CN101176324A - 正交频分无线通信系统的导频信号传输 - Google Patents
正交频分无线通信系统的导频信号传输 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明为从移动站或基站发射的导频符号提供了一种传输模式。该模式允许改善对已发射的导频符号的接收。此外,提供了一种用于改善复用导频符号的能力,这种复用不会有在相同频率上和相同时隙内来自不同移动台的干扰和/或偏离。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般涉及无线通信,尤其涉及在正交频分无线通信系统中传输导频信息。
背景技术
正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统利用正交频分复用(OFDM)。OFDM是多载波调制技术,其将整个系统带宽分成多个(N)正交频率子载波。这些子载波也称为副载波(tone),频率点(pin)和频率信道。每个子载波可以数据调制。高达N个调制符号可在每个OFDM符号周期中总共N个子载波上发送。这些调制符号以N点快速傅立叶逆变换(IFFT)转换到时域从而产生含N个时域码片或样本的经变换的符号。
在跳频通信系统中,数据是在不同的可称作“跳跃周期”的时间间隔中以不同频率子载波发射的。这些频率子载波可由正交频分复用、其他多载波调制技术,或其他架构提供。利用跳频,数据发射以伪随机方式从一个子载波跳跃到另一个子载波。该跳跃提供频率多样性并允许数据传输能更好地耐受如窄带干扰、拥塞、衰落,等等的恶化路径效果。
OFDMA系统可同时支持多个移动站。对于跳频OFDMA系统,给定移动站的数据传输可在与特定跳频(FH)序列关联的“流量”信道上发射。该FH序列指示特定的子载波用于每个跳跃周期中的数据传输。多个移动站的多个数据传输可在多个流量信道上同时发射,这些流量信道与不同FH频率关联。这些FH序列可定义为彼此正交以便仅一个流量信道,因此仅一个数据传输使用每个跳跃周期中的每个子载波。通过使用正交FH序列,多个数据发射通常彼此不干涉,同时享有频率多样性的好处。
发射机和接收机之间无线信道的精确估计通常是必须的以便恢复经无线信道发送的数据。信道估计通常是通过从发射机发送导频和在接收机测量导频来执行的。导频信号由发射机和接收机都提前知道的导频符号构成。接收机因此可以基于接收的符号和已知的符号估计信道响应。
从任意特定移动站到基站的每个传输的一部分通常称为“反向链路”传输,在跳跃周期中,其被分配来发射导频符号。通常,导频符号的数目确定信道估计的质量,且因此确定了数据包差错率。然而,使用导频符号会引起可实现的有效传输数据速率的降低。也就是,随着被分配给导频信息的带宽越多,则可用于数据传输的带宽越小。
一种类型的FH-OFDMA系统是分组跳跃系统,其中多个移动站被分配给连续组的频率和符号周期。在这样的系统中,可靠地从移动站接收导频信息是很重要的,同时要减少分配给导频信息的带宽,因为分组具有有限量的可用于导频和数据传输的符号和副载波。
发明内容
在实施例中,导频符号图案是为移动站或基站发射的导频符号提供的。该图案允许改善的发射导频符号的接收和解调。
在附加实施例中,提供了在OFDM系统中改善复用导频符号的能力的方案,这种复用没有在同一频率和同一时隙中来自基站同一扇区的不同移动站的干扰和/偏离。
在进一步实施例中,提供了在OFDM系统中减小导频符号偏离或干扰的方案,该导频符号是从相邻小区中不同移动站在同一频率和同一时隙中发射的。
在其他实施例中,提供了改变导频符号图案的方法。而且在进一步的实施例中,提供了产生导频符号的方法。
附图说明
本实施例的特征、本质,和优点可从下面结合附图给出的详细说明而变得更明显,其中相似的字符表示相同的部分,且其中:
图1示出按照实施例的多址无线通信系统;
图2示出按照实施例的多址无线通信系统的频谱分配方案;
图3A示出按照实施例的导频分配方案的方框图;
图3B示出按照另一个实施例的导频分配方案的方框图;
图4A示出按照实施例的导频符号置乱方案;
图4B示出按照另一个实施例的导频符号置乱方案;
图5示出按照实施例的多址无线通信系统中具有多个扇区的基站;
图6示出按照另一个实施例的多址无线通信系统;
图7示出在多入多出多址无线通信系统中发射机系统和接收机系统的实施例的方框图;
图8示出按照实施例的导频符号产生方法的流程图;和
图9示出按照实施例的改变导频符号图案的流程图。
具体实施方式
参考图1,其示出按照实施例的多址无线通信系统。基站100包括多个天线组102、104和106,每个都包括一个或多个天线。在图1中,所示的每个天线组102、104和106仅一个天线,然而,多个天线可用于相应于基站100扇区的每个天线组。移动站108与天线104通信,这里天线104通过前向链路114将信息发射至移动站108,并通过反向链路112从移动站108接收信息。移动站110与天线106通信,这里天线106通过前向链路118将信息发射至移动站110,并通过反向链路116从移动站110接收信息。
每组天线102、104和106和/或它们被指定通信的区域通常被称为基站扇区。在实施例中,天线组102、104和106每个都被指定分别来与扇区,基站100覆盖的区域的各扇区102、122和124中移动站进行通信。
基站可以是用于与终端通信的固定基站,也可以称为接入点、节点B,或某些其他术语。移动站也可称为移动站、用户设备(UE)、无线通信设备、终端、接入终端或某些其他术语。
参考图2,其示出多址无线通信系统的频谱分配方案。多个OFDM符号200是在T个符号周期和S个频率子载波上分配的。每个OFDM符号200包括T个符号周期中的一个符号周期和S个子载波中副载波或频率子载波。
在OFDM跳频系统,一个或多个符号200可分配给给定的移动站。在如图2所示的分配方案的实施例中,符号的一个或多个跳跃区域,如跳跃区域202分配给一组用于在反向链路上的通信的移动站。在每个跳跃区内,符号分配可随机化从而减小潜在的干扰并提供频率多样性以对抗恶化的路径效果。
