 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢١٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٤
  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
?‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Preservation of Foodstuffs
 
Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬edible
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Preservation of Foodstuffs
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Natural DryingW‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 SaltingW‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 PicklingW‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Drying ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Moisture‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDrying or Dehydration
KFreeze-Drying ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Canning ‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Canning‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Refrigeration and Freezing ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ −18 °C ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 °C
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 − 186 °C . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬K
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 1  -  
- 2∗  
- 2  
13.5 33  
5 0.5  
1.1  1   500
20.6 38.5  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F
∗
Energy IndexEF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cold StorageW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Perishable Foods‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K٢
 K٣
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Short-Term Cold Storage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Long-Term Cold Storage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠ J٧‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Frozen Cold Storage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ − 23 °C ‫א‬ −12 °C  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  −18 °C


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Storage Conditions ‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F،E٣ J١F،E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (ASHRAE-Handbook 1994)  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Storage Temperature W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Rind Pitting‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Browning‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Relative Humidity and Air Motion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDesiccation
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100%‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Storage Requirements ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pre-Storage RequirementsW‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
(blanching) ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Pre-Cooling‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Packing and Handling ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬Carcass ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Post-Storage Requirements ‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
o o
C % C

 10-7 -0.7 95 to 100  7to10 

6-4 -1.4 98 to 100 0 
4-2 -0.8 95 to 100 0 
2-1 -0.5 95 to 100 0 
 8-4 -0.6 95 to 100 0  
 14-10 -0.5 95 to 100 10 
 7 -0.8 90 to 95 7 to 10 
7-6 -0.8 65 to 70 0 -
4-3 -0.5 95 0 
3-1 -0.7 95 0 ‫א‬
3-2 -0.2 95 to 100 0 
 4-3 -0.9 95 0 
8-1 -0.8 65 to 70 0  
2-1 -1.1 95 to 100 0 
8-6 J 70 10 -
3-2 -0.7 90 to 95 7 to 13 -
-0.7 90 to 95 7 
6-4 -1.3 85 to 90 13 to 16 -
3-2 -0.8 85 to 90 31 
4-3 -0.7 90 to 95 0 
2-1 -0.3 90 to 98 0 
3-1 -0.5 95 to 100 0 
 7-3 -0.5  95 to 90 5 to 7 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١F
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
o o
C % C

 8-3 -1.1 90 to 95 -1to 4 ‫א‬

 2-1 -1.1 90 to 95 0 ‫א‬
J -0.8 95 to 85 J ‫א‬
 3-2 -0.8 90 to 100 0 ‫א‬
 2 -1.6 90 to 95 0 ‫ א‬‫א‬
 6-4 -1.1 85 to 95 7 to 10 ‫א‬
 2-1 -0.9 80 to 85 0 to 2  
3-2 -1.8 95 -1 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-2 -0.9 90 to 95 2 to 4 ‫א‬
 14-10 -1 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 ‫א‬
 12-6 -16 75or below -18 to 0 ‫א‬
 12-9 50 to 60 0 to 4 ‫ א‬‫א‬
 10-7 -2.4 85 to 90 -1 to 0 ‫ א‬‫א‬
 6-3 -2 95 to 100 -1 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-3 -0.9 90 7 to 10 ‫א‬
 6-1 -1.4 85 to 90 9 to 10 ‫א‬
 2 -0.9 85 to 90 13 ‫א‬
 6-4 -1.4 85 to 90 7 to 10 ‫א‬
12-3 -0.8 85 to 90 5 ‫א‬
 6-2 -1.6 90 to 95 -1.6 to 0 ‫א‬
 2 -0.8 90 to 95 7 to 10 ‫א‬
 4-1 -1 85 to 90 7 ‫א‬
 4-1 -0.8 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-1 -0.8 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-2 -3 90 0 ‫א‬
 7-5 -0.8 90 to 100 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 4-2 -1.1 90 to 95 0 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
o o
C % C

6-1 -2.7 88 to 92 0 to 1 -

 5 -1.7 90 0 - 
7-1 -2.7 90 0 to 1 
12-6 -2.7 90 to 95 -18 to -23 -
12-5 -2.2 85 to 90 0 -
12-8 -2.2 90 to 95 -18 to -23 -
1 -2.8 85 to 90 -2 to 0 - ‫א‬
12-8 -2.8 90 to 95 -18 to -23 - ‫א‬
5 -1 -2.8 90 to 95 0 to 1 ‫א‬
14-5 -2.2 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 - 
12-6 -2.2 90 to 95 -18 to -29 - 
12 -2.2 90 to 95 0 to 1 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
14-12 -2.2 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 ‫א‬
8-3 -2.2 90 to 95 -18 to -29  ‫ א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2°C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-1 °C  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 .-1 °C ‫א‬‫א‬
-‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K90-95%1 °C
  K90- 95% -1 °C  ‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K0.5 m/sec ‫א‬‫א‬0.17 l/sec‫א‬ 1.5 °C 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K90-95%-0.5 °C 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
10°C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 10 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K85-90%
 K 85-90%10 °C‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬13 °
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K14 °C

‫א‬16 °C‫א‬‫א‬Chilling Injury

‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  (°C ) ‫א‬‫א‬
        16 17 18 18  
       16 17 17 17 17  
    14  16 16 16 17 17  
   14  14  16 16 16 16 16  
 14  14  14  14 14 14 14 14  
‫א‬WE٥ J١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬1.5 °C‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E HF‫א‬K-3.5 °C‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬١٨ J٨FK-23 °C‫א‬
K-9 °C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-18 °C
 K‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬  
  (°C ) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 -23  -18 -12
12-24 6-18 4-12  
12-18 6-16 3-8  
  4-6 3-4  
8 4-14 3-4  
‫א‬WE٦ J١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
 Freezing Methods : ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Slow Freezing‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 Quick Freezing‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
0 C‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0 C20 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Deep Freezing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١F
 
 
 Slow FreezingW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K- 40 °C- 18 °C‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KFree Convection
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Quick FreezingW‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air-Blast Freezing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Contact Freezing‫א‬‫א‬ •
Immersion Freezing ‫א‬ •
Air-Blast FreezingW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCombined Effect‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Air Blast Room and Tunnel Freezers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J١F،E٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Batch Freezing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Air BlastBelt FreezersW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Spiral‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥ J١F‫א‬
 KE٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J١F
 
 

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J١F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fluidized Bed FreezingW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J١F
 
Contact FreezingW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬E٨ J١F
K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬WE٨ J١F
 
Immersion Freezing‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cryogenic Freezers‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬(CFC,s)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( -79 °C )‫א‬(-196 °C )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
 KE٩ J١F،E٩ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 


 ‫א‬WEF
 
 

 
 ‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬WE٩ J١F
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Freezing Operating Temperatures W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (°C ) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 -35 to -37 Air BatchEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-35 to -40 Air Continuous‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-40 Refrigerant BatchEF
 -40 Refrigerant  ContinuousEF
-50 to -196 Refrigerant  EF‫א‬
 -50 to -70 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J١F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Summary W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
KCryogenic FreezingK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Construction of Cold Stores
 
 Introduction
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Construction of Cold Stores
 Cold StoreW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
Coolers‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 low-Temperature Rooms ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬K -29 °C -18 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Initial Building Considerations W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
WE١ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
Cold Store Size Determination
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Building Planning and Design W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Corridors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 

Primary CostW‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣ J٢F‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 50% ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F
 
 Running or Operating Cost W‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٢F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KClosed Shipping and Receiving Docks ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Air Circulation in a Cold StoreW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠ J٤٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١٥‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٢F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J١FE٥ J١F،E٤ J١F،E٣ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 30% ‫א‬‫א‬
K ٨٣‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 3.6 4-6 3 1 100
6×6 3.6 6-12 4 1 250
6×6 4.8 6-18 4 1 500
6×6 4.8 6-18 5 1 1000
6×6 4.8 12-18 6 1 1500
6×126×6 4.8 12-18 7 1 3000
6×126×6 4.8 12-24 9 1 5000
6×12 4.8 12-24 12 1 10000
‫א‬WE١ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬
 Single-Deep RacksW‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Double-Deep racksW  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Double-Deep Drive-in RacksW‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
 

