Future Internet

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) harmonizes personal data protection laws across the European Union, affecting all sectors including the healthcare industry. For processing operations that pose a high risk for data subjects, a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) is mandatory from May 2018. Taking into account the criticality of the process and the importance of its results, for the protection of the patients’ health data, as well as the complexity involved and the lack of past experience in applying such methodologies in healthcare environments, this paper presents the main steps of a DPIA study and provides guidelines on how to carry them out effectively. To this respect, the Privacy Impact Assessment, Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (PIA-CNIL) methodology has been employed, which is also compliant with the privacy impact assessment tasks described in ISO/IEC 29134:2017. The work presented in this paper focuses on the first two steps of the ...

F. Granelli et al. (Eds.): MOBILIGHT 2009, LNICST 13, pp. 230–241, 2009. © ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunication Engineering 2009 ... Self-management in Future Internet Wireless Networks: ... Dynamic Resource Allocation and Traffic Routing ...

Handwriting analysis is playing an important role in user authentication or online writer identification for more than a decade. It has a significant role in different applications such as e-security, signature biometrics, e-health, gesture analysis, diagnosis system of Parkinson’s disease, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, analysis of vulnerable people (stressed, elderly, or drugged), prediction of gender, handedness and so on. Classical authentication systems are image-based, text-dependent, and password or fingerprint-based where the former one has the risk of information leakage. Alternatively, image processing and pattern-analysis-based systems are vulnerable to camera attributes, camera frames, light effect, and the quality of the image or pattern. Thus, in this paper, we concentrate on real-time and context-free handwriting data analysis for robust user authentication systems using digital pen-tablet sensor data. Most of the state-of-the-art authentication models sho...

The interest in network virtualization has grown steadily in recent years. This opens new possibilities for the future development of the Internet which allows the development of various architectures and protocols over a shared physical infrastructure. Implementation of network virtualization imposes new requirements and raises new issues regarding how they are provisioned, managed and controlled in the present network resources. Virtualization enables coexistence of multiple approaches, thereby overcoming the problem of current Internet ossification and stimulate the development and implementation of new network technologies and advanced applications. Virtualization is expected to provide a clear separation of services and infrastructure and facilitate new ways of doing business by allowing sharing of network resources between multiple suppliers and customers. Considering the above, this paper aims to bring some contribution towards virtualization in Future Internet. The thesis aims to introduce the main technologies of network virtualization infrastructure in the context of Future Internet applications and study the efficiency, advantages or disadvantages and evaluate their performance and to make contributions in this area. In particular, the paper proposes the application of the concepts introduced by implementing software modules capable of routing based on content, across a virtualized network infrastructure, developed and tested in international research projects FP7-ICT- ALICANTE (2010-2013), respectively, DISEDAN (2014-2015). In this work we studied the possibility of partial migration and extension of Alicante architecture for Software Defined Networking technologies (SDN) to enhance the performance and extend the scalability and flexibility of networks and services, and also presented contributions on policies and algorithms for server and path selection  in content aware networks.

We study the Bitcoin and Ether price series under a financial perspective. Specifically, we use two econometric models to perform a two-layer analysis to study the correlation and prediction of Bitcoin and Ether price series with traditional assets. In the first part of this study, we model the probability of positive returns via a Bayesian logistic model. Even though the fitting performance of the logistic model is poor, we find that traditional assets can explain some of the variability of the price returns. Along with the fact that standard models fail to capture the statistic and econometric attributes—such as extreme variability and heteroskedasticity—of cryptocurrencies, this motivates us to apply a novel Non-Homogeneous Hidden Markov model to these series. In particular, we model Bitcoin and Ether prices via the non-homogeneous Pólya-Gamma Hidden Markov (NHPG) model, since it has been shown that it outperforms its counterparts in conventional financial data. The transition pr...