每个跳跃区202包括分配给一个或多个移动站的符号204,该移动站与基站扇区通信并分配给跳跃区。在其他实施例中,每个跳跃区被分配给一个或多个移动站。在每个跳跃周期,或帧中,跳跃区202在T个符号和S个子载波内的位置按照跳跃序列改变。此外,对跳跃区202内单个移动站的符号204的分配可在每个跳跃周期改变。
跳跃序列可伪随机地、随机地或按照预定的序列为每个跳跃周期选择跳跃区202的位置。同一基站不同扇区的跳跃序列被设计为彼此正交,从而避免与同一基站通信的移动站中的“小区内”干扰。进一步,相对邻近基站的跳跃频率,每个基站的跳跃频率可以是伪随机的。这有助于随机化与不同基站通信的移动站中“小区间”干扰。
在反向链路通信的情形中,跳跃区202的某些符号204被分配给从移动站发射到基站的导频符号。导频符号分配给符号204应优选支持空分多址(SDMA),这里如果相应于不同移动站的空间特征(spatialsignature)差别足够大,则在同一跳跃区上交叠的不同移动站的信号能由于扇区或基站处的多个接收天线而分开。为了更精确地提取和解调不同移动站的信号,应精确估计各反向链路信道。因此,反向链路上导频符号有必要使得能够在扇区内每个接收天线处分开不同移动站的导频特征(signature),以便随后对从不同移动站接收的导频符号应用多天线处理。
根据系统,分组跳跃(block hopping)可用于前向链路和反向链路,或仅用于反向链路。应该注意,虽然图2绘出具有七个符号周期的长度的跳跃区200,跳跃区200的长度可以是任何所需量,并可在跳跃周期之间,或在给定跳跃周期中不同跳跃区之间改变大小。
应该注意,虽然图2中的实施例是针对利用分组跳跃描述的,分组位置不必在连续跳跃周期之间改变,或可以根本不改变。
参考图3A和3B,其示出按照几个实施例的导频分配方案的方框图。跳跃区300和320由S个子载波或副载波以T个符号周期限定。跳跃区300包括导频符号302,而跳跃区320包括导频符号322,剩余符号周期和副载波组合可用于数据符号和其他符号。在实施例中,每个跳跃区域的导频符号位置,即NT个连续OFDM符号上一组Ns个邻近副载波应具有定位成靠近跳跃区边缘的导频副载波。这通常是因为无线应用中典型信道是时间和频率相对慢的函数,因此在时间和频率的跳跃区上信道的一级近似,如一级泰勒扩展,提供关于信道条件的信息,该信息足够用来估计给定移动站的信道。同样,优选估计一对用于适当接收和解调来自移动站的符号的信道参数,也就是信道时间和频率跨度上信道的常数成分,泰勒展开的零级项,和线性成分,一级项泰勒展开。一般地,常数成分的估计精度独立于导频分布。线性成分的估计精度通常优选以位于跳跃区域边缘的导频副载波来实现。
导频符号302和322设置在邻接导频符号簇304、306、308和310(图3A)和324、326、328和330(图3B)中。在实施例中,跳跃区内每个簇304、306、308和310(图3A)和324、326、328和330(图3B)具有固定的数目,且在给定跳跃区内通常具有相同数目的导频符号。在实施例中,邻接导频符号的簇304、306、308和310(图3A)和324、326、328和330(图3B)的利用可考虑载波间干扰引起的多用户干扰的影响,该载波间干扰源自高多普勒和/或符号延迟扩展。进一步,如果来自同一跳跃区上调度的移动站的导频符号是以基本不同的功率水平接收的,较强的移动站信号可产生对较弱移动移动站的相当量的干扰。当过度延迟扩展引起泄漏,即当集中在超过OFDM符号循环前缀的抽头(tap)处的信道能量足够时,干扰的量在边缘处较高,如跳跃区的子载波1和子载波S,在OFDM符号边缘也较高,如符号周期1和T。因此,如果导频符号都位于跳跃区边缘时,信道估计的精度可能恶化,且干扰估计可能有偏差。因此,如图3A和3B所示,导频符号靠近跳跃区边缘设置,然而,避免所有导频符号都在跳跃区边缘的情形。
参考图3A,跳跃区300包括导频符号302。在信道具有显著频率选择性而非时间选择性的情形中,导频符号302位于邻接的导频符号簇304、306、308和310中,且每个导频符号簇304、306、308和310跨多个符号周期和一个频率副载波。频率副载波优选选择成靠近跳跃区300的频率范围边缘,然而,不精确在该边缘。在图3A的实施例中,在给定簇中没有导频符号302在边缘频率副载波,且在每个簇中,仅导频符号可在边缘的符号周期。
导频符号302的邻接导频符号簇“水平”形状背后的一个原理是,对于较高频率选择性的信道,一级(线性)成分在频域中比在时域中更强。
应该注意,在图3A的实施例中,每个簇中的一个或更多导频符号可位于与不同簇中一个或多个导频符号不同的副载波。例如,簇304可位于副载波S而簇306可位于副载波S-1。
参考图3B,在具有明显时间选择性而非频率选择性的信道情形中,导频符号322设置在邻接导频符号的簇324、326、328和330中,且每个簇跨多个频率副载波,但具有同一跳跃区320的符号周期。跳跃区320边缘的OFDM符号,那些具有限定S个子载波的频率范围的最大副载波(如副载波S)或最小副载波(如副载波1)的符号可被作为部分导频符号,因为可以有在跳跃区320边缘的导频符号322。然而,在图3B所示的实施例中,每个簇中仅一个导频符号可分配给最大或最小频率子载波。
在图3B所示的实施例中,具有较高时间选择性的信道可具有典型的图案,该典型图案可以是通过90度旋转为具有较高频率选择性(图3A)的信道选择的图案而获得。
应该注意,在图3B的实施例中,每个簇中一个或多个导频符号可分配给与不同簇中一个或多个导频符号不同的符号周期。例如,簇324可处于与簇326不同的符号周期T。
此外,如图3A和3B的实施例所示,提供导频图案以便簇304、306、308和310(图3A)与324、326、328和330(图3B)优选相对跳跃区中心是对称的。簇相对跳跃区中心的对称性可提供相对信道时间和频率响应的改进的同时信道估计。
