 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

0
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ?   ? EF ‫א‬‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

1
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١  
٢  ‫א‬

 ٨ 

١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

١٢ ١

١٢ ‫א‬٢

١٢ ‫א‬١{٢

١٢ ‫א‬٢{٢

١٢ ‫א‬٣{٢

 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٣

١٣ ‫א‬٢{٣

١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣

 ١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣

 ١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣

 ١٥ ‫א‬٦{٣

 ١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

 ١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٤

 ١٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤

 ١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
 
٢٠ ‫א‬٥

 ٢٦ E١F

2
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

٣٠ ١

٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢

٣٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢

٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢

 ٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٣

٣٨ ‫א‬٢{٣

٣٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

 ٤١ E٢F

 ٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٦ ١

 ٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

 ٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٣

 ٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

 ٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤

٤٩ ‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٤

 ٤٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{١{٤

٤٩ ‫א‬٣{١{٤

٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤

٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٤

٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢{٤

٥٢ ‫א‬٣{٢{٤

٥٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤

3
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٤

٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٤

٥٥ ‫א‬٣{٣{٤

٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٥

 ٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٥

 ٥٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٦

 ٥٩ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٦

 ٦٢ E٣F

 ٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٨ ١

 ٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٢

٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٢

٦٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢

 ٦٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢

٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢

٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٣

٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٤

 ٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥

 ٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٦

 ٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٦

 ٧٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦

 ٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٧

 ٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٧

 ٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٧

٧٧ E٤F

4
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨٢ ١

٨٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

٨٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

٨٤ ‫א‬١{٣

 ٨٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣

 ٨٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٣

 ٨٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢{٣

 ٨٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

 ٨٦ ‫א‬١{٤

 ٨٦ ‫א‬١{١{٤

 ٨٧ ‫א‬٢{١{٤

٨٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤

٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٤

 ٩١  ٢{٢{٤

٩٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢{٤

٩٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢{٤

٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٢{٤

 ٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٢{٤

 ٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤{٢{٤

 ١٠٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٥

 ١٠٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١{٥

 ١٠٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦

 ١٠٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٧

 ١٠٨ ‫א‬١{٧

5
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٧

١١٠ ‫א‬٣{٧

١١١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٧

 ١١٢ E٥F

١١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

١١٨  ١

 ١٢١ ‫א‬٢

 ١٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٢

 ١٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢

 ١٢١ ‫א‬٣{٢

 ١٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢

 ١٢٣ ‫א‬٣

 ١٢٣ ‫א‬٤

١٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٥

١٢٦ E٦F

 ١٢٩ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

١٣١ ‫א‬‫א‬١

١٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢

١٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٣

 ١٣٤ ‫א‬١{٣

 ١٣٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣

 ١٣٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣

 ١٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٤

 ١٣٩ ‫א‬٥

 ١٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬١{٥

6
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥

 ١٤٢ ‫א‬٦

١٤٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٦

١٤٢ ‫א‬٢{٦

 ١٤٢ ‫א‬٣{٦

١٤٣ ‫א‬٤{٦

١٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٦

١٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٦{٦

 ١٤٥ E٧F

 ١٤٩ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥١ K١

 ١٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

 ١٥٣ ‫א‬١{٢

 ١٥٣  ‫א‬٢{٢

 ١٥٤ ‫א‬٣{٢

١٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٣

١٥٤ ‫א‬١{٣

 ١٥٤ ‫א‬٢{٣

١٥٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

١٥٧ ‫א‬١{٤

١٥٨ ‫א‬٢{٤

 ١٦٠  E٨F

 

 

7
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

8
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

9
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

10
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K% 90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

11
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  -١
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K  
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -٢
  ،‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K
 (Elements) ‫ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬١-٢
 K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ،EFeF ‫א‬  {EOF ‫א‬  ،EHF ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Compounds)‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‬٢-٢
‫א‬
‫א‬ H 2 O   ‫א‬     K(Molecules) ‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Mixtures)‫ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ‬٣-٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬        
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

12
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
 ‫ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬١-٣
‫א‬ W ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت‬ J
  q   e  1.6  10 19 C       
 K Kg 1.672  10 {ECoulombF‫א‬W‫א‬
27

‫اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬ J
 ،    q  0    ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬ 
 ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬٢-٣
    ‫א‬   K e    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K q  e  1.6 10 19 C 
 K Kg 9.1  10 ‫א‬‫א‬
31

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت‬=‫ﻋﺪد اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬
‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري‬٣-٣
    ،‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   H 
92  ‫א‬ U  ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١{١F‫א‬

13
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬٤-٣
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬+ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ= ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫א‬ Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{X
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  A  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬،
‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ A
X ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري‬ Z
   

27
 W،(١٫١)‫א‬‫א‬ 13 Al ‫א‬W
K 27 =‫א‬+‫א‬ A  27 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K 13 =‫א‬=‫א‬ Z  13 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ١٤ =١٣ -٢٧ =‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬

27
13 Al ‫( ﻧﻤﻮذج ذرة اﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم‬١٫١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

14
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬٥-٣
‫א‬‫א‬   (atomic mass unit) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ K 126 C   ‫א‬    1/12 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K(amu) 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
35.453 amu ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   
E34.9688 amu ‫א‬ F 35-‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 %25.E36.9659 amu‫א‬F37-‫א‬%75
 W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 1.008 amu  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K H 2 O  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{15.999amu‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬X 1+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X ٢W‫א‬
  W
 K١٨.015 amu=١٥.99٩ x 1+١{٠٠٨ x٢

‫ اﻟﻤﻮل‬٦-٣
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E N A F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W N A 
  N A  6.022  10 23
  ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 6.022  10 23  O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ 6.022  10 23  O2  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

15
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K
 W
   gm mol   N 2 ,CO2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
   14  2 28 gm mol ‫א‬‫א‬W N 2
   16  2  12 44 gm mol ‫א‬‫א‬W CO2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
  n ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻢ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬١-٤
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬  Q،P،O،N،M،L،K ‫א‬
  K n     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  M،L،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1  Z  18  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  {(PAULI)    K M ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  L ‫א‬‫א‬
   2n 2  n  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
32  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ (2.1) ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

16
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Q P O N M L K  ‫א‬
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 EnF‫א‬‫א‬
      32 18 8 2  ‫א‬

‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪارات‬:(2.1) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

 K2 K ‫א‬‫א‬ n  1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K8 L ‫א‬‫א‬ n  2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 18 M ‫א‬‫א‬ n  3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K32 N ‫א‬‫א‬ n  4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎت هﺎﻣﺔ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
24
(٢٫١)‫א‬ 12 Mg ‫א‬W
 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 8 L ‫א‬‫א‬
 2  M ‫א‬‫א‬
 2‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

17
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

M
L

‫( اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪارات ﻟﺬرة اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم‬٢٫١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬٢-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K f , d , P, S W‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 

 K J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
)( < P < d < f  S F E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S, P  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S  ‫א‬
K S , P, d , f  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S , P, d  K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ S  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  P ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K d  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
   f  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W 1224 Mg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

  1S 2 2S 2 2 P 6 3S 2
 
 

