JP2018049701A - 固体電解質、リチウム電池、電池パック、及び車両 - Google Patents
固体電解質、リチウム電池、電池パック、及び車両 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2018049701A JP2018049701A JP2016183097A JP2016183097A JP2018049701A JP 2018049701 A JP2018049701 A JP 2018049701A JP 2016183097 A JP2016183097 A JP 2016183097A JP 2016183097 A JP2016183097 A JP 2016183097A JP 2018049701 A JP2018049701 A JP 2018049701A
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- electrode layer
- negative electrode
- electrolyte
- positive electrode
- layer
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- Granted
Links
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
- B60L50/66—Arrangements of batteries
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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Abstract
Description
実施形態に係る固体電解質の含む酸化物は、一般式Li1+2xM12-x(Ca1-yM2y)x(PO4)3で表され、式中、M1はZr,Hfより選択される少なくとも1種であり、M2はSr、Baより選択される少なくとも1種である。また、式中、xは0<x<2の範囲内にあり、yは0<y≦1の範囲内で表される。この酸化物は、NASICON型結晶構造を有しており、リン酸(PO4)を骨格構造とした構造を有する。この結晶構造は、稜面体構造に属しており、代表的な空間群はR-3cである。また、結晶構造において、PO4四面体とMO6八面体がお互いに頂点を全て共有し合い、[M2(PO4)3]n-の化学式で示される骨格構造を形成している。図1に示す稜面体晶系の骨格構造において、1つの四面体の周りには4個の八面体が、1つの八面体の周りには6個の四面体が存在する。一般的なNASICON型化合物は、高温でのみ図1に示す様な稜面体晶系をとり、低温では骨格構造に歪みが生じて対称性が低下し、単斜晶系(空間群C2/c)となることが知られている。なお、単位格子中に含まれる原子を化学式単位Zで表すと、稜面体晶系(R-3c)はZ=6、単斜晶系(C2/c)はZ=12となる。
第1の実施形態に係るNASICON型結晶構造を有する化合物を合成する方法の一例として、固相反応法が挙げられる。固相反応の原料として、構成元素の酸化物または加熱により構成元素を生成する炭酸塩、硝酸塩などの各種塩化合物を用いることができる。これらを一般式Li1+2xM12-x(Ca1-yM2y)x(PO4)3で表され、M1サイトは、ZrまたはHfから選択される少なくとも1種の元素を含み、M2サイトは、BaまたSrから選択される少なくとも1種を含んでおり、xは0<x<2の範囲内にあり、yは0<y≦1の範囲内である目的組成に対応するように、各種原料を所定の比率で混合する。この混合物を焼成することにより、実施形態に係るNASICON型結晶構造の化合物を得ることができる。
実施形態に係るリチウム電池において、正極層と負極層とLi導電層とは電解質を含み得る。何れの層についても含むことのできる電解質が第1の実施形態の固体電解質であり得るが、実施形態に係るリチウム電池では、これらの層のうち少なくとも何れか一つに第1の実施形態の固体電解質が含まれている。固体電解質を用いたリチウム電池では有機電解液の漏液やガス発生の心配がなく、安全な電池を提供することができる。
正極層11は、図2に示す単層電極体10Aの例においては、集電体14の片面に担持されている。正極層11は、活物質(正極活物質)、導電剤および結着剤を含む。また、正極層11は、電解質を含むことができる。この電解質は、上述した固体電解質(第1の実施形態に係る固体電解質、並びにその他の固体電解質)であり得る。また、電解質として正極層11が非水電解質を含む態様も可能である。なお、ここでいう非水電解質とは、例えば液状の非水電解質、または非水電解質を基質としたゲル状電解質を含む。