应该注意,虽然图3A和3B示出每个跳跃区四个导频符号簇,但在每个跳跃区中可使用较少或较多的簇。进一步,每导频符号簇的导频符号数目也可以改变。导频符号和导频符号簇的总数目是基站成功解调通过反向链路接收的数据符号,和估计基站与移动站之间的信道所要求的导频符号数目的函数。而且,每个簇不必具有相同数目的导频符号。在实施例中,可在单个跳跃区上复用的移动站的数目可等于跳跃区中导频符号的数目。
此外,虽然图3A和3B示出为具有频率选择性或时间选择性的信道设计的导频符号簇,导频图案可以是这样的,即在同一导频图案中有用于频率选择性信道的簇,也有用于时间选择性信道的簇,如某些簇设置在簇304、306、308或310的图案中,而某些簇设置在簇324、326、328或330的图案中。
在某些实施例中,选择使用的导频图案可以基于信道被优化的条件。例如,对于可能具有高速运动,如车载的移动站的信道,时间选择性导频图案是优选的,然而,对于低速移动的移动站,如行人,可利用频率选择性导频图案。在其他实施例中,可基于信道条件选择导频图案,并在预定数目的跳跃周期之后做出决定。
参考图4A和4B,其示出按照进一步实施例的导频分配方案。在图4A中,跳跃区400包括设置在簇402中的导频符号C1,q、C2,q和C3,q;设置在簇404中的C4,q、C5,q和C6,q;设置在簇406中的C7,q、C8,q和C9,q;和设置在簇408中的C10,q、C11,q和C12,q。在实施例中,为了改进多个移动站在其中提供交叠导频符号的跳跃区中空间多样性,不同移动站的导频符号应以这样的方式在同一OFDM符号周期和副载波上复用,使得当导频符号被在基站天线簇处接收到时,这些导频符号基本上是正交的。
在图4A中,C1,q、C2,q、C3,q、C4,q、C5,q、C6,q、C7,q、C8,q、C9,q、C10,q、C11,q和C12,q其中的每个导频符号被分配给跳跃区400的多个移动站,也就是每个符号周期包括来自大量不同移动站的多个导频符号。导频符号簇,如簇402、404、406和408,中每个导频符号是以这样的方式产生和发射的,即簇中导频符号的接收机(如基站)可接收它们,因此它们相对来自同一簇中每个其它移动站的导频符号正交。这可通过施加预定相移,如标量函数(scalar function)乘以构成每个移动站发射的导频符号的每个样点实现。为了提供正交性,表示每个移动站的每个簇中标量函数序列的矢量的内积可以为零。
进一步,在某些实施例中,优选每个簇的导频符号与跳跃区的其他每个簇的导频符号是正交的。这可通过在每个簇的导频符号中为每个移动站的导频符号利用不同序列的标量函数,以与为来自不同移动站的每个簇内导频符号提供正交性相同的方式提供。可通过为特定移动站的特定簇的每个导频符号选择标量倍数(scalar multiples)序列而做出正交性的数学判断,该特定移动站的矢量与表示所有簇中其他移动站和其他簇中同一移动站的导频符号所用的标量倍数序列的矢量相正交,如内积为零。
在实施例中,在提供了跨每个簇的导频符号的正交性的情况下,可支持移动站的数目等于每个导频符号簇中提供的导频符号的数目。
在图4A和4B的实施例中,Q个交叠用户中第q个用户,1≤q≤Q,使用大小为NP的序列S,这里NP是导频副载波的总数目(在图4A和4B中,NP=12):
这里(T)表示含该序列的矩阵的转置。如上所述,在每个导频符号簇中,对于不同的移动站,标量函数的序列应是不同的,以便通过导频符号之间干扰的减小,获得对各信道一致的估计。而且,序列应是线性不相关的,以便优选没有序列或矢量是剩余序列的线性组合。数学上,这是可定义的,因为NP×Q矩阵
S=[S1...SQ] (2)
是满列秩(full column rank)矩阵。应该注意,上面表达式(2)中,矩阵Q≤NP。也就是,交叠移动站的数目应不超过跳跃区中总导频符号的数目。
基于上述讨论,具有满秩S的任意序列Q的集合使得能够实现一致的信道估计。然而,在其他实施例中,实际估计精度可取决于S的相关性。在实施例中,如可用等式(1)判断的那样,当信道中任意两个序列相互(类)正交,则可提高性能。数学上,该条件如下定义
这里Hk是相应于第k个导频符号的复数信道增益,1≤k≤NP。在时间和频率不变信道H1=H2=…=HNP中,条件(3)减弱为相互正交序列的要求:
对任意从典型信道集合实现的可能信道应用该条件是不可行的。实际上,在信道具有有限时间和频率选择性时可满足表达式(3),这是具有相对小延迟扩展的行人信道的情形。然而,对于车辆信道和/或具有相当大延迟扩展的信道,条件可显著不同,因而导致性能衰退。
如上面参考图3A和3B的讨论,导频分配图案由几个靠近跳跃区边缘分布的导频符号簇组成,这里每个簇都在时间(图3A)和/或频率(图3B)上是邻近的。因为每个簇中信道变化通常是有限的,这是由于导频符号在时间和频率上的邻近特性以及信道的时间和频率的连续性。因此,使不同序列在每个簇上正交允许条件(3)的满足。该解决方案的潜在缺点是可在每个簇上正交的交叠的移动站数目受限于簇的大小,这里表示为NC。在图4A和图4B所示的例子中,NC=3,且因此在该实施例中,最大Q=3个移动站可以是独立正交的。实际上,在许多实际应用情形中,相当小量的Q就足够了。当Q>NC时,保持所有移动站在每个簇上正交有困难,因为可能有一些符号间干扰。因此,近似正交就可能是充分的,其中如果Q>NC,则时间和/或频率的某些性能损失改变信道。
在实施例中,标量函数S=[S1…SQ]序列的设计参数的集合可定义如下:
*任意两个序列在整个集合的导频符号上正交,因而满足
*NC个序列的后续组是这样的,即组内任意两个序列在任意导频簇上是相互正交的:
*所有序列的所有元素Sk,q具有基本相等的绝对值,如近似相同的幂(power)。
这里MC表示大小为NC的簇的总数目,因此导频数目NP=MCNC。