18
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪي‬٣-٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬E٣{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬:(٣٫١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4S  ‫א‬‫א‬  3d  ‫א‬‫א‬   4S 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   4S     3d  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3d  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ( 34 Se) ‫א‬K، ( 30 Zn) ‫א‬، (13 Al ) ‫א‬W‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
 

‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
  (1S 2 2S 2 2 P 6 3S 2 3P1 ) (13 Al ) ‫א‬
2 2 6 2 6 2 10
  (1S 2S 2 P 3S 3P 4S 3d ) ( 30 Zn) ‫א‬
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 4
 (1S 2S 2 P 3S 3P 4S 3d 4 P )  ( 34 Se) ‫א‬

19
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (٣٫١) ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤٫١)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬-٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬    ،Cation 
K(٤٫١)‫א‬ Anion ‫א‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪان إﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬

Al  ‫أﻳﻮن اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬ Al ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬

‫اآﺘﺴﺎب إﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬

Cl  ‫أﻳﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬ Cl ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬

‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻷﻳﻮن‬:(٤٫١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

20
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬:(١٫١) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

21
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1. H 1s1
2. He 1s2
3. Li 1s2 2s1
4. Be 1 s2 2s2
5. B 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
6. C 1s22s2 2p2
7. N 1s22s2 2p3
8. O 1s2 2s2 2p4
9. F 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5
10. Ne 1s22s22p6
11. Na 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
12. Mg 1s22s22p63s2
13. Al 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
14. Si 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2
15. P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3
16. S 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4
17. Cl 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
18. Ar 1s2 2s22p63s23p6
19. K 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1
20. Ca 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2
21. Sc 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1
22. Ti 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2
23. V ls i 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 3
24. Cr 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 4
25. Mn 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 5
26. Fe 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6
27. Co 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 7
28. Ni 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 8
29. Cu 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 9
30. Zn 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10
31. Ga 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 1

22
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

32. Ge 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 2
33. As 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 3
34. Se 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4 S 2 3d l0 4p 4
35. Br 1s22s22p63s23p64s23dl04p5
36. Kr 1s2 2s22p63s23p64s23dl04p6
37. Rb 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1
38. Sr 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2
39. Y 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d1
40. Zr 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d2
41. Nb 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d3
42. Mo 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d4
43. Tc 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p 65s24d 5
44. Ru 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d6
45. Rh 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d7
46. Pd 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d8
47. Ag 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d9
48. Cd 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10
49. In 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d10 5p1
50. Sn 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
51. Sb 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d10 5p3
52. Te 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d10 5p4
53. I 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d10 5p5
54. Xe 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d10 5p6

‫ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬:(٣٫١) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

23
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬:(٤٫١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

24
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬:(‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬-٤٫١) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

25
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E  F،‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 E F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
      EF(amu)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
     E  F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
     E F‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
    E  F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
    E  F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 E   F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

26
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫ א‬ n  3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
  ١٨-‫أ‬
 ٢٠ J
 ٣٢ J
 
 W P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
  ٢-‫أ‬
 ٦ -‫ب‬
  ١٤ J
 
 W 147N ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
  ٢ -‫أ‬
 ٥ J
  7 J
 
 
 

27
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  gm mol  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Al 2 O3 , ZnSO4 , C2 H 4 , NaCl
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
( 20 Ca ) ‫א‬
(15 P ) ‫א‬
‫א‬
( 21 Sc)
( 26 Fe) ‫א‬
( 32 Ge) ‫א‬
( 35 Br ) ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

28
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

29
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
K% ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

30
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 -١
‫א‬K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ J
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (Van Der Waals )‫א‬ J
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.1F‫א‬

‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬:(١٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

31
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬١-٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

  NaCl  ‫א‬W

‫א‬ Cl  ‫א‬ Na  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(١٫٢) Na  Na   1 e 
(٢٫٢) Cl  1 e   Cl 
_________________
 
(٣٫٢) Na  Cl  Na  Cl

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٢F‫א‬KE٢{٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

32
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Na
Na Cl Cl

‫ﻓﻘﺪان إﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪان إﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬ ‫اآﺘﺴﺎب إﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬

Na  Cl 
‫ اآﺘﺴﺎب إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر وﻓﻘﺪان إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬:(٢٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

Na+ Na+
Cl- Cl- Cl-

Na+ Na+ Na+

Cl- Cl-

Na+ Na+
Cl- Cl- Cl-

‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬:(٣٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ‬٢-٢
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

33
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
‫א‬ H 2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤{٢F‫א‬ -
 

H + H

H H

‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء‬: (٤٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 :٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ -‫א‬ O2  
 KE٥{٢F

O +
+ O
O

O
O OO

‫اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫(ﺟﺰيء‬4.2
F‫א‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬:(٥٫٢) ‫ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

34
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W3
‫א‬   { N 2   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K(٦٫٢ )‫א‬-
 

N + N

N N

‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‬:(٦٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

F‫(א‬5.2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

 W4
‫א‬ CH 4  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KE٧{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ذرة اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ذرة اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬

‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‬:(٧٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

35
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E٨{٢F ‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
‫راﺑﻄﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬

H O H

‫ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﺎء‬

H ‫راﺑﻄﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬

H C H

‫ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‬

‫راﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

O O

‫ﺟﺰيء اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬

‫راﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ‬

N N

‫ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‬

‫ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ‬:(٨٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

36
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺰﻳﺔ‬٣-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(٩٫٢)‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

+ + + +

+ + + +
‫أﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬
+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

  ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺰﻳﺔ‬:(٩٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬١-٣
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E١٠{٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

37
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ راﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﺪرﻓﺎل‬٢-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١١{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H

O
H

H
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
O
H
H

O
‫ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﺎء‬ H

‫( ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء‬١٠٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ذرة ب‬ ‫ذرة أ‬

+ - + -

‫ﻗﻮي ﺗﺠﺎذب‬

‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﺪرﻓﺎل‬:(١١٫٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W

38
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺮاﺑﻄﺔ أﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪة ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬-
 K-
 K -
 K‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
:‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎهﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 K 30000 C ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬-
  ،‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E1000 C F‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ راﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﺪرﻓﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ J‫هـ‬
  K‫א‬-
 K‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬-

39
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬-

40
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  J
 ‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٥
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

44
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 K%٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

45
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  -١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‬ J
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  K‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ J
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ J
K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١{٣F‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮاغ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم آﻠﻲ‬

‫ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﺬرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬:(١٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E
 KE٢{٣F‫א‬‫א‬

46
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻴﺔ‬:(٢٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬-٣
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬ .(Unit Cell)‫א‬‫א‬ 
       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ (٢٫٣) ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣{٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 HexagonalClose-Packed(HCP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

47
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬:(٣٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Body-Centered Cubic ( BCC) ‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬1-٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ a 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    {E٤{٣F ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:(٤٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

48
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻲ‬١-١ -٤
(٤٫٣)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٤٫٣)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 8=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬٢-١-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،(٥٫٣)‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،8‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 1
8    1  2
 8

