

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStrains & stressesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷداء اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
٨W‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ƒ
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ J٧
 W J١ J١ J٧
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Egeometric propertiesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EsteelF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬  J٢
،‫א‬EbendingF‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،Ecross-section´s AreaF‫א‬  J
،ECentroidF‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emoment of InertiaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
،EProduct of InertiaF‫א‬‫א‬  J
KEradius of gyrationF‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 WEmoment of InertiaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢ J١ J٧

 EaxisF    E F ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KEE١ J٧F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ dA‫א‬
‫א‬K(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K I 
y (A)  
dA  
 
y
 
 
x
 
x
 
( ١ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 W١ J٧
W‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ky-y‫א‬x-x‫א‬
y
 
 
x C x h
 
 
y  
b  
( ٢ - ٧ ) ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ‬  

- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 Wx-x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
bh 3
  Ix =
12
 Wy-y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hb3
 Iy =
12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kmm4 cm4m4W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 WEProduct of InertiaF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ J١ J٧

 xEF dA‫א‬، dIxy ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KIxy
 

 W٢ J٧
 WE٣ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y´  
y
 
 
C x  
h
 
x´  
 
b
 
( ٣ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ‬  

- ١٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 Wyx‫א‬‫א‬E
I xy = 0
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W
K‫א‬
 Wy´ x´ ‫א‬E
b 2h 2
  I x'y' =
4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kmm4 cm4m4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kyx‫א‬‫א‬

 WEradius of gyrationF‫א‬ J٣ J١ J٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E rF‫א‬
  K‫א‬   A  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬
I
I = Ar ⇒ r =2

A
Ix
rx =
  A
Iy
ry =
A
 Kx ‫א‬Wrx
 Ky‫א‬Wry

- ١٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

K m ، cm،mm،‫א‬‫א‬
KEbuckling of columnsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W٣ J٧
 WE٣ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
WIx = bh3/12

bh 3
2
Ix 12 = h = h = h 3
rx = =
  A bh 12 2 3 6

 
 Wy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 WIy = hb3/12

hb 3
Iy 2
12 = b = b = b 3
  ry = A
=
bh 12 2 3 6

WEstrain and stressF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢–٧

EstressesF‫א‬E،،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬ EstrainsF ‫א‬
    ،‫א‬    E F   ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬–١ J٢ J٧
  ،  ‫א‬   ،      EbarF   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   F      ‫א‬ ، KE٤ – ٧F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KEaxial strainF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
N

L dL

dL
L  
( ٤ – ٧) ‫ﺷــــﻜــﻞ‬
 WEFε‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
dL
 ε = E٤L٧F
L
 ،‫א‬‫א‬WL
KN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WdL

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٤–٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2mm‫א‬‫א‬2m
 K

 W‫א‬
L = 2m = 2000 mm  W‫א‬‫א‬
dL = 2 mmW‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
ε= dL/L = 2/2000 = 1/1000   W‫א‬‫א‬
ε = 0.1%
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢–٢ J٧
    ، A  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E J٥ J٧F ‫א‬
 Ks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬N ‫א‬
 

s
N N
(‫)أ‬

N N
(‫)ب‬

σ  
N (‫)ج‬  
 
( ٥ -٧ ) ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ‬  
،K،‫א‬
 KE J٥ J٧F‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،σ،‫א‬‫א‬N
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Wσ‫א‬‫א‬KE J٥ J٧F
 
N
 σ = + E ٢L٧F
A

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WN
 
 ،‫א‬WA
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،E J٥ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬E ٢L٧F‫א‬
 
N
σ = − E ٣L٧F
A
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K Pa‫א‬EPascalF‫א‬  N/m2W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
kPa = 103 PaW‫א‬
MPa = 106 PaW‫א‬
GPa = 109 PaW‫א‬
1 MPa = 1 N/mm2W

E٣L٧FE٢L٧F‫א‬E JH F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ١

 KW‫א‬
- ١٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
bearing FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE٢L٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEstress
 KE٦–٧F‫א‬
P  
 

Af

Ac

( ٦ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ‬
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P
 σ = −
Ac
KAc‫א‬P

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(P + W )
σ =−
Af
K‫א‬Af ،‫א‬W
 

