CN101909611A - 增强免疫应答的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明披露了氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分用于增强受治疗者体内的免疫应答以用于治疗感染,或使接受免疫的受治疗者对抗原的免疫应答增强的应用。本发明还公开了含有这种氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的药物组合物和试剂盒。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及类胡萝卜素氧化产物用于增强免疫应答的用途。
背景技术
多细胞生物已经发育成两种对感染因素的一般性免疫系统。这两种系统是先天免疫或天然免疫(也被称为“先天免疫”)和适应性(后天或获得性)免疫或特异性免疫。这两种系统之间的主要差异是它们识别感染因素的机制不同。
先天免疫系统采用一套用于识别微生物中存在的保守分子模式的生殖系(或种系)编码的受体。在微生物的某些组分中出现的这些分子模式包括:脂多糖类、肽聚糖类、脂磷壁酸、卵磷脂、细菌特异性蛋白(包括脂蛋白)、细菌性DNA、病毒单链和双链RNA、未甲基化的CpG-DNA、甘露聚糖和各种其他细菌和真菌细胞壁组件。这种分子模式也能够出现在其他分子(如植物生物碱)中。先天免疫识别的这些靶标被称为病原体相关的分子模式(PAMP),因为它们是由微生物产生而不是通过感染的宿主生物产生。识别PAMP的先天免疫系统的受体被称为模式识别受体(PRR)(参见,Janeway et al.,Cold Spring Harb.Symp.Quant.Biol.54:1(1989);Medzhitov et al.,Curr.Opin.Immunol.94:4(1997))。这些受体的结构不同而属于几个不同的蛋白家族。这些受体中的一些直接识别PAMP(例如,CD14、DEC205、胶原凝集素),而其他受体(例如,补体受体)识别通过PAMP识别产生的产物。一般将这些受体家族的成员分成三种类型:(1)在血浆中循环的体液受体;(2)在免疫细胞表面上表达的胞吞受体(endocytic receptor),和(3)能够在细胞表面上或细胞内表达的信号受体。(Medzhitov et al.,Curr.Opin.Immunol.94:4(1997);Fearon et al.,Science 272:50(1996))。
细胞PRR在先天免疫系统的效应细胞上表达,包括在适应性免疫中起到专职抗原呈递细胞(APC)作用的细胞,如巨噬细胞、树突细胞、B淋巴细胞和表面上皮细胞。这种表达分布使得PRR能够直接诱导先天效应子机制,而且也能够通过诱导一组内源性信号的表达(如下文中讨论的炎性细胞因子和趋化因子)来警告宿主生物存在感染因素。后一种功能使得效应子力量被有效动员起来与入侵者进行战斗。
相对而言,仅在脊椎动物中发现的适应性免疫系统利用两种类型的抗原受体,这样的受体是通过体细胞机制在每一个体生物的发育期间产生的。两种类型的抗原受体是T-细胞受体(TCR)和免疫球蛋白受体(IgR),它们分别在两种特异性的细胞类型(T-淋巴细胞和B-淋巴细胞)上表达。这些抗原受体的特异性在淋巴细胞成熟期间通过体细胞基因重组、受体子单元的随机配对的过程、以及通过在重组期间将核苷酸非模板依赖性地加入到编码区而随机产生。
先天免疫系统在控制适应性免疫应答开始和诱导合适的细胞效应子应答方面起到关键作用(Fearon et al.,Science 272:50(1996))。现在已经良好地确立天然T-淋巴细胞的活化需要两个不同的信号:一个是通过TCR识别的特异性抗原肽,而另一个是所谓的共刺激信号,B7,其在APC上表达并通过在T-细胞上表达的CD28分子识别(Lenschow et al.,Anna.Rev.Immunol.14:233(1996))。天然CD4+T-淋巴细胞的激活需要两个信号,特异性抗原和B7分子,都在相同的APC上表达。如果天然CD4T-细胞在不存在B7信号时识别该抗原,则T-细胞会通过细胞凋亡而死亡。因此,B7分子在APC上的表达控制了天然CD4T-淋巴细胞是否会被激活。因为CD4T-细胞控制CD8T-细胞对于细胞毒性功能的激活,以及B-细胞对于抗体产生的激活,因此B7分子的表达决定了适应性免疫应答是否会被激活。
先天免疫系统在B7表达的控制中起到了关键作用(Fearon etal.,Science 272:50(1996);Medzhitov et al.,Cell 91:295(1997))。正如先前的所提及的,先天免疫识别时由识别PAMP的PRR介导的。PAMP被PRR识别导致控制各种可诱导免疫应答的基因(包括编码淋巴细胞如B7、细胞因子和趋化因子的激活所必需信号的基因)表达的信号通路的激活(Medzhitov et al.,Cell 91:295(1997);Medzhitov et al.,Nature 388:394(1997))。因此,在识别PAMP后,由PRR诱导的B7表达解释说明了自我/非自我辨别并确保仅仅特异于微生物衍生抗原的T-细胞被正常活化。这种机制通常阻止了特异于自体抗原的自动反应淋巴细胞的活化。
近来已经确定了控制B7分子和细胞因子表达的先天免疫系统的受体。(Medzhitov et al.,Nature 388:394(1997);Rock et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA,95:588(1998))。这些受体属于Toll-样受体(TLRs)家族,如此称谓是因为它们同源于参与果蝇胚胎的背腹图案形成和成体蝇的免疫应答的果蝇Toll蛋白(Lemaitre et al.,Cell86:973(1996))。在哺乳动物生物体中,已经证明这样的TLR识别PAMP,例如细菌产物LPS、肽聚糖和脂蛋白(Schwandner et al.,J.Biol.Chem.274:17406(1999);Yoshimura et al.,J.Immunol.163:1(1999);Aliprantis et al.,Science 285:736(1999))。
传统上,疫苗已经被用作一种保护机体以防止由于感染病原产生疾病的方式,并且随着疫苗技术的进步,疫苗已经用于其他应用中,包括但不限于,控制哺乳动物生育率、调节激素作用、以及预防或治疗肿瘤。用于保护机体对抗疾病的疫苗主要目的是诱导对特定微生物的免疫记忆。更一般而言,需要疫苗来诱导对特异性抗原的免疫应答,无论它们是否属于微生物或通过肿瘤细胞或其他患病的或异常细胞表达。具有特异于抗原的表面受体的B-淋巴细胞和T-淋巴细胞的分裂和分化产生特异性和记忆。
为了利用疫苗来诱导保护性免疫应答,其必须满足以下要求:1)必须包括将会成为接种疫苗后保护性免疫的靶标的特异性抗原或其片段;2)必须以能够被免疫系统识别的形式,例如在免疫识别之前抵抗降解的形式呈递这样的抗原;和3)必须活化APC从而向CD4+T-细胞呈递抗原,而CD4+T-细胞又诱导B-细胞分化和其他免疫效应子功能。
传统的疫苗含有减毒的或灭活的微生物(如病毒或细菌)而自身不能导致严重感染但是当接种至宿主中时能够抵抗未经修饰的(或有毒力的)物质的悬浮液。该术语的用法现在已经延伸到包括基本上任何倾向于用于活性免疫预防(例如,有毒力的菌株的灭活微生物或减毒(变异体或突变)菌株的活体微生物;微生物的、真菌的、植物的、原生动物的或多细胞动物衍生物或产物;以及合成疫苗的制剂)的制剂。疫苗的实例包括但不限于,接种用于抗天花的牛痘病毒、预防破伤风的破伤风类毒素、预防百日咳(百日咳)的完全灭活的细菌、预防链球菌肺炎的多糖亚单元、和预防乙型肝炎的重组蛋白。
尽管减毒疫苗通常是免疫原性的,但是因为其效能一般需要具体详细地了解毒力的分子决定子而其使其应用受到限制。而且,在疫苗中使用减毒病原与各种风险因素有关,这些风险因素在大多数情况下阻碍了其在人体中的安全使用。
另一方面,合成疫苗的问题在于它们经常是非免疫原性的或非保护性的。由于佐剂自身产生的不可接受的副作用,通常不能使用可用的佐剂来提高合成疫苗的免疫原性。
佐剂是提高抗原免疫原性的任何物质。尽管如明矾之类的化学品经常被用做佐剂,但是它们的效果类似于载体,并且易于通过使抗原稳定化和/或促进它们与抗原呈递细胞的相互作用而发挥作用。最佳的佐剂是那些模拟微生物激活先天免疫系统的能力的佐剂。纯抗原并不能诱导免疫应答,因为它们不能诱导淋巴细胞活化所必需的共刺激信号(例如,B7.1或B7.2)。因此,佐剂活性的关键机制归因于通过承载属于佐剂常规组分的PAMP的微生物或类微生物组分诱导的共刺激信号(参见Janeway et al.,Cold Spring Harb.Symp.Quant.Biol.54:1(1989))。如上文中讨论的,PRR对这些PAMP的识别诱导了淋巴细胞活化(如B7)和分化(效应细胞因子)所必需的信号。
向疫苗制剂中引入佐剂来增强免疫原性的益处必需针对这些药剂将会诱导不良的局部和/或系统反应的风险来衡量。局部不良反应包括在注射部位发生局部发炎,以及偶见的诱导产生肉芽肿或无菌脓肿的形成。在实验室动物中所观察到佐剂的系统反应包括不适、发热、佐剂关节炎和前葡萄膜炎(Allison et al.,Mol.Immunol.28:279(1991);Waters et al.,Infect.Immun.,51:816(1986))。这种反应经常可以是由于佐剂诱导的细胞因子分布(profile)所致。因此,许多强效佐剂,如弗氏完全佐剂或弗氏不完全佐剂,都是有毒的,因而仅用于动物研究目的,而不用于人类接种。
目前,明矾已经被批准用作临床佐剂,即使其具有相对有限的效能,因为其不是先天免疫刺激剂并因此不会导致过度发炎。
因此,仍然需要能够提高抗原免疫原性而不会产生促炎性反应的佐剂。而且也需要能够致敏或启动先天性和适应性免疫系统,从而对宿主产生的感染产生更迅速和有效的应答,或增强抗生素效能的免疫系统调节剂。
发明内容
本发明提供了给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素及其组分的组合物、方法和试剂盒。该组合物能够用于致敏受治疗者的先天和适应性免疫系统而由此能够用于治疗感染或在免疫作用中作为佐剂。
在第一方面,本发明的特征在于一种通过向受治疗者以足以治疗感染的量给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分类似治疗患有该感染的受治疗者的方法。
在一个相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种通过向受治疗者以足以治疗感染的量给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分来治疗患有该感染或具有患上该感染的风险的人类受治疗者的方法。
在另一相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种通过向受治疗者以足以治疗该感染的量给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分来治疗患有该感染或具有患上该感染的风险的受治疗者的方法,其中氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由静脉内、眼部、肌肉内、局部地、皮下、或鼻内进行给药。
本发明的特征在于一种通过向受治疗者以有效量给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分而增强患有感染的受治疗者体内的免疫应答的方法。