This paper examines the potential integration of Living Labs concepts of open and user driven innovation with Future Internet experimentally driven research approaches, in order to accelerate the user-driven development of Future Internet enabled services towards Smart Cities. Two key issues are underlying this integration: strengthening user involvement in experimental Internet research, and providing access to common resources such as testbed facilities and living lab resources. To explore the opportunities for such integration, three case studies from current FP7-ICT projects are discussed: SmartSantander, TEFIS and ELLIOT. A framework is proposed facilitating the sharing of resources offered by existing Smart City platforms, testbeds and living labs facilities as a basis for partnership agreements implementing open innovation approaches for Smart Cities.

Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities.

Fog computing is an emerging and evolving technology, which bridges the cloud with the network edges, allowing computing to work in a decentralized manner. As such, it introduces a number of complex issues to the research community and the industry alike. Both of them have to deal with many open challenges including architecture standardization, resource management and placement, service management, Quality of Service (QoS), communication, participation, to name a few. In this work, we provide a comprehensive literature review along two axes—modeling with an emphasis in the proposed fog computing architectures and simulation which investigates the simulation tools which can be used to develop and evaluate novel fog-related ideas.

This paper introduces four safety training episodes and virtual training technology called Immersive Safe Oceans which can be used in further education of professionals in immersive training scenarios. These episodes were developed for maritime safety and are under testing. Immersive Safe Oceans Technology is a cost-effective, portable technology that can be used on board just in time or in maritime training centers. Four introduced episodes, namely, (1) command bridge, (2) machine room, (3) crane, and (4) fire safety, illustrate how Immersive Safe Oceans technology can be used in various professional training scenarios. These episodes also emphasize the growing need for virtual reality training in the shipping industry. As a result, next generation learning will happen onboard in sophisticated virtual training centers.

The development and deployment of highly dynamic, cyber+connected operational environments, such as smart homes, smart cities, and smart transportation systems, is increasing. The security analysis of such dynamic environments necessitates the use of dynamic risk assessment methodologies and the modeling of dynamically changing states. In this paper, we focus on the smart home environment, where the deployment of IoT devices increase the attack surface. We examine existing dynamic risk assessment methodologies, and by leveraging a smart home reference architecture we identify the security risks of a smart home’s physical and communication viewpoints, taking into consideration also dynamic operational aspects. Further, we develop a smart home network topology generator and a graph-based attack model to study dependencies among dynamically changing states and the propagation of a malware infection.

The Internet may be free, but service provider’s indispensable to access services are not, to the extent that while the complexity and burden of the sites increases, it is becoming more and more expensive to surf the net. Blocking access under the guise of protecting us from offensive or sexually explicit content, to pages, chat rooms, newsgroups and other Web options is not anymore an excuse, but a lie. Government surveillance in the Internet, uncontrolled practices of data harvesting and restriction of free speech, open discussion of issues and even political activism has spread in the last 20 years to include countries that are considered democracies such as the U.S. Internet has become a battleground of power and therefore become increasingly militarized.

Content-Centric Networking/Named Data Networking (CCN/NDN) architecture introduces a novel paradigm for the future of the Internet by moving the current system to cutting edge network protocols. Generally, the main goals of CCN/NDN are to improve the traditional network operations by having devices that are aware of content's name, to route the decisions that are taken based on the content's name of the consumers' requests. Despite the numerous advantages out of this shift, hardware challenges, including Pending Interest Table (PIT) are still existing in respect to CCN/NDN implementation in terms of memory that is fast in time accessing and large packet storing. In addition, designing, implementing, and evaluating a fast and enough PIT with higher capacity is certainly another issue in respect to both packet processing and router storage. Furthermore, existing memory technology that is deployed in PIT, such as DRAM and SRAM, is presenting further limitation. Therefore, PIT should be able to serve a very large number of Interest (scalability). Significant works have been presented by several researchers concerning the scalability of PIT, in accommodating more interest; however, there are remaining possibilities for more improvement in such a context. This paper aims to classify an extensive and critical concerning PIT implementation in a concise manner. Then identifying their strength and weaknesses and underline the necessary requirements for better PIT improvement in terms of scalability.

