CARPENA, Alexis Jay

TMEC 3-1

Practice Problems

(2-1) A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating temperature of-5°C and a
condensing temperature of 40°C. Determine the refrigerating effect per kg. (b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected
at the condenser per kg, (d) the COP. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, determine (e) the total heat rejected at the
condenser, (f) the work, and (g) the volume flow rate.

Tevap = -5°C Tcond= 40°C

hf = 195.395 kj/kg hf = 238.535 kj/Kg

hg= 349.321 kj/kg hg= 367.146 kj/Kg

Psat= 260.96 kpa Psat= 960.65 kpa

h2 = Pressure @ 40°C (961 kpa) and S1 (1.557) = 372 kj/kg

v4 = vg @ -5°C = 0.06496 m3/kg

h1 = hg @ Tevap = 349.321 kj/kg

h3=h4= hf @ Tcond = 238.535 kj/kg

a) R
e fri
g er
a ti
n g

Effect
RE= h1-h4=(349.321 kj/kg-238.535 kj/kg) = 110.8 kj/kg

b) Work per kg
h2=h1 =372-349.3 = 22.7 kj/kg

c) Heat rejected at the condenser per kg

h2 -h3 = 372-238.5 = 133.5 kj/kg

d) COP
h1-h3/h2-h1 = 110.8-22.7 = 4.88

e) Total heat rejected at the condenser

Qe 1 kj/ s
m= = =0.00903 kg /s
h 1−h 3 110.8 kj. kg
Qc= m(h1-h3) = (0.00903 kg/s) (372-238.5)kj/kg
=1.206 kj/s

f) Work
W = (m)(h2-h1) = (0.00903 kg/s) (372-349.3)kj/kg
=0.205 kJ/s
g) Volume Flow rate
V1=(m)(v4)= (0.00903 kg/s) (0.06496 m3/kg)
=0.0005866 m3/kg
(2-2) An air conditioning system of a high-rise building has a capacity of 350 kW of refrigeration, uses R-12. The
evaporating and condensing temperatures are O°C and 35°C, respectively. Determine the following: (a) Mass of flash
gas per kg of refrigerant circulated, (b) Mass of R-12 circulated per second, (c)Volumetric rate of flow under suction
(d) Work of compression in kW, and (e) COP

h3 = hf at 35ºC = 233.5 kJ/kg
h1 = hg @ 0ºC = 351.48 kJ/kg
v1 = vg @ 0ºC = 0.05539 m3/kg
s1 = sg @ 0ºC = 1.55452kJ/kg·K
h2 = h @ 847.7 kPa and s2 = S1 = 368 kJ/kg
hf4 = hf @ 0°C = 200 kJ/kg
hg4 = h1 = 351.48 kJ/kg

a.) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated

X4 = h4 – hf4/ hfg4 = h4 – hf4/ hg4 – hf4
233.5−200 kj/kg
=
351.48−200 kj/kg
= 0.2212kJ/kg
b.) Mass of flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated
RC RC 350 kJ /s
ref = = = = 2.97kg/s
ℜ (h 1−h 4) ( 351.48−233.5 ) kg /s
c.) Volumetric rate of flow under suction
V1 = mref(v1) = 2.97kg/s (0.05539 m3/kg) = 0.1645 m3/s
d.) Work of compression in kW
W = m(Wc) = m(h2 – h1) = (2.97kg/s) (368 351.48) kJ/kg = 49.06 kW
h 1−h 4 (351.48 ­233.5)kj/kg
e.) COP = = = 7.14
h 2−h 1 (368 ­351.48)kj/ kg

(2-3) A refrigeration system using R-22 is to have a refrigerating capacity of 60kW. The evaporating temperature is -
10ºC and the condensing temperature is 42ºC. Determine (a) the volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the
compressor (b) the power required by the compressor, and (c) the fraction of vapor in the mixture at entrance to the
evaporator expressed both on a mass a basis and a volume basis.

h3 = hf @ 42ºC = 252.4 kJ/kg

h3 = h4

h1 = hg @ -10ºC = 401.6kJ/kg

v1 = vg @ -10ºC = 65.34 L/kg

S1 = 1.76713kJ/kg·K

h2 = h @ Pcond = 1610Kpa and s2 =

s1 = 440kj/kg

hf4 =hf@ -10ºC = 188.4 kJ/kg

hg4 = h1 = 401.6kJ/kg
 (a) the volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor
RC RC 60 kJ /s
Mref = = =
ℜ (h 1−h 4) ( 401.6−252.4 ) kJ /kg
V1 = (mref) (v1) = (0.4021 kg/s) (65.34 L/Kg) =26.27 L/s
(b) the power required by the compressor
Pc = (mref) (h2 h1) = (0.4021 kg/s) (440 401.6) kJ/kg =15.44 kW
(c) the fraction of vapor in the mixture
h 4−hf 4 ( 252.4 ­188.4 ) kJ /kg
X4 = = = 0.3002
hfg 4 ( 401.6 ­188.4) kJ / kg
So: v4 = vf4 + (x4)(vfg4) = vf4 + x4 (vg4 – vf4)