本发明的其他特征在于一种通过向人类受治疗者以有效量给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分而增强患有感染或具有患有感染危险的人类受治疗者体内的免疫应答的方法。
本发明进一步的特征在于一种通过向人类受治疗者以有效量给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分而增强患有感染或具有患有感染危险的人类受治疗者体内的免疫应答的方法,其中氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由静脉内、眼部、肌肉内、局部地、皮下或鼻内进行给药。
在以上方法的某些实施方式中,感染是由细菌、病毒、真菌、或寄生虫引起的。例如,该感染能够是社区获得性肺炎、上呼吸道和下呼吸道感染、皮肤和软组织感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发感染、肾盂肾炎、腹腔内感染、细菌性败血症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、外伤感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎或血管内感染。该氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分能够眼部给药而用于治疗眼睛感染。在另一实施方式中,该氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由局部给予至受治疗者的口腔以用于治疗口腔感染。
在以上方法的其他实施方式中,受治疗者还没有诊断出患有感染,但是具有患上感染的风险。可替代地,该方法用于治疗患有感染的受治疗者。
在任何以上方面的某些实施方式中,该方法进一步包括向受治疗者给予抗生素,其中该氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与抗生素同时给予或在给予的14天、10天、7天或3天内分别给予。
在一个相关的方面,本发明的特征在于一种增强经免疫的受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答的方法,该方法包括(i)向受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,和(ii)向受治疗者给予抗原,其中在抗原给予之前给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
本发明的其他特征在于一种增强经免疫的人类受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答的方法,该方法包括向受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
本发明进一步的特征在于一种增强经免疫的受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答的方法,该方法包括向受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,其中该氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由静脉内、眼部、肌肉内、局部地、皮下或鼻内给予。
在一个相关方面,本发明的特征在于一种用于增强经免疫的受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答的试剂盒,包括:(i)包括氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的药物组合物;(ii)包括抗原的药物组合物;和(iii)给予所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分、以及抗原从而使受治疗者被免疫的说明。
在涉及增强适应性免疫应答的任何以上方法或试剂盒中,抗原能够来自于,例如病原体,如细菌、病毒、真菌或寄生虫。在某些实施方式中,抗原是糖类(或碳氢化合物)、糖脂、糖蛋白、脂质、蛋白、脂蛋白、磷脂、或多肽。病原能够是,例如,活病毒或减毒的活病毒。在一些实施方式中,病原体是炭疽、流行性感冒、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、狂犬病或本文中描述的任何病原体。
在涉及增强适应性免疫应答的任何以上方法或试剂盒中,能够在给予抗原的14天、10天、8天,6天、4天、3天、2天或甚至1天内给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。在某些实施方式中,在给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分之前给予抗原。在其他实施方式中,在给予抗原之前给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。在还有的另一实施方式中,氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与抗原同时给药。
在相关的方面,本发明的特征在于一种包括氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分和抗原的药物组合物。该药物组合物能够配制成,例如,用于口服、经静脉内、肌肉内、眼部、局部地、皮下或鼻内给药。在某些实施方式中,抗原能够来自于,例如病原体,如细菌、病毒、真菌或寄生虫。在某些实施方式中,抗原是糖类(或碳氢化合物)、糖脂、糖蛋白、脂质、蛋白、脂蛋白、磷脂、或多肽。病原体能够是,例如,活病毒或减毒的活病毒。在一些实施方式中,病原体是炭疽、流行性感冒、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、狂犬病或本文中描述的任何病原体。
在另一方面,本发明的特征在于一种试剂盒,包括:(i)包括氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的药物组合物;和(ii)给予该组合物来治疗患有感染或具有患上感染风险的受治疗者的说明。在某些实施方式中,感染是由细菌、病毒、真菌或寄生虫引起的。例如,感染能够是社区获得性肺炎、上呼吸道和下呼吸道感染、皮肤和软组织感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发感染、肾盂肾炎、腹腔内感染、细菌性败血症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、外伤感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎或血管内感染。在其他实施方式中,该试剂盒还包括向受治疗者给予抗生素的说明。
本发明的其他特征在于一种包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的牙膏。这种牙膏能够与任何适用于制作牙膏的辅料进行配制,如本文中所描述的那些。
本发明的特征还在于一种包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的漱口水。这种漱口水能够与任何适用于制作漱口水的辅料进行配制,如本文中所描述的那些。
本发明的特征还在于一种包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的药物组合物,并配制成用于向眼睛给药。该药物组合物能够是,例如,滴眼液、眼药膏、眼用软膏、眼用喷雾剂、结膜下注射剂、或玻璃体内注射剂、隐形眼镜、结膜插入物、或眼内插入物。该药物组合物能够与已知适用于制备向眼睛递送的制剂的任何赋形剂进行配制,如本文中所描述的那些赋形剂。
在任何以上的方法、组合物和试剂盒中,氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,能够包括氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的聚合组分。在其他实施方式中,该氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分包括的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素组分,包括2-甲基-6-氧代-2,4-庚二烯醛、二氢猕猴桃醇内酯、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮5,6-环氧化物(β-ionone5,6-epoxide)、4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛(β-ionylideneacetaldehyde)、β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛5,6-环氧化物(β-ionylideneacetaldehyde 5,6-epoxide)、4-氧代-β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛、β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮(β-apo-13-carotenone)、β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮5,6-环氧化物(β-apo-13-carotenone 5,6-epoxide)、4-氧代-β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮(4-oxo-β-apo-13-carotenone)、视黄醛、视黄醛5,6-环氧化物、或它们的混合物。在还有的其他实施方式中,氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,包括2-甲基-6-氧代-2,4-庚二烯醛。理想地,这种氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分是氧化转化的类胡萝卜素。在某些实施方式中,这种氧化转化的类胡萝卜素是β-胡罗卜素、番茄红素、视黄酸、或角黄素的氧化产物。
在任何以上的方法、组合物和试剂盒中,氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分能够通过口服、经静脉内、肌肉内、眼部、局部地、皮下、鼻内或通过本文中描述的任何其他给药途径进行给药。
在任何以上的方法、组合物和试剂盒中,受治疗者能够是人、驯养宠物(例如,狗、猫、马、或鸟)或农用牲畜,包括例如,羊、猪,牛(例如,奶牛或菜牛)、家禽(例如,火鸡或雏鸡)或鱼(例如,罗非鱼、鲶鱼、鳟鱼或鲑鱼)。
如本文中所使用的,“有效量”是指致敏受治疗者的先天或适应性免疫系统从而增强对感染的免疫应答的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的量。
“足量”是指用于治疗或预防感染或与感染有关的疾病的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分所需的量。用于实施本发明以治疗性或预防性治疗由感染或由感染所致疾病的本发明的药物组合物的有效量根据给药的方式、受治疗者的年龄、体重和总体健康状况而有所不同。最后,主治医师或兽医将会决定合适的用量和剂量方案。这样的量被称为“足量”。