 2=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

1/8‫ذرة ﻓﻲ آﻞ رآﻦ‬

‫ذرة آﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:(٥٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 Atomic Packing Factor ( APFF ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻزدﺣﺎم‬٣-١-٤
 

    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   {‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ E ‫א‬F
W‫א‬

‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١٫٣) APF = =‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬

49
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W{‫א‬
 2=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W R ‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 

4
 (٢٫٣)              R 3
3
‫א‬    ، a 3  a     W‫א‬  J
 W R ‫א‬ a ‫א‬،(٦٫٣)
4
         a  R
3
(٣٫٣)
 

( R ) ‫ ( وﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺬرة‬a ) ‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﻮل ﺿﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬:( ٦٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
W R ‫א‬‫א‬ (٣٫٣)‫א‬
3

            4  R 
 3 
(٤٫٣)
 

   {(١٫٣) ‫א‬    (٤٫٣) (٢٫٣) ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
 

 
 

50
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
2 4   R3   3
3
(٥٫٣)        APF  3
  0.68
 4  8
  R
 3 

٠{٦٨=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫ א‬%32‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   %68   0.68‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
Face-Centered Cubic ( FCC ) ‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬٢-٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K(٧٫٣)‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   14  
،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬:(٧٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻲ‬1 -٢-٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬   (٨٫٣) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

51
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1/8‫ذرة ﻓﻲ آﻞ رآﻦ‬

1/2‫ذرة ﻓﻲ آﻞ وﺟﻪ‬

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬:(٨٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12 = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬2-٢-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     8  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬

 1   1 
8    6    1  3  4
 8   2 
 

4 = ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬:‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻزدﺣﺎم‬٣-٢-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 4=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬ J
 (٦٫٣)        4  R 3

3

52
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬      { a 3  a      W‫א‬  J
 W R ‫א‬ a ‫א‬(٩٫٣)
4
         a   R
2
(٧٫٣)

 W‫א‬ J
3
           4 
 R 
 2 
 (٨٫٣)
 W‫א‬
 

4 4   R 3
 2
 APF  3   0 .74
3
 4  6
 R
 2 
(٩٫٣)

‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﻮل ﺿﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ )اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ( و ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺬرة‬:(٩٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 74% 0.74‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬%26
 

٠٫٧٤ = ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻزدﺣﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬:‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

 Hexagonal Close-Packed ‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬٣-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  Kc ‫א‬ a {(١٠٫٣)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

53
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 3 ‫א‬‫א‬  7 ‫א‬‫א‬  7W  17  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ (HCP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻲ‬١-٣-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠{٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬:(١٠٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 12=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W
‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬٢-٣-٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،12
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E١١{٣F‫א‬
 
 

54
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ‬: (١١٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
   12 
1 
  2
 6 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
   2 
1 
  1
 2 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 1   1 
 12    2    3  2  1  3  6
 6   2 
 

 

 6=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻزدﺣﺎم‬٣-٣-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   {  ٠٫٧٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٧٤=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W

‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
 

{  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 1   10 1   ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K 10 1    101
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  {  K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

55
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ka‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  UVW 
 W
 K X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W U  J
 K Y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W V  J
 K Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W W  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٢٫٣)‫א‬
Ka‫א‬
 

56
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪z‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﻌﺎع ‪(٠ a ٠ ) :‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ a‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪( ٠ 1 ٠) :‬‬

‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪010‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪z‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‪( a/٢ ٠ ٠ ) :‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ، a/٢‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪( 1 ٠ ٠‬‬

‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪z‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‪( - a - a ٠ ) :‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ a‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪( - 1 - 1 ٠‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪1 1 0‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(1٢٫٣‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎت ﺑﻠﻮرﻳﺔ‬

‫‪57‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎت‬١-٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻋﺪد أﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﺬرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‬
(١٠٫٣) = ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‬
 
 
    110  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،(١٣٫٣) ‫א‬
KE nm: F0.405 nm a ‫א‬،(FCC)‫א‬
z

Y
x
‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ‬110

‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬:(١٣٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

 W‫א‬
 W  (١٣٫٣)‫א‬
2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W 2  a a‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 

2
W، a  =‫א‬‫א‬
2a
 

2
nm/‫ ذرة‬3.5= = 110 ‫א‬‫א‬
2  0.405
ْ = 110 ‫א‬‫א‬
mm/‫ ذرة‬ 10 9 3.5

58
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬-٦
 

‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ، 111  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KEMillerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 10 1  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K Z { Y { X  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J

K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

     ‫א‬     ،   ‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
 hkl  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬  l  Y  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  k  X  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  h  
 K  1 
 0  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ Z 
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   (١٤٫٣) ‫א‬
Ka‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬١-6
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 

 

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮاآﺰهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬

(1١.3) = ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
 

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 110 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﺎ‬،(١٥٫٣)‫א‬(BCC)‫א‬
 K0.304 nma‫א‬‫א‬

59
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬

‫‪a  /٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬إﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎور‪ :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪a/٢‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ و ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫‪ /٢a‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮرى‪010 :‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫‪z‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬أوﺟﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎور‪:‬‬
‫‪a  ‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ a‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺒﻠﻮرى‪100 :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫‪a‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫‪z‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬أوﺟﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎور‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫‪a a ‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ a‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 1 ‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺒﻠﻮرى‪110 :‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫‪a‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٤٫٣‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺑﻠﻮرﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪60‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮاﻟﺘﻨﺠﺴﺘﻦ‬:(١٥٫٣) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E110F‫א‬E١٥{٣F‫א‬
  a    2  a       ‫א‬ W‫א‬  J
  2  a 2 W
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
  4 1 1  2
4
 W (١١٫٣)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

=‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ 2

2 a2
 

 W a 
2
mm²L1.53  1013 = nm²L =‫א‬‫א‬
2  0.304
2

61
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣F
 
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 EF   HCP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

62
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
: (HCP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ٠{٥ J
 
 W‫ ﺑ‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
  J
  J
  J
 
 W‫ﺑ‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 WBCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ٤ J
 ٣ J
 ٩ J

63
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W   ‫א‬ J٨
  J
  J
  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K a 

z z

y y
o
o
x ‫ب‬ x ‫أ‬

z z

o
o
y y

x ‫د‬ x ‫ج‬

 
 
 
 

64
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K a 
 
z z
 
 
 

y y  
 
x  
x ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
z  
z
 
 
 
y  
y
 
x
‫د‬ x ‫ج‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

65
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

66
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K% ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

67
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
-1
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   (defects crystal) ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Point Defects  J
 Line Defects  J
Surface Defects  J
‫א‬‫א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vacancies)‫ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬1-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1.4)‫א‬

‫ﻓﺮاغ‬

‫ﻓﺮاغ‬

‫ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬:(١٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

68
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠٠٠٠١

(Self-Interstitials) ‫ اﻹﻗﺤﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬٢-٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢٫٤)‫א‬

‫ذرة ﻣﻘﺤﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬

‫ اﻹﻗﺤﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬:(٢٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 (Substitutional Atoms) ‫ اﻟﺬرات اﻹﺑﺪاﻟﻴﺔ‬٣-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬KE٣{٤) ‫א‬
 