Vf4 = 0.75876 L/kg

Vg4 = 65.3399 L/kg
= 0.7588 L/kg + (0.3002) (65.34 0.7588) L/kg = 20.146 L/kg

For 1 kg of refrigerant entering the evaporator at point 4, the volume of vapor is therefore
(0.3002) (65.3399 L/kg) = 19.615L/kg

19.615
Thus fraction of vapor, volume basis = = .9736 x 100% = 97.36%
20.146

(2-4) A simple vapor-compression cycle develops 13tons of refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating
at a condensing temperature of 24ºC and evaporating temperature of -18ºC and assuming that the compression are
isentropic and that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the ff: (a) Draw the ph diagram, (b) refrigerating
effect in kJ/kg, (c) circulation rate of refrigerant in kg/min, (d) power requirement, (e) volume flow in cubic
meter/(min) (ton), (f) COP, and (G) power per ton

(a) Draw the ph diagram

h3 = hf @ 24°c == 312.87 kJ/kg

h3 = h4

h1 = hg @ 18°C = 1439.94 kJ/kg

v1 = v @ 18°C= 0.5729 m3/kg

s1 = sg @ -18ºC 5.8720kJ/kg·K

h2 = h@ Pcond = 974kPa and s2 = s1 = 1657kJ/kg

b.) Ref Effect = (h1 – h4) = (1439.94 312.87)kJ/kg = 1127.1 k,J/kg

 c.) Ref Capacity = (13tons) (211 kJ/min. ton) = 2743 kJ/min

RC RC 2743 kJ / min
Mref = = = = 2.43kg/min
ℜ (h 1−h 4) 1127.1k , J /kg
d.) Power requirement = (mref)(h2 - h1) 

= (2.43 kg/min) (1657 1439.94) kJ/kg = 527.5 kJ/min 

= (527.5kJ/min)(0.016666667)kW = 8.79 kW 

e.) volume flow in cubic meter/(min) (ton)

(2.43 kg /min)(0.5729 m3/kg)

V1 = (mref)(v1)/(13tons) = = = 0.1071m3/(min) (ton)
13tons
ℜ (h 1−h 4) 1127.1 k , J /kg
f.) COP = = = = 5.19
Wc (h 2−h 1) (1657 1439.94)kJ /kg
Pc
g.) Power per ton = = 0.676kW/ton
13tons

(2-5) A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29°C to 18°C in 5 hours. The refrigerant is
ammonia and the operation conditions are 616 kPa evaporating pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure.
Determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an increase in
temperature of 7°C, (c) the compressor power, and (d) the volume of flow rate entering the compressor. The specific
heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg·Cº

h3 = hf @ 1737 kPa = 410.4 kJ/kg

Solve for h1 using interpolation

595.28 kPa 1470.64

616 kPa X = h1
616.25 kPa 1471.57

h1 = hg @ 616 kPa = 1471.6 kJ/kg

v1 = vg @ 616 kPa = 205.2 L/kg

s1 = 5.4924 kJ/kg·K

h2 = h @Pcond = 1737 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1620kJ/kg

ℜ h 1−h 4 (1471.6 ­410.4)kJ /kg

a.) COP = = = = 7.15
Wc h 2−h 1 ( 1620 ­1471.6) kJ /kg
b.) Quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7°C

RC =
( Mw)(Cpw )( Δt )
=
(
( 45,000 kg ) 4.187
kJ
kg )
·ºC ( 29 ­18 ) ºC
= 115.1kJ/s
time s
5 h(3600 )
h

Let mrefw = mass flow rate of cooling water circulated in the condenser
 Heat to water = Heat from refrigerant

(mrefw )(Cpw)(Δtw) = (mref)(h2 – h3)

(mref )( h2 – h3)
So: mrefw =
(Cpw )(Δtw )
(0.1085 kg /s)(1620 ­410.4) kJ /kg
=
( 4.187 ) kJ /kg ° C(7 ° C)
Mrefw = 4.48 kg/s

c.) Power Requirement = (mref) (Wc) = (mref)(h2 - h1) 

= (0.1085 kg/s) (1620 1471.6) kJ/kg = 16.10kW

d.) Volume flow rate

V1 = (mref) (v1) = (0.1085 kg/s) (205.2 L/kg) = 22.3 L/s

(2-6) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and condenser temperatures of 20°C and
35°C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000 kg of ice at 12°C from water at 29°C in 20 hours.
Assuming losses to be 20 per cent of the heat to be absorbed from the water, determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b)
the heat rejected at the condenser, and (c) the power required by the compressor. The specific heat of ice is 2.094
kJ/kg·ºC and the heat of fusion is 335 kJ/kg.