如本文中所使用的,“类胡罗卜素”是指那些能够在植物、藻类、细菌和某些动物(如鸟类和甲壳类动物)中发现的萜类化合物组的天然颜料。类胡萝卜素包括属于烃类物质(即,无氧)的胡罗卜素、和其氧化的衍生物(即,叶黄素)。类胡萝卜素的实例包括番茄红素;β-胡罗卜素;玉米黄素;海胆酮;异玉米黄素;虾青素;角黄素;叶黄素;桔黄素(citranaxanthin);β-脱-8′-胡罗卜素酸乙酯;羟基类胡萝卜素,如异黄素(alloxanthin)、阿扑胡萝卜醇(apocaroteno)、虾红素、虾青素、辣椒红素、辣椒玉红素、胡罗卜素二醇、胡罗卜素三醇、胡萝卜醇、隐黄素、癸异戊二烯黄素(decaprenoxanthin)、副叶黄素、藻褐素、羟基胡罗卜素酮、羟基海胆酮、羟基番茄红素、叶黄素、番茄黄素、链孢红素(neurosporine)、八氢番茄红素、六氢番茄红素、紫菌红素乙、球形红极毛杆菌烯、圆酵母素(torulene)、堇黄素、和玉米黄素;和羧基类胡萝卜素,如阿扑胡罗卜素酸、β-脱-8′-胡罗卜素酸、杜鹃红素、红木素、羧基胡罗卜素、藏花酸、二阿扑胡罗卜素酸、链孢霉黄素、降胭脂树素、和番茄红素酸。
如本文中所使用的,“组分”是指氧化转化的类胡萝卜素混合物的活性氧化的组分,包括选自2-甲基-6-氧-2,4-庚二烯醛、二氢猕猴桃醇内酯、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮5,6-环氧化物、4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛、β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛5,6-环氧化物、4-氧代-β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛、β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮、β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮5,6-环氧化物、4-氧代-β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮、视黄醛和视黄醛5,6-环氧化物;及它们的混合物的聚合物物质或化合物。氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的组分是活性的,因为它们能够治疗动物中的感染或增强其免疫应答。实施例中提供了评价氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的特定部分是否能够治疗感染和/或增强免疫应答的方法。将氧化转化的类胡萝卜素混合物分馏成各个组分的方法描述于美国专利第5,475,006号和U.S.S.N.08/527,039中,它们均结合于本文中作为参考。
如本文中所使用的,“增强免疫应答”是指如本文中所描述的,与治疗之前的同一受治疗者相比,用氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分治疗的受治疗者中CD14表达增加或THP-1细胞中的吞噬活性增加。
“感染”是指微生物(例如,细菌、真菌或病毒)对宿主的侵袭。例如,感染可以包括正常存在于哺乳动物体内或体表的微生物的过度生长或非正常存在于哺乳动物体内或体表的微生物的生长。更一般而言,感染能够是微生物群落的存在对于宿主身体损伤的任何状况。在一些情况下,微生物生长可以是适度的,但是损伤由微生物产生的各种毒性成分引起。在很少见的情况下,微生物在宿主外生长,产生的毒素被吸收并且损伤完全是由于这种微生物毒素的活性所导致的。因此,当微生物群落过量存在于受治疗者体内或体表时,或当微生物群落的存在破坏了受治疗者的细胞或其他组织时,受治疗者就“患有”感染。
如本文中所使用的,“氧化转化的类胡萝卜素”是指已经与高达6~8mol当量的氧或来自另一种氧化剂的等量氧反应,而得到非常低分子量的氧化性分裂产物(oxidative cleavage product)和较大比例的聚合物物质(或大分子物质)(即,分子量超过1,000道尔顿的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的组分)的混合物的类胡萝卜素。所产生的反应生成了包含分子量范围为约100~8,000道尔顿的分子物质的混合物。该聚合物物质被认为是由所生成的各种氧化的碎片发生许多可能的化学重组而生成的。美国专利第5,475,006号和U.S.S.N.08/527,039中描述了制备氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的方法,它们均结合于本文中作为参考。如本文中所使用的,术语“OxBC”尤其是指衍生自β-胡罗卜素的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素。
“药物组合物”是指含有氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,并以符合政府机构规定的药物作为治疗或预防哺乳动物疾病的治疗方案的部分进行生产和销售的要求(例如,根据GMP法规进行生产并适用于向人类给药)的方式与一种或多种药物级赋形剂进行配制的组合物。药物组合物能够配制成,例如,以单位剂量形式口服给药(例如,片剂、胶囊剂、囊片、软胶囊或糖浆剂);局部给药(例如,作为乳膏剂、凝胶剂、洗剂或软膏剂);经静脉给药(例如,无颗粒栓塞的无菌溶液和适用于静脉使用的溶剂体系);或本文中描述的任何其他制剂。
“受治疗者”是指任何脊椎动物,包括但不限于,人、狗、猫、马、羊、猪、牛、家禽、和鱼。
如本文中所使用的,术语“治疗”是指出于预防和/或治疗目的而给予药物组合物。“预防疾病”是指对还没有患病但易于患病或具有患某种具体疾病的风险的受治疗者的预防性治疗。“治疗疾病”或“治疗性处理”的应用是指对已经患有疾病的受治疗者进行治疗以改善或稳定受治疗者的病况。因此,在权利要求和实施方式中,治疗是出于治疗或预防目的向受治疗者给药。如本文中所使用的,“具有...的风险”是指受治疗者有受感染的倾向。受治疗者能够有受感染的倾向是由于例如(i)免疫系统较弱(即,免疫妥协的受治疗者)或(ii)暴露于微生物(即,由于手术过程、与公众的日常接触如与学校的教师或健康工人接触、或暴露于致病/感染环境)。
U.S.S.N.08/527,039中已经报道了2-甲基-6-氧代-2,4-庚二烯醛的合成和纯化。2003年5月22日公开的U.S.S.N.10/196,695中提供了用于制备2-甲基-6-氧代-2,4-庚二烯醛的更为方便的五步合成方案。
本发明的组合物和方法能够用于致敏受治疗者对感染的先天和适应性免疫系统。
本发明其他特征和优点将根据以下的详细描述、附图和权利要求而变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1是描述在用OxBC处理之前,用LPS培养的原发性外周血单核细胞(PBM)中的TNF(A)、IL-1β(B)和IL-6(C)水平的图表。在用所指示浓度的OxBC处理之前用LPS(15ng/ml)培养原发性PBM 24h。24h之后,收获CM并通过ELISA(*p<0.05,**p<0.02,学生t-检验)检测TNF(A)、IL-1β(B)和IL-6(C)的水平。暴露于LPS的纯化的人单核细胞通过炎性细胞因子IL-1β的表达增加而响应于用OxBC的处理,这间接表明OxBC能够增强对于微生物感染的应答。
图2是描述在用OxBC处理之前用LPS培养的原发性PBM中的IL-8(A)和IL-12(B)水平的图表。在用所指示浓度的OxBC处理之前用LPS(15ng/ml)培养原发性PBM 24h。24h之后,收获CM并通过ELISA(*p<0.05,**p<0.01,学生t-检验)检测IL-8(A)和IL-12(B)的水平。调节细胞因子(regulatory cytokine)IL-8的表达在用LPL激发后暴露于OxBC的人单核细胞中上升,这间接表明OxBC能够使抗微生物活性增加。
图3是描述在OxBC-处理的THP-1细胞中CD14表达的图表。THP-1单核细胞用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养。在24h后处理时进行FACS分析。数值表示相对于DMSO对照的倍数变化。佛波醇肉豆蔻酸乙酸酯(PMA)以25ng/ml使用(*p<0.001,学生t检验vs.DMSO对照)。OxBC促进CD14(其是一种结合于微生物组件的受体)的表达,并引发对感染的先天免疫应答。
图4是描述OxBC-处理的THP-1细胞中CD40L和CD86的表达的图表。THP-1单核细胞用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养。在24h后处理时进行FACS分析。数值表示相对于DMSO对照的倍数变化。佛波醇肉豆蔻酸酸乙酸酯(PMA)以25ng/ml使用(*p<0.005,**p<0.001,学生t检验vs.DMSO对照)。OxBC使与抗原呈递和淋巴细胞应答的刺激有关的表面受体表达增加,因此提高了响应于免疫激发的单核细胞活性。
图5是描述在OxBC处理和LPS激发之后在THP-1细胞中分化抗原表达的图表。THP-1单核细胞用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养24h,然后在5天后用15ng/ml的LPS激发。数值表示相对于未用OxBC处理的对照的倍数变化(*p<0.02,学生t检验vs.未处理的对照)。在用LPS激发之前用低浓度OxBC处理单核细胞对涉及先天免疫的受体表达没有显著影响。
图6是描述在OxBC处理和LPS激发之后在THP-1细胞中共刺激分子表达的图表。THP-1单核细胞用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养24h,然后在5天后用15ng/mL LPS激发。数值表示相对于未用OxBC处理的对照的倍数变化(*p<0.05,**p<0.005,***p<0.001,学生t检验vs.未处理对照)。采用低浓度OxBC处理倾向于增强单核细胞参与诱导对微生物的适应性应答的能力。
图7是描述OxBC处理的THP-1细胞中的吞噬作用的图表。THP-1单核细胞用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养24h,并随后仅在培养基中恢复24h。在恢复期之后评价吞噬作用。数值表示相对于对照的倍数变化。以25ng/ml使用PMA。*p<0.05,**p<0.02,***p<0.002,学生t检验vs.对照。OxBC使THP-1细胞中的吞噬活性明显提高,这间接表明抗微生物活性提高。
图8是描述OxBC处理和LPS刺激的THP-1细胞中的吞噬作用的图表。在用LPS(15ng/ml)处理之前,用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养THP-1单核细胞24h。在LPS刺激之后24h评价吞噬作用。数值表示相对于对照的倍数变化。以25ng/mL使用PMA。*p<0.05,**p<0.02,***p<0.002,学生t检验vs.对照。用OxBC处理的THP-1细胞在用LPS激发后比未处理的对照表现出更大的吞噬活性。