在实施例中,序列S=[S1…SQ]是用幂函数建立的,因此每个序列提供的符号能量相同。进一步,在该实施例中,NC个序列的组可在每个簇内相互正交而无论簇大小,因为指数不局限于特定的倍数,且用在每个其他簇中的序列跨所有导频符号,这是通过如下方式实现的,(i)在每个簇内定义幂序列;和(ii)跨多个簇移动(populating)簇内部分。这可从等式(7)中看到,这里定义了N×N离散傅立叶变换(DFT)基础。
上面的表达式(7)可以紧凑块形式表示为:
其中<·>1:Q表示跨初始矩阵列1到列Q的矩阵块。S更一般的形式由下式给出
其中U是任意的NC*NC酉矩阵(unitary matrix)(U*U=INP),且V是任意MC*MC酉矩阵(U*U=IMC)。
在实施例中,在跨每个簇的导频符号具有正交性的情况下,可支持的移动站的数目等于为每一导频符号簇提供的导频符号的数目。
在实施例中,用来乘导频符号的样本的幂函数是用离散傅立叶变换函数产生的,这是公知的。在离散傅立叶变换函数用于产生供传输的符号的实施例中,在产生供传输的符号时,用离散傅立叶变换函数形成符号的过程中施加额外相移。
在图4A和4B的实施例中,每个移动站的每个簇中表示标量函数序列的矢量内积可以是零。然而,在其他实施例中不是这样。可以仅在每个移动站的每个簇中标量函数的序列之间提供类正交性。
进一步,在这些情形中,这里分配给跳跃区的移动站的数目小于分配给跳跃区的导频符号的数目,标量移位(scalar shift)还可以在基站解码,以便用来执行干扰估计。因此,这些导频符号可用于干扰估计,因为它们通过分配给跳跃区的其他移动站,而相对导频符号是正交的或类正交的。
参考图5,其示出在按照实施例的多址接入无线通信系统中具有多个扇区的基站。基站500包括天线502、504和506的多个天线组。在图5中,为每个天线组502、504和506仅示出一个天线,然而,也可利用多个天线。除了提供给不同移动站的不同物理位置的空间多样性,每个天线组502、504和506的多个天线可用来在基站为从相应扇区中的移动站发射的信号提供空间多样性。
基站500的每个天线组502、504和506经配置来与基站500覆盖的扇区中的移动站通信。在图5的实施例中,天线组502覆盖扇区514,天线组504覆盖扇区516,而天线506覆盖扇区518。在每个扇区内,如参考图4的描述,移动站发射的导频符号可在基站精确解调并用于信道估计,以及其他功能,这是由于在所有扇区间的导频符号簇之间的正交性或近似正交性。
然而,靠近扇区边界的移动站,如靠近扇区514和516边界的移动站510可能存在扇区内干扰。在这样的情形中,来自移动站510的导频符号功率比来自扇区514和516中其他移动站的导频符号的功率低。在这样的情形中,最终移动站510可受益于两个扇区天线处的接收,特别是对服务扇区,即扇区516的信道,信号可在天线504增加功率时衰落。为了充分受益于扇区514的天线502的接收,应提供在扇区514的天线502之间对移动站510的信道的精确估计。然而,如果相同或基本相同序列用作具有当前导频设计的不同扇区中的导频符号的标量倍数,则在同一跳跃区上,移动站510发射的导频符号可与被预定在扇区514中的移动站508发射的导频符号相碰撞,因为移动站510被预定在扇区516中。进一步,在某些情形中,根据基站用来控制移动站的功率控制策略,来自移动站508的符号的功率水平可显著超过扇区514的天线组502处的移动站510信号水平,特别是在移动站508靠近基站500时。
为了抵抗可能出现的扇区内干扰,置乱码可用于移动站。置乱码对于单个移动站可以是唯一的,或对于每个与单个扇区通信的移动站,置乱码可以相同。在实施例中,这些特定置乱码允许天线组502能见到移动站508和510的复合信道。
在单个移动站被分配给整个跳跃区的情形中,可提供用户专用置乱序列以便给定扇区中每个移动站利用同一导频序列;这些序列的构成是参考图4A和4B描述的。在图5所示的例子中,移动站508、510和512可具有不同的用户专用置乱序列并因此可实现充分的信道估计。
在多个移动站被或可能被分配给同一跳跃区的情形中,可用两种方法来减少簇内干扰。首先,如果簇大小NC大于或等于每个扇区中交叠移动站的数目Q乘以小区中扇区的数目,则可利用用户专用置乱序列。如果是这样的情形,则Q个不同用户专用置乱码的不同集合可分配给不同扇区。
然而,如果簇大小NC小于每个扇区中交叠移动站的数目Q乘以小区中扇区的数目,则系统设计的目标是将NC保持成能维持有限的导频开销时这是重要的,用户专用置乱码不能有效减小小区间干扰。在这样的情形中,扇区专用置乱序列可与用户专用置乱序列一起使用。
对于同一扇区中的所有移动站,扇区专用置乱序列是NP个复函数的序列 ,该NP个复函数乘以序列S=[S1...SQ]的各元素。在由S个扇区组成的小区中,S个扇区专用置乱序列X1,...,XS的集合可用来乘以移动站的序列S=[S1...SQ]。在这样的情形中,不同扇区,例如具有利用同一用户专用置乱序列S=[S1...SQ]的移动站的扇区514和516内移动站可以不同,这是由于用来乘以用户专用置乱序列的不同扇区专用置乱序列XS1和XS2导致的。
类似于用户专用置乱,优选X1,...,XS的所有项具有近似相等的绝对值,从而在导频符号间保持近似相等的功率。在其他实施例中,优选X1,...,XS的项是这样的,即与用户专用和扇区专用置乱序列的任意两个组合相对应的导频符号簇中任意对导频符号应满足条件(3)。一种实现每个扇区专用序列X1,...,XS内容选择的方式是彻底检索序列,以便每个序列的元素是从常模(PSK)星座,如QPSK,8-PSK提取的。这些选择标准可以是根据与不同扇区移动站和基于潜在信道环境的不同用户专用置乱的“最糟”组合相对应的“最糟情形”信道估计误差方差。信道估计误差可根据信道的统计特性分析计算。具体而言,跟踪信道协方差矩阵估计,根据预期衰落模型和诸如移动站速率和传播延迟扩展这样的参数假设信道相关结构,其中移动站速率限定了时间选择性,传播延迟扩展限定频率选择性。最小可实现信道估计误差的分析表达受限于实际信道的给定相关结构是本领域公知的。其他类似标准可用来优化X1,...,XS的选择。
