Carbon Footprint

Health care is ubiquitous in the lives of industrialized people. Yet, every medical development, technique, and procedure impact the environment. Green Bioethics synthesizes environmental ethics and biomedical ethics, thus creating an interdisciplinary approach to sustainable health care. Notably, Green Bioethics addresses, not the structure of environmental sustainability in health care institutions, but the sustainability of individual health care offerings.

Green Bioethics parallels traditional biomedical ethics by providing four principles for ethical guidance. Through these four principles, Green Bioethics presents a coherent framework for evaluating the sustainability of medical developments, techniques, and procedures. The principles of Green Bioethics are:
- Distributive Justice (Allocate Basic Medical Resources before Special Interest Access)
- Resource Conservation (Provide Health Care Needs before Health Care Wants)
- Simplicity (Reduce Dependence on Medical Interventions)
- Ethical Economics (Humanistic Health Care Instead of Financial Profit)

The future of our world may very well depend on how effectively we halt ecological destruction and conserve our resources. The principles of Green Bioethics, in tandem with the concrete examples given in this book, will support sustainability in health care.

Inspired by the commercial desires of global brands and retailers to access the lucrative green consumer market, carbon is increasingly being counted and made knowable at the mundane sites of everyday production and consumption, from the carbon footprint of a plastic kitchen fork to that of an online bank account. Despite the challenges of counting and making commensurable the global warming impact of a myriad of biophysical and societal activities, this desire to communicate a product or service's carbon footprint has sparked complicated carbon calculative practices and enrolled actors at literally every node of multi-scaled and vastly complex global supply chains. Against this landscape, this paper critically analyses the counting practices that create the 'e' in 'CO2e'. It is shown that, central to these practices are a series of tools, models and databases which, in building upon previous work (Eden 2012; Star and Griesemer 1989) we conceptualize here as 'boundary objects'. By enrolling everyday actors from farmers to consumers, these objects abstract and stabilize greenhouse gas emissions from their messy material and social contexts into units of CO2e which can then be translated along a product's supply chain, thereby establishing a new currency of 'everyday supply chain carbon'. However, in making all greenhouse gas-related practices commensurable in enrolling and stabilizing the transfer of information between multiple actors these objects oversee a process of simplification reliant upon, and subject to, a multiplicity of approximations, assumptions, errors, discrepancies and/or omissions. Further the outcomes of these tools are subject to the politicized and commercial agendas of the worlds they attempt to link, with each boundary actor inscribing different meanings to a product’s carbon footprint in accordance with their specific subjectivities, commercial desires and epistemic framings. It is therefore shown that how a boundary object transforms greenhouse gas emissions into units of CO2e, the outcome is of distinct ideologies regarding ‘what’ a product's carbon footprint is and how it should be made legible. These politicized decisions, in turn inform specific reduction activities and ultimately advance distinct, specific and increasingly durable transition pathways to a low carbon society.

Several studies in swine feed composition have demonstrated that protein levels may be modified without significant changes in meat quality in terms of carcass, lean and back fat yield. However, this variation may change certain technical indicators, such as daily weight gain. The aim of this study was to calculate the carbon footprint of the finishing stage in swine production considering four scenarios of feed composition (P18, P16, P15 and P13). The life cycle assessment methodology was applied with a life cycle inventory based on reports in the literature. The feed composition used in P18 (no soybean hulls or maize starch) had the best environmental performance for global warming per kilogram of feed. However, when evaluating the life cycle of finishing swine, P16 (containing soybean hulls, maize starch and synthetic amino acids) exhibited better environmental results; the feed used in this scenario had better technical indicators (in terms of daily weight gain), thereby reducing the feed amount for finishing swine. Using the feed composition for swine P16, the impact may be reduced by an average of 12% compared to P13 (a high level of soybean hulls, maize starch and synthetic amino acids).

