‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

WATER TREATMENT
By Chemist Ayman Awny

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 Introduction
Problems Of Water Treatment. 
Water Treatment In Industry. 
Water Treatment In Hotels,Hospitals 
& Building.

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 ‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
1

1 Corrosion
2 Suspended Solid
3 Scale 4 2
4 Micro
Micro--Organism

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Topics of Discussion

Corrosion. 
Scale Formation. 
Suspended Solids. 

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Boiler Water Treatment 

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 Problems in Boiler Systems
Corrosion
 free carbon dioxide
 oxygen
Deposit
Depositss
 hardness
 organic matter
 corrosion products
 Suspended Solids
 corrosion product
 scale product RESAT EGYPT
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 Topic One

‫اﻟﺗﺂﻛــــل‬
Corrosion
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Causes of Corrosion
Boiler Area
 Insufficient oxygen removal in feed water
 High pH value and alkalinity
 Increase in suspended solids

Steam and Condensate Area

 Formation of carbon dioxide
 Insufficient oxygen removal in the feed water
 Low pH-values

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 ‫اﻟﺗﺂﻛل‬
‫ھ و ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺣول اﻟﺣدﯾد اﻟﻲ أﺣد أﻛﺎﺳﯾده ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠل اﻟﻌﻣر اﻹﻓﺗراﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌدن طﺑﻘﺎ‬ 
‫ﻟﮭذه اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬
O2 WATER OH-
2+ O2
Fe(OH)3 Fe ELECTRON
FLOW

ANODE CATHODE

ANODE REACTION CATHODE REACTION

Fe° = Fe2+ + 2 e- ½ O2 + H2 O + 2 e- = 2OH-

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 Causes of Corrosion
Fundamental Risks In Boiler Water

Standard Corrosion Reaction

 Fe -------->Fe ++ + 2 e -
 2e- + 1/2 O2 ----->2 OH-
 2e - + 2H+ ----->H2

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Causes of Corrosion
Fundamental Risks in Steam and
Condensate System

 Carbonic acid Behavior (corrosion)

 inside boiler :
2(H CO3Na )------->Na2CO3 + CO2 + H20
Na2 CO3 + H2O -----> 2 NaOH + CO2
 in condansate system :
H20 +CO2 --------> H+ + HCO3-
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 ‫أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺗﺂﻛل‬
( Rust ) ‫ﻓﻰ ﺻورة ﺗﺂﻛل ﺳطﺣﻲ‬ 

( Pitting ) .‫ﻓﻰ ﺻورة ﻧﻘر‬ 

( Corrosion ) .‫ﻓﻰ ﺻورة ﺗﺂﻛل ﻣﻧﺗظم‬ 

( Cracking ) . ‫ﻓﻲ ﺻورة ﺷروخ‬ 

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Surface Corrosion + Sludge

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Corrosion in steam line

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Pitting corrosion

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Pitting Corrosion Inside Boiler

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High pH Caustic corrosion

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 Scheme of a Boiler System

Cooling Water

Consumer

Condensate
Condenser

Steam
Return

Make-up Water
De aeration

Feed water Blow-down

Filtration Boiler feeding Pump

Unit
e.g. Reservoir Steam Boiler
Ion Exchanger, of Feed water
Reverse Osmosis
Softeners

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Chemical Dosing
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Classification of Boiler
Systems
Low Pressure Boiler

Operating pressure up to 68 bar 

High Pressure Boiler

operating pressure above 68 bar 

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 ‫‪ #‬وﺟود اﻷﻛﺳﺟﯾن اﻟذاﺋب ﺑﺎﻟﻣﯾﺎه وﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه‬
‫‪ #‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻷس اﻟﮭﯾدروﺟﯾﻧﻰ ) ‪(pH‬‬
‫أو اﻧﺧﻔﺎﺿﮫ‪ ) .‬ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻘﻠوﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺣﻣﺿﯾﺔ(‬

‫‪ #‬إرﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‪.‬‬

‫‪ #‬ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺗﻌوﯾض‪.‬‬
‫‪ #‬اﻻﻣﻼح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬
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‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎة اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ واﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اوﻻ ‪ :‬اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻣﯾﺎة اﻟﺗﻌوﯾض‪.‬‬