  
Double RacksWEFSingle RacksWEF
 
 

 Double –Deep Drive-in Racks ‫א‬WEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٢F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    
 ‫א‬WEF  ‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٢F
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Refrigeration System W‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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Safety PrecautionsW‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(Temperature Pulldown)EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 2 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Warming of Soil Below Freezing Rooms W‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

‫א‬‫א‬  −18 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 13 °C ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 Shipping and Receiving DocksW‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٩ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7 °C  2 °C 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 



 WEF  WEF
 ‫א‬WE٩ J٢F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Future Extensions W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Classification of Cold StoresW‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
K − 23 °C 15 °C 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W •
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KSupermarkets‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
Construction Methods of Cold StoresW‫א‬

 Thermal Insulation :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 (vapor barriers ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  815.6 °C (1500 ° F )  − 73.3 °C (−100 ° F ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 K ‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WEF ‫א‬‫א‬WEF
Rigid Polyurethane foam Glass mineral wool
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Thermal Conductivity
Material W
( )
mK
Mineral or Glass fiber Blanket‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.039
 Boards or Slabs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cellular glass‫א‬‫א‬ 0.058
Cork Board‫א‬ 0.043
Glass Fiber‫א‬‫א‬ 0.036
Expanded Polystyrene (smooth) – Thermocole 0.029
Expanded Polystyrene (cut Cell) – Thermocole 0.036
Expanded Polyurethane 0.017
Phenotherm (Trade Name) 0.018
 Loose Fill ‫א‬‫א‬
Paper or Wood Pulp‫א‬‫א‬ 0.039
Sawdust or Shavings‫א‬ 0.065
Minerals Wood (Rock, Glass, Slag)‫א‬‫א‬ 0.039
Wood Fiber (soft)‫א‬‫א‬ 0.043

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Calcium SilicateW‫א‬١
Silica‫א‬ lime‫א‬‫א‬
K 648.9 °C ← 37.8 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 GlassW‫–א‬٢
 Fibrous
KK
 BlanketsRigid Board
 
‫א‬‫א‬KKK 40 °C ← − 37.8 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KCellular‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Board Form‫א‬

 ، 482.8 °C ← − 257.8 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 Mineral Fiber ( Rock And Slag Wool) WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELF‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K 1037.8 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Expanded Silica or Perlite W‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
KE 325 °C F‫א‬ 325 °C ← 90 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Blocks‫א‬
Foamed PlasticW‫א‬‫א‬٥

‫א‬،EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KExcellent Moisture Resistance and Cutting Characteristics ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KPre-Formed Shapes boards ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  148.9 °C ← − 182.8 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Refractory Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
Mineral or Ceramic Fibers
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K BlanketKKSilica‫א‬ AluminaK‫א‬
 K،1648.9 °C ‫א‬
Expanded Polystyrene (Eps)W‫א‬‫א‬٧


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(CFC or HCFC FREE)
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WStyrofoam‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ρ = 120 −150 kg3 ‫א‬
m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 PolyurethaneW‫א‬٨
 ‫א‬ 15 cm Polyurethane 4 cm K ‫א‬ J
 E ρ = 15 − 25 kg3 ‫א‬F‫א‬ J
m
  J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
 Insulating CementW‫א‬‫א‬٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Polystyrene ‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFiber Glass ‫א‬‫ א‬، Polyurethane ‫ א‬، Styrofoam ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Thermal Bridging
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
‫א‬WEF ‫א‬‫א‬WEF

   .
‫א‬WEF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٢F
 Vapour BarriersW‫א‬‫א‬
KWarm Side‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKE١٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٢F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٢F
 

‫א‬WEF ‫א‬WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Polyethylene ‫א‬‫א‬ J
Aluminum Foil ‫א‬ J
Oil-base paints ‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Vapour barrier paints ‫א‬ J

Foam insulation Materials ‫א‬ J
Some Plywood ‫א‬‫א‬ J
Vapour Barriers Criteria W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 Construction of Cold Stores Facilities W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Steel ConstructionW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬Panels‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ،(sub–zero)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KDew Point‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬KE،،
 

 
 Steel Structure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F

Masonry Buildings :‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Timber Construction W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
.(warm insulant side)
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Floor Insulation W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
  ‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Sand‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Polywoodsheathing  Concrete Floor ‫א‬Styrofoam ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬WE١٦ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ − 25 °C ‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 150 mm Styrofoam
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 150 mm 
‫א‬
 KGlycol ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F
 
 Walls and Ceilings Insulation W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Attic Ceilings ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
.Continuous ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Knee Wall Areas‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KAvoid Thermal Bridge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCranes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E 20 m 3 to 250 m 3 F‫א‬‫א‬polystyrene polyurethane
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 





 H ‫א‬
 H ‫א‬


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٢F
KKpolystyrene polyurethane‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Decorative Cladding K
 KSuspended Ceiling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Attic Space)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Trusses‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩ J٢F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 60 m ‫א‬‫א‬
FKK(hangers)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE 15 m 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
Freezers‫א‬ R = 6 W m2 K ‫א‬‫א‬Polyurethane
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R = 3 W m 2 K 
 ‫א‬Polystyrene‫א‬
‫א‬KEpoxy Adhesive EF‫א‬KCoolers
‫א‬‫א‬K 500 Lb2 ( 24 kPa) ‫א‬
ft

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 

   
 WEF  ‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬WE٢٠ J٢F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Cold Stores Refrigeration Systems
Classical Refrigeration SysyemsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Surge Drum‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Accumulators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Forced Air Circulation)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Room Unit Coolers)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Multi-Stage Compression‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K −18 °C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 


 ‫א‬WEF ‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 WE٢١ J٢F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢ J٢F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Transport Refrigeration
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Trucks‫ א‬K١
Railways‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Tunnels‫א‬ K٣
Ships‫א‬ K٤
 Containers‫ א‬K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Truck Refrigeration Systems‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 IceW‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣ J٢F
 
Dry IceW‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ − 78 °C ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Moisture‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Nitrogen & Carbon DioxideW‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٢٤ J٢F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤ J٢F
Cold PlatesW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬Cold Plates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬BrineEutectic Solution‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٢F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٦ J٢F
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦ J٢F
Mechanical RefrigerationW‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E،FE٢٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬Nose-Mount‫א‬Belly-Mount
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧ J٢F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Nose-MountWEF Belly-Mount WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨ J٢F
 
 Railways RefrigerationSystems W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KE،FE٢٩ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF ‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩ J٢F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Tunnels Freezing Systems W‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Precooling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E٣٠ J٢F‫א‬K ‫א‬R22‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٠ J٢F
 
 Ships Refrigeration SystemsW‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 1°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ − 25°C ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Mother Ship‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣١ J٢F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬R12, R22. R502, R11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 WE٣١ J٢F
 
Containers Refrigeration SystemsW‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 WE٣٢ J٢F
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W Summary
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،،‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 KEFEF،EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬ E
 EFEF،EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬ E
 WEF‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K٣
 EF‫ א‬  EF‫ א‬ 
 148.9 °C ← − 182.8 °C‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ (i) Polyurethane  (a)
 ‫א‬‫א‬  (ii) Polystyrene  (b)
 ‫א‬‫א‬  (iii )  ‫א‬‫ א‬ (c)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Phase Change‫א‬K٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Cooling Loads Estimation For Cold Stores
 
Introduction
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(pre-cooling load )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0% 0.8% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40%‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.YORK،CARRIER،TRANE،BOHN‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
 Fabrics Gains W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬
 
24 × 3600
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) ×
1000
 = U × A × ( To − Ti ) × 86.4 ( kJ / day )

 
  Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W 
 W
  Qw ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
( )
  U  W m 2 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (m 2 ) A ‫א‬ J
  To °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Ti °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W   mm(inch)  
m2 K