The phrase Internet of Things (IoT) heralds a vision of the future Internet where connecting physical things, from banknotes to bicycles, through a network will let them take an active part in the Internet, exchanging information about themselves and their surroundings. This will give immediate access to information about the physical world and the objects in it—leading to innovative services and increase in efficiency and productivity. This paper studies the state-of-the-art of IoT and presents the key technological drivers, potential applications, challenges and future research areas in the domain of IoT. IoT definitions from different perspective in academic and industry communities are also discussed and compared. Finally some major issues of future research in IoT are identified and discussed briefly.

Although Internet of Things (IoT) brings significant advantages over traditional communication technologies for smart grid and smart home applications, these implementations are still very rare. Relying on a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to contribute towards narrowing the gap between the existing state-of-the-art smart home applications and the prospect of their integration into an IoT enabled environment. We propose a holistic framework which incorporates different components from IoT architectures/frameworks proposed in the literature, in order to efficiently integrate smart home objects in a cloud-centric IoT based solution. We identify a smart home management model for the proposed framework and the main tasks that should be performed at each level. We additionally discuss practical design challenges with emphasis on data processing, as well as smart home communication protocols and their interoperability. We believe that the holistic framework ascertained in this paper can be used as a solid base for the future developers of Internet of Things based smart home solutions.

In the world, the man matters, not the machine, people need to be care, not data. There is transition from information technology to human technology. The answer is internet of everything (IoE). The internet of everything (IoE) is a concept that extends the internet of things (IOT) by encompassing the machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, machine-to-people (M2P) and technology-assisted people-to-people (P2P) with expended digital features. It includes different types of devices, appliances and items that are connected to the global internet. The internet of everything (IoE) comprises four components, namely, people, process, data and things to make the networked connections more relevant and valuable. These components enable us to create new capabilities, wide experiences and economic opportunity for individuals and businesses. IoE connects people in more relevant and valuable ways, deliver the right information to the right people and/or machine at the right time, leverages data into more useful information for decision making and connect physical devices and objects with each other via the internet of things (IoT). The IoE includes user-generated communications and interactions associated with the global internet. The IoE is 5G technology that include evolution, elasticity, capacity, speed and agility. In this research work, we discuss the potentiality of IoE technology that includes the seamless interconnections and autonomous coordination among people, data and process through the global internet infrastructure. We will highlight the various applications of IoE in the area of privacy and security. Security and privacy are the major challenge in today world. There are various challenges like software and hardware compatibility, wired and wireless infrastructure, data analysis, data mining, big data and many other things that need to be solves globally. We will discuss the security aspects of IoE that ensure the securing the environment, the infrastructure and the process. Data collection is also the major challenge at the network edge. It includes multitude of endpoint devices and sensors that automatically collect, analyze and transmit the data on the massive scale and at very fast rate. Internet of everything (IoE) will have a huge impact on individuals and business in the next few years. It will be a radial shift to think that how we live, solve the problem, create value, secure environment to keep people, data, process and things under one umbrella. It will include devices and objects at the massive scale. The network capabilities will create the new experiences, capabilities and economic opportunities for individuals, businesses and governments. In short, the internet of everything (IoE) changes only one thing, which is everything.

Modern supply chains have evolved into highly complex value networks and turned into a vital source of competitive advantage. However, it has become increasingly challenging to verify the source of raw materials and maintain visibility of products and merchandise while they are moving through the value chain network. The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) can help companies to observe, track, and monitor products, activities, and processes within their respective value chain networks. Other applications of IoT include product monitoring to optimize operations in warehousing‚ manufacturing, and transportation. In combination with IoT, Blockchain technology can enable a broad range of different application scenarios to enhance value chain transparency and to increase B2B trust. When combined, IoT and Blockchain technology have the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of modern supply chains. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we illustrate how...

Blockchain technology has been recognized as a promising solution to enhance the security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing scenarios. Taking advantage of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus protocol, which solves a computation intensive hashing puzzle, Blockchain assures the security of the system by establishing a digital ledger. However, the computation intensive PoW favors members possessing more computing power. In the IoT paradigm, fairness in the highly heterogeneous network edge environments must consider devices with various constraints on computation power. Inspired by the advanced features of Digital Twins (DT), an emerging concept that mirrors the lifespan and operational characteristics of physical objects, we propose a novel Miner-Twins (MinT) architecture to enable a fair PoW consensus mechanism for blockchains in IoT environments. MinT adopts an edge-fog-cloud hierarchy. All physical miners of the blockchain are deployed as microservices on dis...