‫‪RIZENER INDX‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺎ‪ :‬رﺑط اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟرﯾزﻧر‬

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‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻻﻛﺳﺟﯾن اﻟذاﺋب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه و درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‬
C° O2
٢٥ ٨٫١١
٣٠ ٧٫٥٣
٣٥ ٧٫٠٤
٤٠ ٦٫٥٩
٤٥ ٦٫١٠
٥٠ ٥٫٥٧
٥٥ ٥٫٢٠
٦٠ ٤٫٧٦
٦٥ ٤٫٣٠
٧٠ ٣٫٧٠
٧٥ ٣٫٤٠
٨٠ ٢٫٨٩
٨٥ ٢٫٢٠
٩٠ ١٫٦٣
٩٥ ٠٫٨٠
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 Corrosion Of Steel VS Boiler Water pH

CORROSION OF STEEL VS
BOILER WATER pH
RELATIVE CORROSIVE ATTACK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH

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 FEED TANK

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DEAERATOR

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 ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ‪pH‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺢ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺎه ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻻﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺎ ) ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ (‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ) ‪( TDS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

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 Boiler Water Limits and
Steam Purity (1)
Total
Drum pressure (2) Total alkalinity TDS in Steam
TDS ppm suspended
Psig ( Bar ) ppm (3) (expected) (3-5)
solids ppm max
0-300 ( 21 Bar ) 700-3500 140-700 15 0,2-1,0
301-450 ( 21- 31.5 ) 600-3000 120-600 10 0,2-1,0
451-600 ( 31.5 – 42 ) 500-2500 100-500 8 0,2-1,0
601-750 200-1000 40-200 3 0,1-0,5
751-900 150-750 30-150 2 0,1-0,5
901-1000 125-625 25-125 1 0,1-0,5
(4)
1001-1800 100 1 0,1
(1) Approved by ASME
(2) Changes according to TDS of B.F.W.
(3) Changes according to TDS of B.F.W.
(4) Determined depending on boiler water treatment
program
(5) Silica is not included
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 RESAT EGYPT
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‫‪ ‬ھﻰ اﻣﻼح ﺗﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة اﻣﻼح ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬وﯾﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬وﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﻗﺸﺮة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﯿﺮ‬

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200

180

180

180

150
150

120

105
100

90

70

55
50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

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‫اﻻﻣﻼح اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺑﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺷرة‬

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Scale Problem (In Boiler )

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Scale After Treatment

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 ‫اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬
Suspended Solids

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 ‫‪ ‬ﺑﻌض اﻻﻣﻼح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻣﺛل‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟرﻣﺎل‬
‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺎت ﻣﺛل اﻟزﯾوت‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻻﻣﻼح اﻟذاﺋﺑﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺣد‬
‫اﻟﻣطﻠوب‬
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‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼت اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﮭﺎ اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬

Errosion ‫اﻟﺗﺂﻛل اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﻲ‬

Scale ‫اﻟﺗرﺳﯾﺑﺎت‬
Foaming ‫اﻟﻔوران‬

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 Lime Softening
Mode of action
 Addition of lime milk Ca(OH)2
Elemination of carbonate hardness and carbon dioxide
Reactions
 Precipitation of Ca-hydrogen carbonate
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3  + 2 H2O
 Neutralization of carbon dioxide CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2  CaCO3  + H2O

Disadvantage
 Disposal of calcium carbonate sludge

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 Ion Exchange / Basics
Mode of action
 Physical-chemical methods
 Up-take of specific ions to the ion exchanger resin
 Delivery of an equivalent amount of different equally
charged ions

Kinds of ion exchangers

 Cationic ion exchanger
 Anionic ion exchanger
 Mixed bed ion exchanger

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‫اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻣﯾﺎة اﻟﺗﻌوﯾض‬
DEIONIZER
CITY SOFTENE
‫ﻧوع اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ WATER Or
WATER D WATER
R.O

pH 7.5 7.6 6.0-7.5

Ca H
90 0 0
‫ﻋﺳر اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم‬

M ALK
140 140 <10
‫اﻟﻘﻠوﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬

TDS
250 250 <10
‫اﻻﻣﻼح اﻟذاﺋﺑﺔ‬

TEMP.
25 25 25
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة‬

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Questions
My Regards
Ayman Awny
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