  0.428  100(4)
 Cork board
  0.285  150(6)  ‫א‬‫א‬
  0.217  200(8)
  1.368  25(1)
  0.684  50(2)
  0.457  75(3)  Polystyrene
 100(4) ‫א‬
  0.342
  0.228  150(6)
  0.171  200(8)
  0.456  50(2)  
  0.302  75(3)  
 100(4)  Polyurethane
  0.228
 ‫א‬
  0.154  150(6)
  J 6 inch concrete floor
  1 .2
 
  J Single glass
  6 .4
 
  J Double glass
  2 .6
 
  J Triple glass
  1 .7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٣F
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
o
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ C‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
0.163 → 0.228 0.19 → 0.339   J  4 →10  
0.163 → 0.188 0.163 → 0.228   0.285 → 0.38 − 2 →2  
0.114 → 0.143 0.114 → 0.173  0.163 → 0.188  − 30 → − 23  
0.095 → 0.114 0.095 → 0.114
  0.143 → 0.163  − 40  
(
  W m2 K ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٣F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 13 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  11.1   4 .5   2 .8  4 .5 dark

  8 .3   3 .3   2 .2  3 .3 Medium

  5 .9   2 .2   1 .1  2 .2 Light

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WE٣ J٣F

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Infiltration Load W‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ( lit sec ,m , m 3 / 24hr ,CFM ....etc ) 
 
3

sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Qinf = 1000 × V × N × ∆h ( kJ / 24 hr )
 OR
10 6 × V × N × ∆h
Qinf = W
24 × 3600

 W
Qinf ⎛⎜ kJ ⎞⎟
  ⎝ day ⎠ ‫א‬ J
Qinf (W )
  V (m3 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  N  24 hr ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE٥ J٣F،E٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆h = (kJ / L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 24hr L‫א‬‫א‬  24hr L‫א‬‫א‬
 m 3 ( ft 3)   m 3 ( ft 3)

  5 .5  226.4(800)  44.0   5.66(200)

  4 .9  283(10000)  38.0   7.15(250)

  3 .9   424.5(15000)  34.5   8.49(300)
  3 .5   566(20000)  29.5   11.32(400)
  3 .0   707.5(25000)  26.0   14.15(500)
  2 .7   849.0(30000)  23.0   16.98(600)
  2 .3   1132.0(40000)  20.0   22.64(800)
  2 .0   1415.0(50000)  17.5   28.3(1000)
  1 .6   2122.5(75000)  14.0   42.45(1500)
  1 .4   2830.0(100000)  12.0   56.6(2000)
  1 .2   4245.0(150000)  9 .5   84.9(3000)
  1 .1   5660.0(200000)  3 .2   113.2(4000)
  1 .0   8490.0(300000)  7 .2   141.5(5000)
  0 .9   14150(500000)  6 .5   159.8(6000)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2‫א‬(frequent use)‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 24hr L‫א‬‫א‬  24hr L‫א‬‫א‬
 m 3 ( ft 3)   m 3 ( ft 3)

  4 .3   226.4(8000)  33.5   5.66(200)

  3 .8  283(10000)  29.0   7.15(250)

  3 .0   424.5(15000)  26.2   8.49(300)
  2 .6   566(20000)  22.5   11.32(400)
  2 .3   707.5(25000)  20.0   14.15(500)
  2 .1   849.0(30000)  18.0   16.98(600)
  1 .8   1132.0(40000)  15.3   22.64(800)
  1 .6   1415.0(50000)  13.5   28.3(1000)
  1 .3   2122.5(75000)  11.0   42.45(1500)
  1 .1   2830.0(100000)  9 .3   56.6(2000)
  1 .0   4245.0(150000)  7 .4   84.9(3000)
  0 .9   5660.0(200000)  6 .3   113.2(4000)
  0.85   8490.0(300000)  5 .6   141.5(5000)
  0 .8   14150(500000)  5 .0   159.8(6000)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2‫א‬(frequent use)‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ( °C ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 5 5 10 10 25 25 25 30 30 30 35 35 40 40
 ‫א‬
  ( % ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( °C ) 70 80 70 80 50 60 70 50 60 70 50 60 50 60
15 - - - - 0.0128 0.0186 0.0246 0.0.281 0.375 0.0441 0.500 0.0563 0.0663 0.0795
10 - - - - 0.0266 0.0323 0.0382 0.319 0.0491 0.0574 0.591 0.0694 0.0792 0.0992
5 - - - - 0.0388 0.0445 0.0502 0.536 0.0610 0.693 0.0708 0.0810 00.906 0.1036
0 -- - - - 0.0493 0.0550 0.0606 0.0639 0.0713 0.0794 0.0808 0.091 0.1003 0.1141
-5 0.0193 0.021 0.0235 0.0247 0.0592 0.0649 - 0.0736 0.0809 - 0.903 0.1004 - -
-10 0.0271 0.0288 0.0309 0.0321 0.0662 0.0719 - 0.0805 0.0877 - 0.097 0.1071 - -
-15 0.035 0.0367 0.0383 0.0395 0.0732 0.0788 - 0.0873 0.945 - 0.1037 0.1137 - -
-20 0.0427 0.0444 0.0456 0.0468 0.0801 0.057 - 0.0941 0.1013 - 0.1102 0.1203 - -
-25 0.0501 0.0523 0.0525 0.0537 0.0866 0.0922 - 0.0998 0.1077 - 0.1165 0.1265 - -
-30 0.0571 0.0588 0.0591 0.0604 0.0929 0.0985 - 0.1067 0.1138 - 0.1225 0.1325 - -
-35 0.064 0.0657 0.0656 0.0668 0.0989 0.1045 - 0.1126 0.1197 - 0.1283 0.1382 - -
-40 0.0708 0.0725 0.072 0.0732 0105 0.1106 - 0.1185 0.1256 - 0.1341 0.1440 - -

(kJ / L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٣F

 Product Load W‫א‬ J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Pulldown Time )‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬ J٤
 Pulldown TimeW‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.150 mm‫א‬(Trays)‫א‬

Rate Of Product Entry And Equivilant Mass W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Pulldown )‫א‬‫א‬
 (Pulldown )‫א‬(loading time)‫א‬
 
 E١F
  800 kg ‫א‬‫א‬
  8 hr ‫א‬
  5 hr ‫א‬
  800 = 100 kg / hr ‫א‬
8
  100 = 20 kg / hr = #‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  20 kg = #‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
  2 × 20 = 40 kg = ##‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  3 × 20 = 60 kg = ###‫א‬‫א‬
  4 × 20 = 80 kg = ####‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  5 × 20 = 100 kg = #####‫א‬‫א‬
 
  100 kg = #####‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F8‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬12‫א‬F
800 800
 E‫א‬‫א‬F 100 = ×5= ( / 5) × 5 W
(8 × 5) 8
 W (mequiv ) ‫א‬‫א‬
mtotal
  mequiv = ( / N coolhng ) × LN
N loading

Pulldown ‫א‬
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 # # # # #
2 # # # # #
3 # # # # #
.‫א‬

4 # # # # #
5 # # # # #
6 # # # # #
7 # # # # #
8 # # # # #
 E٢F
  5000 kg ‫א‬‫א‬
  5 hr ‫א‬
  10 hr ‫א‬
  5000 = 1000 kg / ‫א‬
5
  1000 =100 kg / hr =# ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  100 kg =# ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  2 ×100 = 200kg =# # ‫א‬‫א‬

  3 ×100 = 300kg =# # # ‫א‬‫א‬
  4 ×100 = 400kg =# # # # ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  5 ×100 = 500kg =# # # # # ‫א‬‫א‬
  500kg =# # # # # ‫א‬‫א‬
  500kg =# # # # # ‫א‬‫א‬
  500kg =# # # # # ‫א‬‫א‬
  500kg =# # # # # ‫א‬‫א‬
  500kg =# # # # # ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 500 kg 
5000 5000
 E‫א‬‫א‬F 500 = ×5= ( / 10) × 5 W
(10 × 5) 5
 W (mequiv) ‫א‬‫א‬
mtotal
  mequiv = ( / N coolhng ) × LN
N loading