The term “Smart City” is to-date widely used, but little clarity appears in the definition behind it. Several approaches led to a growing emphasis on the combined use of geographic information and communication technology to build cognitive frameworks in city planning and management. The present paper tackles an effort to define ‘smart cities’ and to identify both elements of smartness, and critical aspects related to the current interpretation of the term. In particular, the risk of considering the technological layer of Smart City as an innovative element has been observed, highlighting, on the contrary, the need to consider Smart Cities in terms of a major urban planning effort to coordinate and harmonize different urban players, sustained by ICT instruments.

Models of public governance are changing profoundly due to global and digital transformations and various context-specific societal pressures. One direction of development is the increased utilisation of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) in facilitating governance practices. Such changes are intended to improve the performance of public organisations, the quality of democratic governance, and the cost-effectiveness of service delivery. This article outlines the potentials of technological trends in building governance platforms. The discussion is based on such influential trends as open source movement, Web 2.0, geoinformatics, and ubiquitous technologies. An approach that takes into account such e-enabled platform solutions is called platform orientation in public governance, which offers a framework for supporting policy and governance informatics. It’s supposed to provide new tools to create structured environments for governance and the capacity to increase the flexibility and responsiveness of public organisations as governance actors. Such e-enabled governance platforms are an answer to the needs of a highly complex and technologically meditated society with a special view to providing easy access to governance processes, encouraging creativity, sharing information in a cost-effective way, and integrating services and governance processes so that the processes are comprehensible, easy, and value-adding for citizens and other stakeholders.

Since the dawn of the new millennium and even earlier, a coordinated effort has been underway to expand the World Wide Web into a machine-readable web of data known as the Semantic Web. The field of art and culture has been one of the most eager to integrate with the Semantic Web, since metadata, data structures, linked-data, e.g., the Getty vocabularies project and the Europeana LOD initiative—and other building blocks of this web of data are considered essential in cataloging and disseminating art and culture-related content. However, art is a constantly evolving entity and as such it is the subject of a vast number of online media outlets and journalist blogs and websites. During the course of the present study the researchers collected information about how integrated the media outlets that diffuse art and culture-related content and news are to the Semantic Web. The study uses quantitative metrics to evaluate a website’s adherence to Semantic Web standards and it proceeds to dr...

A tie between cyber journalists and bio-journalists has already occurred. – Three threats to journalism. – News story on earthquake and tectonic shifts. – Generative journalism. – Two arguments about “robots’ incapability”. – Road map for robot journalism. – Forecasts and suggestions.

Currently, the digital economy contributes decisively to an increase in competitiveness, especially as a digital transformation involves migrating to new technological models where digital marketing is a key part of growth and user loyalty strategies. Internet and Digital Marketing have become important factors in campaigns, which attract and retain Internet users. This study aims to identify the main ways in which users can be gained and retained by using Digital Marketing. The Delphi method with in-depth interviews was the methodology used in this study. The results of the research show the most important actions for achieving user recruitment and loyalty with Digital Marketing from the opinions of consulted experts. The limitations of this study are those related to the number of experts included in the study, and the number of research papers consulted in the literature review. The literature review and the results of this research are used to propose new solid research with a c...

The current statuses and future promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summarized survey is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes between IoT and IoE, which are wrongly considered to be the same by many commentators. After evaluating the current trends of advancement in the fields of IoT, IoE and IoNT, this paper identifies the 21 most significant current and future challenges as well as scenarios for the possible future expansion of their applications. Despite possible negative aspects of these developments, there are grounds for general optimism about the coming technologies. Certainly, many tedious tasks can be taken over by IoT devices. However, the dangers of criminal and other nefarious activities, plus those of hardware and software errors, pose major challenges that are a priority for further research. Major specific priority issues for research are identified.