状态信息(CSI),其可包含关于通信链路及/或所接收的数据流的各种信息。举例来说,CSI可仅包含操作SNR。CSI接着由TX数据处理器778处理、由调制器780调制、由发射器754a到754r调节并传输回发射器系统710,所述TX数据处理器778还从数据源776接收用于若干数据流的业务数据。
在发射器系统710中,来自接收器系统750的经调制的信号由天线724接收、由接收器722调节、由解调器740解调并由RX数据处理器742处理以恢复由接收器系统报告的CSI。所报告的CSI接着被提供到控制器730且用于(1)确定待用于所述数据流的数据速率以及编码及调制方案及(2)产生对TX数据处理器714及TX处理器720的各种控制。
控制器730及770分别指挥发射器及接收器系统处的操作。存储器732及772分别提供对由控制器730及770使用的程序代码及数据的存储。存储器732及772根据丛集位置、用户特定扰乱序列、扇区特定扰乱序列(如果利用)及小区特定扰乱序列(如果利用)来存储导频模式。在某些实施例中,多个导频模式存储于每一存储器中,使得发射器可传输且接收器可接收频率选择性导频模式及时间选择性导频模式。并且,可利用使丛集准备用于时间选择性信道及频率选择性信道的组合导频模式。此允许发射器基于例如随机序列等参数或响应于来自基站的指令而传输特定模式。
处理器730及770接着可选择导频模式、用户特定扰乱序列、扇区特定扰乱序列及小区特定扰乱序列中的哪些将用于传输导频符号。
在接收器处,各种处理技术可用来处理NR个所接收的信号以检测NT个所传输的符号流。可将这些接收器处理技术分组为两个基本类别:(i)空间及空间-时间接收器处理技术(其还称作均衡技术);及(ii)″连续归零/均衡及干扰消除″接收器处理技术(其还称作″连续干扰消除″或″连续消除″接收器处理技术)。
尽管图7说明一MIMO系统,但相同系统可应用于其中多个发射天线(例如,基站上的发射天线)将一个或一个以上符号流传输到单个天线装置(例如,移动台)的多输入单输出系统。可以与关于图7所述的方式相同的方式利用单输出到单输入的天线系统。
参看图8,其说明根据一实施例的导频符号产生的方法的流程图。多个导频符号丛集经选择以在跳频区域期间从特定移动台传输,框800。这些导频符号丛集可全部对准以在频率选择性(图3A)、时间选择性信道(图3B)或丛集的组合中传输,所述丛集中的某些可对准以在频率选择性及时间选择性信道中传输。此外,可基于对于用户是否存在高度移动性而选择导频丛集。此可加以进行以在基站处改进信道估计。并且,用于在移动台处传输的天线的数目以及从那些天线传输的信息流的数目可用于选定的丛集的数目及每个丛集的导频符号的数目。
一旦选择了导频符号丛集,即作出一关于其中移动台与之通信的基站丛集是否支持多个移动台或与多个移动台通信的确定,框802。此确定可基于对移动台所处的网络的预定了解。替代地,此信息可从基站的扇区作为其导频信息或广播消息的部分而传输。
如果丛集不支持通信或当前未与多个移动台通信,则将对于移动台与之通信的丛集唯一的标量函数应用于导频符号,框804。在一实施例中,用于每一扇区的标量函数可存储于移动台中且可视作为其导频信息或广播消息的其部分的部分的扇区识别信号而利用。
如果丛集确实支持与多个移动台的通信,则将对于移动台唯一的标量函数应用导频符号,框806。在某些实施例中,用于每一移动台的标量函数可基于其用于注册或在制造时提供给设备的唯一识别符。
在对于移动台与之通信的扇区或移动台自身唯一的标量函数应用于导频符号后,标量函数的另一序列应用于导频符号,框808。标量函数的序列与移动台与之通信的小区相关。此标量函数可在未向每一小区特定指派移动台已知或提供到移动台的标量函数时可随时间而变化。在此操作后,所述导频符号可从移动台传输到基站。
关于图8所述的标量函数在一实施例中可涉及构成导频符号的样本中的每一者的相移。如关于图4A、4B、5及6所述,选择标量函数,使得导频符号的每一丛集正交于来自其它导频符号丛集中及基站的同一扇区的其它移动台的相同及其它导频符号丛集中的同一移动台的导频符号每一其它集合。
此外,关于图8所述的块每一者可实施为计算机可读媒体(例如,存储器)上的一个或一个以上指令,所述计算机可读媒体由处理器、控制器或其它电子电路来实施。
参看图9,其说明根据一实施例的改变导频符号模式的方法的流程图。获得关于信道条件的信息,框900。所述信息可包含在一个或一个以上移动台处的SNR比、信道的选择性、业务类型、行人或车载、延迟扩展或信道的其它特征。此信息可由基站来确定或可提供为从移动台提供的信道质量信息反馈。
分析所述信息以确定信道条件,框902。所述分析可为信道是频率选择性、时间选择性还是两者的组合的确定。接着所述分析用来确定待从可与扇区或基站通信的移动台传输的导频符号模式,框904。这些导频符号丛集可全部对准以在频率选择性(图3A)、时间选择性信道(图3B)、丛集组合中传输,所述丛集中的某些经对准以在频率选择性及时间选择性信道中传输、用于车载或其它移动业务(图3D)、经优化以用于MIMO系统(图3E)或其组合。所选的特定导频模式可接着由与基站或扇区通信的全部移动台使用,直到例如对基站或扇区再次执行诊断时为止。