‫ذرات إﺑﺪاﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ اﻟﺬرات اﻹﺑﺪاﻟﻴﺔ‬:(٣٫٤)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K%15
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

69
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  (Interstitials Atoms) ‫ اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻘﺤﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬٤-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE4.4F
 

‫ذرات ﻣﻘﺤﻤﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬

‫ اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻘﺤﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬:(٤٫٤)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

Impurities )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫( א‬Si)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ (P) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 (Dislocations)E‫) א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
،(Dislocations)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬-٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬ J
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٥
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 

‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬-‫أ‬
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺎرد‬-‫ب‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ذرات ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬-‫ج‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬-‫د‬
F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ E 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ،E   F   
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬- ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Edge Dislocation ) ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
(Screw Dislocation )‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬
٤

‫ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ‬١-٦
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K(5.4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E  F ،(dislocation line) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K(5.4)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     (‫ أ‬-٦٫٤) ‫א‬  

72
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (٧٫٤)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (‫ ب‬-٦٫٤)‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺧﻂ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﻧﺰﻻق اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ‬

‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻹﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬:(٥٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺴﺎط‬

‫ رﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ‬:(‫أ‬-٦٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻠﻮرة‬:(‫ب‬-٦٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 
 
 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫رﻣﺰ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮة اﻻﻧﺰﻻق‬
‫ب‬
‫أ‬

‫ ب – ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻧﺨﻼع ﺣﺮﻓﻲ‬- ‫ ﺑﻠﻮرة ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪون اﻧﺨﻼع ﺣﺮﻓﻲ‬-‫ أ‬:(٧٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 

‫ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬٢-٦
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
        ‫א‬  K   
‫א‬‫א‬( ‫ أ‬-8.4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     .(‫ ب‬-8.4) ‫א‬ K‫א‬   AB ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ( ‫ أ‬-8.4)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫رﻣﺰ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬

A B

‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻻﻧﺰﻻق اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬

‫ ﻣﺴﻘﻂ أﻓﻘﻲ‬-‫ب‬ ‫ اﻻﻧﺨﻼع اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬-‫ أ‬:(٨٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
74
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬-٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻋﻴﻮب اﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬١-٧
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫ ﻋﻴﻮب اﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ أو ﺣﺪود اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬٢-٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   KEcrystallitesF ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E9.4F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ EgrainsF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Grain Boundaries )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(١٠٫٤)

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 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬

‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬

‫د‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ث‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٩٫٤‬ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ )ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ( اﻟﻤﻌﺪن أو اﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ‪٢‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ‪١‬‬

‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ‪ ١‬واﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ‪٢‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٠٫٤‬اﻟﻌﻴﻮب اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬

‫‪ ‬‬

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
( ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ( )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ( )    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
( ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ( )   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ( )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ( )     ‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ( )    ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 ( )  ‫א‬ J٩
 ( )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٠

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ١٠٠ J
 ١٠٠٠ J
 ١٠٠٠٠ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

77
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  J
 J
  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬ J
  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 J
 J
 J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

78
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 J
 

79
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

80
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K%٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

81
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  -١
 

  K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K(Alloys) ‫א‬
،    ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
‫א‬ %1 
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬‫א‬     E‫א‬ F ‫א‬
    ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

82
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ،‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 W
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1.5F‫א‬
 W‫א‬،B A
 

‫ﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ا‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬B

‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬+ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬+ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬A
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

100% A 0% A
0% B 100% B
(% ) ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

B ‫ و‬A ‫ ( ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدﺗﻴﻦ‬١٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬-1

 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬EA ) %100 ‫א‬ A‫א‬ -2
 K%٠
  ‫א‬ EB ) %0  ‫א‬   B‫א‬ -٣

 K% ١٠٠

83
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬١ -٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬W(2.٥)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫ﺛﻠﺞ‬
:‫ﻧﺴﻜﺎﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎء‬+ ‫ ﺣﻠﻴﺐ‬+ ‫ﻗﻬﻮة‬
‫ﻣﺎء‬

‫ﻃﻮر واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮرﻳﻦ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻷﻃﻮار‬:( 2.٥ ) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ أو اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات و اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ‬٢ -٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K
 B A  
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

84
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ أو اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬١-٢-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،    ‫א‬
،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ أو اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر اﻟﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬٢-٢-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
   ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(٣٫٥)‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ‬

‫ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﻘﻲ‬

) ‫ ﻣﺮآﺐ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬Al 2 O3 , Fe3 C ( ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺬاب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‬
‫اﻹﺣﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺟﺎت‬

‫ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ‬:(٣٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4
‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬1-4
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKEF‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻌﺪن ﻧﻘﻲ‬1-1-4
 W‫א‬،‫א‬E4.5F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬A‫א‬ J 

86
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬B‫א‬ J 
 .T‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬C‫א‬ J 
 K
 

‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬+‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

T
B C
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻌﺪن ﻧﻘﻲ‬:(4.5) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬2-1-4
{‫א‬( ٥٫٥ )‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬A‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬{T1‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬ J 
F‫א‬،T2‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬C‫א‬ J 

87
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬

T1‫درﺟﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬

B

‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬+‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
T2
‫درﺟﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬
C

‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ‬:(٥٫٥ ) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ‬2-4
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      KE٦{٥F ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (٧٫٥)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

88
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪٢0‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪%A‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪%B‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٦٫٥‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ ‪ A‬و ‪B‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪%A‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪A٢٠‬ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ‪٤٠‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪%B‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٧٫٥‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ ‪ A‬و ‪B‬‬

‫‪89‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎس و اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬١-٢-٤

،‫א‬‫א‬  (8.5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٨٫٥)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

E LF‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬   J

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬   E  ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K(  H LFW‫א‬

90
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(L) ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬

‫اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫ﺧﻂ اﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬

‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬+ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬

) ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬ (

‫درﺟﺔ اﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎس و اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬:(8.5) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬2-2-4  (LEVER RULE)‫ﻟﻴﻔﺮ‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K،J،I‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK(٩٫٥)‫א‬
 K% 0{% 100W‫א‬‫א‬ I‫א‬ J
 K% 0% 100W‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T‫א‬‫א‬ W0 ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬       ،(٩٫٥) ‫א‬    
 K WS  WL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

91
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ I
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

B
B

T ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬+ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
J

A
K
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

WL W0 WS
100% A 0% A
(% ) ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

B ‫ و‬A ‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدﺗﻴﻦ‬:(٩٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 W‫א‬J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WS  W0
   100% =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WS  W L

W0  WL
   100% =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WS  W L
 W
 %٤٧  %53 ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 0 C 1300‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠{٥F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

92
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

( L ) ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

W0 = ٥٣%(Ni
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

WL = ٤٥% (Ni)

WS = ٥٨% (Ni)

 ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬

(‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ ) ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﻴﻔﺮ‬:(١٠٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 , W0  53% , WL  45%  WS  58%

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
WS  W0
   100
WS  W L
 

58  53
  100  38.5%
58  45
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
W0  WL
   100
WS  W L
 