Time = 20h

M = 5000kg

H3 = hf @ 35°C = 366.1 kJ/kg

H1 = hg @ -20ºC = 1437.2 kJ/kg

H2 = h@Pcond =1352 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1735 kJ/kg

(a) Theoretical heat to be absorbed per kg of water

= (1 kg) (4.187 kJ/kg •ºC (29— 0) C° ( 1 kg) (335 kJ/kg)

+ 1 kg) (2.094 kJ/kg•ºC) [0 - (-12)] ºC = 481.6 kJ

Actual heat to be absorbed

Actual Qa= (1.20) (481.6) = 577.9 kJ/kg

(m)(Qa) 5000 kg(577.9 kJ / kg)

RC = = 40.13kJ/s
time (20 h) ( 3600 ) s /h

RC RC 40.13 kJ /s
Mref = = = = 0.03747 kg/s
ℜ (h 1−h 4) (1437.2−366.1) kJ / kg
b.) Q R = (mref)(h2 – h3) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 - 366.1) kJ/kg = 51.29 kJ/s

c.) Pc = (mref) (h2 — h1) = (0.03747 kg/s) (1735 — 1437.2) kJ/kg

 Pc = 11.16kW

(2-7) An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa suction pressure and 1200 kPa condenser pressure. Other
data are the following:

refrigerating capacity 28 kW

compressor clearance 5%

compression efficiency 80%

mechanical efficiency 75%

actual volumetric efficiency 74%

Determine (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) the ideal and actual COP, (c) the mass flow rate
of ammonia, and (d) the brake work.

h3 = hf @ 1200 kPa = 346.1 kJ/kg

h3 = h4

h1 = hg @ 247 kPa = 1445.2 kJ/kg

h2 = h @1200 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1675 kJ/kg

a.) Ƞvc = 1 +c – c[p2/p1]1/k 1 + 0.05 – (0.005) [ 1200/247]1/1.304

.882 x 100%
88.2%

b.) Actual work = isentropic work/ Ƞc

h 2−h 1 ( 1675 ­1445.2 ) kJ /kg

= = = 287.3kJ/kg
0.80 0.80
ℜ h 1−h 4 (1445.2 ­346.1)kJ / kg
Ideal COP = = = = 4.78
Wc h 2−h 1 (1675 ­1445.2)kJ / kg

ℜ h 1−h 4 (1445.2 ­346.1)kJ /kg

Actual COP = = = 3.83
Actual Work 287.3 (287.3)kJ /kg
RC RC 28 kJ /s
c.) Mref = = = = 0.02547 kg/s
ℜ (h 1−h 4) (1445.2−346.1) kJ / kg
d.) WI = (mref)(Actual work) = (0.02547 kg/s)( 287.3kJ/kg) = 7.318kW
Wi 7.318 kW
e.) WB = = = 9.76kW
Ƞm 0.75
(2-8) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at 247.1 kPa suction pressure and 1169 kPa condenser pressure.
For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the m3/h of cooling water in the condenser if the water temperature is
increased by 6ºC, (b) the compressor work, and (c) the piston displacement if clearance is 5%

H3 = h @ 30ºC = 341.77 kJ/kg

H1 = h @ 14ºC = 1445.2 kJlkg

V1 = vg @ -14ºC = 0.4878m3/kg

H2 = h @ 1169 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1677 kJ/kg

V2 = v @ 1169 kPa and s2 = s1 = 0.15m 3/kg

a.) cs

Mref w =
(mref )( h2−h 1)
=
(1.53 min
kg
) ( 1677 ­341.77 ) kJ /kg
(Cpw )(Δtw ) kj
( 4.187 ) · ºC(6 ºC )
kg
= 81.32kg/min
(81.32 kg /min)( 60 min/h)
mw
Vw = = kg = 4.879m3/h
Pw (1000 )
m3
b.) Wc = (mref)(h2 – h1) = (1.52 kg/min) (1677 1445.2) kJ/kg
= 352.3kJ/min x 0.0166666667
= 5.87kW
c.) Ƞvc = 1 + c – c [p2/p1]1/k
= 1 + 0.05 – ( 0.05) [1169/247.1] 1/1.304
= 0.8854

