Al-Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Experiment #1
Fuel Consumption

Supervised by: Eng. Mohammad Abu-Alghanam

Student name: Hamza Khalid Abu-Alsailat
Student number: 31915125002
 ➢ Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:
1. Determine the fuel mass flow rate.
2. Explain the factors affecting fuel consumption.
3. Study the variation of fuel mass flow rate as a function of engine speed.

ṁ𝒇
𝑺𝑭𝑪 =
𝑷𝒃

Where:
SFC: specific fuel consumption (kg/sec. kW).
ṁf: mass fuel flow rate, (kg/sec).
Pb: power brake.

ṁ𝒇 = 𝑽𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 ∗ 𝝆𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍

Where:
Vfuel: volume of fuel flow rate (m3/sec).
ρfuel: fuel density (kg/m3) (740 kg/m3).

Fuel Flow Fuel Flow

Pb ṁf ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 SFC ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
# RPM Rate Rate ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
(KW) (kg/sec) (kg/sec. kW)
(ml/min) (m3/sec)
1 3199 5.4 76 1.67 1.236 0.2289
2 3001 5.98 71 1.18 0.873 0.1459
3 2800 6.3 66 1.1 0.814 0.1292
4 2602 6.85 62 1.03 0.762 0.1112
5 2400 7.35 57 0.95 0.703 0.0956
6 2202 7.83 52 0.87 0.644 0.0822
7 2001 8.08 47 0.78 0.562 0.0696

➢ Sample of Calculation:

At 2800 RPM:

𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟑
Vfuel (m3/sec) = Vfuel (ml/min) * = 𝟔𝟔 ∗ = 𝟏. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ( ).
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝒌𝒈
ṁ𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟕𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ( ).
𝐬𝐞𝐜

𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝑭𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ( ).
𝟔. 𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄. 𝒌𝑾
 Al-Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Experiment #2
Air Consumption

Supervised by: Eng. Mohammad Abu-Alghanam

Student name: Hamza Khalid Abu-Alsailat
Student number: 31915125002
 ➢ Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:
1. Calculate the air mass flow ratio.
2. Explain the engine induction stroke.
3. Discus the factors affecting on the air mass flow rate.
4. Study the variation of air mass flow rate as a function of engine speed.

ṁ𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑺𝑨𝑪 =
𝑷𝒃
Where:
SAC: specific air consumption (kg/sec. kW).
ṁair: mass flow of consumption air (kg/sec).
Pb: power brake (kW).
ṁ𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 ∗ 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓
Where:
Vair: volume flow of consumption air (m3/sec).
ρair: air density (kg/m3) (1.2 kg/m3).

Pb Air Flow Rate ṁair *10-3 SAC * 10-3

# RPM
(kW) (m3/sec) (kg/sec) (kg/sec. kW)
1 3199 5.4 0.004 4.8 0.889
2 3001 5.98 0.004 4.8 0.803
3 2800 6.3 0.004 4.8 0.762
4 2602 6.85 0.004 4.8 0.701
5 2400 7.35 0.004 4.8 0.653
6 2202 7.83 0.005 6 0.766
7 2001 8.08 0.005 6 0.743

➢ Sample of Calculation:
At 2400 RBM:
𝒌𝒈
ṁ𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ( ).
𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝟒. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝑨𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ( ).
𝟕. 𝟑𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄. 𝒌𝑾
 Al-Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Experiment #3
Air Fuel Ratio

Supervised by: Eng. Mohammad Abu-Alghanam

Student name: Hamza Khalid Abu-Alsailat
Student number: 31915125002
 ➢ Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:
1. Calculate the fuel mass flow rate and air mass flow rate for a given IC engine at
different engine speeds.
2. Calculate the air fuel ratio by using theoretical and experimental methods.
3. Study the variation of AFR as a function of the engine speed.
4. Calculate the equivalence ratio.

Fuel Flow Fuel Flow Air Flow

ṁf *10-3 ṁa *10-3 (A/F)
# RPM Rate Rate *10-6 Rate λ
(kg/sec) (kg/sec) Ratio
(ml/min) (m3/sec) (m3/sec)

1 3199 76 1.67 0.004 1.236 4.8 3.88 0.26

2 3001 71 1.18 0.004 0.873 4.8 5.5 0.37

3 2800 66 1.1 0.004 0.814 4.8 5.9 0.4

4 2602 62 1.03 0.004 0.762 4.8 6.3 0.43

5 2400 57 0.95 0.004 0.703 4.8 6.83 0.46

6 2202 52 0.87 0.005 0.644 6 7.45 0.51

7 2001 47 0.78 0.005 0.562 6 8.54 0.58

 ➢ Sample of Calculation:
✓ ρf = 740 (kg/m3).
✓ ρa = 1.2 (kg/m3).
✓ Stoichiometric (A/F) ratio is 14.7:1.

