1.

) A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating

temperature of -5°C and a condensing temperature of 40°C. Determine (a) the refrigerating
effect per kg, (b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the condenser per kg, (d) the COP. For
a refrigerating capacity of 1kW, determine (e) the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) the
work, and (g) the volume flow rate

h3 = =hf at 40°C =238.5 kJ/kg

h1 = hg @ -5°C =349.3 kJ/kg
v1 = 5°C = 0.06496 m3/kg
S1 = sg @ 5°C 1.55710kJ/kg·K
h2 = h @ Pcond = 961kPa and S2 equal to s1 = 372 kJ/kg

(a) Refrigerating Effect = h1 – h4

= 349.3 – 238.5 = 110.8kJ/kg
(b) Compressor Work = h2 – h1 = 372 – 349.3 = 22.7 kj/kg
(c) Heat Rejected = h2 – h3 = 372 – 238.5 = 133.5 kj/kg
h 1−h 4
(d) COP = h 2−h 1
(349.3−238.5) kj/ kg
=
( 372−349.3 ) kj/kg
= 110.8 / 22.7
COP = 4.88
1 kj/s
(e) Mass of Refrigerant = (RC/ RE) = 110.8 kj/kg

= 0.00903 kg/s
Qr = m(h2 – h3) = (0.00903 kg/s) (133.5kj/kg)
= 1.206kj/s
(f) Power Required = m (Qr) = m(h2 – h1) = (0.00903kg/s) (22.7kj/kg) = 0.205kJ/s
(g) Volume flow rate
V1 = m(v1) = (0.00903kg/s) ( 0.06496 m3/kg)
= .0005866 m3/s

2. ) An air conditioning system of a high rise building has a capacity of 350 kW of refrigeration,
uses R-12. The evaporating and condensing temperatures are O°C and 35°C, respectively.
Determine the following: (a) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated, (b) Mass of R-
12 circulated per second, (c)Volumetric rate of flow under suction (d) Work of compression in
kW, and (e) COP

h3 = hf at 35ºC = 233.5 kJ/kg
h1 = hg @ 0ºC = 351.48 kJ/kg
v1 = vg @ 0ºC = 0.05539 m3/kg
s1 = sg @ 0ºC = 1.55452kJ/kg·K
h2 = h @ 847.7 kPa and s2 = S1 = 368 kJ/kg
hf4 = hf @ 0°C = 200 kJ/kg
hg4 = h1 = 351.48 kJ/kg

a.) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated

X4 = h4 – hf4/ hfg4 = h4 – hf4/ hg4 – hf4
233.5−200 kj/kg
= 351.48−200 kj/kg
= 0.2212kJ/kg
b.) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated
RC RC 350 kJ / s
ref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4) = ( 351.48−233.5 ) kg /s = 2.97kg/s
c.) Volumetric rate of flow under suction
V1 = mref(v1) = 2.97kg/s (0.05539 m3/kg) = 0.1645 m3/s
d.) Work of compression in kW
W = m(Wc) = m(h2 – h1) = (2.97kg/s) (368 351.48) kJ/kg
= 49.06 kW
h 1−h 4 (351.48 ­233.5)kj/kg
e.) COP = h 2−h 1 = (368 ­351.48)kj/ kg = 7.14

3.) A refrigeration system using R-22 is to have a refrigerating capacity of 60kW. The
evaporating temperature is -10ºC and the condensing temperature is 42ºC. Determine (a) the
volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor (b) the power required by the
compressor, and (c) the fraction of vapor in the mixture at entrance to the evaporator expressed
both on a mass a basis and a volume basis.
h3 = hf @ 42ºC = 252.4 kJ/kg
h3 = h4
h1 = hg @ -10ºC = 401.6kJ/kg
v1 = vg @ -10ºC = 65.34 L/kg
S1 = 1.76713kJ/kg·K
h2 = h @ Pcond = 1610Kpa and s2 = s1 = 440kj/kg
hf4 =hf@ -10ºC = 188.4 kJ/kg
hg4 = h1 = 401.6kJ/kg

(a) the volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor

RC RC 60 kJ /s
Mref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4) = ( 401.6−252.4 ) kJ /kg
V1 = (mref) (v1) = (0.4021 kg/s) (65.34 L/Kg) =26.27 L/s
(b) the power required by the compressor
Pc = (mref) (h2 h1) = (0.4021 kg/s) (440 401.6) kJ/kg =15.44 kW
(c) the fraction of vapor in the mixture
h 4−hf 4 ( 252.4 ­188.4 ) kJ /kg
X4 = hfg 4
= ( 401.6 ­188.4) kJ / kg = 0.3002
So: v4 = vf4 + (x4)(vfg4) = vf4 + x4 (vg4 – vf4)