Scientists and policymakers intend worldwide emissions reduction of up to 80 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the next four decades to stabilize atmospheric concentrations (TRB 2011). Henceforth, an immediate response from the transportation sector, one of the largest producers of GHGs (up to 30 percent in the U.S.), is critical for GHGs reduction. Possible long-term solutions towards cutting back on emissions from transportation are increasing supply-of/demand-for more energy/fuel efficient vehicles and to substantially improve the transit system (high-speed rail, passenger rail, metro) to reduce reliance on private vehicles and air travel for short trips. However, the markets are still struggling to produce supply-of/demand-for energy efficient vehicles and public debate on potential ridership of high speed rail is ongoing in the U.S. Another feasible strategy that can prove to be effective is emission pricing. Recent advancement in Intelligent ...

Climate change is arguably the greatest threat to society as power plants, the single largest human source of heat-trapping pollution, continue to emit massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. Sociologists have identified several possible structural determinants of electricity-based CO 2 emissions, including international trade and global normative regimes, national political–legal systems, and organizational size and age. But because they treat these factors as competing predictors, scholars have yet to examine how they might work together to explain why some power plants emit vastly more pollutants than others. Using a worldwide data set of utility facilities and fuzzy-set methods, we analyze the conjoint effects of global, political, and organizational conditions on fossil-fueled plants' CO 2 emissions. Findings reveal that hyperpolluters' emission rates are a function of four distinct causal recipes, which we label coercive, quiescent, expropriative, and inertial configurations, and these same sets of conditions also increase plants' emission levels.

The study examined the dynamic nexus between carbon footprints, nonrenewable energy and renewable energy consump- tion, financial development and economic growth, and combating climate change by using a dataset of selected 13 Asian emerging economies (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 1995 to 2020. This study empirical analysis uses the second generation of panel coin- tegration techniques to compensate for cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity. The mean group, the common correlated effects mean group, and the augmented mean group are used to estimate the long-run equations. The findings suggest that economic growth and nonrenewable energy consumption exacerbate environmental degradation, but renewable energy consumption mitigates the total adverse effects on the environment over time. Additionally, economy-specific findings examine how the impact of nonrenewable energy and renewable energy consumption on the carbon footprint depends on energy consumption level. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test reveals a statistically significant bidirectional correlation between financial development, carbon footprints, economic growth, and consumption of nonrenewable energy and renewable energy. Finally, the study says that Asian emerging economies should use more renewable energy and be more efficient in order to reduce their carbon footprints.

This study examines the relationship between green energy, non- renewable energy, financial development, and economic growth with carbon footprint by using panel data from 63 emerging and developed economies for the time period from 1990 to 2020. The study utilises second-generation panel data econometrics techni- ques to investigate cross-section independence and adjust for cross-section heterogeneity. The studies also used the CIPS and CADF unit root tests, Wester Lund bootstrap cointegration techni- ques, and AMG and CCEMG heterogeneous panel causality techni- ques. The findings show that, over the long run, all variables are cointegrated. Additionally, the data indicate that non-renewable energy consumption leads to carbon footprint, whereas green energy reduces environmental degradation and supports the reduction of environmental hazards. Likewise, financial develop- ment has a considerable negative effect on environmental deg- radation. A statistically significant bidirectional correlation is found between green energy, nonrenewable energy, financial development, economic growth, and carbon footprint according to the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test. Finally, according to the findings of the study, the economies that were examined should use more green energy in order to reduce their carbon footprint.

The contribution of the European food sector to the total amount of greenhouse gases emissions is equal to one fifth. Footprint indicators together with Life Cycle Assessment have emerged to be useful tools to analyze and report environmental performance. In this paper the environmental impact of aged vinegar produced from Grechetto and Sagrantino grapes varieties is analyzed. Life Cycle Assessment of wine is performed to calibrate the model. Impact assessment is studied evaluating: carbon footprint, ecological footprint, water footprint, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidation. The new approach proposed in this paper leads to the obtainment of a complete analysis of the impact of aged vinegar, which can help a small farm choose more sustainable production methods, also optimizing logistics. This is the scientific added value of the work. The results show that aged vinegar has a carbon footprint comprised between 1.94 and 2.54 kgCO 2 /l. The Ecological footprint of aged vinegar varies between 9.83 and 13.23 gm 2 /kg. The Water Footprint of aged vinegar varies between 1,332 and 1,892 l/l. The water scarcity weighted water footprint methods available in the software SimaPro 8 give different results depending on their assumptions. These can be useful for comparative studies between different products.