(2-9) A sixcylinder, 6.70 x 5.70cm, refrigerant 22 compressor operating at 30 r/s indicate a refrigerating capacity of
96.4 kW and a power requirement of 19.4 kW at an evaporating temperature of 5°C and a condensing temperature of
35°C. compute (a) the clearance volumetric efficiency if the clearance volume is 5 per cent, (b) the actual volumetric
efficiency, and (c) the compression efficiency.

h3 = hf @ 35ºC =243.1 kJ/kg

h1 = hg @ 5ºC = 407.1 kJ/kg

v1 = vg @ 5ºC =40.36 L/kg

h2 = h @ Pcond =1355 kPa and s2 = s1 = 428 kJ/kg

 v2 = v at 1355 kPa and s2 = s1 = 20 L/kg

v1 40.36
a.) Ƞvc = 1 - c [ −1] = 1 – (0.05) −1
v2 20
= 0.9491 x 100%
= 94.91%
RC RC 96.4 kJ / s
b.) Mref = = = = 0.5878 kg/s
ℜ (h 1−h 4) ( 407.1−243.1)kJ /kg
V1 = (mref)(v 1 ) = (0.5878 kg/s)( 40.36 L/kg) = 23.72L/s
( π )( 6.60 cm )2 ( 5.70 cm ) ( 30 x 6 ) cycle/ s
π 3
V D = D 2 LN = 1000 c m = 36.17L/s
4 4( )
L
V 1 23.72 L/ s
Ƞva = = = 0.6558 x 100% =65.58%
Vd 36.17 L / s
RC 19.4 kJ /s
c.) W ca = = = 33kJ/kg
mref 0.5878
Wc = (h2 – h1) = (428 407.1) kJ/kg = 20.9kJ/kg
Wc 20.9
Ƞc = = = 0.6333 x 100% = 63.33%
Wca 33

(2-10.) A 100 x 200mm ammonia compressor with a compression effi ciency of 80 per cent operates with a
suction pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1204 kPa at 23 r/s. The refrigerant cools 102
kg/min of brine by 8 degrees in the brine cooler. The specific heat of the brine is 3.14 kJ/kg·ºC. Electric input
to the motor driving the compressor is 14.33 kW. Motor effi ciency at this load is 92 per cent. Assuming 5 per
cent of the useful refrigerating effect is lost by brine cooler from the room, determine the mechanical and
volumetric effi ciencies of the compressor

Given:
C pb = 3.14 kJ/kg·ºC
Compression effi ciency = 80%
Motor effi ciency = 92%
Lost of useful RE = 5% = 0.05

M b =102kg/min
Electric input to the motor = 14.33kW
Properties
h3 = hf @1204 kPa = 346.6 kJ/kg
h3 = h4
h1 = hg @ 291.6 kPa = 1450.2 kJ/kg
v 1 = vg @ 291.6 kPa = 417.5 L/s
h2 = hat 1204 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1653 kJ/kg

Solve for RC – refrigerating capacity

 RC = (1.05) (m b ) (C pb ) (Δt b ) = (1.05) (102) (3.14) (8) = 2690 kJ/min

= 2690kJ/min x 0.016666667

= 44.83kW

RC RC 44.83 kJ / s
Mref = = = = 0.0.0406 kg/s
ℜ (h 1−h 4) (1450.2−346.6) kJ / kg
Pc = (mref)(h2 - h1) = (0.0406)kg/s (1653 1450.2)kJ/kg = 8.23 kW

8.23 8.23
WI = = = 10.29kW
Ƞc 0.80
Brake work = (work input)(motor efficiency)

= (14.33) (0.92) = 13.18 kW

Solving for Mechanical Efficiency

Wi 10.29 kW
Ƞm = = 0.781 x 100% = 78.1%
Wb 13.18 kW
V 1 = (mref)(v 1 ) = (0.0406 kg/s)( 417.5 L/kg) = 16.96L/s
( π )( 10 cm )2 ( 20 cm ) ( 23 ) cycle/ s
π 3
V D = D 2 LN = 1000 c m = 21.68L/s
4 4( )
L
V 1 16.96 L /s
Ƞva = = = 0.7818x 100% = 78.18%
Vd 21.68 L /s

(2-11) A four-cylinder refrigerant 12 compressor operates between evaporator and condenser temperatures of 4°C
and 43°C. It is to carry a load of 20 tons of refrigeration at 1200 rpm. If the average piston speed is 213 m/min and the
actual volumetric efficiency is 80 per cent, what should be the bore and stroke of the compressor.
 Effects of Operating Conditions
Effects of Increasing the vaporizing Temperature
(2-12) A R-12 simple saturated refrigerating cycle operates at an evaporating temperature of -10°C and a condensing
temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of increasing the vaporizing temperature to 5°C.
(2-13) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as the refrigerant, operates at a condensing temperature of
40°C and an evaporating temperature of -10°C. Show the effects of increasing the condensing temperature to 50°C.
 H1=hg @-10°C = 347.1 kj/kg
V1=Vg @-10°C = 0.07665 m3/kg