At 3001 RPM:
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝒍 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒇 (𝒔𝒆𝒄) = 𝑽𝒇 (𝒎𝒊𝒏) ∗ = 𝟕𝟏 ∗ = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝒔𝒆𝒄).
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

𝒌𝒈
ṁ𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟕𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ( ).
𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒌𝒈
ṁ𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ( ).
𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑨 ṁ𝒂 𝟒. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
( )= = = 𝟓. 𝟓
𝑭 ṁ𝒇 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑨
(𝑭) 𝟓. 𝟓
𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝝀= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕
𝑨 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕
(𝑭)
𝒔𝒕
 Al-Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Experiment #4
Volumetric Efficiency

Supervised by: Eng. Mohammad Abu-Alghanam

Student name: Hamza Khalid Abu-Alsailat
Student number: 31915125002
 ➢ Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:
1. Conduct an experiment on engine volumetric efficiency.
2. Calculate the air mass and volume flow rates.
3. Calculate volumetric efficiency.
4. Describe the factors that affect the volumetric efficiency.
5. Study the variation of volumetric efficiency as a function of the engine speed.

Air Volume
Mass Flow
# RPM Flow Rate ηv
Rate (Kg/sec)
(m3/sec)
1 3199 0.004 0.0048 15%
2 3001 0.004 0.0048 15.99%
3 2800 0.004 0.0048 17.14%
4 2602 0.004 0.0048 18.45%
5 2400 0.004 0.0048 20%
6 2202 0.005 0.006 27.25%
7 2001 0.005 0.006 30%

➢ Sample of Calculation:
At 2800 RPM:

ṁ𝒂𝒊𝒓 ∗ 𝒏𝒓
𝜼𝒗 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑵 ∗ 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 ∗ 𝒗𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟖 ∗ 𝟐
𝜼𝒗 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟒%
𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎
( 𝟔𝟎 ) ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
Where;
nr is the number of crank revolutions for each power stroke per cylinder for four-stroke cycles,
nr=2.
Vs is the engine swept volume = 0.001 m3.
 Al-Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Experiment #5
Engine Performance

Supervised by: Eng. Mohammad Abu-Alghanam

Student name: Hamza Khalid Abu-Alsailat
Student number: 31915125002
➢ Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:
1. To conduct the engine performance experiment on the given IC
engine at different engine speeds.
2. To calculate engine performance parameters (brake torque, brake
power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal
efficiency).
3. To describe the effect of operation factors on the engine
performance parameters.
4. To plot and discus the engine performance parameters against the
engine speed.

➢ Theoretical Background
The practical engine performance parameters of interest are power,
torque, and specific fuel consumption. Power and torque depend on an
engine's displaced volume.
Engine torque is normally measured with a dynamometer (Figure). The
engine is clamped on a test bed and the shaft is connected to the
dynamometer rotor. The rotor is coupled electromagnetically, hydraulically,
or by mechanical friction to a stator, which is supported in low friction
bearings. The stator is balanced with the rotor stationary. The torque
exerted on the stator with the rotor turning is measured by balancing the
stator with weights, springs, or pneumatic means.
 Break Power ṁf * 10-3
# RPM ηth
(kW) (kg/sec)
1 3199 5.4 1.236 9.93%
2 3001 5.98 0.873 15.57%
3 2800 6.3 0.814 17.59%
4 2602 6.85 0.762 20.43%
5 2400 7.35 0.703 23.76%
6 2202 7.83 0.644 27.63%
7 2001 8.08 0.562 32.68%

✓ The Lower Heating Value QLHV = 44000 kj/kg.

➢ Sample of Calculation:
At 2800 RPM:
𝑩. 𝑷 𝟔. 𝟑
𝜼𝒕𝒉 = = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟗%.
ṁ𝒇 ∗ 𝑸𝑳𝑯𝑽 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
 Al-Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines Lab

Experiment #6
Engine Heat Balance

Supervised by: Eng. Mohammad Abu-Alghanam

Student name: Hamza Khalid Abu-Alsailat
Student number: 31915125002
 ➢ Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:
1. Conduct the engine heat energy balance experiment on the given IC
engine at different engine speeds.
2. Calculate all types of heat energy balance.
3. Describe the distribution of heat energy based on the obtained
experimental data.
4. Draw up a thermal energy distribution graph (heat balance sheet) for
the CI engine.
➢ Theoretical Background:
Engine heat balance examines the heat transfer that occurs within an
internal combustion engine, this being extremely important for proper
operation. About 35% per cent of the total chemical energy that enters an
engine in the fuel is converted to useful crankshaft work, and about 30% of
the fuel energy is carried away from the engine in the exhaust flow in the
form of enthalpy and chemical energy. This leaves about one-third of the
total energy that must be dissipated to the surroundings by some mode of
heat transfer.
Vc ṁc
-3 -3 Qin Qexh Qc Qun
BP ṁf *10 ṁa *10 Texh Tair Tin Tout *10 *10-3 -6
# RPM (kj/ (kj/ (kj/ (kj/
(Kw) (kg/sec) (kg/sec) (c) (c) (c) (c) (m3/ (kg/
sec) sec) sec) sec)
sec) sec)

