Chapter 03

CHAPTER 3
1. A Freon 12 refrigeration system, with a 10-TR capacity and a coefficient of

performance of 3.23, operates with a condenser pressure of 984.5 kPa and an
evaporator pressure of 150.8 kPa. The temperature entering and leaving the
compressor are –10 C and 80 C, respectively. The temperature entering the
expansion valve is 34 C. The compressor is water jacketed and operated with
unknown pressure drops through the valves. Compute (a) the mass flow rate per
minute, (b) the indicated work, and (c) the heat removed by the jacket water.
Solution:
Important Properties
State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg

1 150.8 -10 348.5
2 984.5 80 396.5
3 984.5 34 232.5
4 150.8 -20 232.5
(a) Mass flow rate

CHAPTER 3
m& =
QA
=
(10)(3.516) = 0.3031 kg s
h1 − h4 348.5 − 232.5
m& = (0.3031)(60 ) = 18.20 kg min
Q
(b) W& = A =
(10)(3.516) = 10.89 kW
COP 3.23
(c) Qloss = W& − m& ∆h

∆h = h2 − h1 = 396.5 − 348.5 = 48 Btu lb
m& (h2 − h1 ) = (0.3031)(396.5 − 348.5) = 14.55 kW
since W& < ∆H , there is an error in this problem. (80 C).
2. A test of a 10-TR ammonia vapor compression refrigeration system gave the

following results:
Condenser pressure 1600 kPa
Evaporator pressure 191 kPa
Temperature leaving evaporator coils -10 C
Temperature entering compressor 0C
Temperature leaving compressor 100 C
Temperature entering condenser 80 C
Temperature leaving condenser 35 C
Coefficient of performance 3.1
(A) Find heat lost or gained, (a) between evaporator coils and compressor, (b)
between compressor and condenser, and (c) to condenser water.
(B) Find, (a) temperature in the evaporator coils in saturated state, and (b) quantity
of the vapor in the evaporator coils following expansion through valve.
(C) Find, (a) the work, and (b) the heat absorbed by jacket water.
Solution:
CHAPTER 3
State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg

1 191 0 1481
2 1600 100 1661
3 1600 80 1602
4 1600 35 366.1
5 191 -20 366.1
6 191 -10 1460
m& =
QA
=
(10)(3.516) = 0.032 kg s
h1 − h4 1460 − 366.1
m& = (0.032)(60 ) = 1.92 kg min
(A) (a) Q1 (b/w evaporator coils and compressor)
Q1 = m& (h1 − h6 ) = (1.92 )(1481 − 1460 ) = 40.32 kJ min
(b) Q2 (b/w compressor and condenser)
Q2 = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (1.92)(1661 − 1602) = 113.3 kJ min
(c) QR (to condenser water)
QR = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (1.92)(1602 − 366.1) = 2377 kJ min
(B) (a) t5 = temperature in the evaporator coils = − 20 C

(b) x = quantity of vapor in the evaporator coils.
CHAPTER 3
h5 − h f
x=
h fg
at 20 C, h f = 108.6 kJ kg
h fg = 1328.6 kJ kg
366.1 − 108.6
x= (100% ) = 19.38%
1328.6
(C)
Q&
(a) W& = A =
(10)(3.516) = 11.34 kW
COP 3.1
(b) Q j = W − m& (h2 − h1 ) = 11.34 − 0.032(1661 − 1481) = 5.58 kW
& &
Q& = (5.58)(60 ) = 334.8 kJ min
j
3. A refrigerant 12 refrigerating system operates with a condensing temperature of

38 C and an evaporating temperature of –12 C. The refrigerant leaves the
evaporator and enters the compressor at –2 C. The compressor is a 4-cylinder, V-
arrangement single-acting type, direct driven by an electric motor at 875 rpm. The
clearance is 5 percent, the capacity is 40 tons, bore-to-stroke ratio is 1.25 and the
compression is polytropic with n = 1.275 . Determine (a) the bore and stroke, (b)
the piston speed, and (c) the indicated hp of the compressor.
Solution:
State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 203.90 -2 352.5 0.088
2 914.23
3 914.23 38 236.5
CHAPTER 3
4 203.90 -12 236.5
Solving for m ,
m& =
QA
=
(40)(3.516) = 1.2124 kg s
h1 − h4 352.5 − 236.5
1 1
 p n  914.23  1.25
η v = 1 + c − c 2  = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05  = 0.7113
 p1   203.90 
(a) For bore and stroke, D = 1.25 L
V&1′ = m& ν 1 = (1.2124 )(0.088) = (0.1067 m 3 s )(60 s min ) = 6.4 m3 min
ην V&D = V&1′
(0.7113) π (1.25L )2 (L )(875)(4) = 6.4

4
L = 0.1280 m
L = 12.80 cm
D = 1.25L = 16.0 cm
(b) Piston Speed, V p
V p = 2 Ln = 2(0.128)(875) = 224 m min
 n −1
  0.275


np1V1  p2 n  (1.275)(203.90)(6.4)  914.23  1.275 
(c) IP =   − 1 =   − 1
n − 1  p1   0.275  203.90  
   