For the 40°C condensing cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)

h3=h4=hf @40°C = 238.5 kj/kg

h2=h @ 961 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 373 kj/kg

For the 50°C condensing cycle (1-2’-3’-4’-1)

h3=h4=hf @ 50°C = 248.9 kJ/kg

h2=h @ 1219 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 378 kj/kg

a) Refrigerating effect
For the 40°C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect
= h1=h4= 347.1-238.5 = 108.6 kj/kg
For the 50°C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect
=h1-h4= 347.1-248.9=98.2 kj/kg

b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton

For the 40°C condensing cycle, the mass flow rate,

211 211
m= = =1.943 kg/(min)(ton)
h 1−h 4 347.1−238.5
For the 50°C condensing cycle, the mass flow rate,

211 211
m’= = =2.149kg/(min)(ton)
h 1−h 4 ' 347.1−248.9

c) Effect on compressor volume capacity

For the 40°C condensing cycle, the volume flow rate,

V1=(m)(v1)=(1.943)(0.07665)=0.1489m3/(min)(ton)

For the 50°C condensing cycle, the volume flow rate,

V1’=(m’)(v1)=2.149(0.07665)

=0.1647 m3/(min)(ton)

d) Effect on COP
For the 40°C condensing cycle
h 1−h 4 347.1−238.5
COP= = =4.19
h 2−h 1 373−347.1
For the 50°C condensing cycle
h 1−h 4 347.1−248.9
COP= = =3.18
h 2'−h 1 378−347.1

e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration

For the 40°C condensing cycle, the work
W=(m)(h2=h1) = (1.943)(373-347.1)
=50.32kJ/(min)(ton) or 0.839 kW/ton
 For the 50°C condensing cycle, the work
W=(m’)(h2’=h1) = (2.149)(378-347.1)
=66.40kJ/(min)(ton) or 1.1067 kW/ton

f) Effect on condenser Performance

For the 40°C condensing cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser
Qc=(m)(h2-h3) = 1.943(373.238.5)
=261.3kJ/(min)(ton) or 4.355 kW/ton
For the 50°C condensing cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser
Q’c=(m’)(h2’-h3’) = 1.943(373.238.5)
=277.4 kJ/min(ton) or 4.623 kW/ ton

Effects of increasing the condenser temperature

1 The refrigerating effect per unit mass decreases
2) The mass flow rate per ton increases.
3) The volume flow rate per ton increases.
4) The COP decreases.
5) The work per ton increases.
6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton increases

(2-14) A 150 x 150mm, twin-cylinder, single acting refrigerant 12 compressor running at 25 r/s carries a refrigerating
load of 39.4 kW while operating at 340 kPa suction and 1277 kPa discharge pressures. If the discharge pressure were
raised to 1397 kPa, at what speed should the compressor must run to carry the same load assuming the volumetric
efficiency remain the same.

h1=hg at 340 kPa = 352.8 kJ/kg

h3 =hf at 1277 kPa = 251 kJ/kg

h3’=hf at 1397 kPa = 255.3 kJ/kg

Let m = old mass flow rate

m = new mass flow rate

n = old compressor speed D2

n' = new compressor speed

Qe
m= =
h 2−h 3
39.4 kJ /s
=−.3870 kg/ s
( 352.8−251 ) kj/ kg

Qe 39.4 kJ /s
m’= = =−.4041 kg/ s
h 2−h 3 ' ( 352.8−255.3 ) kj/kg
volume flow rate entering compressor
Volumetric efficiency=
displacement rate of compressor
'
(m )( n) ( 0.4041)(25)
n’= =
m 0.3870

Effects of superheating the Suction Vapor

(2-15) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating temperature of -5°C and a
condensing temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of superheating the suction vapor from -5°C to 15 C.
For the saturated cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)

V1=Vg at -5°C= 0.06496 m3/kg

h1= hg at -5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg

h2=h at 961 kPa and s2 equal to s1= 372 kJ/kg

For the superheated cycle (cycle 1’-2’-3-4-1’)

V1’=V at 261 kPa and 15°C = 0.071 m3/kg

h1’= h at 261 kPa and 15°C = 362 kJ/kg

h2’=h at 961 kPa and s2 equal to s1= 372 kJ/kg

a) Refrigerating effect
For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect is
= h1-h4= 349.3-238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg

For the superheated cycle

1) When superheating of suction vapor occurs inside the refrigerated space, useful cooling results and the
refrigerating effect is
=h1’-h4=362-238.5=123.5 kJ/kg
2) When superheating of suction vapor occurs in the suction line, no useful cooling results and the refrigerating
effect is
=h1-h4=349.3-238.5=110.8 kJ/kg
b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
For the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate,
211 211
m= = =1.904 kg/ (min)(ton)
h 1−h 4 349.3−238.5

For the superheated cycle,

1) With useful cooling, the mass flow rate,

211 211
m' = = =1.709kg/(min)(ton)
h 1'−h 4 362−238.5
2) Without useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
'' 211 211
m = = =1.904kg/(min)(ton)
h 1 ' −h 4 349−238.5

c) Effect on compressor volume capacity

For the saturated cycle, the volume flow rate,
Vr=(m)(v1) = (1.904)(0.06496)=0.1237m3/(min)(ton)

For the superheated cycle,

1) With useful cooling, the volume flow rate,
Vr=(m’)(v1) = (1.709)(0.091)
= 0.1213 m3/(min)(ton)
2) Without useful cooling, the volume flow rate
Vr=(m’)(v’1) = (1.904)(0.071)
= 0.1352 m3/(min)(ton)
d) Effect on COP
h 1−h 4 349.3−238.5
For the saturated cycle, COP = = =4.88
h 2−h 1 372−349.3
For the saturated cycle
h1' −h 4 362−238.5
1) With useful cooling, COP = = =4.94
h 2' −h 1' 387−362
h 1−h 4 349.3−238.5
2) Without useful cooling, COP = =4.43
h 2'−h 1 ' 387−362

e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration

For the saturated cycle, the work,
W= (m)(h2-h1) = (1.904) (372-349.3)
=43.22 kJ/(min)(ton) or 0.720 kW/ton

For the superheated cycle

1) With useful cooling, the work,
W’ = (m) (h2’-h1’) = (1.709) (387-362)
=42.73 kJ/(min) (ton) or 0.712 kW/ton
2) Without useful cooling, the work.
W’’ = (m’) (h2’-h1’) = (1.904) (387-362)
=47.6 kJ/(min) (ton) or 0.793 kW/ton

f) Effect on condenser performance

For the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser
Qc = (m) (h2-h3) = (1.904) (372-238.5)
= 254.2 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.24 kW/ton
For the superheated cycle.
1) With useful cooling, the heat rejected at the condenser,
Q’c = (m’) (h2’-h3) = (1.709) (387-238.5)
= 253.8 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.23 kW/ton
2) Without useful cooling, the heat rejected at the condenser,
Q’c’ = (m) (h2’-h3) = (1.904) (387-238.5)
= 282.7 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.71 kW/ton

Effects of superheating the suction vapor

When superheating produces useful cooling
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
(4) The COP increases.
(5) The work per tun decreases.
When superheating occurs without useful cooling:
(6) The refrigerating effect per unit mass remains the same
(7) The mass flow rate per ton remains the same.
(8) The volume flow rate per ton increases.
(9) The COP decreases.
(10) The work per ton increases.
(1) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton increases.

(2-16) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as the refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of -
5°C and a condensing temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of subcooling the liquid from 40°C to 30°C before
reaching the expansion valve.
V1 = Vg at -5°C = 0.06496 m3/kg
H1 = hg at -5C = 349.3 Kj/kg
H2 = at 961 kPa and s2 equal

For the saturated cycle (cycle 1-2-3-4-1)

h3=h4=hf @40°C = 238.5 kj/kg

For the subcooled cycle (cycle 1-2-3’-4’-1)

h3=h4’=hf @30°C = 228.5 kj/kg

a) Refrigerating effect
For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect = h 1 – h4
=349.3 – 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg
For the subcooled cycle, the refrigerating effect = h 1 – h4’
b) Effect on mass flow rate per ton
For the saturated cycle, the mass flow rate

211 211
m= = =1.918 kg/(min)(ton)
h 1−h 4 349.3−238.5
For the subcooled cycle, the mass flow rate,

211 211
m’= = =1.747 kg/(min)(ton)
h 1−h 4 ' 349.3−228.5
c) Effect on compressor volume capacity

For the saturated cycle, the volume flow rate

V1= (m) (v1) = (1.918) (0.06496) = 0.1246 m3/ (min) (ton)