負極層13は、図2に示す単層電極体10Aの例においては、集電体14の片面に担持されている。負極層13は活物質(負極活物質)、導電剤および結着剤を含む。また、負極層13は、電解質を含むことができる。この電解質は、上述した固体電解質(第1の実施形態に係る固体電解質、並びにその他の固体電解質)であり得る。また、電解質として負極層13が非水電解質を含む態様も可能である。なお、ここでいう非水電解質とは、例えば液状の非水電解質、または非水電解質を基質としたゲル状電解質を含む。
上述した電極体10A−10Cは、外装部材21としての容器に収容して用いることができる。電極体10A−10Cが収容される容器には、金属製容器や、ラミネートフィルム製容器を使用することができる。
上述したように、実施形態に係るリチウム電池は、第1の実施形態に係る固体電解質、即ち一般式Li1+2xM12-x(Ca1-yM2y)x(PO4)3で表され、M1はZr及びHfから選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、M2はBa及びSrから選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、xは0<x<2の範囲内にあり、yは0<y≦1の範囲内にある化合物を含んだ固体電解質を、正極層と負極層とLi導電層とのうち少なくとも何れか1つにおいて含むことが好ましい。このような固体電解質がリチウム電池に含まれていることを、例えば次の方法により確認することができる。
比表面積の測定は、粉体粒子表面に吸着占有面積が既知である分子を液体窒素の温度で吸着させ、その量から試料の比表面積を求める方法を用いる。最も良く利用されるのが不活性気体の低温低湿物理吸着によるBET法である。このBET法は、単分子層吸着理論であるLangmuir理論を多分子層吸着に拡張した、比表面積の計算方法として最も有名な理論であるBET理論に基づく方法である。これにより求められた比表面積のことを、BET比表面積と称する。
第3の実施形態によれば、電池パックが提供される。この電池パックは、第2の実施形態に係るリチウム電池を具備する。
以下、実施例に基づいて上記実施形態をさらに詳細に説明する。
以下のようにして、一般式Li1+2xM12-x(Ca1-yM2y)x(PO4)3で表されるNASICON型固体電解質を合成し、これを用いた全固体電池を作製した。
次に、合成したNASICON型固体電解質のLiイオン導電率を測定するために、各々のペレットを用いて作製したブロッキング電極を真空下において140℃の温度条件で12時間乾燥した。次に、ブロッキング電極を乾燥アルゴン(Ar)で満たした4端子測定容器にいれた。ブロッキング電極を入れた4端子測定容器を恒温槽中に入れ、測定条件として設定した温度において2時間保持した後、横川ヒューレットパッカード製インピーダンスアナライザー 4192Aを用いてインピーダンス測定を行った。測定の設定温度は、25℃及び−30℃とした。測定周波数範囲は、5Hzから13MHzとし、複素インピーダンスの測定結果からバルク部の抵抗値を算出し、ペレットの電極面積、厚さを用いて、バルク部におけるリチウムイオン導電率σb(S/cm)を計算した。
得られた試料について、以下のようにして粉末X線回折測定を行った。
NASICON型固体電解質を用いた電池の低温放電性能を調べるために、図2に示す形態の正極層/電解質層(複合電解質の層)/負極層からなる単層電極体を作成した。正極活物質としては、炭素微粒子(平均粒子径5nm)が表面に付着(付着量0.1重量%)した一次粒子の平均粒子径が50nmであるオリビン構造のLiMn0.85Fe0.1Mg0.05PO4の粒子を用いた。この正極活物質の粒子に対して、導電剤としての繊維径0.1μmの気相成長の炭素繊維と、導電剤としての黒鉛粉末と、結着剤としてのPVdFとをそれぞれの重量比が100:3:5:5となるように配合してn−メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶媒に分散してスラリーを調製した。その後、得られたスラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム合金箔(純度99%)の片面に塗布した。スラリーの塗膜を乾燥した後、プレス工程を経て、集電体(アルミニウム合金箔)の片面に厚さ67μmの正極層が形成された、電極密度2.2g/cm3(集電体を含まず)の正極を作製した。
実施例B−1〜実施例B−3及び比較例B−1で作製したリチウム電池ついて、25℃及び−10℃、−30℃環境下で充放電試験を行った。充放電試験における充放電範囲は、負極活物質としてLi4Ti5O12またはNb2TiO7を用いた実施例B−1、比較例B−1及び実施例B−3については、1.0V以上1.7V以下(vs.Li/Li+)の電位範囲とし、負極活物質としてLi2Na2Ti6O14を用いた実施例B−2については、1.0V以上3.0V以下(vs.Li/Li+)の電位範囲とした。容量確認時の充放電電流値は、25℃の温度条件下では0.01C(時間放電率)として充放電を行い、そのときの放電容量を基準容量(100%)とした。次に、25℃、−10℃、−30℃の温度条件下で、それぞれ0.1Cで充放電を行い、上記基準容量に対する放電容量維持率を算出した。また、それぞれのリチウム電池について、−30℃の温度条件下で1.0Cの充放電を行い、上記基準容量に対する放電容量維持率を算出した。