The article reflects in a personal/biographical fashion on the issues addressed in the Nida Art Colony Conference on Artistic Tourism and the Post Romantic Condition.
It was published in  Tourists like us
Critical Tourism and Contemporary Art Practices, Edited by Federica Martini & Vytautas Michelkevičius, Ecav, Sierre and Vilnius Academy of the Arts. 2013.

Wetlands provide numerous ecosystem services including sequestration of atmospheric carbon–dioxide (CO2) which play an important role in mitigation of green house gases (GHGs). Present study aimed to assess soil / sediment carbon (C) stock of different wetlands under different physiographic regions of West Bengal. West Bengal has a number of wetlands situated in different biogeographic regions like lower Gangetic plains, central Himalaya, Chotanagpur plateau and coasts. A total of 19
wetlands were selected for present study and were categorized into six wetland types viz., floodplain wetlands (FP), wetlands from forested hill region (FH), Himalayan region (HM), Chotanagpur plateau and adjacent area (CP), coastal wetlands (CO) and wastewater–fed fishponds of East Calcutta Wetlands (ECW) ecosystems. Soil /sediment organic carbon (SOC) content of both bank soil and bottom sediments of the wetlands varied widely among study sites. Highest amount of bank SOC were recorded from HM wetlands (50.54 ± 6.65 t ha–1) whereas bottom SOC values from FP wetlands (36.81±17.80 t ha–1). Different allochthonous inputs like sewage water, runoff from catchment area; wetland macrophytes; sediment texture; physicochemical properties of water influence C sequestration potential of wetlands. Findings of present study can be compared with 22.35% of total wetland area of the state and it can be assumed that these types of wetlands can sequester 6.63 M t carbon in soils and sediments.

In dieser Studie werden Treibhausgasemissionen (THG) aus der deutschen Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft analysiert und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Reduzierung erörtert. Darüber hinaus wird die Eignung von Ökobilanzen für die Bewertung von Produktionsverfahren und Produkten untersucht. In Kapitel 2 werden theoretische Grundlagen für die Umsetzung von Klimaschutzpolitiken erörtert. Als Bilanzierungs- und Analysemethoden werden die Emissionsberichterstattung, die umweltökonomischen Gesamtrechnungen, Ökobilanzen (Life Cycle Assessment) und Carbon Footprints vorgestellt. Es folgt in Kapitel 3 eine Analyse der THG-Emissionen des deutschen Agrar- und Ernährungssektors nach Quellgruppen der Klimaberichterstattung sowie in Bezug auf Produktionsprozesse und erzeugte Agrargüter. Anschließend wird in Kapitel 4 der Stand des Wissens zu kumulierten THG-Emissionen der Ernährungswirtschaft bis hin zum Konsum dargestellt. In Kapitel 5 wird eine Übersicht über mögliche technische und organisatorische Maßna...

Anthropogenic carbon emissions plays a crucial role in global climate change by causing imbalance in carbon cycle, rainfall changes and a shift in earth's energy balance towards warming. The carbon footprint or the impact of an individual on environment responsible for creating greenhouse gases has emerged as a widely used metric to analyze CO2 emissions. Large carbon footprints indicates high level of natural resources depletion, therefore individual approaches to control the activities that causes impact on the environment, are initial measures to combat the problem. Further, the carbon management technique focusing on energy efficient processes like recycling, use of public transport, water consumption, managing pollutant inputs, analyzing product supply chain carbon emission and their mitigation, and assessing and applying carbon offset technology for various entities has potential to minimize the emission. The aim of this study is to discuss the increasing public interest in environment protection and the desire for ecofriendly consumption like demand for carbon labels on products and goods. The various approaches for calculating the individual's primary carbon footprint over which it has direct control or secondary carbon footprint those are associated with consumption of product and services are important factors to mitigate this problem.