IP = 2312 kJ min
2312
IHP = = 51.6 hp
(60)(0.746)
4. A food freezing requires 20 tons of refrigeration at an evaporator temperature of
–30 C and a condenser temperature of 35 C. The refrigerant Freon 22 is subcooled
4 C before entering the expansion valve and the vapor is superheated 5 C before
leaving the evaporator. The clearance is 4%, the suction and discharge valve
pressure drops are 35 kPa and 50 kPa, respectively. Compression is polytropic
with n = 1.08 . The mechanical efficiency is 75%. An 11.5 x 11.5 – cm, six
cylinder single acting compressor running at 1000 rpm is used. Determine (a)
clearance volumetric efficiency, (b) piston displacement, (c) total volumetric
efficiency, (d) theoretical hp, (e) actual hp, (f) heat rejected to condenser cooling
CHAPTER 3
water, and (h) quantity of cooling water in the condenser if the temperature rise is
6 C.
Solution:
p1= p6 − 35 kPa
p 2 = p3 + 50 kPa
State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 128.5 396.0 0.175
2 1404.8
3 1354.8
4 1354.8 31 237.9
5 163.5 -30 237.9
6 163.5 -25 396.0
m& =
QA
=
(20)(3.516) = 0.4448 kg s
h1 − h4 396 − 237.9
V&1′ = m& ν 1 = (0.4448)(0.175)(60 ) = 4.67 m3 min
 n −1
  0.08

np1V1  p2  n  (1.08)(128.5)(4.67 )  1404.8  1.08 
W=   −1 =   −1
n − 1  p1   0.08  128.5  
   
CHAPTER 3
 1 min 
W = (1570 kJ min )  = 26.2 kW
 60 s 
1
v2  p1  n
= 
v1  p2 
1
v2  128.5 1.08
= 
0.175  1404.8 
v2 = 0.019 m 3 kg
at p2 = 1404.8 kPa , v2 = 0.019 m 3 kg
h2 = 440 kJ kg
h3 = h2
1 1
p  n
 1404.8 1.08
(a) η v = 1 + c − c 2  = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04  = 0.6742 = 67.42%
 p1   128.7 
V& 4.67
(b) V&D = 1 = = 6.93 m3 min
ηv 0.6742
V&
(c) η vT = 1
V&DT
π
V&DT = (0.115) (0.115)(1000 )(6 ) = 7.17 m3 min
2
4
4.67
η vT = (100% ) = 0.6513(100% ) = 65.13%
7.17
(d) TP = W& = 26.2 kW

26.2
THP = = 35.12 hp
0.746
THP 35.12
(e) actual hp = = = 46.83 hp
ηm 0.75
(f) Q& j (heat rejected during compression)

CHAPTER 3
Q& j = W& − m& (h2 − h1 ) = 26.2 − 0.4448(440 − 396) = 6.63 kW

Q& j = (6.63)(60) = 398 kJ min
(g) Q& R = m& (h3 − h4 ) = 0.4448(440 − 237.9 ) = 89.9 kW

Q& = (89.9 )(60 ) = 5394 kJ min
R
(h) Q& R = m& wcw∆t

5394 = m& w (4.187 )(6 )
m& w = 214.7 kg min

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CHAPTER 3

1. A Freon 12 refrigeration system, with a 10-TR capacity and a coefficient of

State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg

(a) Mass flow rate

(c) Qloss = W& − m& ∆h

since W& < ∆H , there is an error in this problem. (80 C).

2. A test of a 10-TR ammonia vapor compression refrigeration system gave the

State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg

(A) (a) Q1 (b/w evaporator coils and compressor)

Q1 = m& (h1 − h6 ) = (1.92 )(1481 − 1460 ) = 40.32 kJ min

(b) Q2 (b/w compressor and condenser)

Q2 = m& (h2 − h3 ) = (1.92)(1661 − 1602) = 113.3 kJ min

(c) QR (to condenser water)

QR = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (1.92)(1602 − 366.1) = 2377 kJ min

(B) (a) t5 = temperature in the evaporator coils = − 20 C

3. A refrigerant 12 refrigerating system operates with a condensing temperature of

State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

4 203.90 -12 236.5

(a) For bore and stroke, D = 1.25 L

V&1′ = m& ν 1 = (1.2124 )(0.088) = (0.1067 m 3 s )(60 s min ) = 6.4 m3 min

(0.7113) π (1.25L )2 (L )(875)(4) = 6.4

(b) Piston Speed, V p

V p = 2 Ln = 2(0.128)(875) = 224 m min

State points p , kPa t, C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

at p2 = 1404.8 kPa , v2 = 0.019 m 3 kg

(d) TP = W& = 26.2 kW

(f) Q& j (heat rejected during compression)

Q& j = W& − m& (h2 − h1 ) = 26.2 − 0.4448(440 − 396) = 6.63 kW

(g) Q& R = m& (h3 − h4 ) = 0.4448(440 − 237.9 ) = 89.9 kW

(h) Q& R = m& wcw∆t

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