在将正交幅度调制用作调制方案的实施例中,可利用的扇区专用置乱序列X1,...,XS的集合如下面表1所示。表的每个项规定每个XK,S的I和Q个分量,1≤s≤S且1≤k≤NP,其中S=3,NP=12。
表1
k | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
S=1 | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} |
S=2 | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {-1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+0,-1} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+0,-1} | {+0,+1} | {+0,+1} | {+0,+1} | {+0,+1} |
S=3 | {+0,+1} | {-1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+1,+0} | {+0,+1} | {+0,-1} | {+0,-1} | {+0,+1} | {+1,+0} | {+0,-1} | {+1,+0} | {-1,+0} |
在将正交幅度调制用作调制方案的实施例中,可利用的扇区专用置乱序列X1,...,XS的集合如下面表1所示。表的每个项规定每个XK,S的I和Q个分量,1≤s≤S且1≤k≤NP,其中S=3,NP=12。
在某些实施例中,通信网络中每个小区可利用相同序列的扇区专用置乱序列。
参考图6,其示出按照另一个实施例的多址接入无线通信系统600。在相同集合的用户专用和扇区专用置乱序列用在多个小区中时,如小区602、604和606,来自相邻小区的干扰可由于导频符号碰撞而导致信道估计精度降低。例如,相关扇区中的信道估计可由于来自相邻小区的移动站的信道而偏差,该相邻小区的移动站具有相同的用户专用和扇区专用置乱。为了避免该偏差,除了用户专用置乱和扇区专用置乱,也可以利用小区专用置乱。小区专用置乱方案可定义为 YC是标量函数的矢量,这些标量函数乘以小区中每个移动站的导频符号的各序列。导频符号 的总序列可如下定义,其相应于第c个小区的第s个扇区中具有第q个用户专用置乱的移动站。如果利用扇区专用置乱:
Zk,(q,s,c)=Sk,q·Xk,s·Yk,c,1≤k≤NP,1≤s≤S,c=1,2,.... (10)
如果不用扇区专用置乱:
Zk,(q,s,c)=Sk,q·Yk,c,1≤k≤NP,1≤s≤S,c=1,2,.... (11)
如已经提到的那样,在Q>1时推荐使用扇区专用置乱,而在Q=1时不推荐使用。
与用户专用和扇区专用置乱不同,小区专用置乱序列不需要优化。可以使用的两个设计参数是:
*小区专用置乱序列的所有元素具有相等的模数(modulus)。
*小区不同,小区专用置乱序列也不同。
在没有对整个基站网络预定分配小区专用置乱序列时,来自某个常模(PSK)星座,如QPSK,8-PSK的(伪)随机的小区专用置乱序列可用来形成Y小区专用序列。为了进一步增强小区专用置乱的随机性和避免置乱序列坏稳定组合,小区专用置乱可以(伪)随机方式周期改变。在某些实施例中,周期改变可以在每个帧、每个超帧(superframe),或每多个帧或超帧时进行。
图7是MIMO系统700中发射机系统710和接收机系统750的实施例方框图。在发射机系统710,大量数据流的流量数据从数据源712提供给发射(TX)数据处理器714。在实施例中,每个数据流是在各发射天线上发射的。TX数据处理器714基于为那个数据流选择的特定编码方案,对每个数据流的流量数据进行格式化、编码和交织,以提供经编码的数据
每个数据流的经编码的数据可用OFDM技术与导频数据复用。导频数据通常是以已知的方式处理并可在接收机系统处用来估计信道响应的已知数据图案。然后根据为那个数据流选择的特定调制方案(如BPSK、QSPK、M-PSK或M-QAM),调制每个数据流的经复用的导频和编码数据,从而提供调制符号。每个数据流的数据速率、编码,和调制可通过在控制器130上执行的指令来确定。
然后所有数据流的调制符号被提供给TX处理器720,该处理器720可进一步处理调制符号(如,OFDM)。然后TX处理器720提供NT个调制符号流给NT个发射机(TMTR)722a到722t。每个发射机722接收和处理各符号流从而提供一个或多个模拟信号,并进一步调节(如,放大、滤波和上变换)模拟信号从而提供适于在MIMO信道上发射的调制信号。然后,来自发射机722a到722t的NT个调制信号分别从NT个天线124a到124t发射。
在接收机系统750,已发射的调制符号由NR个天线752a到752r接收,且从每个天线752接收的信号被提供给各接收机(RCVR)754。每个接收机754调节(如滤波,放大,和下变换)各接收的信号,数字化经调节的信号从而提供样本,并进一步处理样本从而提供相应的“接收的”符号流。
然后根据特定的接收机处理技术,RX数据处理器760接收和处理从NR个接收机754接收的NR个接收的符号流,从而提供NT个“经检测的”符号流。下面进一步详细说明RX数据处理器760的处理。每个经检测的符号流包括为每个相应数据流发射的调制符号估计的符号。然后RX数据处理器760解调、去交织,和解码每个经检测的符号流从而为每个数据流恢复流量数据。RX数据处理器760的处理对发射机系统710处的TX处理器720和TX数据处理器714执行的处理有互补性。