- ١٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٥–٧
 ،20cm×40cm‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K80 kN
 

 W‫א‬
A = 20×40  = 800 cm2W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

80
 σ = = 0.1kN / cm 2 = 100 N / cm 2 = 1N / mm 2 = 1MPa
800
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣–٢ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EdeformationsF
  ‫א‬     K‫א‬  EsamplesF   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 σ= f(ε)E٤L٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
.Emild steelF‫א‬‫א‬Estress-strain curveF
 WE٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W[oa] ‫א‬ JE

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  σ = EεE٥L٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEHook’s lawF‫א‬
KEYoung’s modulusFEModulus of elasticityF‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥L٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

σult c

d
σy a b

εy ε
o 0.01 0.10 0.20
‫ﻣﺪى اﻟـﻠــّـﺪوﻧﺔ أو اﻟﺨﻀﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﺼﻠّﺪ اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
Plasticity or yield range Strain hardening
‫ﻣﺪى اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
Elastic range

‫ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد واﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻄﺮي‬: (٧ -٧) ‫اﻟﺸــﻜــﻞ‬

.‫( ﻣﻌﺮّﺿﺎ ﻟﺸـــ ّﺪ ﻣﺮآﺰي ﻣﺤﻮري‬mild steel)
 
 
 a‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEproportional limitF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEelasticF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬E‫א‬[oa]‫א‬‫א‬E٥L٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 E = 20C1010 N/m2 = 200 GPa
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEGPaF‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢١٠ J١٩٠ ‫א‬

٧٩ J٧٠ ‫א‬

١١٠ J٩٦ ‫א‬

٣١ J١٤ E‫א‬ F‫א‬

١٣ J١١ ‫א‬

 
W[ab] ‫א‬ JE
 b  a ‫א‬K εy‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ a‫א‬
plasticity F ‫א‬Eyield rangeF‫א‬[ab]‫א‬KEyieldF‫א‬
σy ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eyield pointF‫א‬ a‫א‬،Erange
 KEyield stressF
‫א‬b‫א‬،‫א‬،a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ka‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W[bcd] ‫א‬‫א‬ JE

‫א‬Estrain hardeningF‫א‬‫א‬ ، b‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
ultimate F‫א‬‫א‬ c‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 c‫א‬‫א‬Kσult‫א‬Estress
 K‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
elastic F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    Eworking stress methodF ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Emethod
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Eultimate strength methodF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W٦–٧
 ،N = 62.8 kN،20mm2m‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٧F‫א‬
 W، E = 200 GPa25 kN/cm2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬EelongationF‫א‬  J٢

D = 20mm
N N= 62.8 kN
 
L = 2m

( ٨ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ‬  

- ١٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬
WA‫א‬ J١
 
A = πD2/4 = π(20)2/4 = 314 mm2

Wσ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 σ = N/A = 62.8/314 = 0.2 kN/mm2 = 20 kN/cm2
 WdL‫א‬EelongationF‫א‬ J٢

ε = dL/L → dL = ε×L

σ = 20 kN/cm2 < σy = 25 kN/cm2

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 W
σ = Eε → ε = σ/E
W‫א‬Eσ
 
E = 200 GPa = 200×109 N/m2 = 200×106 kN/m2 = 2×104 kN/cm2

ε = 25/(2×104) = 12.5×10-4 = 1.25×10-3 = 0.125 %

W‫א‬‫א‬
dL = ε×L = 1.25×10-3 ×2 = 2.5×10-3 m = 2.5 mm

W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–٤–٢ J٧
‫א‬Elap jointF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٩  J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V،ErivetF
EslidingF‫א‬ V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EfrictionF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬      A ‫א‬      ‫א‬
KV‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

V
V

s-s
V
V

( ٩ – ٧) ‫ﺷـــﻜـــﻞ‬
‫א‬ s-s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EaverageF   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬     K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Wτ‫א‬
V
  τ= E6L٧F  
A
 
 ‫א‬   V 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  A 
 KV‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، E٩ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
KEsingle shearF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2AF‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KEdouble shearF‫א‬‫א‬
   