为在于基站或基站扇区处通信的移动台处实施特定导频模式,可将指令作为初始化或设置程序的部分而从基站或扇区发送到移动台。在某些实施例中,关于将利用哪一导频模式、用户特定扰乱序列、扇区特定扰乱序列及/或小区特定扰乱序列的信息可在以规则间隔或在初始化或设置期间从基站传输到移动台的一个或一个以上数据包的序文中传输。
应注意,所述分析还可用于确定待在导频符号的每一丛集及导频符号的群组中传输的导频符号的数目。关于图9描述的各框每一者可实施为计算机可读媒体(存储器或可移除媒体)上的一个或一个以上指令,所述计算机可读媒体由处理器、控制器或其它电子电路来实施。
参看图10,其说明导频模式选择的方法的流程图。作出关于给定用户的频率选择性的确定,框1000。此可例如基于用户的速度、用户的多普勒扩展、用户的延迟扩展或可用来确定与移动性有关的用户条件的其它信道信息来进行。此信息可接着用于选择由用户传输到基站的多个导频模式中的一者或一者以上,框1002。所述选择可包括(例如)待传输的导频的数目及全部及按丛集的导频数目。此外,所述选择可包括关于用户是否为MIMO用户以及用户移动性的信息。所述选择可通过确定用户的频率选择性与由信道统计在一个以上时间周期确定用于用户、扇区或小区的某频率选择性阈值的关系而作出。接着将导频模式的指示传输到用户,使得用户可在随后到基站的传输中利用导频模式,框1004。
应注意,尽管图10说明基站可作出关于用户移动性的确定,但相同的方法可由移动台来使用。在此状况下,框1000可基于由基站传输的前向链路导频来执行,且可省略框1004。
本文中所述的技术可由各种装置来实施。举例来说,这些技术可实施于硬件、软件或其组合中。对于硬件实施方案,基站或移动台内的处理单元可实施于一个或一个以上特殊应用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、数字信号处理装置(DSPD)、可编程逻辑装置(PLD)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、处理器、控制器、微控制器、微处理器、经设计以执行本文所述的功能的其它电子单元或其组合内。
对于软件实施方案,本文中所述的技术可通过执行本文中所述的功能的模块(例如程序、功能等等)来实施。软件代码可存储于存储器单元中且可由处理器执行。存储器单元可实施于处理器内部或处理器外部,在所述状况下其可经此项技术中已知的各种装置而以通信方式耦合到处理器。
提供所揭示的实施例的前述说明以使所属领域的任何技术人员均能够制造或使用本发明。所属领域的技术人员可易于明了对这些实施例的各种修改,且本文中所定义的一般原理可在不偏离本发明的精神或范围的情况下应用于其它实施例。因此,本发明无意限制于本文中所示的实施例,但其应符合与本文中所揭示的原理及新颖特征一致的最宽广的范围。
Claims (17)
1.一种用于移动用户的无线通信设备,其包含:
至少一个天线,用于经由通信信道发射和接收信号;
存储器装置,其存储多个导频符号模式,所述多个导频符号模式中的每一个导频符号模式都包含四个连续丛集,所述四个连续丛集中的每一丛集均位于接近于跳频区域的边缘处;及
处理器,其与所述至少一个天线及所述存储器装置耦合,所述处理器用于基于所述通信信道的时间选择性或频率选择性来选择所述多个导频模式中的至少一个导频模式以供所述天线传输。
2.根据权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器进一步经配置以基于所述无线通信设备是否将以多输入多输出MIMO模式进行接收来选择所述至少一个导频模式。
3.根据权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述频率选择性为用户移动性程度的函数。
4.根据权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述至少一个导频模式包含用于所述移动用户的频率选择性导频模式。
5.根据权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器装置包含多个标量函数,且其中所述处理器将所述导频与所述多个标量函数中的至少之一相乘。
6.根据权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述无线通信设备使用最大频率与最小频率之间的频率范围内的多个频率副载波来接收信号,且其中所述导频符号丛集每一者包含多个导频符号,以使用除所述最大频率或所述最小频率以外的频率副载波来传输所述多个丛集中的每一者的所述多个导频符号中的至少一者。