53  45
   100  61.5%
58  45
 

93
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 W ‫א‬ J
%100 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 , W0  47% , WL  55%  WS  42%

‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺘﺰﻧﺔ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺎص واﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬3-2-4

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Eutectic) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE١١{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E ‫א‬      
 L   ‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ FHG‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ABC ‫א‬ J
%١٩٫٢  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬
%٢٫٥  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     B ‫א‬  
 KG‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KBEG‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ABE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W J
 L   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ L   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ CBEGH‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 

94
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

A ( L ) ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻲ اﻹﻧﺼﻬﺎر‬

F
E
(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

G
H

( ) ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻂ اﻹذاﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻹذاﺑﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺮﺻﺎ ص‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬

‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺎص و‬:(١١٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬

   ‫א‬ L  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬    ‫א‬   E ‫א‬ J
    ‫א‬
١٨٣ 0 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K% ٣٨٫١% ٦١٫٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ E‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢{٥F‫א‬

 KE

95
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

E F
B

G
H

C ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎص‬ Eutectic ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬

( E ) ‫ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻮار ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻚ‬:(١٢٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ و اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬4-2-4
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣{٥F‫א‬ KE F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K% 6.7‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

96
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

٧٢٧
2٠.0٢2

٠ 0.77% ٢٫١١

(%C) ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬

‫( ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ و اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬13.5) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   W(Ferrite)‫א‬  J
، 0 C 912‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE  F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BCC) ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  0 C .727‫א‬‫א‬%0.02‫א‬
 
 

97
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Fe3C W(Cementite)‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ Fe3C 
 K
‫א‬K%6.7‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
   W(Austenite)‫א‬ J
 

0
C  0 C 912‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،E  F    
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KEFCCF ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 1394
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 % 2  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٧٢٧ 0 C ‫א‬‫א‬

   WEFerrite)   J
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، 0 C 1394‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E  F‫א‬‫א‬EFCCF
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W L  ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   E١٤{٥F ‫א‬
0.77%‫א‬ (Pearlite) ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٧٢٧ 0 C ‫א‬
 

‫اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ‬

( X 500 ) ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬ (X 325) ‫اﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬ (X 90) ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﻮر اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ واﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ واﻟﺒﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬:(١٤٫٥) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

98
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 

  ،% 2.11‫ و‬% ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J

 WEEutectoidF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬
 

  %.٠٫٧٧ ‫ و‬% ٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J

% ‫ و‬%٠٫٧٧‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
2.11
 

 K%6.67% 2.11‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ١١٤٨ 0 C  ‫א‬   %٤٫٣     (Eutectic) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
(Eutectoid) ‫ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪي‬١-4-2-4
 ،E‫א‬F E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0 C 727  ‫א‬‫א‬ %0.77 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E١٥{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a‫א‬
، 0 C 727‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،E  F ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  b ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ +‫א‬
 

(Hypoeutectoid) ‫ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪي‬٢-4-2-4

 %0.77‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ c‫א‬{ 0 C 727‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦{٥F‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ f‫א‬  e ‫א‬ d ‫א‬K‫א‬
 E‫א‬   + F ‫א‬   + ‫א‬ 0 C 727
(Hypereutectoid) ‫ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪي‬٣-4-2-4
%2.11 %0.77 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 g‫א‬ 0 C 727‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٧{٥F‫א‬

99
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ h ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 0 C 727‫א‬‫א‬ i‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬+‫א‬
 

(  ) ‫اﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

(α )‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ( ﻋﻨﺪ‬+ ‫ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺮﻟﻴﺖ )اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ .‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪ‬

‫ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪي‬:(15.5) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

100
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫اﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ) ‪( ‬‬

‫اﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‪+‬اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ‬
‫‪Fe3 C‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ ) ‪( ‬‬

‫ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء )اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ ‪ +‬اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻴﺖ( ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(16.5‬ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪي‬

‫اﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ) ‪( ‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫اﻷوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‪+‬اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ ) ‪( ‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ ‪Fe3 C‬‬

‫ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء )اﻟﺒﺮﻟﻴﺖ ‪+‬اﻟﺴﻴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ(‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ :(17.5‬ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪي‬

‫‪101‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٩٫٥٥%  ٠٫٤٥%  ‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K٩٩٫٩٨%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠٫٠٢٢%‫א‬ 

 K٩٣٫٣%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٫٧%‫א‬ 
 

 W
  W Fe3C  6.7  W  0.022
 

  ٠٫٤٥ %  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W W0  0.45
 
 ‫א‬ J
 

WFe3C  W0
  %   100%
WFe3C  W
 

6.25 6.7  0.45

0.94% =  100% = %   100%
6.678 6.7  0.022
 

 W‫א‬ J
 

W0  W
  % Fe3C   100%
WFe3C  W
 

0.428 0.45  0.022

0.06% =  100% = % Fe3 C   100%
6.678 6.7  0.022
 W 
  %  % Fe3C  1  % Fe3C  1  %
  % Fe3C  1  0.94%  0.06%
 

102
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  J٢
٩٩٫٩٨%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠٫٠٢٢%‫א‬ 

٩٩٫٢٣% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠٫٧٧%‫א‬ 

 W
 

  WPearlite  0.77  W  0.022

 

  W W0  0.45  ٠٫٤٥%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬ J
 

WPearlite  W0
  %W   100%
WPearlite  W
 

 %W  0.77  0.45 100% 

0.77  0.022

0.32
  100%   0.43% 
0.748
 

 W‫א‬ J
 

W0  W
  %WPearlite   100%
WPearlite  W
 

 

0.45  0.022
  %WPearlite   100% 
0.77  0.022
 
  0.428  100%   0.57%
0.748
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬-5
‫א‬   W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬♦ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬♦ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬♦ 
 

103
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KE‫א‬F ♦
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٨٫٥)‫א‬
 

‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬:(١٫٤) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    (Carbon steel) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ،‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K% ١٫٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K ‫א‬ %١٫٤‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 

104
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K% 0.8‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K% 1.٤% 0.8‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.5)‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J
‫ إﻟﻰ‬%٠٫٠٠٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J   J %٠٫٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J
%٠٫٦ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬%٠٫٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J   J
%٠٫٨ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬% ٠٫٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J   J
  J  ‫א‬ J
%١٫٤ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬% ٠٫٨  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬-
 
 

‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬:(١٫٥) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬١-٥

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ % ١K
American Iron and Steel )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
American Society for Testing )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Institute: AISI
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(and Materials: ASTM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 

 AISI 1020 1020

‫א‬  10‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 K

105
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K%٠٫٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
٢
 AISI 2515 2515
(١٫٤)‫א‬‫א‬25‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K%٥٫٢٥%٤٫٧٥‫א‬‫א‬
%٠٫١٧%٠٫١٢‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
      ‫א‬ ١٠  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ { 
       ‫א‬   E  F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(١٫٤)‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬-6
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

106
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻜﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬:(٢٫٥) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

 

107
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬-7
‫ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬1-7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K٦٦٠ 0 C ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEMachineabilityF J
EFluidityF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬
،%١٠ % ١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