Claims (14)
- 一般式Li1+2xM12-x(Ca1-yM2y)x(PO4)3で表される酸化物を含む固体電解質:
ここで、M1はZr,Hfより選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、M2はSr,Baより選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、xは0<x<2の範囲内にあり、yは0<y≦1の範囲内にある。 - 稜面体構造または単斜晶構造からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの結晶構造を有し、前記結晶構造において単位格子体積(V)を単位格子についての化学式単位(Z)で割った値V/Zが249.3Å≦V/Z≦254.0Åの範囲にある請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- リチウムイオンの吸蔵放出が可能な正極層と、
リチウムイオンの吸蔵放出が可能な負極層と、
リチウムイオンの導電が可能なLi導電層とを具備し、
前記正極層、前記負極層、及び前記Li導電層のうち少なくとも一つの層は、請求項1又は2に記載の固体電解質を含むリチウム電池。 - 前記正極層は、正極活物質粒子と前記正極活物質粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆し、前記固体電解質を含んだ高分子材料層とを含む請求項3に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記正極層と前記負極層と前記Li導電層との少なくとも一つが前記固体電解質と有機電解質とを含んだ複合電解質を含み、前記複合電解質中の前記有機電解質の重量比率は0.1%以上20%以下である請求項3又は4に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記正極層と前記負極層との間に前記Li導電層が介在している請求項3乃至5の何れか1項に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記正極層と前記Li導電層と前記負極層とがこの順で積層されてなる積層体を複数と、集電体とをさらに具備し、一つの前記積層体の前記正極層と他の前記積層体の前記負極層との間に前記集電体が配置されたバイポーラ電極構造を有する請求項3乃至5の何れか1項に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記負極層は、LiaTiMbNb2±βO7±σで表されるニオブ−チタン複合酸化物を含んだ負極活物質を含む請求項3乃至7の何れか1項に記載のリチウム電池:
ここで、0<a<5、0<b<0.3、0<β<0.3、0<σ<0.3、MはFe、V、Mo、Taからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素である。 - 前記負極層は、一般式Li2+aM(I)2-bTi6-cM(II)dO14+σで表されるチタン複合酸化物を含んだ負極活物質を含む請求項3乃至8の何れか1項に記載のリチウム電池:
ここで、M(I)は、Naであるか、又はNaと、Sr、Ba、Ca、Mg、Cs及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種とを含み、M(II)は、Zr、Sn、V、Nb、Ta、Mo、W、Fe、Co、Mn及びAlからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、aは0≦a≦6の範囲内にあり、bは0≦b<2の範囲内にあり、cは0<c<6の範囲内にあり、dは0<d≦6の範囲内にあり、σは−0.5≦σ≦0.5の範囲内にある。 - 請求項3乃至9の何れか1項に記載のリチウム電池を具備する電池パック。
- 通電用の外部端子と、保護回路とをさらに含む請求項10に記載の電池パック。
- 複数の前記リチウム電池を具備し、前記リチウム電池が直列、並列、又は直列及び並列を組み合わせて電気的に接続されている請求項10又は11に記載の電池パック。
- 請求項10乃至12の何れか1項に記載の電池パックを搭載した車両。
- 前記電池パックは、前記車両の動力の回生エネルギーを回収するものである請求項13に記載の車両。
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EP3604219B1 (en) | 2020-10-14 |
JP6659504B2 (ja) | 2020-03-04 |
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