V
τ=
2A

V/2 V
V/2

( ١٠ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷـــﻜـــﻞ‬
- ١٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬KEshear strainF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ τ
 KE١١ J٧F
 ‫א‬
e  
τ
 
h γ
 
 
( ١١ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷـــﻜـــﻞ‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
:EFγ‫א‬،EradiansF
 
γ≈ tanγ = e/h E٧L٧F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ τ 
 ‫א‬ γ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 τ = Gγ E٨L٧F  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGF
‫א‬KE‫א‬ 40%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E
 G = E٩L٧F 
2(1 + µ )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEPoisson’s ratioF‫א‬µ
 K ‫א‬

- ١٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
GEGPaF‫א‬  µ‫א‬ ‫א‬
80 J75 0.28 ‫א‬

30 J26 0.33 ‫א‬

41 J36 0.34 ‫א‬

 
 W٧–٧
‫א‬KP = 50kN‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،d = 8 mm‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
P P
 
١٢ – ٧ ) ‫ﺷـــﻜـــﻞ‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 A = 2×2(πd2/4) = 201 mm2
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 τ = P/A = 50/201 = 0.249 kN/mm2 = 249 N/mm2
 
- ١٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥–٢ J٧
 ‫א‬ EdeformationsF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬،EyzF‫א‬،W‫א‬
KE J١٣ J٧F‫א‬

y
y
z
x x

x (‫)أ‬ (‫)ب‬
σc s
s σ y
y (N.A) ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪ‬ N.A

s
s σt
(‫)ج‬
(‫)د‬
(١٣ – ٧) ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ‬
 
 ‫א‬  KE  J١٣  J٧F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EfibersF‫א‬
KEneutral planeF‫א‬‫א‬،
 KENeutral AxisF‫א‬‫א‬Exy‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EIxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF‫א‬
KEbending rigidityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEIxW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EfiberF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEyF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬y
- ١٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

M .y
 σ =
I x E١٠L٧F  

 W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬WM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wy
 K‫א‬‫א‬Emoment of InertiaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WIx
‫א‬،s،‫א‬E١٠L٧F‫א‬
y = FE σc‫א‬ σt‫א‬F‫א‬
WE–١٣ J٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Eymax

M s . ymax
  σ max,s = E١١L٧F
Ix
 Ks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WMs
 
EσmaxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١١L٧F‫א‬
 WEMmaxF‫א‬ ymax ‫א‬
 
M max . ymax
  σ max = E١٢L٧F
Ix
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 

- ١٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٨–٧
  ‫א‬ K 20kN/m      5m     
 J٧F‫א‬،h= 50cm‫א‬ b = 20cm‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E١٤
 Ks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
w =20kN/m
h
x x
A B
s
2m
L = 5m b
 
(١٤ – ٧) ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬  J١
Ay = By = wL/2 = 50 kN،Ax = 0
 Ws‫א‬‫א‬  J
 Ms = Ay×2 - w×2×1 = 100 – 40 = 60 kN.m

 
2m L/2 B x  
A
 
 
 
Ms Mmax = wL /8 2

 
M(x)
 
(١٥ -٧) ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ‬  
 

- ١٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 Wx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Ix = bh3/12
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ymax = ±h/2
 Ws‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
h h
Ms× Ms×
σ max, s =± 2 =± 2
3
Ix bh
  12
6M s
σ max, s =±
bh 2
6 × 60 kN kN
σ max, s = ± = ± 0 . 01125 = ± 112 . 5 = ± 112 . 5 KPa .
20 × 40 2 cm 2 m2
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،s ‫א‬ σt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ks‫א‬σc‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٢
 W‫א‬،E١٥ J٧F
2
 Mmax = M(L/2) = wL /8 = 20×25/8 = 62.5 kN.m
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEymax = ±h/2F‫א‬

- ١٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

6 M max
σ max = ±
bh 2
 
6 × 62.5
σ max =± = ± 0 .011172 kN / cm 2
= ±117.2 KPa
20 × 40 2

 
،‫א‬         σt  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬σc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W–٣–٧