图9是描述OxBC-处理和LPS刺激的原发性PBM中吞噬作用的图表。在用LPS(15ng/ml)处理之前,用所指示浓度的OxBC或DMSO对照培养原发性PBM 24h。在LPS刺激之后24h评价吞噬作用。数值表示相对于对照的倍数变化。以25ng/ml使用PMA。*p<0.05,***p<0.002,学生t检验vs.对照。原发性人单核细胞通过响应LPS刺激提高其吞噬活性而响应于OxBC处理。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了用于给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素及其组分的组合物、方法和试剂盒。该组合物能够适用于致敏受治疗者对感染的先天和适应性免疫系统。
疗法
本发明的特征在于致敏受治疗者对感染的先天和适应性免疫系统的方法。
根据本发明的疗法可以单独实施或与另一疗法结合实施(即,与抗生素治疗组合)并可以在家庭、医生办公室、临床诊室、医院门诊或医院提供。该疗法的持续时间取决于所治疗的疾病或障碍的类型、患者的年龄和病况、患者的疾病的阶段和类型、以及患者对治疗的响应程度。
治疗微生物感染
本发明的方法和组合物能够用于治疗,例如,呼吸道感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、尿路感染、并发感染、肾盂肾炎、腹腔内感染、细菌性败血症、皮肤和皮肤结构感染、软组织感染、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、外伤感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎、血管内感染、以及本文中描述的任何其他感染。
提高抗原的免疫原性
本发明的方法和组合物能够用于提高抗原的免疫原性(即,在免疫接种中用作佐剂)。受治疗者可以对其免疫的疾病包括所有能够通过免疫化得到治疗或预防的疾病,如病毒性疾病、过敏症状、由细菌或进入通过粘膜表面进入或移植粘膜表面上的其他病原体所致的疾病、AIDS、自身免疫性疾病如系统性红斑狼疮、以及癌症。可以采用本发明治疗或预防的病毒感染的实例包括DNA病毒(如EBV和VZV)的感染,尤其是疱疹病毒(例如HSV和HCMV)、腺病毒、乳多空病毒(如HPV)、乙型肝炎病毒(如HBV)的感染;RNA病毒(如微小核糖核酸病毒)的感染,尤其是小儿麻痹病毒(polivirus)和HAV、鼻病毒和FMDV、披膜病毒、黄病毒、冠状病毒、副粘病毒(如RSV)、正粘病毒(如流行性感冒病毒)、和逆转录病毒,尤其是HIV。
组合疗法
本发明的方法、试剂盒和组合物也可以包括抗生素。例如,氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分可以与选自但不限于以下的抗生素一起给予:胺基糖苷类,如阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、布替罗星、地贝卡星、双氢链霉索、阿司霉素(类)、硫酸新霉素、庆大霉素、异帕米星(ispamicin)、卡那霉素、小诺霉素、新霉素、新霉素十一烯酸酯、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、链霉素异烟肼、和妥布霉素;氯霉素类(amphenicols),如叠氮氯霉素、氯霉素、氯霉素棕榈酸酯、氯霉素泛酸酯、氟苯尼考、和甲砜霉素;安沙霉素类,如利福平、利福布丁、利福喷丁、和利福昔明;β-内酰胺类,如美西林、氮卓西林、头孢特仑(pivoxil)、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿扑西林、叠氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄青霉素酸、青霉素、羧苄西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、环西林、双氯己西林、联苯青霉素(diphenicillin)、依匹西林、芬贝西林、floxicillin、海他西林、仑氨西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林、美洛西林、萘夫西林、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林(penethamate hydriodide)、苯乙苄胺青霉素G、苄星青霉素G、二苯甲胺青霉素G、青霉素G钙、海巴明青霉素G(penicillin G hydragamine)、青霉素G钾、青霉素G、普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴明青霉素V、青哌环素、苯氧乙基青霉素、哌拉西林、匹凡西林(pivapicillin)、丙匹西林、喹那西林、磺苄西林、酞氨西林、替莫西林和替卡西林;碳青霉烯类、如亚胺培南;头孢菌素类、如1-碳代(去硫杂)头孢菌素、头孢克罗(cefactor)、头孢羟氨苄、头孢孟多、头孢曲嗪、头孢西酮、头孢唑啉、头孢克肟、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢尼西、头孢哌酮、头孢雷特、头孢噻肟、头孢替安、头孢咪唑、头孢匹胺(cefpirimide)、头孢泊肟酯、头孢沙定、头孢磺啶、头孢他啶、头孢特仑、头孢替唑、头孢布坦、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢唑南、头孢乙腈钠、头孢氨苄、头孢来星、头孢噻啶、头孢菌素、头孢噻吩、头孢匹林钠、头孢霉定、pivcefalexin、头孢噻吩、头孢克洛、头孢替坦、头孢丙烯、氯碳头孢、头孢米诺和头孢吡肟;头霉素类、如头孢拉宗、头孢美唑、头孢米诺、头孢替坦(cefetan)、和头孢西丁;单环β-内酰胺类、如氨曲南、卡鲁莫南和替格莫南;氧头孢烯类、如氟氧头孢和拉氧头孢;林可胺类、如克林霉素和林可霉素;大环内酯类、如阿奇霉素、卡波霉素、甲红霉素、红霉素及衍生物、交沙霉素、北里霉素、麦迪霉素、米欧卡霉素、竹桃霉素、普利霉素、罗他霉素、罗沙米星、罗红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素和醋竹桃霉素;多肽类、如安福霉素、杆菌肽、卷曲霉素、多粘霉素、恩拉霉素、恩洛霉素(enylomycin)、夫莎芬净、短杆菌肽、短杆菌肽S、米加霉素、多粘菌素、多粘菌素β-甲磺酸、普那霉素、瑞斯托菌素、太古霉素、硫链丝菌素、结核放线菌素、短杆菌酪肽、酪毛霉素、万古霉素、紫霉素、维吉尼霉素和杆菌肽锌;四环素类、如斯匹环素(spicycline)、氯四环素、氯摩四环素、地美环素、多西环素、胍甲环素、赖氨四环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、米诺环素、氧四环素、青哌环素、匹哌环素、罗利环素、山环素、琥珀酸氯霉素吡甲四环素和四环素;和2,4-二氨基嘧啶类、如溴莫普林、四氧普林和甲氧苄啶;硝基呋喃类、如呋喃他酮、呋唑铵盐、硝呋拉定、硝呋特尔、硝呋复林、呋喃那斯、硝呋拉嗪、硝呋妥因醇和呋喃坦丁;喹诺酮类、如氢氟沙星、西诺沙星、环丙沙星、双氟沙星、依诺沙星、多氟沙星、氟甲喹、洛美沙星、米洛沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、噁喹酸、培氟沙星、吡哌酸、吡咯米酸、罗索沙星、替马沙星和妥舒沙星;磺胺类药、如乙酰磺胺甲氧吡嗪、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、偶氮磺酰胺、苄磺酰胺、氯胺-β、氯胺-T、二氯胺-T、甲醛磺噻唑、N2-甲酸基-磺胺索嘧啶、N4-β-D-葡糖基磺胺、磺胺米隆、乌利龙、对硝基磺胺噻唑、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺胺噻唑、柳氮磺胺嘧啶、琥磺噻唑、苯酰磺胺、乙酰磺胺、磺胺氯达嗪、磺胺柯衣酸、磺酰乙胞嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、碘胺二甲氧哒嗪、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺脒、磺胺二甲哑唑脒、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、新诺明、磺胺甲氧[达]嗪、磺胺曲罗、磺胺柯衣定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺、磺胺甲磺酸三乙醇胺盐、4-磺胺水杨酸、N4-磺胺酰磺胺、磺酰脲、N-磺胺酰-3,4-丙谷胺、磺胺硝苯、磺胺-5-甲嘧啶、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺均三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、硫胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶和硫代异噁唑;砜类、如醋氨苯砜、醋地砜、磺胺苯砜、氨苯砜、地百里砜、葡胺苯砜、苯丙砜、琥珀氨苯砜、磺胺酸、对磺酰胺苄胺、p,p′-磺酰二苯胺-N,N′-氨苯砜双半乳糖苷、阿地砜和噻唑砜;脂肽类、如达托霉素;呃唑烷酮类、如采福適;酮内酯类、如泰利霉素;和各种抗生素、如氯福克酚、海克西定、蛙皮素、六亚甲四胺、六亚甲四胺无水甲叉柠檬酸酯、马尿酸乌洛托品、扁桃酸乌洛托品、乌洛托品碱式水杨酸盐、硝羟喹啉、角鲨多胺、希波酚、环丝氨酸、莫匹罗星和马铃薯球蛋白。对于增强抗生素对微生物耐药性菌株的效能、经过抗生素处理时降低形成微生物耐药性菌株的可能性、和/或降低抗生素的载荷而言,氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与抗生素的疗法的组合使用能够是合乎需要的。这能够通过用氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分来增强宿主对微生物的免疫应答来实现。
给药和制剂
本发明的特征在于致敏受治疗者对感染的先天和适应性免疫系统的组合物、试剂盒和方法。对于氧化转化的类胡萝卜素,典型的剂量范围是约5μg/kg体重/天~约50mg/kg体重/天。理想地,给药的剂量为5μg/kg体重/天~5mg/kg体重/天,或5μg/kg体重/天~0.5mg/kg体重/天。对于氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的组分,典型的剂量范围是约0.05μg/kg体重/天~约500μg/kg体重/天。理想地,给药剂量为0.05μg/kg体重/天~50μg/kg体重/天或0.05μg/kg体重/天~5μg/kg体重/天。给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的剂量可能取决于诸如动物的物种、饮食、和年龄这些变量。标准的试验方法,如实施例1中描述的那些,可以用于优化氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的剂量和剂量频率。
氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分可以与药用稀释剂、载体或赋形剂一起向人类、家养宠物、家畜、或其他动物给药。给药可以是局部施用、非肠道、经静脉、动脉内、皮下、肌肉内、颅内、眼眶内、眼部、心室内、囊内、脊柱内、脑池内、腹膜内、鼻内、气溶胶、通过栓剂或口服给药。在某些制剂中,以单位剂量形式提供该氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