Pulldown ‫א‬
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 # # # # # # # # # #
‫א‬

2 # # # # # # # # # #
3 # # # # # # # # # #
4 # # # # # # # # # #
5 # # # # # # # # # #

 
Entering & Leaving Temperatures W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (∆T ) 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
  Qabove = meqivalent × C p above
× ∆T × 24 hr ( kJ / day )

 
m × C pabove × ∆T × 1000
  Qabove = W
3600 × N
 
  ( Latent Heat of Freezing)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  Q freezing = m equivlant × Latent Heat × 24 hr ( kJ / day )
 ‫א‬
1000
  Q freezing = m× L× W
3600 × N
kJ
kg K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L 
 Frozen Product ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  Qbelow = mequivalent × C p below
× ∆T × 24 hr ( kJ / day )

 

m × C pbelow × ∆T × 1000
 Qbelow = W
3600 × N

 W
  Qabove (W ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Q freezing  ( W ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Qbelow  ( W ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  kg ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  pulldown ( hr ) (pulldown )‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cp avove
( kJ
kg C
) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J J
  C p below ( kJ kg C ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  LatentHeat ( kJ kg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F،E٨ J٣F،E٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Product TypeW‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Heat of Respiration )‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Q resp = m × qresp kJ day

( m × q resp ) × 1000
Q resp = W
24 × 3600
 
 W
Qresp ‫א‬ J
  m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  q resp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K q resp E٨ J٣F،E٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
kJ/kg/day
‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ kJ/kg K ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺑﺎرد‬ ‫ﺣﺎر‬ o
C ‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
kJ/kg o
C
%
8.98 33.35  10-7 -0.7 297 1.95 3.82 95 to 100 7 to10 
3.97 16.97  6-4 -1.4 294 1.94 3.78 98 to 100 0 
5.53 87.35  4-2 -0.8 307 1.99 3.92 95 to 100 0 
1.73 14.69  2-1 -0.5 314 2.02 3.98 95 to 100 0 
10.88 73.87  8-4 -0.6 247 1.76 3.31 95 to 100 0  
7.43 12.36  14-10 -0.5 320 2.04 4.05 95 to 100 10 
 7 -0.8 310 2 3.95 90 to 95 7 to 10 
2.76 4.67  7-6 -0.8 203 1.6 2.88 65 to 70 0 -
3.46 14.69  4-3 -0.5 290 1.93 3.75 95 0 
4.23 29.98  3-1 -0.7 284 1.9 3.68 95 0 ‫א‬
4.32 15.38  3-2 -0.2 317 2.03 4.02 95 to 100 0 
11.23 81.13  4-3 -0.9 304 1.98 3.88 95 0 
0.78 4.32  8-1 -0.8 294 1.94 3.78 65 to 70 0  
11.84 65.4  2-1 -1.1 284 1.9 3.68 95 to 100 0 
 8-6 0.99 1.24 70 10 -
3.71 11.23  3-2 -0.7 307 1.99 3.92 90 to 95 7 to 13 -
1.73 4.06 -0.7 260 1.81 3.45 90 to 95 7 
 6-4 -1.3 230 1.7 3.15 85 to 90 13 to 16 

 3-2 -0.8 304 1.98 3.88 85 to 90 31 
1.56 12.61  4-3 -0.7 317 2.03 4.02 90 to 95 0 
11.75 58.92  2-1 -0.3 310 2 3.95 90 to 98 0 
 3-1 -0.5 314 2.02 3.98 95 to 100 0 
1.38 9.94  7-3 -0.5 313 2.02 3.98 90 to 95 5 to 7 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٣F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
kJ/kg/day
‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ kJ/kg K ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺑﺎرد‬ ‫ﺣﺎر‬ o
C ‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
kJ/kg o
C
%
0.864 8.21  8-3 -1.1 280 1.89 3.65 90 to 95 -1to 4 ‫א‬
2.25 8.29  2-1 -1.1 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 95 0 ‫א‬
-0.8 250 1.78 3.35 95 to 85 ‫א‬
5.88 33.52  3-2 -0.8 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 100 0 ‫א‬
 2 -1.6 274 1.86 3.58 90 to 95 0 ‫ א‬‫א‬
1.9 6.39  6-4 -1.1 310 2 3.95 85 to 95 7 to 10 ‫א‬
 2-1 -0.9 157 1.43 2.41 80 to 85 0 to 2  
1.38 7.17  3-2 -1.8 267 1.84 3.51 95 -1 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-2 -0.9 290 1.93 3.75 90 to 95 2 to 4 ‫א‬
 14-10 -1 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 ‫א‬
 12-6 -16 67 1.09 1.5 75or -18 to 0 ‫א‬
below
 12-9 77 1.12 1.61 50 to 60 0 to 4 ‫ א‬‫א‬
3.37 24.36  10-7 -2.4 260 1.81 3.45 85 to 90 -1 to 0 ‫ א‬‫א‬
0.6 2.68  6-3 -2 274 1.86 3.58 95 to 100 -1 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-3 -0.9 310 2 3.95 90 7 to 10 ‫א‬
4.06 5.79  6-1 -1.4 297 1.95 3.82 85 to 90 15 to 81 ‫א‬
11.04 38.79  2 -0.9 270 1.85 3.55 85 to 90 31 ‫א‬
10.02 12.53  6-4 -1.4 250 1.78 3.35 85 to 90 7 to 10 ‫א‬
1.13 7.77  12-3 -0.8 290 1.93 3.75 85 to 90 5 ‫א‬
 6-2 -1.6 277 1.88 3.61 90 to 95 -1.6 to 0 ‫א‬
 2 -0.8 310 2 3.95 90 to 95 7 to 10 ‫א‬
0.6 9.1  4-1 -1 284 1.9 3.68 85 to 90 20 ‫א‬
0.69 6.65  4-1 -0.8 287 1.92 3.72 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 ‫א‬
1.47 13.39  4-1 -0.8 287 1.92 3.72 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 ‫א‬
 4-2 -3 274 1.86 3.58 90 0 ‫א‬
 3-2 -1.1 270 1.85 3.55 90 to 100 0 ‫א‬
 7-5 -0.8 300 1.97 3.85 90 to 100 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 4-2 -1.1 290 1.93 3.75 90 to 95 0 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٣F
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ kJ/kg K
‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬
o
C
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬
kJ/kg o
% C
6-1 -2.7 257 1.8 3.4 88 to 92 0 to 1 -
 5 -1.7 233 1.71 3.18 90 0 - 
7-1 -2.7 220 1.66 3.05 90 0 to 1 
12-6 -2.7 90 to 95 -23 to -18 -
12-5 -2.2 233 1.7 3.2 90 85 0 -
12-8 -2.2 90 to 95 -23 to -18 -
1 -2.8 247 1.76 3.31 85 to 90 -2 to 0 - ‫א‬

12-8 -2.8 95‫ א‬90 -23 to -18 - ‫א‬

5 -1 -2.8 227 1.69 3.11 90 to 95 0 to 1 ‫א‬
14-5 -2.2 270 1.85 3.55 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 - 
12-6 -2.2 90 to 95 -29 to -18 - 
12 -2.2 267 1.84 3.51 90 to 95 0 to 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
14-12 -2.2 270 1.85 3.55 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 ‫א‬
8-3 -2.2 90 to 95 -29 to -18 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٣F
Miscellaneous LoadsW J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K K
 W‫א‬E
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٠ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  kJ / person / day  °C
19000 10
22200 5
25000 0
27700 -5
31700 -10
 34300 -15
 37000 -20
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFWE١٠ J٣F
 E kJ / person / day ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬FZ‫א‬W
 W‫א‬
 Q p = No . of people × Q person × 86.4 kJ
day
 Qp = N × Q p × CLF
 W
  (No. of people )  ‫א‬ J
CLF E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  Ql = ∑ P × 84.4 kJ day
  QL = N × Plamp × CLF
 W
  CLF E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
  P lamp ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 40 → 50 W2 ‫א‬
m
 KE‫א‬
  CLF = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(fork-trucks)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K (20.88 kWh / Hp / day)  0.87 kW / Hp )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 4 → 5 Hp ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K (20.88 kWh / Hp / day = 75000 kJ / Hp / day) 
‫א‬‫א‬،EF 15 min  20 Hp  
 K 20 Hp ( 15 × 20 = 5)   5 Hp
60
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 1 → 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 15 Hp  ‫א‬‫א‬،
7 6
5
  (15 × = 12.5)  12.5 Hpequivalent ‫א‬
6
 W‫א‬
  Qmotors = Hpequivalent × ( 75000 kJ / Hp / day ) = kJ
day
 ‫א‬
  Qmotors = F × ∑ Pmotors W
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E10% ‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