108
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Duralumin) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬2-7
K‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
      K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ { -   ٢  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ {E  F ‫א‬
 E ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K –    ٣  
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    (٣٫٥) ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

‫ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم اﻟﻄﺮوﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬

١XXX ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‬%٩٩ ‫اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم – ﻧﻘﺎوة‬
2XXX ‫ﻧﺤﺎس‬
٣XXX ‫ﻣﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ‬
٤XXX ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن‬
٥XXX ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺴﻴﻮم‬
٦XXX ‫ﻣﻐﻨﺴﻴﻮم وﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن‬
٧XXX ‫زﻧﻚ‬
٨XXX ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ أﺧﺮى‬
٩XXX ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم اﻟﻄﺮوﻗﺔ‬:(٣٫٥) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

109
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 %99.70‫א‬W1070
 % 99.50‫א‬W1050
 %١٫٥%١‫א‬‫א‬W٣٠٠٤
‫ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬3-7
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 W{
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W(Brasses)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬  %50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  %15
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬      W(Bronzes) ‫א‬   J

 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬{‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     W‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K%18 %10   ‫א‬ 
 ، %2%10
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

110
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ %١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
    ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬   
   ،‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
%2  %1  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬4-7

   {   ‫א‬   {‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
C800‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬C799C100‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬C999
٣٠٠‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬-‫ א‬-‫א‬
 

111
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 EF   ‫א‬ J١
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF       ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 EF     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EF  % ١٠‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
EF    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 EF %٢٫١١‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

112
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
W‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬ J
 J
 ‫א‬ J
W‫א‬ J٦
FCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
BCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 WAISI 1040  J٧
 %0.4 J
 % 0.1 J
 %3 J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
  J
 ‫א‬ J
  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
% 1.4 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬% ٠٫٨ J
% ٠٫٦ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬% ٠٫٣ J
% ٠٫٦ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬% ٠٫١٥ J

113
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

A
( L) ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ) درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

W0 = ٣٥% (Ni)

WL =٣١٫٥ %

١٢٥٠

WS =٤٢٫٥ %

  ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
C

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬

‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻨﺤﺎس و ﻣﻌﺪن اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬:(١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫؟‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J٥

114
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫؟‬١٢٠٠ 0 C ‫א‬‫א‬%٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬،(Eutectic)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

F
A

٧٢٧
2٠.0٢2

٠ 0.77% ٢٫١١

) ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬C(%

‫( ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬٢) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

   

115
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

116
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K%٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

117
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 -1
‫א‬‫א‬ (Heat Treatments) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(١٫٦F ‫א‬   %1.4
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

 ( Annealing )‫א‬ J
 ( Normalizing )‫א‬ J

118
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ J‬א‪ ( Hardening )‬‬

‫‪ J‬א‪‬א‪( Tempering )‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪L + Fe3C‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫‪2.11‬‬ ‫‪4.30‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪O‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪0.77‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬
‫‪0.022‬‬

‫‪Cementite Fe3C‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪6.70‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪(%C‬‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫و اﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻂ ‪ : A1‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪٧٢‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ وﻳﺴﻤﻰ آﺬﻟﻚ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻂ ‪ A3‬واﻟﺨﻂ ‪ : ACm‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ درﺟﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪(% C‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(١٫٦‬اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬

‫‪119‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،

 WE٢{٦F‫א‬

‫)ب( اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫)أ( ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫)ج( ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ دورة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬:(٢٫٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
   

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
  E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   F  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ J
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،{،
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣{٦F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

‫)ب( اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫)أ( ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬
‫)ج( ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺪورة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ دورﺗﻴﻦ‬:(٣٫٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬


120
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬-2
‫ اﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬1-2
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

(Full Annealing) ‫ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬2-2

EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،(١٫٦)‫א‬ A٣‫א‬  50 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ٥٠ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫ د م‬780‫א‬(١٫٦)‫א‬،A1
 

(Spheroidizing)‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﺮ‬٣-٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   K     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K(١٫٦)‫א‬‫א‬
 

 (Stress-relief Annealing) ‫ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﺮج‬٤-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬

121
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬     K ٧٠٠  ٥٠٠  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   T0   ‫א‬‫א‬    (٤٫٦) ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ T1  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 

‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت وﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬:(٤٫٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬-3
   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ،  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١{٦F‫א‬‫א‬E ACm‫א‬A3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬-4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1.٦F‫א‬
‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EA3
،‫א‬‫א‬KEA1‫א‬F‫א‬
(Martensite) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(5.6)‫א‬

123
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

( ١٢٠٠ X ) ‫ ﻃﻮر اﻟﻤﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ‬:(٥٫٦) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬-5
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (١٫٦)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦{٦F‫א‬K،
 K‫א‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ‬-
‫ إزاﻟﺔ اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات‬- ‫ﺑﻄﻲء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬-
‫ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ‬-
‫ رﻓﻊ اﻟﺼﻼدة‬- (‫ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻔﺮن )اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ رﻓﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬-
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ وﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﺼﻼدة إﻟﻰ أﻗﺼﻰ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫أو اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ إزاﻟﺔ اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬- ،‫ دم‬٧٠٠-٢٠٠ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬- ‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻲء وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﺧﻔﺾ اﻟﻘﺼﺎﻓﺔ‬- ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ وأهﻢ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ‬:(١٫٦) ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

124
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫أوﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ ACM‬أو ‪A3‬‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫‪A1=727 C‬‬

‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺼﻠﺪ‬

‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺻﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫أو ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٦٫٦‬رﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬

‫‪125‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 E F‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
  J
 ‫א‬ J

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٦% ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
K J
 K‫א‬ J
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ١٫٢%‫א‬
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

128
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

129
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K%٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

130
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  K 
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ %99 ،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   E ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ErustF‫א‬
  ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    J
 K
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  E Fe SO4 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

131
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬-٢
   WAnode E ‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬F ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   WCathode E‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬F ‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 KKKK‫א‬،،،E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬           W‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J

‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
       ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬( Anode )‫א‬،
 KE١{٧F‫א‬‫א‬
(Electro-chemical Corrosion of Metal)‫א‬‫ א‬-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

132
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(١٫٧)‫א‬
 K(١٫٧)‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E E0 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 +  ‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬
  Metal  Ion  Electrons
 W
  Ag  Ag   e   E0  0.799V

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Co  Co 2  2e   E 0  0.277V
 

 K E0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  Fe 2  2e   Fe  E0  0.440V
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬     (anode) ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 K(cathode) ‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬        ‫ א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬1-3
 W‫א‬،‫א‬،
 

 KE‫א‬-‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬F  ٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 KEKKK‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬         J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Galvanic Cell) ‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬2-3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

134
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬   ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  Zn 2 ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، H    SO4 2   
    ‫א‬   H   SO4
2
 Cu 2   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E e  F ‫א‬،
  (Cathode)   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Anode)   ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١{٧F‫א‬
‫א‬  E Zn 2 F ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬   KE‫א‬  
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Cu 2  Zn 2 ‫א‬‫א‬K(٢٫٧)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ H   SO4 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

e⎯
‫ﺁﻧﻮد‬
‫آﺎﺛﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺰﻧﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺖ‬
   J٠{٧٦
 H٠{٣٤
H H