1 3199 5.4 1.236 4.8 619.1 29.2 32.1 60.3 65 64.81 53.3 3.85 1.27 42.78

2 3001 5.98 0.873 4.8 624.5 30.5 32.5 60.4 36.67 36.56 37.64 3.64 4.26 23.76

3 2800 6.3 0.814 4.8 628.4 29.9 33.1 60.4 33.33 33.23 35.1 3.63 3.79 21.38

4 2602 6.85 0.762 4.8 627 30.5 34 60.6 50 49.85 32.86 3.58 5.54 16.89

5 2400 7.35 0.703 4.8 624 30.1 35.2 60.8 35 34.9 30.31 3.53 3.73 15.7

6 2202 7.83 0.644 6 622.6 30.2 36.3 61.5 50 49.85 27.77 4.25 5.25 10.44

7 2001 8.08 0.562 6 617.2 31.7 37.4 62.6 73.33 73.11 24.23 4.15 7.7 4.3
ṁ𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 ∗ 𝜌𝑐

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ṁ𝑓 ∗ 𝑄𝐿𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝜂𝑐

𝑄𝑒𝑥ℎ = (ṁ𝑎 + ṁ𝑓 ) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑔 ∗ (𝑇𝑒𝑥ℎ − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )

𝑄𝑐 = ṁ𝑐 ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ∗ (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

𝑄𝑢𝑛 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − (𝐵𝑃 + 𝑄𝑒𝑥ℎ + 𝑄𝑐 )

Where:

ṁ𝑐 : Cooling water mass flow rate, (kg/sec).

𝑉𝑐 : Cooling water volume flow rate, (m3/sec).
𝜌𝑐 : Cooling water density, (997, kg/m3).
𝑄𝑖𝑛 : Heat energy available from the fuel brunt, (kj/sec).
ṁ𝑓 : Fuel mass flow rate, (kg/sec).
𝑄𝐿𝐻𝑉 : Lower heating value of the fuel, (44000, kJ/kg for gasoline fuel).
𝜂𝑐 : Combustion efficiency, (0.98).
𝑄𝑒𝑥ℎ : Heat carried away by exhaust gas, (kJ/sec).
ṁ𝑎 : Air mass flow rate, (kg/sec).
ṁ𝑓 : Fuel mass flow rate, (kg/sec).
𝐶𝑝𝑔 : Specific heat of exhaust gases at constant pressure, (1.08, kJ/kg.°C).
𝑇𝑒𝑥ℎ : Gas temperature at engine exhaust (°C).
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 : Air temperature at engine inlet (°C).
𝑄𝑐 : Heat carried away by cooling water, (kJ/sec).
𝐶𝑝𝑐 : Water specific heat, (4.18, kJ/kg.K).
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 : Outlet cooling water temperature from engine (°C).
𝑇𝑖𝑛 : input cooling water temperature to engine (°C).
𝐵𝑃: Heat energy equivalent to output brake power, (kJ/sec).
𝑄𝑢𝑛 : Unaccounted heat losses, (kJ/sec).
 ➢ Sample of Calculation:
At 2800 RPM:
𝑚3 𝐿 10−3 10−3
𝑉𝑐 ( ) = 𝑉𝑐 ( )∗ =2∗ = 33.33 ∗ 10−6 .
𝑠𝑒𝑐 min 60 60

𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 ∗ 𝜌𝑐 = 33.33 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 997 = 33.23 ∗ 10−3 ( ).
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑘𝑗
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ṁ𝑓 ∗ 𝑄𝐿𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝜂𝑐 = 0.814 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 44000 ∗ 0.98 = 35.1 ( ).
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄𝑒𝑥ℎ = (ṁ𝑎 + ṁ𝑓 ) ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑔 ∗ (𝑇𝑒𝑥ℎ − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )

= (4.8 ∗ 10−3 + 0.814 ∗ 10−3 ) ∗ 1.08 ∗ (628.4 − 29.9)
𝑘𝑗
= 3.63 ( ).
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄𝑐 = ṁ𝑐 ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ∗ (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

= 33.23 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 4.18 ∗ ((60.4 + 273) − (33.1 + 273))
𝑘𝑗
= 3.79 ( ).
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑘𝑗
𝑄𝑢𝑛 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − (𝐵𝑃 + 𝑄𝑒𝑥ℎ + 𝑄𝑐 ) = 35.1 − (6.3 + 3.63 + 3.79) = 21.38 ( ).
𝑠𝑒𝑐