System BalanceW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Equilibrium or Balance Point)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(RuntimeF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 (UC − 105) ‫א‬K A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (UC − 180) ‫א‬‫א‬K ⎛⎜1 1 hp ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ 2 ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K B 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١_٣F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  E١F
  12m× 8m × 3.5m  40 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7°C ,80 RH 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 100mm ، 200mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K 100mm 
 K 100mm  250mm ‫א‬ J

 K 100 mm  300mm ‫א‬ J

 K 30 °C ‫א‬ 8 hr  10000 kg ‫א‬W‫א‬ J

 K 8 hr  100W ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K  8 hr ‫א‬ J

 K  8 hr  8 kW ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
U=
1 ∆x 1
+∑ +
hi k ho

1 W
U= = 0.312 2
1 0 .2 0 .1 0 .1 1 m K
+ + + +
10 1.23 0.036 0.72 34.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 U = = 0.264
W
1 0.25 0 .1 1 m2 K
+ + +
10 1.23 0.029 34.1
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 U = W
= 0.375 2
1 0 .3 0 .1 m K
+ +
10 1.23 0.043
 
Q ∆T U A  
W
W K m2 K m2  

1441 33 0.312 140 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

836 33 0.264 96 ‫א‬
216 6 0.375 96 ‫א‬
2493  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  (QL ) ‫א‬
  QL = N × Plamp × CLF
8
  = 1 × 100 × = 33W
24
   (Q p ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬Z‫א‬
  Qp = N × Q p × CLF
8
  = 5 × 293 × = 488W
24
  (Qmotor ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ × ‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
  Qmotor = N × Pmotort × CLF

  = 1 × 8000 × 8 = 2667W
24
  (Q prod ) ‫א‬
 W، (T freezing = 0.7 °C ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
m& × C p × ∆T
  Q prod =
(3600 × n)
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10000 × 3.45 × ( 30 − 7 )
Q prod = = 9184W
  3600 × 24
 W‫א‬
( m × q resp ) × 1000
Q resp = W
  24 × 3600
10000 × 4.06 × 1000
= = 469 W
  24 × 3600
 ‫א‬‫א‬
106 × V × N × ∆h
  Qinf = W
24 × 3600
 = 10 × 336 × 3.9 × 0.0992 =1505 W
6

24 × 3600
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Qcooling = 2499 + 33 + 388 + 2676 + 9184 + 469 + 1505 =16848W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10% ‫א‬
  QT = 1.1 × 16848 = 18533W
  18hrs ‫א‬‫א‬
 W ( QG ) ‫א‬
24
  QG = 18533 × = 24710 W = 7.06 TR
18
 
  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form
Customer :……………………………………………….
City, State :………………………………………………
Job name : ……………………………………………….
City, State : ……………………………………………...
o
Room Temperature (R.H.)… C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
o
Ambient Temperature……... C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
Estimator ……………………………………………..
Insulation:
Thickness Insulation Temp. surface area U Conversion
mm Type Diff m2 W/m2K Factor
Ceiling: …… …………… ..…… × ………… × ............. × .................... =
Floor: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #1: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #2: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #3: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #4: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
o
Infiltrating Air: C.DB ( %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × m3 × use × N× KJ/L =
o o
Product: Type ent@ C Lvg. @ C
Cool : cp above×24
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × …. TD …. =
product
…. kJ/kg heat of fusion×24
freeze :
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × =
product
…. TD …. cp above×24 =
Cool
… Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN ×
frozen
Respiration: ………. Kg × ……………… kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day =
Occupancy: ………. People × ……………… kJ/person/Day kJ/Day =
Lights: …………………… Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day =
Motors: …………………… Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day =
Miscellaneous: ……………………×……………………×…… kJ/Day =
Equipment selection: Total Dailey Load (kJ/Day) =
(Voltage : …../……/…….) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) Runtime =
÷ (5% - 10%) Safety Factor =
Grand Total kJ/hr Required =
Grand Total kW Required (peak) =
Peak Refrigeration Capacity (TR) =
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form
‫………………………………………………א‬.
‫א‬،‫………………………………………………א‬
‫א‬‫……………………………………………… א‬.
‫א‬،‫………………………………………………א‬
o
‫א‬‫א‬ (R.H.)… C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬……... C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
‫…………………………………………… א‬..
‫א‬
Thickness Insulation Temp. surface area U Conversion
mm Type Diff m2 W/m2K Factor
2
‫א‬ …… ……………. ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
‫א‬ …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E١F‫א‬‫א‬ …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬ …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٣F‫א‬‫א‬ …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٤F‫א‬‫א‬ …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
C.DB ( %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × m3 × use × N× KJ/L =

‫א‬: Type ent@ o

C Lvg. @ o
C
‫א‬
‫א‬
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × …. TD …. cp above×24 =
‫א‬
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × …. kJ/kg heat of fusion×24 =
‫א‬
‫א‬
… Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × …. TD …. cp above×24 =
‫א‬
‫א‬ ………. Kg × ……………… kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day =
‫א‬ ………. People × ……………… kJ/person/Day kJ/Day =
‫א‬ ……………………… Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day =
‫א‬ …………………… Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day =
 ……………………×……………………×…… kJ/Day =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫( اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ااآﻠﻲ‬kJ/Day) =
(Voltage : …../……/…….) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) ‫زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ =
÷ (5% - 10%) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﻣﺎن‬ =
Grand Total kJ/hr Required =
Grand Total kW Required (peak) =
(‫ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ )ﻃﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬ =
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
  35 °C (db) , RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  8  3600 kg ‫א‬ J
  8 hr ‫א‬ J
  10 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  − 30 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  0.5 hr ‫א‬ J
  10 °C (db) , RH = 80% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  12 m × 9 m × 4.5 m ‫א‬ J
  200 mm  polystyrene   ‫א‬ J
  100 mm polyurethane  ‫א‬ J
  100 mm  polyurethane   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  1200W ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
  15 HP  1  W‫א‬ J
  18 hr / day W‫א‬  J
  10 % W‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Qw = U × A × ( T o −Ti ) W ‫א‬ J
  Q = 0.228 × 108 × 80 = 1970 W 
  Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ‫ א‬ J

  Q = 0.171× 108 × 43 = 794W 

  Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ١‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = 0.228 × 54 × 65 = 800W 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٢‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = 0.222 × 54 × 40 = 493W 
 
  Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٣‫א‬‫א‬

 
  Q = 0.228 × 40.5 × 32 = 295W 

  Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٤‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = 0.228 × 40.5 × 65 = 600W 
  Qinf = V& × ∆h × 1000 ‫א‬
  = 15.75 × 0.0604 × 1000 × ( 2 ) = 1900W 
 W‫א‬
  Qabove = m × cp above × ∆T × 1000 ‫א‬
3600 × N
 
  = 3600 × 3.23 × 11 × 1000 = 4440W 
3600 × 8
  Q freezing = m × L × 1000 ‫א‬
3600 × N
3600 × 230 × 1000
  Q freezing = = 28750W 
3600 × 8
  Qbelow = m × cpbelowe × ∆T × 1000 ‫א‬
3600 × N
3600 × 1.6 × 29 × 1000
  Qbelow = = 5800W
3600 × 8
 ‫א‬
  QL =# lamps × Plamp