Vf4 = 0.75876 L/kg

Vg4 = 65.3399 L/kg
= 0.7588 L/kg + (0.3002) (65.34 0.7588) L/kg = 20.146 L/kg

For 1 kg of refrigerant entering the evaporator at point 4, the volume of vapor is therefore
(0.3002) (65.3399 L/kg) = 19.615L/kg
19.615
Thus fraction of vapor, volume basis = 20.146 = .9736 x 100% = 97.36%

4.) A simple vapor-compression cycle develops 13tons of refrigeration. Using ammonia as

refrigerant and operating at a condensing temperature of 24ºC and evaporating temperature of -
18ºC and assuming that the compression are isentropic and that the gas leaving the condenser is
saturated, find the ff: (a) Draw the ph diagram, (b) refrigerating effect in kJ/kg, (c) circulation
rate of refrigerant in kg/min, (d) power requirement, (e) volume flow in cubic meter/(min) (ton),
(f) COP, and (G) power per ton
(a) Draw the ph diagram

h3 = hf @ 24°c == 312.87 kJ/kg

h3 = h4
h1 = hg @ 18°C = 1439.94 kJ/kg
v1 = v @ 18°C= 0.5729 m3/kg
s1 = sg @ -18ºC 5.8720kJ/kg·K
h2 = h@ Pcond = 974kPa and s2 = s1 = 1657kJ/kg

b.) Ref Effect = (h1 – h4) = (1439.94 312.87)kJ/kg = 1127.1 k,J/kg

c.) Ref Capacity = (13tons) (211 kJ/min. ton) = 2743 kJ/min
RC RC 2743 kJ /min
Mref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4)
= 1127.1k , J /kg
= 2.43kg/min
d.) Power requirement = (mref)(h2 - h1) 
= (2.43 kg/min) (1657 1439.94) kJ/kg = 527.5 kJ/min 
= (527.5kJ/min)(0.016666667)kW = 8.79 kW 
e.) volume flow in cubic meter/(min) (ton)
(2.43 kg /min)(0.5729 m3/kg)
V1 = (mref)(v1)/(13tons) = = = 0.1071m3/(min) (ton)
13tons
1127.1 k , J /kg
f.) COP =
ℜ
Wc
= (h(h 1−h 4)
2−h 1)
= (1657 1439.94)kJ /kg
= 5.19

Pc
g.) Power per ton = 13tons = 0.676kW/ton

5.) A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29°C to 18°C in 5
hours. The refrigerant is ammonia and the operation conditions are 616 kPa evaporating
pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b)
the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7°C, (c) the
compressor power, and (d) the volume of flow rate entering the compressor. The specific heat
of water is 4.187 kJ/kg·Cº
h3 = hf @ 1737 kPa = 410.4 kJ/kg
Solve for h1 using interpolation
595.28 kPa 1470.64
616 kPa X = h1
616.25 kPa 1471.57

h1 = hg @ 616 kPa = 1471.6 kJ/kg

v1 = vg @ 616 kPa = 205.2 L/kg
s1 = 5.4924 kJ/kg·K
h2 = h @Pcond = 1737 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1620kJ/kg
ℜ h 1−h 4 (1471.6 ­410.4)kJ /kg
a.) COP = =
Wc h 2−h 1
= ( 1620 ­1471.6)kJ /kg
= 7.15
b.) Quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7°C

RC =
( Mw)(Cpw )( Δt )
=
(
( 45,000 kg ) 4.187
kJ
kg )
·ºC ( 29 ­18 ) ºC
= 115.1kJ/s
time s
5 h(3600 )
h

Let mrefw = mass flow rate of cooling water circulated in the condenser
Heat to water = Heat from refrigerant
(mrefw )(Cpw)(Δtw) = (mref)(h2 – h3)
(mref )( h2 – h3)
So: mrefw = (Cpw )(Δtw)

(0.1085 kg /s)(1620 ­410.4)kJ /kg

=
( 4.187 ) kJ /kg ° C(7 ° C)