治疗制剂可以是液体溶液或悬浮液形式;对于口服给药,制剂可以是片剂或胶囊剂的形式;而对于鼻内制剂,可以是粉末、鼻滴液、耳滴液或气溶胶的形式。
本领域内配制制剂的众所周知的方法可以在文献,例如,″Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy″(20th ed.,ed.A.R.Gennaro,2000,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)中找到。非肠道给药的制剂可以,例如,含有赋形剂、无菌水或盐水、聚烷二醇如聚乙二醇,植物源性的油、或氢化萘类。生物相容性、可生物降解的丙交酯聚合物、丙交酯/乙交酯共聚物、或聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物可以用于控制化合物的释放。纳米颗粒制剂(例如,可生物降解的纳米粒子、固体脂质纳米颗粒、脂质体)可以用于控制化合物的生物分布。其他潜在有用的非肠道递送体系包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物颗粒、渗透泵、可植入输注系统、和脂质体。对于吸入剂可以含有赋形剂(例如乳糖),或可以是含有例如聚氧乙烯-9-月桂基醚、乙醇酸酯(盐)和脱氧胆酸酯(盐)的水性溶液,或可以是以鼻滴液形式给予的油性溶液,或作为凝胶。制剂中化合物的浓度根据许多因素而有所不同,这些因素包括所给予药物的剂量,以及给药途径。
在式I的化合物具有(i)较窄的治疗指数(例如,导致有害副作用或毒性反应的血浆浓度与产生疗效的血浆浓度之间的差较小;一般而言,治疗指数,TI,定义为半致死剂量(LD50)与半有效剂量(ED50)之比);(ii)在消化道中较窄的吸收窗口;或(iii)短生物半衰期,而使得需要一天之内频繁剂量才能维持治疗水平的血浆浓度的情况下,以控释制剂形式给予化合物是有利的。
能够采取许多种策略以获得释放速率超过治疗化合物的代谢速率的控释效果。例如,能够通过合当地选择制剂参数和成分,包括例如适当的控释组合物和涂层而获得控释。实例包括单或多单位片剂或胶囊组合物、油性溶液、悬浮液、乳液、微胶囊、微球、纳米颗粒、贴剂、和脂质体。
口服用途的制剂包括含有与无毒药用赋形剂的混合物中的(一种或多种)活性成分的片剂。这些赋形剂可以是,例如,惰性稀释剂或填料(例如,蔗糖和山梨醇)、润滑剂、助流剂、和防结合剂(例如,硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸、氧化硅、氢化植物油或滑石)。
口服用途的制剂也可以以单位剂量形式提供,作为可咀嚼片剂、片剂、囊片、或胶囊剂(即,作为其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂混合的硬凝胶胶囊,或作为其中活性成分与水或油介质混合的软凝胶胶囊)。
氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分可以与例如2003年5月22日公开的U.S.S.N.10/196,695中描述的药用稀释剂、载体或赋形剂一起进行配制。
口腔卫生制剂
氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,能够作为适用于一般口腔卫生,尤其是杀死导致牙菌斑、牙龈炎和难闻气味的微生物的漱口水或牙膏来配制。氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的浓度能够为0.0001w/w%~1w/w%,更优选为0.001w/w%~0.1w/w%。
本发明的漱口水能够通过将氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与现有的漱口水简单混合而进行制备。可选地,本发明的漱口水进一步包含水、氟化物、香味剂、醇、过氧化氢、麝香草酚、胺叶素、海克替啶、水杨酸甲酯、薄荷醇、氯己定葡糖酸酯(chlorhexidinegluconate)、苯扎氯铵、氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓、尼泊金甲酯、过氧化氢、溴化度米芬、酶类、钙、锌和/或甜味剂(即,山梨醇、半乳蔗糖或糖精钠)。
本发明的牙膏能够通过将氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与现有的牙膏简单混合而进行制备。可选地,本发明的牙膏进一步包含氟化物(即,氟化钠或单氟磷酸钠)、再矿化剂(即,羟基磷灰石、无定形磷酸钙、碳酸钙)、发泡剂(即,十二烷基硫酸钠)、碳酸钠、酶类、维生素、草药成分、钙、磷硅酸钙钠、过氧化氢、抗细菌剂(三氯生、氯化锌)、增稠剂(即,甘油)、和/或香味剂(即,留兰香、洋薄荷、普通薄荷等)。
眼科制剂
本发明的眼科药物组合物能够通过向现有的眼科制剂中加入氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分而进行制备。可选地,眼科药物组合物包含缓冲剂、表面活性剂、稳定剂、防腐剂、眼用润湿剂、和/或眼用稀释剂。通常用于眼科溶液的润湿剂包括羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甘油、甘露醇、聚乙烯醇或羟乙基纤维素,而稀释剂可以是水、蒸馏水、无菌水、或人造泪液,其中润湿剂的存在量为约0.001%~约10%。氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的浓度能够为0.0001w/w%~1w/w%,更优选为0.001w/w%~0.1w/w%。眼科组合物能够用于治疗导致例如结膜炎、角膜擦伤、溃疡性传染性角膜炎、上皮角膜炎、间质状角膜炎、或与疱疹病毒相关的角膜炎的眼睛感染(即,细菌、病毒、真菌、或变形虫、或寄生虫)。
眼科溶液和眼科软膏的实例能够采用本领域内那些普通技术人员公知的许多广泛使用的方法配制成这种制剂。在制备眼科溶液的情况下,例如,如果必要的话,它们能够利用以下物质来制备:蒸馏水、水溶性碱或任何其他可接受的碱;张力调节剂如氯化钠和浓缩甘油;缓冲剂如磷酸钠和乙酸钠;表面活性剂如聚氧乙烯去水山梨糖醇单油酸酯、硬脂酸聚氧烃酯40(stearic polyoxyl 40)、和聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油;稳定剂如柠檬酸钠和乙二胺四乙酸钠;防腐剂如苯扎氯铵、硫柳汞、氯丁醇、氯化钠、硼酸、对羟基苯甲酸酯(山梨酸酯、苯甲酸酯、丙酸酯)、氯丁醇、苄氯、汞制剂、尼泊金等,和它们的混合物。苯扎氯铵和硫柳汞是优选的防腐剂。眼科制剂可以进行变化以包括酸和碱来调节pH值;张力产生剂(tonicityimparting agent)如山梨醇、甘油和右旋糖;其他生粘剂如羧甲基纤维素钠、微晶纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇和其他树胶;合适的吸收增强剂,如表面活性剂、胆汁酸;稳定剂例如抗氧化剂,如亚硫酸盐和抗坏血酸盐;金属螯合剂,如乙二胺四乙酸钠;以及药物溶解度增强剂,如聚乙二醇。这些额外的成分有助于使商品化溶液具有足够的稳定性而使其不需要按需进行混合(compound)。
本发明的眼科制剂能够是无菌含水载体、油膏或软膏。油膏和软膏典型地包括氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,溶解或悬浮于无菌药用油膏基或软膏基,如矿物油-白矿脂基中。在油膏或软膏组合物中,制剂中也可以包含无水羊毛脂。硫柳汞或氯丁醇能够作为抗微生物剂而加入制剂中。
以下的实施例是为本领域普通技术人员提供本文中要求授权的方法和组合物如何实施、制备和评价的全部公开内容和描述,并且预想这些都仅仅是本发明的示例,而不是意在限制本发明人认定的其发明的保护范围。
实施例1.补充氧化转化的类胡萝卜素(OxBC)后单核细胞细胞因子分布的评价。
以下结果证实了在单核吞噬细胞中OxBC激活细胞因子响应。氧化转化的类胡萝卜素能够引发细胞响应于激发,例如侵入性病原体,并增强激发细胞中的抗微生物活性。
发炎是一种非特异性免疫的关键组件,其是形成主要生理过程的一个复杂序列事件,身体由此修复组织损伤并防御感染、毒性物质或过敏原性物质。尽管控制促炎性响应的诱导和传播的精确机制在很大程度仍然是不清楚的,但是由常驻免疫细胞释放的趋化因子和可溶性调节剂代表了这种主要调节因子(或初级调节因子,primary mediator)。许多研究已经证明,微量营养物质(如β-胡罗卜素)能够通过活化细胞因子和其他促炎性调节因子的产生而显著地影响不同的吞噬细胞功能,包括其对明显炎性应答的贡献。因此,我们评价了OxBC通过人单核细胞和淋巴细胞对产生促炎性反应(肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和干扰素(IFN)-γ)和免疫调节(IL-12、IL-8和单核细胞化学引诱物蛋白(MCP)-I)细胞因子的影响。
方法:
化合物的制备:
OxBC由β-胡罗卜素进行制备(参见美国专利第5,475,006号)并在使用前于-20℃下储存。通过溶解26.85mg OxBC/mL DMSO来制备储备溶液(50mM胡罗卜素等价物)并作为500μL等分试样于-80℃下储存。通过在合适的培养基介质中稀释而制备200μM的OxBC工作溶液并通过过滤(0.22μm孔径)灭菌。测定OxBC的当量值并在表1中示出了测试样品和对照样品中DMSO的有关含量。DMSO载体的当量含量用作对照。
表1 OxBC的浓度和相关的DMSO值
OxBC(μM) OxBC(μg/mL) DMSO(%,v/v)
0.0 0.00 0.000
0.1 0.05 0.001
0.5 0.27 0.005
1.0 0.54 0.010
2.5 1.34 0.025
5.0 2.67 0.050
10 5.38 0.100
15 8.01 0.150
25 13.4 0.250
50 26.9 0.500
细胞系
人THP-1单核细胞样细胞(急性单核细胞性白血病)由美国典型组织培养物保藏中心(American Type Tissue Collection)(#TIB-202)获得。细胞在补充有2mM L-谷氨酰胺、10mMHEPES、1.0mM丙酮酸钠、10%胎牛血清和抗生素的RPMI-1640的培养基中培养。外周血单核细胞(PBM)和淋巴细胞(PBL)采用Miltenyi Biotec MACs磁分离系统分别通过阳性和阴性选择从PBMC中分离出来。PBM在补充有2mM L-谷氨酰胺、10mMHEPES、1.0mM丙酮酸钠、20%胎牛血清和抗生素的RPMI-1640培养基中培养。将PBL接种在除了使用10%FBS的相同介质中。具体细胞密度和实验条件如下进行描述。
实验条件
在天然激发和LPS激发这两个模型中对细胞进行评价。对于天然研究,将细胞直接暴露于改变时间框的OxBC,并通过ELISA在条件培养基(CM)中评价细胞因子表达。对于LPS激发,首先用OxBC将细胞培养指定的时间,在该时间点时除去OxBC并用新鲜的无OxBC培养基替换。在不同时间点进行后处理,随后在通过ELISA评价CM中的细胞因子水平之前,用LPS(15ng/ml)激发细胞24h。在LPS激发的方案中,主要PBM首先用LPS激发24h。在该初始刺激之后,将LPS处理的细胞暴露于OxBC 24h,随后收获CM以进行ELISA分析。
酶联免疫吸附剂测定(ELISA)