  QL = 1 × 1200 = 1200W
 ‫א‬
  Qmotor = F × ∑ P motor

  Qmotor = 0.83 × 15 × 750 = 9337 W

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  QT = ∑ Q W + ∑ Q prod + Qingil + QL +Q motor ‫א‬‫א‬

= ( 1970 + 794 + 800 + 493 + 295 + 600 ) + ( 4440 + 28750 + 5800 ) + 1900 + 1200 + 9337
 
= 56379 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 10% 
  QT = 1.1 × 56379 ≈ 62017 W
  ( QG ) ‫א‬‫א‬، 18 hr / day ‫א‬‫א‬
24
  QG = 62017 × = 82689W ≈ 23.625 TR 
18
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form

Customer :……………………………………………….
City, State :………………………………………………
Job name : …………………………………………….
City, State : ……………………………………………
o
Room Temperature (R.H.) -30 C.DB ( ….%R.H.)
o
Ambient Temperature 35 C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
Estimator ……………………………………………..
Insulation:
Thickness Insulation Temp. Diff surface area U Conversion
mm Type K m2 W/m2K Factor
Ceiling: 100 Urethane 80 × 108 × 0.228 × 86.4 = 170 200
Floor: 200 Styro 43 × 108 × 0.171 × 86.4 = 68 600
Wall #1: 100 Urethane 65 × 54 × 0.228 × 86.4 = 69 100
Wall #2: 100 Urethane 40 × 54 × 0.228 × 86.4 = 42 500
Wall #3: 100 Urethane 32 × 40.5 × 0.228 × 86.4 = 25 500
Wall #4: 100 Urethane 65 × 40.5 × 0.228 × 86.4 = 51 800
o
Infiltrating Air: 10 C.DB ( 80 %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × 486 m3 × 2 use × 2.8 N× 0.0604 KJ/L = 163 300
o o
Product: Type Beef 10 ent@ C Lvg. @ -30 C
Cool : 3600
Kg/hr/ 0.5 Pulldown × 0.5 LN × 11 TD 3.23 cp above ×24 = 383 700
product 8
freeze : 3600
Kg/hr/ 0.5 Pulldown × 0.5 LN × 230 kJ/kg heat of fusion ×24 = 2 484 000
product 8
Cool frozen 3600
product
Kg/hr/ 0.5 Pulldown × 0.5 LN × 29 TD 1.6 cp above ×24 = 526 200
8
Respiration: …-… Kg ×…- kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day = - - -
Occupancy: …-… People ×- kJ/person/Day kJ/Day = - - -
Lights: 1200 × 1 Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day = 103 700
Motors: 12.5 Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day = 937 500
Miscellaneous: - kJ/Day = - -
Equipment selection: Total Dailey Load (kJ/Day) = 5 026 100
(Voltage : (220 / 3 /60) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) Runtime = 280 000
÷ (5% - 10%) Safety Factor = 28 000
Grand Total kJ/hr Required = 308 000
Grand Total kW Required (peak) = 85.6
Peak Refrigeration Capacity (TR) = 25
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
  35 °C (db) , RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  8  900 kg ‫א‬ J
  8 hr ‫א‬  J
  2 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  − 1°C ‫א‬‫א‬  J
  8 hr ‫א‬  J
  9 m × 6 m × 3.5 m ‫א‬ J
  150 mm   ‫א‬ J
  75 mm polyurethane  ‫א‬ J
  100 mm  styro  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  600W ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
  18 hr / day W‫א‬  J
  10 % W‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form

Customer :……………………………………………….
City, State :………………………………………………
Job name : …………………………………………….
City, State : ……………………………………………
o
Room Temperature (R.H.) -1 C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
Ambient Temperature 35 oC.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
Estimator ……………………………………………..
Insulation:
Thickness Insulation Temp. Diff surface area U Conversion
mm Type K m2 W/m2K Factor
Ceiling: 75 Urethane 44 × 54 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 62 200
Floor: 150 Concrete 14 × 54 × 1.2 × 86.4 = 78 400
Wall #1: 100 Styro 28 × 31.5 × 0.342 × 86.4 = 26 000
Wall #2: 100 Styro 36 × 31.5 × 0.342 × 86.4 = 33 500
Wall #3: 100 Styro 36 × 21 × 0.342 × 86.4 = 22 400
Wall #4: 100 Styro 36 × 21 × 0.342 × 86.4 = 22 400
o
Infiltrating Air: 35 C.DB ( 50 %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × 189 m3 × 1 use × 4.69 N× 0.082 KJ/L = 73 000
o o
Product: Type Beef ent@ 2 C Lvg. @ -1 C
Cool : 900
Kg/hr/ 8 Pulldown × 8 LN × 3 TD 3.4 cp above ×24 = 27 500
product 8
freeze :
- Kg/hr/ - Pulldown × - LN × - kJ/kg heat of fusion ×24 = - - -
product
Cool frozen
product
- Kg/hr/ - Pulldown × - LN × - TD - cp above ×24 = - - -
Respiration: - Kg × - kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day = - - -
Occupancy: - People × - kJ/person/Day kJ/Day = - - -
Lights: 600 × 1 Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day = 51 800
Motors: - Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day = - -
Miscellaneous: - kJ/Day = - -
Equipment selection: Total Dailey Load (kJ/Day) = 400 000
(Voltage : (220 / 3 /60 ) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) Runtime = 22 200
÷ (5% - 10%) Safety Factor = 2 200
Grand Total kJ/hr Required = 24 400
Grand Total kW Required (peak) = 6.8
Peak Refrigeration Capacity (TR) = 2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٤F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  30°C (db) , RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (300000 kg Apple) ‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬ 100000 kg F 3 ‫א‬ J
  21°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  − 1°C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  2 ‫א‬ J
  15 m × 15 m × 4.5 m ‫א‬ J
  75 mm  polyurethane   ‫א‬ J
  75 mm  polyurethane   ‫א‬
  75 mm  polyurethane   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  2400W ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
  2  W‫א‬ J
  3 HP ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  37000 kJ / day ‫א‬ 2  J   J
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form

Customer :……………………………………………….
City, State :………………………………………………
Job name : …………………………………………….
City, State : ……………………………………………
o
Room Temperature (R.H.) -1 C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
Ambient Temperature 30 oC.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
Estimator ……………………………………………..
Insulation:
Thickness Insulation Temp. Diff surface area U Conversion
mm Type K m2 W/m2K Factor
Ceiling: 75 Urethane 31 × 225 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 182 000
Floor: 75 Urethane 14 × 225 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 82 200
Wall #1: 75 Urethane 31 × 67.5 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 54 600
Wall #2: 75 Urethane 31 × 67.5 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 54 600
Wall #3: 75 Urethane 31 × 67.5 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 54 600
Wall #4: 75 Urethane 31 × 67.5 × 0.302 × 86.4 = 54 600
o
Infiltrating Air: 30 C.DB ( 50 %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × 1012.5 m3 × 2 use × 2.1 N× 0.065 KJ/L = 276 000
o o
Product: Type Apple ent@ 21 C Lvg. @ -1 C
Cool : 300000
Kg/hr/ 48 Pulldown × 48 LN × 22 TD 3.65 cp above ×24 = 8 000 000
product 72
freeze :
- Kg/hr/ - Pulldown × - LN × - kJ/kg heat of fusion ×24 = - - -
product
Cool
- Kg/hr/ - Pulldown × - LN × - TD - cp above ×24 = - - -
frozen
Respiration: 300000 Kg × (4.537) kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day = 1 400 000
Occupancy: 2 People × 25000 kJ/person/Day kJ/Day = 50 000
Lights: 2400 × 1 Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day = 207 000
Motors: 3 Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day = 225 000
Miscellaneous: 2 × 37000/8 × 8 kJ/Day = 74 000
Equipment selection: Total Dailey Load (kJ/Day) = 10 774 400
(Voltage : (380 / 3 /60) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) Runtime = 598 500
÷ (5% - 10%) Safety Factor = 60 000
Grand Total kJ/hr Required = 658 500
Grand Total kW Required (peak) = 183
Peak Refrigeration Capacity (TR) = 52
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W Summary
 K‫א‬ 24 hr ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
K (kW ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F − 2 °C ← 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E 24hr
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ Runtime (hr)‫א‬