Mrefw = 4.48 kg/s

c.) Power Requirement = (mref) (Wc) = (mref)(h2 - h1) 
= (0.1085 kg/s) (1620 1471.6) kJ/kg = 16.10kW
d.) Volume flow rate
V1 = (mref) (v1) = (0.1085 kg/s) (205.2 L/kg) = 22.3 L/s
6.) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and condenser
temperatures of 20°C and 35°C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000 kg of
ice at 12°C from water at 29°C in 20 hours. Assuming losses to be 20 per cent of the heat to be
absorbed from the water, determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected at the
condenser, and (c) the power required by the compressor. The specific heat of ice is 2.094
kJ/kg·ºC and the heat of fusion is 335 kJ/kg.
Time = 20h
M = 5000kg
H3 = hf @ 35°C = 366.1 kJ/kg
H1 = hg @ -20ºC = 1437.2 kJ/kg
H2 = h@Pcond =1352 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1735 kJ/kg
(a) Theoretical heat to be absorbed per kg of water
= (1 kg) (4.187 kJ/kg •ºC (29— 0) C° ( 1 kg) (335 kJ/kg)
+ 1 kg) (2.094 kJ/kg•ºC) [0 - (-12)] ºC = 481.6 kJ
Actual heat to be absorbed
Actual Qa= (1.20) (481.6) = 577.9 kJ/kg
(m)(Qa) 5000 kg(577.9 kJ /kg)
RC = = 40.13kJ/s
time (20 h) ( 3600 ) s /h

RC RC 40.13 kJ /s
Mref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4)
= (1437.2−366.1) kJ /kg
= 0.03747 kg/s

b.) Q R = (mref)(h2 – h3) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 - 366.1) kJ/kg = 51.29 kJ/s
c.) Pc = (mref) (h2 — h1) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 — 1437.2) kJ/kg
Pc = 11.16kW

An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa suction pressure and 1200 kPa condenser
pressure. Other data are the following:
refrigerating capacity 28 kW
compressor clearance 5%
compression efficiency 80%
mechanical efficiency 75%
actu al vol u metri c efficiency 74%
Determine (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) the ideal and actual COP, (c) the mass
flow rate of ammonia, and (d ) the brake work.

h3 = hf @ 1200 kPa = 346.1 kJ/kg

h3 = h4
h1 = hg @ 247 kPa = 1445.2 kJ/kg
h2 = h @1200 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1675 kJ/kg

a.) Ƞvc = 1 +c – c[p2/p1]1/k 1 + 0.05 – (0.005) [ 1200/247]1/1.304

.882 x 100%
88.2%

b.) Actual work = isentropic work/ Ƞc

h 2−h 1 ( 1675 ­1445.2 ) kJ /kg
= 0.80 = 0.80 = 287.3kJ/kg
Ideal COP =
ℜ
Wc
= h 1−h 4
h 2−h 1
= (1445.2 ­346.1) kJ /kg
(1675 ­1445.2)kJ /kg
= 4.78
ℜ
Actual COP Actual Work = 287.3
h 1−h 4
= (1445.2 ­346.1)kJ / kg
(287.3)kJ / kg
= 3.83
RC RC 28 kJ /s
c.) Mref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4)
= (1445.2−346.1) kJ /kg
= 0.02547 kg/s
d.) WI = (mref)(Actual work) = (0.02547 kg/s)( 287.3kJ/kg) = 7.318kW
Wi 7.318 kW
e.) WB = Ƞm = 0.75
= 9.76kW
8.) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at 247.1 kPa suction pressure and 1169 kPa
condenser pressure. For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the m3/h of cooling water in the
condenser if the water temperature is increased by 6ºC, (b) the compressor work, and (c) the
piston displacement if clearance is 5%
H3 = h @ 30ºC = 341.77 kJ/kg
H1 = h @ 14ºC = 1445.2 kJlkg
V1 = vg @ -14ºC = 0.4878m3/kg
H2 = h @ 1169 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1677 kJ/kg
V2 = v @ 1169 kPa and s2 = s1 = 0.15m3/kg