RX处理器760可获得NT个发射和NR接收天线之间信道响应的估计,如基于与流量数据复用的导频信息。按照存储在存储器,如存储器772中的导频图案,RX处理器760可识别导频符号,该存储器772识别分配给每个导频符号的频率子载波和符号周期。此外,用户专用、扇区专用,和小区专用的置乱序列可存储在存储器中,因此它们可被RX处理器760用来成倍增加接收的符号,以便发生适当的解码。
由RX处理器760产生的信道响应估计可用来执行在接收机处的空间、空间/时间处理,调整功率水平,改变调制速率或方案,或采取其他动作。RX处理器760可进一步估计经检测的符号流的信干噪比(SNR),以及可能的其他信道特征,并将这些量提供给控制器770。RX数据处理器760或控制器770可进一步获得系统的“操作”SNR的估计。然后控制器770提供信道状态信息(CSI),这些信息可包括关于通信链路和/或接收的数据流的多种类型的信息。例如,CSI可仅包括操作SNR。然后CSI可被也从数据源776接收多个数据流的流量数据的TX数据处理器778所处理,被调制器780调制,并被发射机754a到754r调节,并被发射回发射机系统710。
在发射机系统710,来自接收机750的调制信号被天线724接收,被接收机722调节,被解调器740解调,并被RX数据处理器742处理,从而恢复接收机系统报告的CSI。然后报告的CSI被提供给控制器730并用来(1)判断要用于数据流的数据速率和编码及调制方案,和(2)为TX数据处理器714和TX处理器720产生多种控制。
控制器730和770分别指导在发射机和接收机系统处的操作。存储器732和772分别存储控制器730和770使用的程序代码和数据。存储器732和772存储根据簇位置、用户专用置乱序列,如果采用的扇区专用置乱序列和小区专用置乱序列的导频图案。在某些实施例中,多个导频图案存储在每个存储器中,因此发射机可发射,接收机可接收频率选择性导频图案和时间选择性导频图案。而且,可利用具有为选择性信道和频率选择性信道调整的簇的组合导频图案。这允许发射机根据参数,如随机序列,或响应来自基站的指令发射特定图案。
然后处理器730和770可选择导频图案、用户专用置乱序列、扇区专用置乱序列,和小区专用置乱序列中的哪个用在导频符号的传输中。
在接收机,多种处理技术可用来处理NR个接收的信号,从而检测NT个发射的符号流。这些接收机处理技术可分成两个主要类(i)空间和空时接收机处理技术(这些技术也称为均衡技术);和(ii)“连续迫零/均衡干扰消除”接收机处理技术(该技术也称为“连续干扰消除”或“连续消除”接收机处理技术)
虽然图7示出MIMO系统,同一系统可应用至多入单出系统,这里多个发射天线,如基站上的天线发射一个或多个符号流至单个天线设备,如移动站。而且,单出单进天线系统可以如参考图7描述的方式相同的方式利用。
参考图8,其示出按照实施例产生导频符号的方法的流程图。在方框800,选择多个导频符号簇在跳跃区期间从特定移动站发射。这些导频符号簇可都为在频率选择性信道(图3A),时间选择性信道(图3B)中的发射对齐,或是部分为在频率选择性信道和时间选择性信道中的发射对齐的簇的组合。
一旦选择导频符号簇,就判断是否其中移动站正在通信的基站簇支持或与多个移动站通信,方框802。该判断可基于其中有移动站的网络的预定知识。可替换地,可从扇区为基站发射该信息作为其导频信息或广播消息的一部分。
如果簇不支持通信,或当前没有与多个移动站通信,那么标量函数可应用至对簇唯一的导频符号,移动站正在与该簇通信,方框804。在实施例中,根据作为导频信息或广播信息一部分的扇区识别信号,每个扇区的标量函数可存储在移动站中并可利用。
如果簇支持与多个移动站的通信,那么标量函数被应用至对移动站唯一的导频符号,方框806。在某些实施例中,每个移动站的标量函数可基于其唯一标识符,该标识符用于注册或在制造时提供给设备的。
在对移动站正与其通信的扇区或移动站自身唯一的标量函数,被应用至导频符号后,另一标量函数序列被应用至导频符号,方框808。该标量函数序列与其中移动站正在通信的小区相关。如果每个小区没有被具体分配到移动站已知的或由移动站提供的标量函数,则该标量函数可不断变化。在该操作后,导频符号可从移动站发射到基站。
参考图8描述的标量函数,在实施例中,其可涉及构成导频符号的每个样本的相移。如参考图4A,4B,5和6的描述,选择标量函数以便导频符号的每个簇与来自其他导频符号簇中同一移动站的导频符号的其他集合,以及基站同一扇区其他移动站的同一和其他导频簇中集合正交。
此外,参考图8描述的方框每个都可以在计算机可读介质,如存储器上的一个或多个指令执行,这是通过处理器,控制器,或其他电子电路执行的。
参考图9,其示出按照实施例改变导频符号图案的方法的流程图。在方框900获得关于信道条件的信息。该信息可包括在基站的一个或多个扇区的SNR比率,在基站的信道选择性,所需的流量类型,基站优化的行人或车辆,延迟扩展,或其他信道特征。进一步,信息可与时间周期相关,可以是对基站或基站网络常规维护操作的一部分,也可以基于基站或基站网络增加的负载,或其他时间。
分析信息从而判断扇区或基站的信道条件,方框902。该分析可以是关于信道是频率选择性,时间选择性,还是两者组合的判断。然后该分析被用来确定从移动站发射的导频符号图案,该移动站与扇区或基站通信,方框904。这些导频符号簇可全部为频率选择性信道(图3A),时间选择性信道(图3B)中的传输对齐,或是部分为在频率选择性信道和时间选择性信道中的传输对齐的簇的组合。然后所选择的特定导频图案可被所有与基站或扇区通信的移动站所使用,直到为基站或扇区再次执行诊断。
为了在与基站或基站扇区通信的移动站处执行特定的导频图案,可从基站或扇区发送指令至移动站,作为初始化或安装程序的一部分。在某些实施例中,导频图案,用户专用置乱序列,扇区专用置乱序列,和/或小区专用置乱序列中将被利用的那个信息可在一个或多个数据包前导(preamble)中发射,该数据包是以规则的间隔或在初始化或安装过程中从基站发射到移动站的。