  > 0 °C ‫א‬‫א‬
  22 → 24 hr

Air Defrost(off cycle)

< 0 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ 16 hr

  20 hr
    18 hr
Forced Defrost(Elect or Hot gas )
  16 hr

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٣F

‫א‬10% ← 5% ‫א‬ ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
  40 °C (db) , RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (24000 kg / day)  3 days ‫א‬ J
  15 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  − 20 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  2 hr ‫א‬  J
  R.H . = 60 % ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  40 m × 30 m × 4 m ‫א‬ J
  100 mm  polystyrene  ‫א‬ J
  150 mm polystyrene  ‫א‬ J
  100 mm  polystyrene  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  8 hr / day  60W ‫א‬ 52 W‫א‬ J
  8 hr / day  2  W‫א‬ J
  8 hr / day  10 kW ‫א‬ 1  W‫א‬ J
 500W ،‫א‬‫א‬  J
  18 hr / day W‫א‬  J
  10 % W‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬
  40 °C (db) , RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  8  2400 kg ‫א‬ J
  8 hr ‫א‬ J
  10 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  0 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  1 hr ‫א‬ J
  8 m × 6 m × 3.5 m ‫א‬ J
  150 mm concrete  ‫א‬ J
  100 mm  polyurethane  ‫א‬ J
  50 mm  polyurethane  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  250W ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  W‫א‬ J
  80W ‫א‬ J  W J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  35°C (db) , RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (400000 kg potato)  40 kg  10000 ‫א‬

 E‫א‬ 200000 kg F‫א‬ J

  25 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  8 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  3 ‫א‬ J
  30 m × 20 m × 3.5 m ‫א‬  J
  150 mm concrete‫א‬  ‫א‬ J
  2 .5 m
2
K
‫א‬  ‫א‬ J
W

  2 .5 m
2
K
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W
  500W  6 W‫א‬ J
  4  W‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬F 5 HP ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  3000W ‫א‬ 4  J  W J
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Industrial Refrigeration
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ice manufacturingW‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kopacity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Kvapor compression cycle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣‫א‬E٢‫א‬L‫א‬E١W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ecubes   ‫א‬flakes ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
   ‫א‬Ftubular 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kblock ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Flake Ice MakerW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬
‫א‬spiral auger  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1-3mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kbatches‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬relay
K450 psig ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4 psig ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺰول‬

‫اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ‬

‫ﻏﻄﺎء ﻟﻴﻒ زﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮ دوار‬

‫اﻟﻌﺎزل‬

‫اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻄﺔ‬ ‫واق ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺎء‬

‫ﻣﺒﺮد ﻣﺘﻘﺪم ﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﺧﺰان اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 block Ice Maker‫א‬‫א‬


 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬R-22‫א‬
E٢ J٤F‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﺧﺰان ﻣﻞء‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F

 tubular Ice Maker‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣_٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K13mm ‫א‬5mm‫א‬15‫א‬8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬timer

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.1 MPa‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KR-22R-12 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9000 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬17500 kg‫א‬21 oC‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬37200 kg‫א‬K126 kW265kPa
 K282 kW144 kPa‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻮزﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ وﺳﻴﻂ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﺎز ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫ﻟﺤﺼﺎد اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬

‫ﻣﺎء ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺰان‬
‫واﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬

‫ﻧﺰف‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F

 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬bleed-off 
‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣ J٤F
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ice Cream manufacturingW‫א‬E٢F

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٤F ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE J٤ J٤FE J٤
blending and mixing of ice cream ingredients‫א‬ K١
Pasteurization ‫ א‬K٢
Homogenization‫א‬ K٣
Cooling‫א‬ K٤
Ageing ‫ א‬K٥
Freezing‫א‬ K٦
Filling & Packaging‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
Hardening‫א‬ K٨
 Storage & Distribution‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 MixingW‫א‬
Eice cream mix‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬KSteam-jacketed  ‫א‬K
 KE٥ J٤F،‫א‬
 Pasteurization‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬heat treatment‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K65.5 oC‫א‬ •
K71.1 oC‫א‬ •
K79.5 oC‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ٢٥٤‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬‬
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ دﻓﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺒﺮ ﻳ ﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺰج وﺧﻠﻂ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺘﺮة وﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ وﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫هﻮاء داﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻓﻌﺎت‪ -‬ﺧﻔﻖ‬

‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ وﻟﻮن‬

‫ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪E J٤ J٤F‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺰان اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﺰان اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺎرد‬
‫ﺳﺨﺎن ﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد راﺟﻊ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ اﻳﺴﻜﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد‬

‫ﻣﺎء ﺳﺎﺧﻦ راﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﺎء ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎدل اﻟﺤﺮاري‬ ‫ﺧﺰان اﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺒﺴﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E J٤ J٤F
 
 Homogenization‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Cooling ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K7.2 oC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ageing ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ KEvat
 F‫א‬
‫א‬(0 oC - 4 oC)‫א‬7.2 oC‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K72 hrs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Freezing ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
horizontal or vertical batch freezers ‫א‬ •
continueous freezers ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٦ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Filling and Packaging ‫א‬‫א‬
- 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K- 7 oC‫א‬oC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  Hardening‫א‬
،- 40 oC-30oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -25 oC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٧ J٤ ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Storage & Distribution‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -25 oC -20 oC ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬18 12
 K-30oC-25 oC‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٤F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٦ J٤F
 
 
‫هﻮاء ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﺎرد ﺟﺪا‬

‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺰم واﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫رف ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻘﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬

 
 ‫א‬E٧ J٤F

 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Gas liquefaction industry W‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cryogenicsE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 − 100 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(-273 oC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﻣﺪى اﻟﺪرﺟﺎت ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻬﺮﻳﺮ‬٨-٤ ) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬ ‫א‬ •

‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬ • ‫א‬ •

‫• א‬ ‫א‬ •

‫א‬ • ‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F
 
 
 ‫א‬linde
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1744 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Karl von Linde‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩ J٤F

 EF   E F
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EFE٩٤F‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  200 bar ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
E 6 ← 5 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬E١٠ J٤، 7 ‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Fractional distillation )
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
% K
Oxygen 20.95 90.11 O2
Argon 0.93 87.22 Ar
Nitrogen 78.08 77.21 N2
‫( درﺟﺎت اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎن ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء‬٢ -٤) ‫ﺟﺪول‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 

 General process description ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
cryogenic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬E١٠٤F‫א‬
 air separation flow diagram

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬
Steps in cryogenic Air Liquefaction ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE 6 bar F‫א‬‫א‬
ambient ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ktemperature
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫ א‬‫א‬reversing heat exchangers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. molecular sieve units‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ molecular sieve units‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬adsorption
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
،E − 185 °C ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
centrifugal expander ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K − 190 °C ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 REFERENCES‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 J‫א‬E‫א‬F١٩٨٣،K .١

 ‫א‬،‫א‬
Roy J.Dossat,1997"Principles of Refrigeration",4th Edition, .٢
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And Air .٣
Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern Refrigeration And .٤
Air Conditioning" The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
BOHN Heat Transfer Division "Application Manual" .٥
ASHRAE Handbook, 1990 "Refrigeration Systems & .٦
Applications"
Yunus, A.Cengel, 1998 Heat Transfer – A Practical Approach, .٧
"McGrawhill"
C.P.Arora, 2001-Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, International .٨
Edition, "McGrawhill"
Personal Internet Connections .٩
Industrial Refrigeration Handbook,W. F. Stoecker, 1998 .١٠

 
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Glossary
A
Accumulators 
Air ‫א‬
Air blast belt freezers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air blast freezing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air blast room ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Auger  
Aluminuim foil ‫א‬
Alumina E‫א‬F‫א‬
Ambient temperature ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ASHRAE handbook ‫א‬‫א‬
Attic ‫א‬‫א‬
B
Balance point ‫א‬‫א‬
Barrier 
Batch 
Batch freezing ‫א‬
Belly-mount 
Below 
Blanching 
Blanket 
Block 
Block Ice  ‫א‬
Board 
Bohn 
Brine 
Browning ‫א‬
Building 
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