This paper reviews the sustainability (through its carbon footprint) of the rail infrastructure project I am currently working on: Crossrail.
Crossrail is a new east-west rail link for London and the southeast, which will use some existing rail corridors in outer areas and includes the building of a new tunnelled section under central London.
A project of this type has an important environmental impact both locally, in terms of its impact on local areas and communities, and globally, in terms of climate change and overall economic benefits. Rail projects in the long term are likely to cause a reduction in emission through increased patronage and modal shift away from private cars. However, they can also generate substantial CO2 emissions through construction and operation. Therefore, I have included in this paper an explanation of the project’s main activities and components, a review of its impact through the project’s carbon footprint and a brief discussion on some rail related aspects of sustainability.

Streszczenie. Wraz ze zwiększającymi się wymaganiami w zakresie ochrony środowiska, zwiększa się nacisk na zmniejszanie emisji, tak na poziomie krajowym, jak i lokalnym. Opracowywane ostatnio w Polsce plany gospodarki niskoemisyjnej mają w sposób zintegrowany i przy wykorzystaniu wszystkich dostępnych niskoemisyjnych technologii oraz dobrych praktyk ograniczyć wpływ na środowisko, zarówno przemysłu lokalnego, jak i gospodarstw domowych. Obejmują one między innymi sektor transportu, który jest wykorzystywany w każdym z pozostałych sektorów i oddziałuję na nie. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ transportu miejskiego na środowisko proponując działania ograniczające. Przedstawiono również aktualne regulacje prawne i metody promujące wdrażanie niskoemisyjnych rozwiązań w transporcie miejskim. Wprowadzenie coraz bardziej restrykcyjnych norm emisji spalin (np. Euro 6) m.in. dla autobusów napędzanych silnikami konwencjonalnymi (tj. benzynowymi, dieslowymi i gazowymi), nie wpłynęło znacząco na minimalizację emisji spalin i hałasu. Dopiero od kilku lat przeprowadzane są testy mające na celu zastąpienie ich autobusami z napędem niekonwencjonalnym, w tym elektrycznym. Dla oszacowania efektów ekologicznych przeprowadzono ocenę wpływu z wykorzystaniem metody śladu węglowego (redukcji CO 2eq) dla przewozu pasażerów oraz oszacowano i porównano koszty związane z eksploatacją autobusów elektrycznych.

Currently, builders across the UK are charged 20% VAT for refurbishing residential properties and 0% for new-builds. The 20% VAT rate is for most work undertaken on houses and flats, including work done by builders and similar tradespeople. The 0% VAT rate is for work on new build construction projects, or work closely related to it, including the demolition of existing buildings and site preparation.

The current VAT regime is a perverse charter for building decay and (heavily incentivised) demolition that presents a stubborn, unjust legal-financial constraint to building repair, retrofitting and rescue.

Yet, if current VAT rates were harmonised this would give builders a genuine choice between repair and retrofitting versus demolition and destruction. Given the extent of fuel poverty at a time of escalating energy prices and given the scale of carbon emissions from households and embodied carbon loss from demolition, the stakes are obvious for challenging energy injustice and meeting energy efficiency and carbon reduction targets.

Neil Gray, writer, researcher, and housing activist with Living Rent tenants’ union, interviews Malcolm Fraser, architect, writer and built environment campaigner about his long-term campaigning work on the Builders VAT issue.

The Communicating Climate Risk toolkit draws together best practice on the effective communication of climate information from across STEM, social sciences, and arts and humanities. It provides users with insights, recommendations, and tools for all forms of climate-related communication and decision-making, and identifies open problems.