For the subcooled cycle, the volume flow rate

V1= (m’) (v1) = (1.747) (0.06496) = 0.1135 m3/ (min) (ton)

d) Effect on COP
h 1−h 4 349.3−238.5
For the saturated cycle, COP = = =4.88
h 2−h 1 372−349.3
h 1−h 4 ' 349.3−228.5
For the subcooled cycle, COP = = =5.32
h 2−h 1 372−349.3

e) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration

For the saturated cycle, the work,
W= (m) (h2-h1) = (1.918) (372-349.3)
=43.53 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 0.726 kW/ ton
For the subcooled cycle, the work,
W’= (m’) (h2-h1) = (1.747) (372-349.3)
=39.66 kJ (min) (ton) or 0.661 kW/ ton
 f) Effect on condenser performance
For the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser
Qc = (m) (h2-h3) = (1.918) (372-238.5)
= 256.1 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.268 kW/ton
For the subcooled cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
Q’c = (m) (h2-h3) = (1.747) (372-228.5)
= 250.7 kJ/ (min) (ton) or 4.178 kW/ton

Effects of subcooling the liquid

(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
(4) The COP increases.
(5) The work per ton decreases.
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases.

(2-17) A refrigerant 22, four cylinder, 85 x 70-mm, compressor operating at 28 r/s, a condensing temperature of 38°C,
and an evaporating temperature of -2°C carries a refrigerating load of 112 kW. The motor driving the compressor has
an efficiency of 92 per cent and draws 32.5 kW. There is a 5 C subcooling and 7°C superheating of the suction gas
entering the compressor. Compute (a) the actual volumetric efficiency and (b) the compression efficiency.

H3 = hf at 33°C = 240.5 kJ/kg

H1 = h at 5°C and 466kPa = 410 kJ/kg
V1 = v at 5°C and 466kPa = 53L/kg
H2 = h at 1460 kPa and S2 equal to S1 = 440 kJ/kg
Qe 112 kJ / s
a) m = = =0.6608 kg/ s
h 1−h 3 ( 410−240.5 ) kJ
V1 = mv1 = (0.6608) (53) = 35.02L/s
π ( 8.5 cm ) 2 ( 7.0 cm ) (28 x 4 xcycles)
2
Vd = 𝞹/4 D LN = cm 3 = 44.49L/s
( 4 ) (1000 )
L
V 1 35.02
nva = = =0.7871∨78.71 %
VD 44.49

b) Isentropic work = (m) (h2-h1) = (0.6608) (440-410) = 19.82 kW

Actual work = (32.5) (0.92) = 29.90kW
Compression efficiency, nc = 19.82/29.90 = 0.6629 or 66.29%

(2-18) An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1514.2
kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 5 degrees and is superheated 8 degrees. A twin-cylinder compressor with bore to
stroke ratio of 0.85 is to be used at 1200 rpm. The mechanical efficiency is 77h.
For a load of 87.5 kW, determine:
(a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser if the
increase in temperature 1s degrees,
(b) the bore and stroke,
(c) the size of the driving motor, and
(d) the quality of the refrigerant entering the evaporator.
 h3 = hf at 34° = 361.2 kJ/kg
h1 = h at 316 kPa and 0°C = 1472 kJ/kg
v1 = v at 316 kPa and 0°C = 0.41 m3/kg
h2 = h at 1514.2 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 1715 kJ/kg
Qe 87.5 kJ /s
a) m = = =0.07877 kg/ s
h 1−h 3 ( 1472−361.2 ) kJ
m(h 2−h 3) ( 0.07877 kg/ s ) ( 1715−361.2 ) kJ /kg
=
mw = ( Cw ) ( Δtw) kJ = 3.64 kg/sV1= (m) (v1) = (0.07877 kg/s) (410 L/kg) =
4.187 C ° (7 C ° )
kg
32.3 L/s

b) Assume nva = 100%, then Vd = V1 = 32.3 L/s

π ( 0.85 Lcm ) 2 ( Lcm ) (20 x 2 cycles)
2
Vd = 𝞹/4 D LN = cm 3 = 0.0227L3L/s
( 4 ) (1000 )
L

0.0227L3 = 32.3
L = 11.25 cm
D = (0.85) (11.25) = 9.56 cm

c) W = (m) (h2-h1) = (0.07877 kg/s) (1715 – 1472) kJ/kg = 19.14kW

Power input to compressor = power output of motor = 19.14/0.77
=24.86kW

h 4−hf 4 361.2−163.2
d) X4 = = =0.1536∨15.36 %
hfg 4 1289.44

(2-19) A 10-ton vapor compression refrigeration system is

to evaporate R-12 at-20°C and to condense it at 40°C. The twin-
cylinder vertical compressor is to run at 900 rpm; it is single
acting, has the bore equal to the stroke, and has 2% clearance.
Vapor enters the compressor at -10°C and liquid enters the
expansion valve at 30°C.
(a) What refrigeration flow rate is required?
(b) What would be the bore and stroke of the compressor?
(c) What power is required by the compressor?
(d) What is the quantity of the cooling water required in the
condenser for an 8-degree increase in temperature?
h3 = hf at 30°C = 228.53 kJ/kg