C
Calcuim silicate ‫א‬
Canning 
Carcas 
Carrier 
Ceiling 
Ceiling insulation ‫א‬
Cellular glass 
Cement 
Ceramic ‫א‬
Characteristics 
Chilling injury ‫א‬
Circulation 
City 
Classical refrigeration systems 
Classification 
Closed 
Cold plates ‫א‬
Cold storage 
Combined effect 
Consideration ‫א‬
Construction 
Contact freezing 
Containers 
Continuos ‫א‬
Conversion factor 
Cool frozen 
Cool product 
Corridors ‫א‬
Cost 
Cranes ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Criteria 
Cryogenic freezers ‫א‬‫א‬
Customer 
D
Daily load ‫א‬‫א‬
Dark 
Day 
Deep 
Deep freezing 
Defrost ‫א‬
Dehydration ‫א‬‫א‬
Desiccation 
Design 
Determination 
Distillation  
Dew point ‫א‬
Docks 
Double 
Double glass 
Drive 
Dry ice 
Drying 
E
Edible 
Energy index 
Epoxy adhesive 
Equilibrium ‫א‬
Estimator ‫א‬
Euipment selection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eutectic solution ‫א‬‫א‬
Excellent 
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Expanded 
Extension ‫א‬‫א‬
F
Fabrics gains ‫א‬
Facilities 
Fiber 
Flakes  ‫א‬
Floor insulation ‫א‬
Fluidized bed freezers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Foam 
Foam insulation materials ‫א‬
Forced defrost ‫א‬‫א‬
Form 
Free convection 
Freeze product ‫א‬
Freeze-drying 
Freezer  
Freezing 

Freezing methods 

Freezing operating temperatures ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Frozen cold storage ‫א‬‫א‬
Frozen-product 
Future 
G
Glass 
Glass mineral fiber 
Glycol ‫א‬
Grand total 
H
Hanger EF
Heat of freezing ‫א‬‫א‬
Heat of fusion ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Hot gas 

I
Ice 
Ingredients  
Immersion freezing 
Infiltrating air ‫א‬‫א‬
Infiltration load ‫א‬‫א‬
Initial cost ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Insulation 
Introduction 
J
Job 
K
Knee wall areas ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L
Light 
Lights ‫א‬
Liquefaction  
Lime ‫א‬
Long-term cold storage ‫א‬
Low 
M
Manufacturing  
Masonry buildings  
Mat 
Material 
Medium 
Method 
Mineral 
Miscellaneous 
Mix  
Moisture ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Motors 
N
Name ‫א‬
Nose-mount 
O
Occupancy 
Off-cycle 
Oil-base paints ‫א‬
Opacity  
Operating cost ‫א‬
P
Packing & handling ‫א‬‫א‬
Panels ‫א‬
Paper 
Peak refrigeration capacity ‫א‬‫א‬
People 
Perishable foods 
Perlite 
Person 
Phenotherm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pickling 
Planning 
Plastic 
Polyethylene ‫א‬
Polystyrene ‫א‬
Polyurethane 
Post-storage requirements ‫א‬
Precaution ‫א‬
Pre-cooling 
Preservatiopn of foodstuffs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pre-storage requirements ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Primary 
Product load ‫א‬
Product type ‫א‬
Pulldown-time ‫א‬
Pulp 
Q
Quick freezing 
R
Rack 
Radiation 
Railways 
Rate of product entry ‫א‬
Receiving ‫א‬
Refractory 
Refrigerant 
Refrigeration & freezing ‫א‬‫א‬
Relative humidity & air motion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Resistance 
Respiration ‫א‬
Rigid 
Ring pitting  ‫א‬
Rock 
Room temerature ‫א‬‫א‬
Rooms 
Running cost ‫א‬
Run-time ‫א‬
S
Safety  
Safety factor ‫א‬
Salting 
Sawdust 
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Shipping 
Ships 
Short-term cold storage ‫א‬
Side 
Silica ‫א‬
Single 
Single glass 
Size 
Slow freezing 
Smooth 
Soil 
Spiral  
State 
Storage conditions ‫א‬‫א‬
Storage requirements ‫א‬
Store 
Styrofoam ‫א‬
Sub-zero ‫א‬
Summary 
Surge drum 
Survey 
System balance ‫א‬‫א‬
T
Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬
Thermal ‫א‬
Thermal conductivity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Thickness 
Timber 
Trade 
Trade name ‫א‬
Trane 
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Transport refrigeration ‫א‬

Triple glass 
Trucks 
Trusses 
Tunnel freezers 
Tunnels 
Two-stage compression ‫א‬
V
Vapor 
Vapor barrier paints ‫א‬‫א‬
Vapor barriers ‫א‬‫א‬
Voltage 
W
Walls insulation ‫א‬‫א‬
Warming 
Wood 
Y
York 

 
 
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Nomenclature‫א‬
 
mass kg m  ‫א‬
Air mass flow rateِ kg / s m& a  ‫א‬‫א‬
Cold storage capacity kg total m  ‫א‬
Fabrics gains kJ / day Qw  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Area m2 A  ‫א‬
Inside temperature °C Ti  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Outside temperature °C To  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Overall heat transfer W
U  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
coefficient m2 K
Infilteration load kJ / day Qinf il  ‫א‬
Enthalpy of inside air kJ / kg hi  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Enthalpy of outside air kJ / kg ho  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Enthalpy content of air kJ / kg ∆h ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cold storage volume m3 V  ‫א‬
Air change per day - N   24 ‫א‬‫א‬
Least number - LN  ‫א‬‫א‬
Specific heat above kJ / kg K C pabove  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
freezing
Specific heat below kJ / kg K C pbelow ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
freezing
Ton of Refrigeration TR TR  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
.................................................................................................................................................................. 
.................................................................................................................................................................. 
١ ..................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١ .............................................................................................................................................................. 
٣ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬-١
٣ ......................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬-٢
٣ ......................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬-٣
٣ .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣ ..................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J١
٤ ....................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J٢
٤ ............................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
٦ ....................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٧ ......................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٧ ......................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧ ............................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧ .................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٧ .............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
٨ .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨ ................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
٩ ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J١
٩ ............................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
٩ .............................................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
٩ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J٤
١٢ ................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢ ........................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤ ....................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤ ............................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬
١٦ .................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٧ .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١ .................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
٢٢ ...............................................................................................................................  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣ ........................................................................................................................................................... 
٢٤ ........................................................................................................................................................... 
٢٥ ................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥ ............................................................................................................................................................ 
٢٧ ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧ ...................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٢٧ ...................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٩ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٢٩ ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
٣٠ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
٣١ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬ J٢
٣٢ .................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
٣٣ ....................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
٣٥ ........................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
٣٦ ............................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J٦
٣٦ ........................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
٣٦ ......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
٣٧ .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
٣٧ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
٣٨ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٨ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٣٨ ................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠ .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠ .............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤١ ........................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ ................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤ ..................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥ ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤٨ ................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩ ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٥١ ...................................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٣ .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٥ .................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٥ ................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥٧ .................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
٥٧ ..................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J
٦١ .............................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬ J
٦٢ ..................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J
٦٣ .......................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J
٦٣ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J
٦٥ ........................................................................................................................................................... 
٦٦ ........................................................................................................................................................... 
٦٨ ...................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٨ ............................................................................................................................................................ 
٧٠ .......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
٧٣ ............................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J٢
٧٦ ............................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬ J٢
٨٤ .............................................................................................................................................  J٤
٨٨ .......................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٣......................................................................................................................................................... 
١٠٤......................................................................................................................................................... 
١٠٧......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٧.......................................................................................................................................................... 
١٠٨.............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬ J١
١١٤........................................................................................................................................‫א‬ J٢
١١٩.................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
١٢٦......................................................................................................................................................... 
١٢٧....................................................................................................................................... References‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٨....................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٣٥............................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬
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