SO42 SO42 (‫ﺗﺂآﻞ ) ذوﺑﺎن‬

(‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ) ﺗﺮﺳﺐ‬
Zn 2 
2 +
Cu
I

‫ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ‬

‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﻚ واﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬:(١٫٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Zn ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Cu 2 (Oxidation)‫א‬

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K(Reduction)‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ Cu 

W‫א‬‫א‬
  Zn  Zn 2  2e    ‫א‬‫א‬
  Cu 2  2e  Cu     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 __________________________________________
  Zn  Cu 2  Zn 2  Cu    ‫א‬‫א‬

Zn Cu

‫ ﻣﺘﺂآﻞ‬Zn ‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺳﺐ وﻗﻄﺐ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ‬Cu ‫ ﻗﻄﺐ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬:(٢٫٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ (Electromotive force) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
0
E Zn  0.76V

0
E Cu  0.34V
‫א‬    ،   ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 W ( e.f.m.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

e. f .m.  0.76  0.34  1.10V

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬3-3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن و هﻲ‬-‫أ‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J

136
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ EF‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ J‬א‪ K‬‬

‫‪ J‬א‪‬א‪ K‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ب‪-‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺖ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ J‬א‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬א‪‬א‪ K‬‬
‫‪ J‬א‪‬א‪ K‬‬
‫‪-٤‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪،‬א‪ W(٣٫٧)‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺂآﻞ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري‬
‫أﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫إﺟﻬﺎدات‬

‫اﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺂآﻞ واﻹﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫آﻼل ﺗﺂآﻠﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺠـﻮات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟـﺮواﺳـﺐ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(٣٫٧‬ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻷهﻢ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬

‫‪-١‬اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‪GENERAL CORROSION‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪137‬‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬

  K  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
GALVANIC CORROSION‫اﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EGALVANIC SERIES)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٫٧)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CREVICE CORROSION‫اﻟﻔﺠـﻮات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
PITTING ‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻨـﻘـﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬
SELECTIVE CORROSION‫اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎري‬‫ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬-٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

138
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EROSION-CORROSION‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬-٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 UNDER WATER CORROSION‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ‬-٧
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DEPOSIT CORROSION‫اﻟـﺮواﺳـﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬-٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
INTERGRANULAR CORROSION‫ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬-٩
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(Boundaries Grain)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬-٥
‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‬1-5
 ،    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٩٠٠
( ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﻣﻢ‬ (‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ = )اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ – اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬X
‫ﻓﺮق ﻋﺪد ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ‬
   

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٢٦٠٠٩=‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K٩٦٦٠٠٥=‫א‬‫א‬ J

139
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٣١٦ 7 900 X 4 ٧٩٠٠

‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ م ﻣﻢ‬1.317 = = = X (٥ – ٩) = ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬
٢٤٠ ٢٤٠٠٠ 72600 - ٩٦٦٠٠
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

 K‫א‬،‫א‬L٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ،‫א‬L ٠{٥  ‫א‬L ٠{٠٥  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
  ،‫א‬L ١{٥  ‫א‬L ٠{٥  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

(‫)ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ أﻗﻞ ﺳﻤﻚ ﻣﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻪ‬- ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮرة‬

= ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮرة‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬
 

W
‫א‬    ٤       ٥ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬L١{٣١
 W‫א‬
١ ٤-٥
‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬0.76 = = = ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮرة‬
١٫٣١ ١٫٣١

‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوآﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬2-5

‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
،CPR  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ (Corrosion Penetration Rate) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K W
  CPR 
  At

140
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 E mg W‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W W
 E h W‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W t
 E gm cm 3 W٣L‫א‬F ‫א‬W 
 E cm 2 W٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W A
،٨٧{٦ K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W K
   mm year  ‫א‬LW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W
‫א‬، ١،‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٠٠‫א‬
٧{٨٧  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
٣L‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K W
  CPR 
  At

 ٨٧{٦= K ،٢٠٠= t ،٣L‫א‬٧{٨٧=  ،‫א‬٢٠= W 

،‫א‬  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K² ٥ = 1 X ٥ A  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
87.6  200
  CPR  Z 2.23  mm year 
7.87  5  200

 ‫א‬L٢٫٢٣
 
 
 

141
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬-٦
 

          ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ، 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬1-6

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤٫٧)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ‬-‫ب‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬-‫ أ‬:(٤٫٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
   

‫ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬2-6

W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

‫ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ‬3-6

 :
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬4-6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E ‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬   
:
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
K J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬W W ‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬5-6
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ K‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 

‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮدﻳﺔ‬6-6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

143
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
        K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 

  Fe  Fe 2  2e 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (٥٫٧) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮم‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬

‫ﺳﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬

‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮدﻳﺔ‬:(٥٫٧) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

144
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٧F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 EF
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J11
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 J
 J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

145
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 J
 
 W‫א‬ J٤
  J
 J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 

W‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

146
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%99، ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J٣
 ،
E e  F‫א‬، ‫א‬
(Anode)‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Cathode)‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬F
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 

147
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      Zn  ‫א‬      
      Ni ‫א‬    ZnSO4 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K NiSO4 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬ J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

148
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

149
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K%٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

150
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 -١
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W
 KEKKK،‫א‬{‫א‬FE،‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬{‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،   ‫א‬  EPolymersF ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،  
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  (Polymerization Reactions) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-2

 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   (Monomer) ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
 E1.8F‫א‬KEPoly) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EPolymer)‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EPolymerization) ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬


  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎطات‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎط‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎطﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴ‬

‫ رﺳﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ واﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ‬:(١٫٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ رﺳﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ واﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ‬:(١٫٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     {‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 KE٢{٨F
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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

:‫ اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬:‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮة‬

‫ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮات ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻠﺪاﺋﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻐﻼﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻃﺮاوة‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺎﻟﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬

‫ رﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮة‬:(٢٫٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

(Addition Polymerization) ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮة ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬1-2

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 (Condensation Polymerization)‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬2-2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 H 2 O  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 

153
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

(Copolymerization) ‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬3-2

‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ،B‫א‬ A ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
(Monomer) ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬1-3
‫א‬‫א‬ ،
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   WCH4 ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WC2H4‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   WC2H6 ‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E F   W C6H6 ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 

(polymer) ‫ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ‬2-3
    (macromolecule) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 E 10 6 - 100000 FW  
K( covalent bond)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      

154
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  (Polyethylene) ‫א‬W١
 

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   (PE) ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 C2H4 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،E٣{٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬  
(Polyvinylchloride)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:٢

‫א‬‫א‬(PVC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٤٫٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Polypropylene)‫א‬ :3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PP)‫ﺑـ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٥٫٨)‫א‬
 

“Monomer”
(Ethylene) ‫ ﻏﺎز اﻹﺛﻠﻴﻦ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬
(Ethylene gas)
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
H H

‫ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ إﻳﺜﻠﻴﻦ‬:‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ‬
(Polyethylene)