h1 = h at 150.9 kPa and -10°C = 348 kJ/kg

v1 = v at 150.9 kPa and -10°C = 0.12 m 3/kg

h2 = h at 960.7 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 383 kJ/kg

v2 = v at 960.7 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 0.021 m3/kg

kW
(10 tons)(3.52 )
a) m = Qe/h1-h3 = ton
=0.2947 kg /s
( 348−228.54 ) kJ /kg
0.12
b) nvc = 1 – c [(v1-v2) / -1] = 1-0.02 [ −1¿=0.9057
0.021
V1 = (m) (v1) = (0.2947 kg/s) (0.12 m3/kg) = 0.03536 m3/s
Assume nva= nvc
V 1 0.03563 m3 m3
Vd = = =0.03904 ∨2.3424
Nva 0.09057 s min
Vd = 𝞹/4 D2LN = 𝞹/4(D m)2 (D m) (900x2cycles/min)
=1413.7 D3m3/min
1413.7 D3 = 2.3424
D = 0.1183m or 11.83cm
L = 11.83cm

c) W = (m) (h2 – h1) = (0.2947 kg/s) (383-348) kJ/kg

=10.31kW

m(h 2−h 3) ( 0.2947 kg/ s ) ( 383−228.54 ) kJ /kg

=
d) mw = ( Cw ) ( Δtw) kJ = 1.36 kg/s
4.187 C ° (8C °)
kg

(2-20) A simple saturated refrigerating cycle using R-12 as refrigerant operates at an evaporating temperature of -5°C
and a condensing temperature of 40°C. Show the effects of installing a heat exchanger that would superheat the
suction vapor from -5°C to 15°C in the heat exchanger.
h1 = h at 261 kPa and 15°C = 362 kJ/kg
h2 = h at 961 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 387 kJ/kg
h3 = hf at 40°C = 238.5 kJ/kg
Heat balance of the heat exchanger
h3 + h 6 = h 1 = h 4

Refrigerating effect = h6-h4 = h1-h3

h 1−h 3 362−238.5
COP= = =4.94
h 2−h 1 387−362
The coefficient of performance of the heat exchanger cycle differs than of the saturated cycle by only

4.94−4.88
=1.23 %
4.88
Depending upon the particular case, the coefficient of performance of a heat exchanger cycle may be either greater
than, less than, or the same as that of a saturated cycle operating between the same pressure limits.

(2-21) A refrigerant 22 vapor compression system includes a liquid-to-suction heat exchanger in thc system. The heat
exchanger cools saturated liquid coming from the condenser from 32°C to 21°C with vapor which comes from the
evaporator at 10°C. (a) Calculate the COP of the system without the heat exchanger but with the condensing
temperature a 32°C and an evaporator temperature at -10°C. (b) Calculate the COP of the system with the heat
exchanger. (c) If the compressor is capable of pumping 20 L/s measured at the compressor suction, what is the
refrigerating capacity of the system without the heat exchanger? (d) With the same compressor capacity as in (c),
what is the refrigerating capacity of the system with the heat exchanger?

a)

h3 = hf at 32°C = 239.2 kJ/kg

h1 = hg at -10°C = 401.6 kJ/kg

V1 = Vg at -10°C = 65.34 L/kg

h2 = h at 1255 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 433 kJ/kg

h 1−h 3 401.6−239.2
COP= = =5.17
h 2−h 1 433−401.6
b)

h3 = hf at 32°C = 239.2 kJ/kg

h4 = h5 = hf at 21°C = 225.3 kJ/kg

h6 = hg at 10°C = 401.6 kJ/kg

H1 + h4 = h 3 + h6

h1 = 239.2 + 401.6 -225.3 = 415.5 kJ/kg

V1 = 72 L/kg

h2 = h at 1255 kPa and s2 equal to s1 = 450kJ/kg

h 6−h5 401.6−225.3
COP= = =5.11
h 2−h1 450−415.5

c) Without the heat exchanger

20 L/s
m = V1/v1 = =0.3061 kg /s
65.34 L/kg

Qe = (m) (h1-h4) = (0.3061 kg/s) (401.6-239.2)kJ/kg

=49.71 kW

d) With the heat exchanger

20 L/ s
m = V1/v1 = =0.2777 kg /s
72 L/kg
Qe = (m) (h6-h5) = (0.2777 kg/s) (401.6-225.3) kJ/kg
=48.96 kW