7.根据权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器基于所述移动用户的延迟扩展与所述频率选择性来选择所述至少一个导频模式。
8.一种用于移动用户的无线发射及接收通信设备,其包含:
存储器装置,其存储待从所述无线通信设备经由通信信道传输的多个导频符号模式,所述多个导频符号模式中的每一个导频符号模式都包含四个连续丛集,所述四个连续丛集中的每一丛集均位于接近于跳频区域的边缘处;及
与所述存储器相耦接的处理器,用于基于所述通信信道的时间选择性或频率选择性选择所述多个导频模式中的至少一个导频模式以进行传输。
9.根据权利要求8所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器基于所述无线通信装置是否将以多输入多输出MIMO模式进行接收来选择所述至少一个导频模式。
10.根据权利要求8所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器基于所述移动用户的速度选择所述至少一个导频模式。
11.根据权利要求8所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器基于所述移动用户的延迟扩展来选择所述至少一个导频模式。
12.一种用于在无线通信系统中传输用于移动用户的导频的方法,其包含:
确定移动用户的信道的时间选择性或频率选择性;及
基于所述移动用户的时间选择性或频率选择性,从多个导频符号模式中选择用于所述移动用户的导频模式,所述多个导频符号模式中的每一个导频符号模式都包含四个连续丛集,所述四个连续丛集中的每一丛集均位于接近于跳频区域的边缘处。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述频率选择性是基于所述移动用户的速度来确定的。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中选择所述导频模式是还基于相对于所述频率选择性的所述移动用户的速度的。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中选择所述导频模式还包含基于所述移动用户的速度来选择若干导频。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中确定所述频率选择性包含基于所述移动用户的延迟扩展来确定所述频率选择性。
17.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中确定所述频率选择性包含基于多普勒扩展来确定所述频率选择性。
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EP1941693A1 (en) | 2008-07-09 |
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JP2009514459A (ja) | 2009-04-02 |
WO2007051190A8 (en) | 2009-05-22 |
CN101341709A (zh) | 2009-01-07 |
EP2247054A1 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
EP2247054B1 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
ATE516649T1 (de) | 2011-07-15 |
AU2006305703A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
CA2627556C (en) | 2012-07-10 |
NZ567737A (en) | 2010-08-27 |
AR056597A1 (es) | 2007-10-10 |
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BRPI0617902A2 (pt) | 2011-08-09 |
US20060209732A1 (en) | 2006-09-21 |
MY147711A (en) | 2013-01-15 |
NO20082352L (no) | 2008-07-08 |
CA2627556A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
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IL191093A (en) | 2012-07-31 |
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