采用Endogen Human ELISA试剂盒(Pierce)根据厂商说明书来实施CM中细胞因子水平的分析。CM是通过离心除去细胞碎片来制备的,并且其可以纯净的形式使用,用完全培养基稀释或采用Nanosep 3K离心浓缩机(Pall)浓缩以确保细胞因子水平处于每次分析的线性范围内。在适当的情况下,样品在-80℃下储存并在使用之前通过室温下的渐变平衡(gradual equilibration)而解冻。简言之,向微孔板的每孔中加入50μL样品,其中已经吸附了特异于所关心的细胞因子的抗体并在室温下孵育1~3h。将孔板冲洗3次以除去非特异性的结合物质并用特异于所关心细胞因子的生物素标记的抗体再培养1~3h。冲洗之后,用链霉亲合素-辣根过氧化物酶试剂培养孔板30min,接着再进行冲洗循环。将冲洗过的孔板用3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)底物培养30min,反应停止并在450nm(550nm参比)处测定吸光度。采用供给的重组标准对于每一细胞因子生成参比曲线。
结果与讨论
初级原理论证研究(primary proof-of-principle study)在未经处理(模拟试验)或用OxBC、PMA(25ng/ml)和载体(DMSO)处理24h的THP-1细胞中进行。用OxBC直接刺激对炎性细胞因子水平没有显著的影响(参见表2),但是可以检测到调节性细胞因子MCP-1和IL-8的中度升高。将这些研究扩展到包括OxBC的浓度范围(2.5、7.5和12.5μM)和样品的浓度范围,以试图提高对丰度较小的细胞因子的检测。发现12.5μM的OxBC诱导MCP-1(58.1±8.8%)和IL-8(42.1±1.0%)的表达增加,但是对其他细胞因子的水平不产生此效应(参见表3)。而且,在MCP-1和IL-8表达中在该化合物的浓度较低的情况下没有检测到变化。MCP-1和IL-8都起到将免疫细胞募集至感染或受伤部位的细胞因子作用。例如,IL-8在炎性响应中主要募集嗜中性粒细胞,也称之为嗜中性粒细胞募集因子(NRF),而MCP-1的主要功能是募集其他单核细胞。通过单核细胞/吞噬细胞来表达细胞因子被诱导响应于抗原检测或者侵入性病原体的吞噬作用。
表2.原理论证细胞因子释放分析
1.按照在每一分析中所包含的参比标准测定的值,表示为pg/ml
2.ND,未检出;值低于5.0pg/ml
表3.OxBC处理后细胞因子的分布情况
1.按照在每一分析中所包含的参比标准测定的值,表示为pg/ml
2.ND,未检出;值低于5.0pg/ml
3.DMSO值表示对于所示OxBC对应浓度的载体的含量
假设当天然单核细胞样细胞被激发时OxBC对炎性细胞因子表达影响有限,我们下一步就对此化合物改变单核细胞对促炎性刺激,即脂多糖(LPS)的响应可能性进行评价。为了评价这种潜力,实施了次级原理论证研究,其中在通过ELISA测定TNF表达之前用OxBC(0.1、0.5、1.0μM)预处理THP-1细胞24h,培养5天并随后用LPS再刺激24h。选择较低浓度的OxBC更接近于宿主中的模型利用度,而选择TNF作为原型促炎性细胞因子。如下表4中所示,通过在所评价的所有浓度中的大约25%LPS激发之后,用OxBC进行的预处理使得TNF表达上调。随后采用类似的引物和激发模型将这些研究扩展到其他炎性细胞因子。当用0.1或0.5μMOxBC处理(prime)细胞时,检测到IL-6和IL-1β表达的增加,但是没有检测到IFNγ表达增加(参见表5)。有意思的是,当用1.0μM的该化合物处理细胞时,没有观察到细胞因子表达的变化。IL-6是发热的急性时相反应(acute phase response)的最重要的调节因子之一;然而,该细胞因子也需要用于维持微生物抗性。TNF和IL-1β在先天免疫和炎性响应中是都是关键的多效性细胞因子,其调节吞噬细胞和淋巴细胞的功能。类似地,还发现OxBC预处理在LPS激发之后能够使调节细胞因子IL-8的表达上调。具体而言,与仅用LPS刺激的细胞相比,在用0.1和0.5μM OxBC预处理之后,IL-8表达分别提高了33±4%和49±5%。然而,在用1μM的该化合物预处理的培养物中没有观察到差异。
表4.在OxBC处理和LPS激发之后的TNF表达(原理论证)
1.按照在每一分析中所包含的参比标准测定的值,表示为pg/ml
2.相对于仅用LPS处理的细胞的倍数变化。
表5:用OxBC处理和LPS激发后促炎性细胞因子的表达
1.相对于仅用LPS处理的细胞的倍数变化。
因为单核细胞是最感兴趣的先天免疫应答的效应细胞,因此我们接下来评价OxBC是否能够影响先前已经暴露于LPS激发的主要PBM中的炎性细胞因子的表达。PBM最初用LPS(15ng/ml)处理24h,并随后用不同浓度的OxBC再刺激24h,之后收集CM用于ELISA分析。在OxBC处理之后没有检测到LI-6表达的变化,而TNF水平仅在该化合物的浓度较低时升高(约25%)(参见图1)。然而,IL-1β表达在OxBC浓度超过5μM的情况下一直升高,并检测到约50%的最大增加(图1)。调节细胞因子IL-8和IL-12的评价表明,尽管在用OxBC预处理的细胞中没有观察到IL-12表达的变化,但是相对于未处理的单核细胞,IL-8的表达在OxBC浓度超过2.5μM时显著升高(图2)。
实施例2.用氧化转化的类胡萝卜素(OxBC)处理之后单核细胞上的免疫相关的表面受体的评价
以下结果证实了OxBC处理与CD14、CD51、CD16和CD36表达的增加相关,所有分化标记都涉及到单核细胞的活化。而且,也观察到淋巴细胞共刺激分子CD86(即,B7)和CD40L的表达增加,这间接表明了激活免疫系统的先天和适应性分支的能力。在LPS激发模型中,当用较低浓度的OxBC处理单核细胞时,在分化标记水平中几乎没有检测到变化。然而,OxBC处理与响应于LPS激发的共刺激表面受体的表达增加相关。
未分化单核细胞随着其分化成巨噬细胞而丧失了其小的、圆形形态并表现出尺寸、细胞扩散和间隔尺寸(granularity)增加。在单核细胞中也鉴别出了几种分化的抗原并与各种有关先天和特异性免疫的生物学功能相关。这些表面抗原的表达分布随着单核细胞分化而变化,这提供了通过流式细胞仪在混合的群中成熟巨噬细胞数目实施量化的方式。对于这些研究,通过评估在这种过程中起到细胞粘附(整联蛋白CD11b/CD18和CD51)、微生物组件(CD14,LPS受体)的结合、清除和吞噬作用(CD36)和细胞介导的免疫应答(CD16,抗体依赖性细胞杀伤所需的低亲合性IgG受体)作用的代表性表面部分的水平来评价分化和先天功能。典型地,这些受体在天然单核细胞上以较低水平表达并且在受到刺激后会发生上调。为了评价OxBC对单核细胞的适应性免疫功能的影响,评价了第Ⅱ类MHC分子,HLA-DR和HLA-DP的表面表达。这些分子是涉及到抗原呈递的特征单核细胞表面标记。类似地,还确定了在T-细胞的抗原呈递中起作用的其他细胞表面分子,包括共刺激白细胞抗原B7-2(CD86)、CD40和CD40L的表达。
方法
化合物制备
OxBC储备溶液按照实施例1中的描述进行制备
细胞系和条件
人THP-1单核细胞样细胞(急性单核细胞性白血病)获自美国典型组织培养物保藏中心(American Type Tissue Collection(#TIB-202)。细胞在补充有用2mM L-谷氨酰胺、10mM HEPES,1.0mM丙酮酸钠、10%胎牛血清和抗生素补充的RPMI-1640的培养基中培养。在用OxBC处理之前进行细胞接种(5×105细胞/孔,6-孔培养孔板)24h并收获以根据三种试验方案进行分析:1)细胞用OxBC(2.5、7.5或12.5μM)处理24h并随后对表面受体表达进行评价;2)细胞用OxBC(0.1、0.5或1.0μM)处理24h,在此时间点上在分析前供给持续无OxBC的新鲜培养基48h,和3)细胞用OxBC(0.1、0.5或1.0μM)处理24h,在此时间点上持续供给无OxBC的新鲜培养基5天。随后,在分析前用LPS(15ng/ml)刺激所处理的细胞24h。单独在当量百分数(v/v)的DMSO中培养的细胞作为对照。对于这些没有采用LPS刺激的研究,PMA(25ng/ml)用作单核细胞分化的阳性刺激物。
FACS分析
抗人CD11b、CD14、CD16、CD36、CD51/CD61、HLA(广泛的同种型)、HLA-B7、CD86、CD40、CD40L和CD3的藻红蛋白(PE)-标记的一抗获自AbCam。采用直接免疫荧光标记和流式细胞分析分析来评价受体表达。简言之,将冷的缓冲液(含有10% FBS和1%叠氮化钠的PBS)中的三份细胞等分试样与一抗(10~20μL)在室温下于低光照条件下孵育45分钟。将细胞冲洗3次并再悬浮于500μl缓冲剂中,采用FacsAria细胞分类器进行分析。未标记的细胞和用抗体标记的细胞单独用作对照。
结果与讨论
THP-1细胞用OxBC处理24h并通过直接标记流式细胞仪评价分化抗原的表达。如表6和图3中所示,OxBC处理的最显著的特点是在整个评价浓度范围内使原型单核细胞分化抗原CD14的表达上调。这种效果是剂量依赖性的并在使用12.5μM OxBC时于2-倍增长处出现峰值,其结果堪比PMA的效果。CD14是一种与膜有关的糖蛋白,其作为与Toll样受体(TLR)-4的的共受体来检测细菌性LPS。在该检测中,其在介导先天免疫应答的细菌感染中,包括细胞因子分泌和炎性响应,起到关键作用。因此,其通过OxBC的上调作用表明,该化合物具有激活基本先天免疫途径的能力。除了CD14之外,在OxBC的浓度为12.5μM时检测到CD51的上调表达(37%),其是一种在活化之后参与单核细胞粘附至内皮细胞的整联蛋白,以及CD16的上调表达(39%),其是一种识别支撑抗体-引导的细胞杀伤的抗体的Fc受体。将这些结果结合到一起,这些结论提供了OxBC能够在单核细胞样细胞中起到分化刺激作用的证据。应该注意到,用CD3(其是一种年淋巴细胞标记)染色作为指示THP-1细胞的对照并未表达受体(未示出数据)。
表6:THP-1细胞中的分化抗原表达
1.这些值代表关于载体对照的倍数变化(±SD)。黑体表示统计显著性。
2.PMA作为阳性刺激物的对照以25ng/ml使用。
CD11b是一种在其衔接产生导致单核细胞活化和促炎性细胞因子释放的信号的骨髓细胞中优先表达的整联蛋白,而CD36是一种与引发吞噬作用有关的表面部分,它们在单核细胞样细胞上以接近一致性的水平进行表达。因此,我们也在对这些分子进行染色后评价了荧光强度以作为受体密度的测量值。这样做避免了错失潜在效应,否则这种潜在效应会被充足的阳性标记的细胞抑制。如表7中所示,CD36表达在用12.5μM OxBC处理后增加约27%,而CD11b水平以较小程度增加。相比而言,PMA使两种受体的密度提高一个更大的范围,为2~4倍。
表7:受体密度
1.这些值代表关于载体对照的倍数变化(±SD)。黑体表示统计显著性。
2.PMA作为阳性刺激物的对照以25ng/ml使用。
参与抗原呈递和淋巴细胞响应的刺激的表面受体的表达也通过流式细胞仪进行评价。通过用7.5和12.5μM OxBC处理使HLAB7-2(aka CD86)和CD40L的表达上调(表8,图4)。CD86通过与CD28相互作用的巨噬细胞而提供T-细胞活化所需的共刺激信号。这种相互作用引发效应T细胞对由活化的巨噬细胞呈递的抗原产生响应。CD40L或CD154是TNF超家族的成员,该TNF超家族结合于抗原呈递细胞上的CD40并起到共刺激分子的作用。CD40L在CD4+T淋巴细胞上的表达最为充分;然而,近来的发现已经证实,CD40L也在其他免疫效应细胞上表达,包括单核细胞/巨噬细胞,其中其作用是提高巨噬细胞活化的水平并增强吞噬作用和产生活性的细胞因子。因此,与CD14一样,这两种分子的作用是提高活化的单核细胞响应免疫激发的能力。