‫ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ إﻳﺜﻠﻴﻦ‬:( ٣٫٨) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Vinylchloride ) ‫ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻮراﻳﺪ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻮراﻳﺪ‬:‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ‬

)Polyvinylchloride (

‫ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻮراﻳﺪ‬:(٤٫٨) ‫(اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬PVC)

  

(Propylene) ‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺑﻠﻴﻦ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮوﺑﻠﻴﻦ‬:‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ‬
(Polypropylene)

‫ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮوﺑﻠﻴﻦ‬:(٥٫٨) ‫(اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬PP)

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Linear)‫א‬‫א‬
K(Network)‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Cross-Linked)(Branched)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(6.8) ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮع‬

‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ ٍل اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ‬

‫ أﻧﻮاع ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﻴﺮات‬:(6.8) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
(7.8)‫א‬‫א‬

(Polymers) ‫اﻟﻠﺪاﺋﻦ‬

) ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬Plastics( (Elastomers) ‫اﻷﺳﺘﻮﻣﻴﺮ‬

(Thermoplastics) ‫اﻟﺜﺎرﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬

(Thermosetting) ‫اﻟﺜﺎرﻣﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﻨﺞ‬

  ‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻠﺪاﺋﻦ‬:(7.8) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 

(Elastomers)‫ اﻷﺳﺘﻮﻣﻴﺮ‬1-4  

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 %500  %100‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ( و اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬Silicone )‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Neoprene )
(Plastics)‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬2-4
  K‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
( Thermoplastics) ‫اﻟﺜﺎرﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬-‫أ‬
 ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
( Polyethylene high density ) ‫א‬ 
 W  (PE) ‫א‬ J
  ( Polyethylene low density) ‫א‬   HDPE  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 KLDPE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ( PVC) ‫א‬  J
 
K
(PP)  J
Polystyrene (PS)  J
 

(Thermosetting Plastics)‫اﻟﺜﺎرﻣﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﻨﺞ‬-‫ب‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K     
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

158
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

159
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EF  ‫א‬ J٤
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 EFE -F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
  J
 J
  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
  J
 J
  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

160
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K  ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬   J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬  J٣
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

161
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٤
    ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

162
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
Thermal equilibrium ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Internal stresses ‫א‬‫א‬
Miller indices ‫א‬
Jominy test ‫א‬
Reduction ‫א‬‫א‬
Mounting 
Oxidation 
Electron 
Valence electrons ‫א‬
aluminum 
Dislocation 
Edge dislocation ‫א‬
Planes slipping ‫א‬
Melting ‫א‬
Anode 
Anion 
Quenching media ‫א‬
Austenite  ‫א‬
ion 
Pearlite  
Proton 
Pretectoid 
pretectic 
Electric battery 
Crystals ‫א‬
Bainite  

 

163
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Bainite  
Steel microstructure ‫א‬‫א‬
Crystalline structure 
Lattice structure 
Microstructure 
Polymers ‫א‬
Corrosion 
Electro-chemical corrosion 
Solidification 
Phase transformation ‫א‬‫א‬
Annealing EF
Stress relief annealing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Full annealing 
Gear 
Thermocouple thermometer ‫א‬
Deformation 
Cold working ‫א‬
Hot working ‫א‬
Hardening 
Case hardening 
Tempering E‫א‬F
Quenching EF
Magnification 
Twinning 
Molecule 
Polar potential 
Grain 
Grain size ‫א‬
Grain boundaries 
Iron 

164
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cast iron 

Dislocation motion ‫א‬
Cathodic protection 
Ceramics 
Galvanic cells 
Unit cell 
Mixture 
Recrystallization temperature ‫א‬‫א‬
Substitutional atoms ‫א‬‫א‬
Foreign atoms ‫א‬
Interstitial atoms ‫א‬
Atom 
Solubility 
Ionic bond ‫א‬
Covalent bond ‫א‬
Metallic bond ‫א‬
Lead 
Atomic bonds ‫א‬‫א‬
Secondary bonds ‫א‬
Zinc EF
Stop watch 
Ferrous alloys 
Nonferrous alloys 
Alloy 
Ternary alloy 
Binary alloy 
Impurities ‫א‬
Hardness 
Steel 
Hypo eutectoid steel ‫א‬
Hyper eutectoid steel ‫א‬

165
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Photo-micrograph EF
paint 
Organic paint 
electroplating 
Nonmetallic non-organic paint 
Phase 
Diffusion phenomena ‫א‬
Family of directions ‫א‬
Family of planes ‫א‬
Coordination number 
Atomic number 
Actual number of atoms ‫א‬
Objective lens 
Eyepiece 
Machining processes ‫א‬
Forming processes ‫א‬
Crystallization process ‫א‬
Line defects 
Surface defects 
Point defects 
Microscopic inspection 
Vacancy ‫א‬
Metals ‫א‬
Tool steel ‫א‬‫א‬
Mild steel 
High carbon steel ‫א‬
Carbon steel 
Medium carbon steel ‫א‬
Low carbon steel ‫א‬
hardenability ‫א‬
Brittleness 

166
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Hot shortness ‫א‬

Tin 
Brittle 
Tension force ‫א‬
Electromotive force ‫א‬
Standard electromotive force ‫א‬
Cation 
Cathode 
Atomic density 
Atomic density for directions 
Atomic density for planes 
Solid spheres ‫א‬
Gas carburizing 
plasticity 
Sacrificial material 
Martensite 
Toughness 
Crystalline directions 
Microscope 
Etching solution 
Electrolyte 
Diagram 
Phase diagram ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
orbital ‫א‬
Crystalline planes 
Ductile 
Normalizing 
Heat treatment ‫א‬
Atomic packing factor ‫א‬‫א‬
Corrosion rate ‫א‬
Cooling rate 

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cooling curves ‫א‬

Engineering materials ‫א‬
Mole 
Red copper 
Brass 
Atomic radius ‫א‬
Crystalline system 
Isotope 
Melting point ‫א‬
Freezing point ‫א‬
Pure 
Nucleus ‫א‬
Nickel 
Atomic mass unit ‫א‬‫א‬
Atomic weight 
Eutectoid 
Eutectic 

 
 
 

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  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،١٩٧٩،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ١
 ، ٢٠٠٠  { ‫א‬ K  {‫א‬ K  ،‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  {‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣
 K ١٤١٩،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤
 K١٤٢٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ W  ‫א‬ K  W  K  ،  K 
 ٥
 K ١٩٧٦،
 K١٩٩٦،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬،  ٦
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
Materials Science and Engineering, William D. Callister, John
 ٧
Wiley & Sons, NY, 1997.
The Science and Engineering of Materials, Donald R. Askeland,
 ٨
PWS, Boston, 1994.
Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy, John D. Verhoeven, John
 ٩
Wiley & Sons, Canada, 1975.
Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, William F. Smith,
 ١٠
McGraw-Hill, NY, 1990.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy, Sidney H. Avner, McGraw-
 ١١
Hill, NY, 1964.
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
University of )‫א‬‫א‬ J
(CAMBRIDGE  ١٢
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ١٣
http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻧﺖ‬ J
 ١٤
http://www.alhandasa.net/forum

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