Progettare architetture sostenibi-li è un'attività che impegna pre-valentemente la parte sinistra del cervello. L'obiettivo di realizzare edifici più efficienti dal punto di vista ambientale richiede l'utilizzo di metriche, checklist, linee guida e certificazioni: strumenti indi-spensabili per valutare le prestazioni, ma inefficaci per rispetto al controllo della qualità architettonica. Essi infatti inducono spesso ad adottare scelte progettuali che si allontanano dagli standard abituali, ma nello stesso tempo producono risultati da essi indi-stinguibili. È per questo che tali strategie rimangono nascoste, o risultano troppo simili alle soluzioni convenzionali per poter esse-re apprezzate. Ne consegue che la sostenibilità non riesce a espri-mere una propria estetica, uno stile, una forma, o una specifica espressione materica, mentre la comunicazione del cosiddetto "green-design" viene affidata alla narrazione del progetto-un te-sto scritto, una targa di certificazione, o una descrizione orale-invece che all'architettura stessa. Non che la sostenibilità debba avere un linguaggio proprio, ma la mancanza di una chiara rico-noscibilità è un' occasione perduta: l'architettura dovrebbe guarda-re alle istanze ambientali come a un' opportunità per sviluppare nuove forme di espressione, e ciò costituisce un cambiamento che richiede un ripensamento sulla materialità dell'architettura.

Take Home Message

• US dairy industry sustainability is increasingly important as producers are challenged with increasing dairy product supply to meet the demands of the growing population, while maintaining the tradition of environmental stewardship
• Advances in nutrition, management and genetics resulted in a four-fold improvement in milk yield between 1944 and 2007. This allowed the US dairy industry to produce 59% more milk using 64% fewer cows and conferred considerable reductions in feed (77%), land (90%) and water (65%) use per gallon of milk. The carbon footprint of the entire US dairy industry was reduced by 41% over the same period.
• The global livestock industry is thought to contribute 18% of greenhouse gases worldwide. However, this global average does not address variability between systems. Differences in system productivity demonstrate the considerable variation in environmental impact between dairy regions.
• As dairy industries worldwide pledge to reduce total greenhouse gases emissions, attention should be focused on a whole-system approach rather than a ‘magic bullet’ solution that may confer negative trade-offs.
• Improving productivity has the greatest potential to reduce the environmental impact of dairy production, regardless of system characteristics.

MSc. Dissertation: Cardiff University ---- Carbon footprints can help conservators, collections managers and registrars set and achieve sustainability targets for museum loans. To quantify the impact of outward loan activities on climate change, a purpose-designed carbon footprinting methodology was applied to the 2006 loan activities of National Museum Wales’ Art Department. The assessment revealed a total footprint of 53 tCO2-e, with the largest impact resulting from transport (52%) and couriers (45%), and minimal impact from packing cases (3%) and wrapping materials (< 1%). Recommendations were formulated to help museums improve the environmental sustainability of their loan activities and reduce calculation uncertainty. A Sustainable Loans performance indicator (SL) was developed to improve communication between museums, central government and the public, and to help museums focus on achieving greater alignment between the environmental, social and economic dimensions of loans.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se plantea una revisión de la literatura especializada sobre la temática de la Huella de Carbono y las distintas metodologías que se utilizan para el relevamiento, desarrollando una síntesis de los lineamientos generales y los aspectos básicos para su contabilización. El tema en cuestión presenta un creciente interés dado que permite abordar una problemática actual como es el cambio climático y sus efectos en la sociedad, proporcionando una herramienta importante para la cuantificación de los gases de efecto invernadero comúnmente denominados GEI. Introducción Un número creciente de grupos sociales, empresariales y políticos de los más diversos países y una parte importante de la comunidad científica están convencidos de que el cambio climático es originado por las actividades humanas y que constituye, por lo tanto, uno de los mayores desafíos ambientales que se pudiera interponer en el camino hacia el desarrollo sustentable en el presente siglo (WRI, 2004).