表8:共刺激分子在THP-1单核细胞上的表达
1.这些值代表关于载体对照的倍数变化(±SD)。黑体表示统计显著性。
2.PMA作为阳性刺激物的对照以25ng/ml使用。
我们接下来评价采用较低浓度的OxBC(<1μM)处理24h和LPS激发大约5天后的受体表达。应该注意到,在无LPS激发时,用这些浓度的OxBC处理细胞并不影响以较高浓度的上述化合物处理时评价的任何受体的表达(数据未示出)。类似地,在用0.1μM处理的情况下,没有观察到CD11b的表达与在LPS刺激之后用OxBC处理和未处理的细胞之间分化抗原的表达有显著差异(图5)。相对而言,与LPS激发后未处理的对照相比,参与抗原呈递的共刺激分子(即HLA(DP/DR/DP)和CD86)的表达在OxBC处理的培养物中显著升高(图6)。类似地,尽管CD40表达的优势在整个通过OxBC处理的细胞群中并未上调,但与未处理的对照相比,CD40在OxBC处理细胞的一些亚群中的表达更加充分。因此,用较低浓度的OxBC处理表现出增强了单核细胞参与诱导对微生物的适应性免疫应答的能力。
实施例3.对用氧化转化的类胡萝卜素(OxBC)处理的人单核细胞表现出的吞噬作用活性的评价
以下结果证实,OxBC处理与吞噬作用增加有关。本研究被设计为确定OxBC是否能够影响主要人单核细胞和所构建的THP-1单核细胞样细胞培养物中的吞噬作用活性。在用OxBC单独处理的天然单核细胞培养物中吞噬作用的增加是明显的。然而,OxBC的影响在用OxBC预处理并随后用LPS激发的培养物中是最大的。这些结果间接表明,OxBC具有引发单核细胞响应于提高吞噬作用活性的LPS激发的能力。
吞噬作用是一种起到微生物-先天免疫相互作用经典模型的先天免疫防御的基本机制。为了实现这个功能,吞噬细胞表达参与微粒识别和内化的广谱受体。这些受体中的一些能够传输启动吞噬作用的胞内信号。然而,其他受体如清除剂受体(例如,CD36)参与结合至靶标或起到增加内化作用的效力的作用。吞噬细胞-微生物接触需要启动与细胞骨架重排,膜运输中的改造,微生物杀灭机制的活化,促炎性和抗炎细胞因子和趋化因子的产生,细胞凋亡的活化,以及产生对适应性免疫系统的有效抗原呈递所需的分子的各种不同的细胞过程的胞内信号阵列,这是一个看似复杂的过程。因此,吞噬作用是一个对单核细胞功能和先天抗微生物防御调节而言至关重要的过程。实施例1和2的研究证实了OxBC具有活化单核细胞培养物中的各种先天响应的能力。假设许多这些响应能够通过吞噬作用启动,我们接下来评价OxBC影响单核细胞中吞噬活性的能力。
方法
化合物的制备
OxBC储备溶液按照实施例1中的描述进行制备。
细胞系和条件
人THP-1单核细胞样细胞(急性单核细胞性白血病)获自美国典型组织培养物保藏中心(American Type Tissue Collection)(#TIB-202)。细胞在补充有用2mM L-谷氨酰胺,10mM HEPES,1.0mM丙酮酸钠,10%胎牛血清和抗生素的RPMI-1640培养基中培养。采用Miltenyi Biotec MACs磁分离系统将初级外周血液单核细胞(PBM)从混合的外周血单核细胞制剂中分离出来。PBM在与THP-1细胞相同的培养基中培养,除了采用20%的胎牛血清之外。在用OxBC、PMA(25ng/ml)和/或LPS(15ng/m了)处理24h前接种细胞(1×105细胞/孔,96-孔培养板),如下文中的描述。单独在当量百分数(v/v)的DMSO中培养的细胞作为对照。
吞噬作用分析
采用Vybrant吞噬作用分析试剂盒(Invitrogen,#V6694)基于荧光素-标记的大肠杆菌(菌株K12)细菌颗粒的摄取来评价在单核细胞培养物中的吞噬作用。简言之,所处理细胞在37℃下用100μLHank氏缓冲的盐溶液中的荧光生物颗粒悬浮液中培养5h。培养之后,除去悬浮液并用100μL的2%台盼蓝溶液代替培养1分钟。除去台盼蓝溶液并采用荧光微孔读板器(480nm激发,520nm发射)来确定所摄取的颗粒数。仅含有培养基(无细胞)的孔作为阴性反应对照,使针对每一次试验重复的阴性对照相等。在确定吞噬细胞活性之前,研究了对THP-1细胞和PBM的三种处理方案:(1)细胞仅用OxBC或PMA处理24h;(2)细胞用OxBC或PMA处理24h,在此时间点时除去该化合物并在完全培养基中再培养细胞24h;和(3)用OxBC或PMA处理细胞24h,在此时间点上除去该化合物并在含LPS的完全培养基中再培养细胞24h。对于THP-1细胞,研究了另外的情况,其中用OxBC或PMA处理细胞24h,在此时间点上除去该化合物并使细胞在完全培养基中恢复72h。恢复之后,在测量吞噬作用之前用LPS处理细胞24h。
结果与讨论
首先采用先前证实不产生显著毒性的浓度和时间进程在人THP-1细胞、已构建的单核细胞样细胞系中评价OxBC对单核细胞中吞噬作用的影响。用OxBC处理天然THP-1细胞24h,在所评价的任何浓度下均不显著改变吞噬活性。相对而言,PMA处理与相对于对照培养物的吞噬活性的12.94±2.05倍增加相关。然而,当容许THP-1细胞在评价吞噬作用之前恢复24h时,发现OxBC处理会影响吞噬活性。与对照相比,在用2.5μM、5μM或7.5μM(1.34μg/mL、2.67μg/mL或4.02μg/mL)的OxBC处理的THP-1培养物中观察到吞噬活性的显著升高,但这种效应约为采用PMA所观察到的一半(参见图7)。值得注意的是,10μM(5.38μg/mL)的OxBC使所处理的培养物中吞噬作用的程度降低,这可能是由于毒性作用所致。
实施例1和实施例2证实了OXBC处理能够引发单核细胞对次级刺激物如LPS的响应增强。与这些观察结果一致,用OxBC处理的THP-1细胞在LPS激发之后比未处理的对照表现出更大的吞噬活性(图8)。用浓度超过2.5μM(1.34μg/mL)的OxBC预处理使吞噬作用增加至在用PMA处理的单核细胞中观察到的类似水平。
在评价主要PBM时观察到类似的结果。当采用用OxBC处理24h接着恢复24h的试验方案时,与对照相比,在OxBC处理的细胞中检测到约35%的吞噬活性的普遍增加。尽管观察到了增加,但这些结果由于重复试验之间的可变性而不能到达统计学显著性。尽管增加重复试验的次数能够通过降低可变性而使这些响应提高至更显著的水平,但这一选择由于将会需要大量的原代细胞(primarycell)而并不可行。然而,与THP-1细胞一样,发现OxBC能够引发PBM对LPS激发的响应。如图9所示,用OxBC预处理与对相当于采用最大水平PMA获得的LPS刺激的吞噬响应增加有关。
还在容许在OxBC处理之后恢复72h的THP-1细胞中评价了吞噬活性。在单独用OxBC处理的细胞中观察到吞噬作用的适度增加,但是这些响应被PMA-处理的培养物中吞噬活性的巨大增加所掩蔽。相比较而言,再次发现OxBC预处理引发THP-1细胞对递送72h后的LPS刺激产生响应。在用浓度超过5μM(2.67μg/mL)的OxBC预处理的单核细胞中检测到吞噬活性的显著增加,这间接表明OxBC处理的效果在单核细胞首次暴露于OxBC之后维持了几天。
OxBC表现出直接提高原发性的(或原代的,primary)和所构建的单核细胞的吞噬活性的能力。然而,OxBC对免疫系统的最大影响表现在其能够引发单核细胞响应于随后的LPS激发而产生更强烈的吞噬响应的能力。
其他实施方式
本说明书中提及所有出版物和专利申请、以及专利都结合于本文中作为参考。
尽管本发明已经结合具体实施方式进行了描述,但是应该理解,能够对本发明进行进一步修改。因此,本申请倾向于涵盖一般遵循本发明原理的本发明任何修改、应用或改变,包括属于本领域已知的或常规实践的本发明公开内容偏离的内容。
其他实施方式都在权利要求的范围内。
Claims (44)
1.一种治疗患有感染的受治疗者的方法,所述方法包括以足以治疗所述感染的量向所述受治疗者给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
2.一种治疗患有感染、或具有患感染风险的人类受治疗者的方法,所述方法包括以足以治疗所述感染的量向所述受治疗者给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
3.一种治疗患有感染、或具有患感染风险的受治疗者的方法,所述方法包括以足以治疗所述感染的量向所述受治疗者给予氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由静脉内、眼部、肌肉内、局部地、皮下、或鼻内给予。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述感染是由细菌、病毒、真菌、或寄生虫引起的。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述感染选自社区获得性肺炎、上呼吸道和下呼吸道感染、皮肤和软组织感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发感染、肾盂肾炎、腹腔内感染、细菌性败血症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、外伤感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎、和血管内感染。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由眼部给予以治疗眼睛感染。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分向所述受治疗者的口腔局部给予以治疗口腔感染。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由口腔、静脉内、肌肉内、眼部、局部地、皮下、或鼻内给予。
9.根据权利要求2或3所述的方法,其中,所述受治疗者还未诊断出患有感染,但是具有患感染的风险。
10.根据权利要求2或3所述的方法,其中,所述受治疗者患有感染。
11.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括向所述受治疗者给予抗生素,其中所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与所述抗生素同时给药,或在14天内分别给药。
12.一种使接受免疫的受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答增强的方法,所述方法包括(i)向所述受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,和(ii)向所述受治疗者给予抗原,其中,在给予所述抗原之前给予所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
13.一种使接受免疫的人类受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答增强的方法,所述方法包括向所述受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
14.一种使接受免疫的受治疗者对抗原的适应性免疫应答增强的方法,所述方法包括向所述受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由静脉内、眼部、肌肉内、局部地、皮下、或鼻内给予。
