 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

0
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
??EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١ K‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣١  K‫א‬
٣٢   DESTRUCTIVE TESTS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥   ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧  Tensile Test ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٧  Bending Test E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠  Impact Test‫א‬‫א‬
٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩  K‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢ Non-destructive Testing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٧٣ visual inspection‫א‬‫א‬

 ٧٥  Dye penetrantE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٧٩  E X-ray testEXF‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٦  K‫א‬
 ٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  

3
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  

4
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫( ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬٢٦) ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎرات هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
:‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
KE٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
 KE١٢F   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
 KE٨F   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ﺑﺈآﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب ﻗﺎدرًا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 

5
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ﺑﺈآﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب ﻗﺎدرًا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
  K 
 K(Data Show) 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

7
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EAWS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
  W‫א‬‫א‬ E١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

8
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬KEvF
 

 E١ J١F‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  W‫א‬ E٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬ E٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETF
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬ E٦

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EvF‫א‬

9
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬ E٧

‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬ E٩

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
10
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

11
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 The Intermaional Insitute of Welding (IIW)‫א‬
 WE٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WCracks‫א‬W١٠٠ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WCavities‫א‬W٢٠٠ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Solid Inclusions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٠٠ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Incomplete Fusion and ‫א‬‫א‬W٤٠٠ E٤
KPenetration
‫א‬‫א‬Imperfect Shape‫א‬‫א‬W٥٠٠ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Miscellaneous Defects‫א‬‫א‬W٦٠٠ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٢ J١F‫א‬

 

12
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCracks‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J١FE‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬

 

13
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

14
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 
 
 

15
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬
 

16
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 CavitiesW‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Porosities،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬Wormhole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬
 KE١٠ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬

17
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬ 

18
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

19
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Solid InclusionsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  KGTAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

20
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Incomplete Fusion or Pentraion W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٢ J١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

21
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫ א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬

22
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Imperfect ShapeW‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Undercut:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬
 

23
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  K K٢
  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 E١٥ J١F‫א‬

24
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Miscellaneous DefectsW‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E١٦ J١F‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 

25
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  EF
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

26
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

27
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

28
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 
 
 

29
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 
 
 

30
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
        K‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
        K‫א‬‫ א‬ K٣

        K‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 
 

31
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

  

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

32
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ﺑﺈآﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب ﻗﺎدرًا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
  K 
 K(Data Show) 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

33
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Destructive TestsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bending Test ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 Tensile Test ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ImpactTest‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

34
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F 

،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

35
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

36
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Tensile TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٣ J٢F

 
 E٤ J٢F‫א‬

37
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺸﺪ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ واﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع‬
K‫א‬: ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺪ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫ א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
  K‫א‬

 
 
 

38
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(ASTM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٥ J٢F

 
 E٦ J٢F

39
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧ J٢F J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F
 

40
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ،E٩ J٢F‫א‬–

41
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F
 
 

42
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٠ J٢F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٨‫א‬٦F
 
 

43
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E١١ J٢F
 

 
 ‫א‬E١٢ J٢F

44
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E١٣ J٢F

45
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٤ J٢F–‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 
 ‫א‬E١٤ J٢F
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣{١٤١٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

46
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bending TestW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬

:‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻋﺎدة ﻟﻸهﺪاف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 

47
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 

48
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٢F‫א‬K

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬
KE٢٠ J٢F‫א‬–‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١{٦‫א‬،‫א‬
 

49
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٠{٢٥‫א‬،
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

50
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٠{٠٥٠{١‫א‬
 Face BendingW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 KE٢١ J٢F
 Root Bending‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EVF‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤F –‫א‬EVF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢١ J٢F

 
 ‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F
 
 
 

51
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Side BendingW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢٣ J٢F J‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F
 

‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٤ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

52
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

53
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Nick-break TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،
K 
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫ א‬‫א‬F٢{٥٢{٥‫א‬
 K١{٦
‫א‬ K‫א‬
K٦{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٥ J٢F
 

54
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٦ J٢F
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢٧ J٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٧ J٢F
 

55
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ETFW‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،ETF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٠ J٢F‫א‬KE٢٩ J٢F‫א‬
 

56
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ETFE٢٩ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 

57
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
ETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٢F
: ‫و اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ وﺗﺴﺠﻞ هﻰ‬
K K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KE٣١ J٢F‫א‬ J‫א‬ K٣

 
 

58
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WEF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١F ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ WE٢F ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ETF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

59
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Impact TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬FEF‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

60
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

K E٣٣ J٢F‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬،

 
 E٣٣ J٢F‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

61
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE JF
KE٣٤ J٢F‫א‬ J‫א‬

 
 E٣٤ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ ،EFEF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،–‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬،
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

62
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Fatigue TestW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٥ J٢F‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

63
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Hardness TestsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ J٢F‫א‬

EFEFEF،‫א‬
 K،EFEF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EIndentation  JF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

64
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
٣٠٠F،‫א‬‫א‬
١٠‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٥‫ א‬K‫א‬
?K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬?
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬١{٦‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،،،،،،،،، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬‫؛‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

65
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬١٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ،
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Chemical Analysis TestW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EASTMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

66
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Corrosion TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ESalt-spray test F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEASTM Standards, Part I, MetalsFW‫א‬
 Metallographic TestsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
K‫א‬ E٢F
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬EF‫ א‬،E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K
? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢F
 K‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ EASM Metals HandbookF‫א‬
EASM Standards, Part I, MetalsFW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K، ‫א‬
 
 

67
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
  K‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  K‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

68
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢

        K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣

        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
        K‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
        K‫א‬‫א‬ ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
 

69
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

70
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨F  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
  K 
 K(Data Show) 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

71
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Non-Destructive Tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫ א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
K‫ א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬ E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

72
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Visual TestW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫ א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬، ‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬،
 K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

73
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢F‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬، ،‫א‬،E١ J٣F
E٤F ،‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫؛‬KK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E١ J٣F
 
 
 

74
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Magnetic Particles TestW‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE٣ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F
K‫א‬

75
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

76
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fluorescent Penetrant TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫ א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، K،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،١٢١٠،‫א‬‫א‬

77
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، E،‫א‬F
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Radiographic TestW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫؛‬‫ א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬
K‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

78
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 X-Ray TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E٤ J٣F‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 

79
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Gama-Ray TestW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٦٠–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫ א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Leak TestW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
EHydrostatic PressureF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

80
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥٠
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬K
،‫ א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Ultrasonic TestWE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEchoF?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

81
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،EF‫א‬٥‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EFirst back-wall echoF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F
 

82
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K٦‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٦ ‫א‬
،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

83
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKK ‫א‬ ‫א‬F  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬EKKKK،‫א‬FEKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    E ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬٢‫א‬،٢٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ EASTM E8MF ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K EASTM A370/ 2008F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٠٠٠ ٢٦٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

84
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫؟‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W٣
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

85
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
        KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢

        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣

        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤

        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

86
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LK
L‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤٣٢K‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK،L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬
KKKLK‫א‬KL K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
www.newmantools.com gauge weldgaugeindex.htmL‫א‬

87