应该注意,分析可用来判断要在每个导频符号簇中发射的导频符号的数目和导频符号的分组。而且,每个参考图9描述的功能块都可以计算机可读介质,如存储器或可拆除介质上的一个或多个指令实现,这些指令被处理器、控制器,或其他电子电路执行。
这里描述的技术可通过多种方式实现。例如,这些技术可以硬件、软件,或它们的组合实现。对于硬件实现,可在一个或多个专用集成电路(ASIC)、数据信号处理器(DSP)、数字信号处理设备(DSPD)、可编程逻辑设备(PLD)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、处理器、控制器、微控制器、微处理器、其他设计来执行这里所述功能的电子单元,或它们的组合来实现基站或移动站内的处理单元。
对于软件实现,这里描述的技术可以执行此处所述功能的模块(如,程序、函数,等)实现。软件代码可存储在存储器单元中并由处理器执行。存储器单元可在处理器内或处理器外部实现,在处理器外部实现的情形中处理器经本领域公知的多种方法与处理器可通信地相连。
这里所公开的实施例的之前描述是提供给本领域技术人员,使得他们能够利用或使用本发明。对于本领域技术人员来说,对这些实施例的多种修改是很明显的,并且本文定义的基本原理可应用于其它实施例,而不会偏离本发明精神和范畴。因此,本发明不局限于这里所示的实施例,而具有与这里揭示的原理和新颖特征相一致的最广泛的范围。
Claims (29)
1.一种无线通信设备,其包括:
至少一个天线;
存储器,其存储相应于多个导频符号的至少一个时间选择性导频图案,和相应于另外的多个导频符号的至少一个频率选择性导频图案;和
处理器,其与所述至少一个天线和所述存储器相连,所述处理器选择所述至少一个时间选择性导频图案和所述至少一个频率选择性导频图案中的一个导频图案。
2.如权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述至少一个时间选择性导频图案包括多个时间选择性导频图案,所述至少一个频率选择性导频图案包括多个频率选择性导频图案,且其中所述处理器选择所述多个时间选择性导频图案中的至少一个和所述多个频率选择性导频图案中的至少一个。
3.如权利要求2所述的无线通信设备,其中所述多个频率选择性导频图案包括彼此正交的导频符号簇。
4.如权利要求2所述的无线通信设备,其中所述多个时间选择性导频图案包括彼此正交的导频符号簇。
5.如权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器基于参数选择所述多个时间选择性导频图案中的至少一个和所述多个频率选择性导频图案中的至少一个。
6.如权利要求5所述的无线通信设备,其中所述参数包括预定阈值。
7.如权利要求5所述的无线通信设备,其中所述参数响应在所述无线通信设备处接收的信号进行动态更新。
8.如权利要求5所述的无线通信设备,其中所述参数包括网络的预定优化,所述无线通信设备在所述网络中运行。
9.如权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器进一步存储多个彼此正交的序列,且其中所述处理器选择性指示所述导频图案的导频符号与所述多个序列中的某些序列在所述导频图案传输之前相乘。
10.如权利要求9所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器进一步存储另外的多个序列,且其中所述处理器选择性指示所述导频图案的导频符号与所述多个序列的某些序列和所述另外的多个序列中某些序列在所述导频图案传输之前相乘。
11.如权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述多个频率选择性导频图案包括彼此准正交的导频符号簇。
12.如权利要求1所述的无线通信设备,其中所述多个时间选择性导频图案包括彼此准正交的导频符号簇。
13.一种在无线通信系统中改变导频符号传输的方法,其包括:
从基站的至少一个扇区获取关于信道条件的信息;
基于所述信息确定所述信道的选择性;以及
基于所述信道选择性设定导频符号的图案。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中设定所述图案包括设定导频符号簇的位置。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中确定所述选择性包括将所述信道分为频率选择性或时间选择性。
16.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中确定所述选择性包括确定所述频率和时间选择性。
17.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中设定包括将导频符号的簇设定成为了频率选择性和时间选择性条件而被优化。
18.如权利要求13所述的方法,进一步包括发射向多个用户指示导频符号的图案的信息,以便所述用户按照所述基站的扇区的图案发射导频符号。
19.一种无线通信设备,其能够发射多个符号,每个符号都是利用一组邻接频率子载波中的一个频率子载波在一组邻接符号周期中的一个符号周期中发射的,所述邻接频率子载波的范围在最小频率到最大频率之间,所述邻接符号周期范围在第一符号周期到最后符号周期之间,所述无线通信设备包括:
至少一个天线;
存储多个导频图案的存储器,每个导频图案都包括多个簇,每个簇都包括多个邻接导频符号,其中在每个簇中,仅一个导频符号被分配以所述最大频率或所述最小频率作为其传输频率子载波,或被分配以所述第一符号周期或所述最后符号周期作为其传输符号周期;和
处理器,其与多个天线和所述处理器相连,所述处理器使所述多个导频图案中的一个导频图案从至少一个天线在所述一组邻接符号周期中用所述一组邻接频率子载波发射。
20.如权利要求19所述的无线通信设备,其中所述多个导频图案包括至少一个时间选择性导频图案和至少一个频率选择性导频图案。