Özet Karbon ayak izi, kullanımı son yıllarda yaygınlaşan ve insan tüketim faaliyetlerinin doğa üzerindeki kalıcı etkisini ifade etmede kullanılan bir terimdir. Karbon ayak izi genellikle, bir ürün, hizmet veya bölge ile ilişkili etkinlik ya da işlemin bir sonucu olarak yayılan ya da eşdeğer sera gazı olarak tanımlanır. Binalarda karbon ayak izi hesaplanması, son yıllarda en çok ilgi duyulan araştırmalardan biridir. Günümüzde özellikle ofis binaları enerji verimliliği bakımından daha gelişmiş durumdadır ve binalarda ısıtmanın önemi azalmaktadır; ancak elektrik kullanımının payı yine de artmaktadır. eşdeğeri emisyonlar da dikkate alındığında, binanın ihtiva ettiği emisyonu toplam emisyonun önemli bir kısmından sorumludur. Bu çalışmada Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu'nun karbon ayak izi çıkartılmıştır. Bunun için Annex 2014 hesaplama kriterlerini kullanılarak binanın karbon ayak izi miktarı 98.307 kg/yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Karbon ayak izi binadaki toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketimi, yüksekokul personelinin günlük ulaşım değerleri ve personel araçlarının kullandığı yakıt türleri göz önünde bulundurularak hesaplanmıştır. Abstract Carbon footprint, use in recent years under the permanent nature of the activity and human consumption effect is a term used to express. Carbon footprint is usually associated with a product, service, or activity or process area as a result of the spreading or equivalent is defined as greenhouse gases. Calculation of the carbon footprint of buildings, in recent years, interest in research is one of the most. Nowadays, especially office buildings are more advanced in terms of energy efficiency and the importance of decreasing heating in buildings; however, the share of electricity use is still increasing. Equivalent emissions also considered, building a substantial part of the total emission of molasses is responsible for emission. In this study, Akdeniz University Health Services Vocational School of removing the carbon footprint. To do this, using the criteria of Annex 2014 calculation the building's carbon footprint has been calculated the amount. The total electrical energy consumption in the building of carbon footprint, College personnel log transport values and staffing tools uses fuel types are calculated taking into consideration.

Within the Ecological Footprint methodology, the carbon Footprint component is defined as the regenerative forest capacity required to sequester the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that is not absorbed by oceans. A key parameter of the carbon Footprint is the Average Forest Carbon Sequestration (AFCS), which is calculated from the net carbon sequestration capacity of forests ecosystems.
The aim of this paper is to increase the clarity and transparency of the Ecological Footprint by reviewing the rationale and methodology behind the carbon Footprint component, and updating a key factor in its calculation, the AFCS. Multiple calculation options have been set to capture different rates of carbon sequestration depending on the degree of human management of three types of forest considered (primary forests, other naturally regenerated forests and planted forests). Carbon emissions related to forest wildfires and soil as well as harvested wood product have been included for the first time in this update of the AFCS calculation. Overall, a AFCS value range of 0.73 ± 0.37 t C ha−1 yr−1 has been identified. The resulting carbon Footprint and Ecological Footprint values have then been evaluated based on this value range. Results confirm that human demand for ecosystem services is beyond the biosphere's natural capacity to provide them.

The idea of the Southeastern United States as a region has long infatuated the popular American imagination. While it is a site of historic and present trauma for some, collective Southern regional identity is constructed as a geographic imagined community of belonging. This place-based identity is expressed in many ways, one of which is through college football fandom. Southeastern Conference (SEC) football has long been associated with the presumed region of the South, and a popular expression of both SEC football fandom and southeastern regional identity is the tourism act of attending college football games. This thesis is a critical environmental investigation into that tourism.The global tourism industry contributes to global anthropogenic climate change through the emission of greenhouse gasses. As such, carbon footprinting can help quantify the sustainability of individual tourism events in terms of emissions. This case study seeks to assess the carbon footprint of six seasons of University of Tennessee college football, an SEC institution with one of the largest football stadiums in the United States. Using an extensive geographic sample of ticketing data from Tennessee’s home games during the 2014-2019 seasons, a total carbon footprint was estimated to be 232,864,549 kg CO2eq.This study presents both a methodology for studying spectator sporting events in sport tourism and evidence for the need for tourism organizations and governments to account for and reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions. It also demonstrates grounded consequences for the often trivialized ideas of fandom and place-based identity in a fresh way by examining an environmental impact of an identity expression. This thesis highlights the paradox that Tennessee football fandom, an expression of place-based identity, is simultaneously an agent in social placemaking and environmental place-destroying.

For the first time a full/streamlined life cycle assessment (LCA) case study was performed to estimate the carbon footprint of three types of FTTx networks deployed in Italy. The functional unit is “broadband network in an Italian urban dense area for use by 10,000 homes during one year” The worst case results show that FTTB, FTTCab, and FTTH all emit