15.根据权利要求12-14中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述抗原来源于病原体。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述病原体选自细菌、病毒、真菌、或寄生虫。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述抗原是糖类、糖脂、糖蛋白、脂质、蛋白、脂蛋白、磷脂、或多肽。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述病原体是活病毒或减毒的活病毒。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述病原体是炭疽、流行性感冒、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、或狂犬病。
20.根据权利要求12-14中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分在给予所述抗原14天内给予。
21.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分与所述抗原一起给予。
22.根据权利要求1、2、3、12、13或14中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的聚合物组分。
23.根据权利要求1、2、3、12、13或14中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的组分,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素的组分包括2-甲基-6-氧代-2,4-庚二烯醛、二氢猕猴桃醇内酯、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮5,6-环氧化物、4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛、β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛5,6-环氧化物、4-氧代-β-紫罗兰亚基乙醛、β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮、β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮-5,6-环氧化物、4-氧代-β-脱-13-类胡罗卜酮、视黄醛、视黄醛5,6-环氧化物、或它们的混合物。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分包含2-甲基-6-氧代-2,4-庚二烯醛。
25.根据权利要求1、2、3、12、13或14中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分是氧化转化的类胡萝卜素。
26.一种药物组合物,包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,以及抗原。
27.根据权利要求26所述的药物组合物,其中,所述组合物被配制成用于经口服、静脉内、肌肉内、眼部、局部地、皮下、或鼻内给药。
28.根据权利要求26所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗原来源于病原体。
29.根据权利要求28所述的药物组合物,其中,所述病原体选自细菌、病毒、真菌、或寄生虫。
30.根据权利要求28所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗原是糖类,糖脂、糖蛋白、脂质、蛋白、脂蛋白、磷脂、或多肽。
31.根据权利要求28所述的药物组合物,其中,所述病原体是活病毒或减毒的活病毒。
32.根据权利要求28所述的药物组合物,其中,所述病原体是炭疽、流行性感冒、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、或狂犬病。
33.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)一种包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的药物组合物;和
(ii)给予所述组合物以用于治疗患有感染或具有患感染风险的受治疗者的说明。
34.根据权利要求33所述的试剂盒,其中,所述感染是由细菌、病毒、真菌、或寄生虫引起的。
35.根据权利要求33所述的试剂盒,其中,所述感染选自社区获得性肺炎、上呼吸道和下呼吸道感染、皮肤和软组织感染、急性细菌性中耳炎、细菌性肺炎、并发感染、肾盂肾炎、腹腔感染、细菌性败血症、中枢神经系统感染、菌血症、外伤感染、腹膜炎、脑膜炎、烧伤后感染、泌尿生殖道感染、盆腔炎、心内膜炎、和血管内感染。
36.根据权利要求33所述的试剂盒,进一步包括用于向所述受治疗者给予抗生素的说明。
37.一种试剂盒,包括:
(i)包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分的药物组合物;
(ii)包含抗原的药物组合物;和
(iii)给予所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分、以及所述抗原以用于对受治疗者进行免疫的说明。
38.一种牙膏,包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
39.一种漱口水,包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
40.一种药物组合物,包含氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,并且被配制成用于向眼睛给药。
41.根据权利要求40所述的药物组合物,其中,所述药物组合物是滴眼液、眼药膏、眼用软膏、眼用喷雾剂、结膜下注射剂、或玻璃体内注射剂、隐形眼镜、结膜插入物、或眼内插入物。
42.一种增强患有感染的受治疗者体内的免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括向所述受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
43.一种增强患有感染或具有患感染风险的人类受治疗者体内的免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括向所述受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分。
44.一种增强患有感染或具有患感染风险的人类受治疗者体内的免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括向所述受治疗者给予有效量的氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分,其中,所述氧化转化的类胡萝卜素或其组分经由静脉内、眼部、肌肉内、局部地、皮下或鼻内给予。
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2008
- 2008-10-23 JP JP2010530236A patent/JP2011500733A/ja active Pending
- 2008-10-23 PL PL08842588T patent/PL2214656T3/pl unknown
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- 2008-10-23 WO PCT/CA2008/001879 patent/WO2009052629A1/en active Application Filing
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- 2008-10-23 US US12/739,674 patent/US10449247B2/en active Active
- 2008-10-23 EP EP08842588.9A patent/EP2214656B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-10-23 CN CN2008801227439A patent/CN101909611A/zh active Pending
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CN107847467A (zh) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-03-27 | 阿维沃根公司 | 用于预防坏死性肠炎的氧化的类胡萝卜素及其组分 |
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CN114344453A (zh) * | 2022-01-18 | 2022-04-15 | 华南师范大学 | 一种罗非鱼cl-k1在制备预防和/或治疗罗非鱼病害的药物中的应用 |
CN116616371A (zh) * | 2023-05-24 | 2023-08-22 | 西安海吉焦生物科技研究院有限公司 | 四萜烯烃衍生物及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20110217244A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
JP2011500733A (ja) | 2011-01-06 |
DK2214656T3 (en) | 2019-03-25 |
EP2214656B1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
CA2704098C (en) | 2018-01-02 |
KR20100102594A (ko) | 2010-09-24 |
JP2015110596A (ja) | 2015-06-18 |
ES2716474T3 (es) | 2019-06-12 |
JP6262158B2 (ja) | 2018-01-17 |
EP2214656A1 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
WO2009052629A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
NZ585620A (en) | 2013-03-28 |
AU2008316225B2 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
US10449247B2 (en) | 2019-10-22 |
KR101762753B1 (ko) | 2017-08-04 |
CA2704098A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
PL2214656T3 (pl) | 2019-06-28 |
AU2008316225A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
EP2214656A4 (en) | 2012-08-01 |
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