21.如权利要求19所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器进一步存储多个彼此正交的序列,且其中所述处理器选择性指示所述导频图案的导频符号与所述多个序列中的某些序列在解码所述导频符号之前相乘。
22.如权利要求19所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器进一步存储多个彼此准正交的序列,且其中处理器选择性指示所述导频图案的导频符号与所述多个序列的某些序列在解码所述导频符号之前相乘。
23.如权利要求22所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器进一步存储另外的多个序列,且其中所述处理器选择性指示所述导频图案的导频符号与所述多个序列的某些序列和所述另外的多个序列中的某些序列在解码所述导频符号之前相乘。
24.如权利要求19所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器基于在所述至少一个天线处接收的指令来选择要发射的导频图案。
25.如权利要求19所述的无线通信设备,其中所述至少一个天线包括多个天线,且其中所述处理器使所述多个导频图案中的某些导频图案从所述多个天线在所述一组邻接符号周期中使用所述一组邻接频率子载波发射。
26.如权利要求25所述的无线通信设备,其中所述存储器进一步存储多个彼此正交的序列,且其中所述处理器选择性指示多个导频图案中的每个的导频符号与所述多个序列中的不同序列在传输所述多个导频图案之前相乘。
27.如权利要求19所述的无线通信设备,其中所述处理器利用所述多个导频图案中的一个导频图案解码由多个无线装置发射并在至少一个天线处接收的多个导频符号组。
28.一种在无线网络中传输的数据包,其包括识别要由数据包接收机发射的多个导频图案中的导频图案的前导部分。
29.如权利要求28所述的数据包,其中所述前导部分进一步包括这样的信息,即接收机可用的多个正交序列中哪个序列将被所述数据包的接收机用来在所述数据包的接收机发射导频符号之前乘以样本,该样本包括所述导频图案的导频符号。
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101771640B (zh) * | 2008-12-31 | 2013-01-16 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | 一种专用导频的传输方法 |
CN109600155A (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2019-04-09 | 索尼公司 | Mimo通信方法、发送装置和接收装置 |
CN109600155B (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2022-07-08 | 索尼公司 | Mimo通信方法、发送装置和接收装置 |
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EP2348666A2 (en) | 2011-07-27 |
US20060209973A1 (en) | 2006-09-21 |
EP2348666A3 (en) | 2017-07-12 |
KR20090077857A (ko) | 2009-07-15 |
RU2009123319A (ru) | 2010-12-27 |
US9520972B2 (en) | 2016-12-13 |
TWI401908B (zh) | 2013-07-11 |
CA2601361A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
KR20070110932A (ko) | 2007-11-20 |
ATE489798T1 (de) | 2010-12-15 |
TW200703990A (en) | 2007-01-16 |
SG160408A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
DE602006018427D1 (de) | 2011-01-05 |
EP1859591B1 (en) | 2010-11-24 |
MY144651A (en) | 2011-10-31 |
RU2370902C2 (ru) | 2009-10-20 |
KR100963288B1 (ko) | 2010-06-11 |
AR054432A1 (es) | 2007-06-27 |
PL1859591T3 (pl) | 2011-04-29 |
EP1859591A1 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
ES2353813T3 (es) | 2011-03-07 |
WO2006102077A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
JP5265740B2 (ja) | 2013-08-14 |
JP2008533927A (ja) | 2008-08-21 |
EP2348666B1 (en) | 2021-04-28 |
BRPI0607788A2 (pt) | 2009-06-13 |
RU2007138379A (ru) | 2009-04-27 |
KR100917936B1 (ko) | 2009-09-21 |
CN101176324B (zh) | 2012-01-25 |
JP2012016033A (ja) | 2012-01-19 |
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