 W١–٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J٧F‫א‬
 K x- x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 Ky-y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 [Ix = 706.67 cm4, Iy = 168.11 cm4W‫א‬‫]א‬
y  
e  
 
h = 120 mm
C x
b = 100 mm  
x h a = 12 mm
a e = 10 mm  
 
e
 
y  
b
 
( ١ -٧ ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ )ت‬  

 W٢–٧
  N = 720 kN‫א‬EcolumnF 
20cm  ‫א‬    3.20m ‫א‬  KE٢  J٧F ‫א‬  
 ،1000N/cm2   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬،×40cm
 W، E = 14 GPa
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬EshorteningF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

- ١٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

3.20m
20cm
40cm

( ٢ – ٧ ‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ )ت‬  
 W٣–٧
‫א‬K V = 120kN‫א‬‫א‬E ٣  J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،d = 1.2 cm‫א‬‫א‬
KV‫א‬
 
 
 
 
V V
 
( ٣ – ٧ ‫ﺷـــﻜـــﻞ )ت‬  
 W٤ J٧
‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬ABC‫א‬
KD2 = 20mmBC‫א‬ D1 = 40mmAB‫א‬،N
‫א‬σ‫א‬‫א‬،50 MPaAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬BC

A
D1 = 40mm
B D2 = 20mm  
C
N  
 
(٤ -٧‫ﺷــــﻜـــﻞ )ت‬

- ١٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٥–٧
K 20kN/m 5m 
 J٧F‫א‬،h = 20cm‫א‬ b = 50cm‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥
 Ks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 
w =20kN/m
x x h
A B
s
2m b
L = 5m

(٥ – ٧‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ )ت‬
 W٦–٧
،h = 70cm  ‫א‬ b = 20cm   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 KE٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
b-b‫א‬ A‫א‬ 3m‫א‬ s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ١
 K‫א‬
 Ks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

F = 40kN
 
w =20kN/m  
h
A x x
3m
s B  
b
7m 2m

(٦ – ٧‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ )ت‬

- ١٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W٧–٧
 P = 50 kN‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٧F‫א‬
 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ א‬ J١
 KE–٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ א‬ J٢
 KE–٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
EF‫א‬E٣، σ max = ± 0.367 kN/cm2E٢،σmax = ± 2.57 kN/cm2E١W‫א‬‫]א‬
 [

F = 50kN

70cm
20cm

x x x x
A B
70cm
2m 3m
20cm
 
(‫)أ‬ (‫)ب‬
 
(٧ – ٧‫ﺷــﻜـــﻞ )ت‬  
 
W٨–٧
،L = 7mE٨ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، σmax = 120MPa  ‫א‬‫א‬KH
 K‫א‬‫א‬EwmaxF‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

e e
 
wmax?  
h = 120 mm
a b = 100 mm  
A B h a = 12 mm
e = 10 mm  
L = 7m
b  
( ٨ -٧ ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ )ت‬  
 
W٩–٧
‫א‬‫א‬، 30kN/m 4m
 KE J٩ J٧F‫א‬،h = 35cm‫א‬b = 20cm‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–١
E  J٩ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ – ٢
‫א‬     ،E F ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EwmaxF
  K‫א‬‫א‬
30 kN/m h
 

A B
h  
h
b  
L = 4m b
(‫)أ‬  
(‫)ب‬
( ٩ -٧ ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ )ت‬  
 

- ١٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W١٠–٧
    P = 50kN   ،I    ،‫א‬   
KE١٠ J٧F‫א‬EwbF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ، γs = 78kN/m3 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEwbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
KEwbF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
  KEprinciple of superpositionF‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
P
wb e  
h = 150 mm
b = 100 mm  
A B x x h a = 15 mm
a e = 10 mm  
4m 3m e  
b  
 
( ١٠ -٧ ‫ﺷــﻜــﻞ )ت‬
 
W١١–٧
  ‫א‬ E  J١١ J٧F   ‫א‬ T   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬EσcF‫א‬EσtF‫א‬  ‫א‬
σt = 0.1kN/cm2،σc = 1.2kN/cm2
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     J٢
 ‫؟‬E J١١ J٧F
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٥  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 
10cm
 
y1
y2  

20cm
x x
y2
y1 5cm
 
30cm  
(‫)ب‬
(‫)أ‬
( ١١ -٧‫ﺷـــﻜــــﻞ ) ت‬

K٤‫א‬‫א‬W
 J  J‫ א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 280 ‫א‬‫א‬

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