a.) cs

Mref w =
(mref )(h2−h 1)
=
( 1.53
min )
kg
( 1677 ­341.77 ) kJ /kg
(Cpw )(Δtw ) kj
( 4.187 ) · ºC(6 ºC )
kg
= 81.32kg/min
(81.32 kg /min)(60 min/h)
mw
Vw = Pw = (1000
kg
)
= 4.879m3/h
m3
b.) Wc = (mref)(h2 – h1) = (1.52 kg/min) (1677 1445.2) kJ/kg
= 352.3kJ/min x 0.0166666667
= 5.87kW
c.) Ƞvc = 1 + c – c [p2/p1]1/k
= 1 + 0.05 – ( 0.05) [1169/247.1]1/1.304
= 0.8854
A sixcylinder, 6.70 x 5.70cm, refrigerant 22 compreasor operating at 30 r/s indicate a
refrigerating capacity of 96.4 kW and a power requirement of 19.4 kW at an evaporating
temperature of 5°C and a condensing temperature of 35°C. compute (a) the clearance
volumetric efficiency if the clearance volume is 5 per cent, (b) the actual volumetric efficiency,
and (c) the compression efficiency.
h3 = hf @ 35ºC =243.1 kJ/kg
h1 = hg @ 5ºC = 407.1 kJ/kg
v1 = vg @ 5ºC =40.36 L/kg
h2 = h @ Pcond =1355 kPa and s2 = s1 = 428 kJ/kg
v2 = v at 1355 kPa and s2 = s1 = 20 L/kg
 v1 40.36
a.) Ƞvc = 1 - c [ v 2 −1] = 1 – (0.05) 20 −1
= 0.9491 x 100%
= 94.91%
RC RC 96.4 kJ / s
b.) Mref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4)
= ( 407.1−243.1)kJ /kg
= 0.5878 kg/s
V1 = (mref)(v 1) = (0.5878 kg/s)( 40.36 L/kg) = 23.72L/s
( π )( 6.60 cm )2 ( 5.70 cm ) ( 30 x 6 ) cycle/ s
π
VD = 4 D2LN = 4(
1000 c m
3
)
= 36.17L/s
L
V1 23.72 L/ s
Ƞva = Vd = 36.17 L / s = 0.6558 x 100% =65.58%
RC 19.4 kJ /s
c.) Wca = mref = 0.5878 = 33kJ/kg
Wc = (h2 – h1) = (428 407.1) kJ/kg = 20.9kJ/kg
Wc 20.9
Ƞc = Wca = 33 = 0.6333 x 100% = 63.33%

10.) A 100 x 200mm ammonia compressor with a compression efficiency of 80 per cent
operates with a suction pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1204 kPa at 23
r/s. The refrigerant cools 102 kg/min of brine by 8 degrees in the brine cooler. The
specific heat of the brine is 3.14 kJ/kg·ºC. Electric input to the motor driving the
compressor is 14.33 kW. Motor efficiency at this load is 92 per cent. Assuming 5 per cent
of the useful refrigerating effect is lost by brine cooler from the room, determine the
mechanical and volumetric efficiencies of the compressor
Given:
C pb = 3.14 kJ/kg·ºC
Compression efficiency = 80%
Motor efficiency = 92%
Lost of useful RE = 5% = 0.05

M b =102kg/min
Electric input to the motor = 14.33kW
Properties
h3 = hf @1204 kPa = 346.6 kJ/kg
 h3 = h4
h1 = hg @ 291.6 kPa = 1450.2 kJ/kg
v1 = vg @ 291.6 kPa = 417.5 L/s
h2 = hat 1204 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1653 kJ/kg

Solve for RC – refrigerating capacity

RC = (1.05) (m b) (C pb ) (Δt b) = (1.05) (102) (3.14) (8) = 2690 kJ/min
= 2690kJ/min x 0.016666667
= 44.83kW
RC RC 44.83 kJ / s
Mref = ℜ = (h 1−h 4)
= (1450.2−346.6) kJ /kg
= 0.0.0406 kg/s

Pc = (mref)(h2 - h1) = (0.0406)kg/s (1653 1450.2)kJ/kg = 8.23 kW

8.23 8.23
WI = Ƞc = 0.80
= 10.29kW

Brake work = (work input)(motor efficiency)

= (14.33) (0.92) = 13.18 kW
Solving for Mechanical Efficiency
Wi 10.29 kW
Ƞm = Wb 13.18 kW = 0.781 x 100% = 78.1%
V1 = (mref)(v 1) = (0.0406 kg/s)( 417.5 L/kg) = 16.96L/s
( π )( 10 cm )2 ( 20 cm ) ( 23 ) cycle/s
π
VD = D2LN =4 4(
1000 c m3
)
= 21.68L/s
L
V1 16.96 L / s
Ƞva = Vd = 21.68 L / s = 0.7818x 100% = 78.18%