

‫א‬‫א‬
126
  126  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
? ?? ‫א‬‫א‬  ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  126  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  126  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬KK،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
 
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W J1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 W‫א‬1 J2
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1 J1 ‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 J1
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E2 J1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2 J1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Engine ClassificationsW‫א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J3
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J3
EIntermittentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EContinuousF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Intermittent Combustion Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
  Continuous Combustion Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       K‫א‬
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
      

-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
‫א‬  J7
 
Engine Cycle W‫א‬1 J2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Four-Stroke CycleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K ،،، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F720‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬180
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J1KE‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 

-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

   
 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3 J1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J1
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬  J
KE‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1:14.7F‫א‬
K‫א‬

-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4 J1
 
 WE3 J1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Suction StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
Compression StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Power StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Exhaust StrokeW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
  Two-Stroke CycleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K5 J1،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬??‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5 J1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
? ?‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE5 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 J1
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Valve LocationW‫א‬2 J2 J3
،EL-headFL W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KET-headFT،EI-headFI،EF-headFF
 ‫א‬‫א‬KTI FL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

T: L-head, F-head, and T-headFL‫א‬ J

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEL-head engineFL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6 J1،L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF-headFF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 6 J1،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 14 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

  
   
EF-headFF‫א‬ J EL-headFL‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 ET-headFT‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 TFL‫א‬W6 J1
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ET-headFT‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6 J1‫א‬
 K
 
 I-head WI‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  EI-head engineF I    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K7 J1،7 J1،
 

   

 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬F
 EI
 
 EI-headF I‫א‬W7 J1
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
8 J1K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 9 J1    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 
‫א‬W8 J1
 ‫א‬
 
 

- 17 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
V-6W9 J1
 
،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     10 J1  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W10 J1
 

- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ I‫א‬ ‫א‬
Eoverhead camshaftF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 11 J1،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K12 J1  ‫א‬،
 K13 J1
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11 J1
 
 

- 19 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬W12 J1
 

 
 
‫א‬F‫א‬W13 J1
 E‫א‬
- 20 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Combustion Chamber DesignW‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1:98.58‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KI‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K14 J1
 
 

- 21 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W14 J1
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 15 J1K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W15 J1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،10‫א‬
 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
K

‫א‬،E16 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- 23 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W16 J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cylinder arrangementW‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،V،W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K،
 
 Inline EnginesW‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K17 J1‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

- 24 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

   
  J   J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W17 J1
 
V engines WV‫א‬ J
456090‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E18 J1‫א‬FV‫א‬
 W‫א‬VK15
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J

- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 V‫א‬W18 J1
 

 Horizontally Opposed Engines W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

  ‫א‬V،E19 J1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W19 J1
 
Radial Engines W‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 J1
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W20 J1
 

 K

- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Number of Cylinders W‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J3

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
V-12،V-8،V-6  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬V-8K ‫א‬‫א‬
E1F ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1F‫א‬
 KV-8V-6،‫א‬64‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1F
 
 
 
- 29 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Fuel TypesW‫א‬6 J2 J3

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ELNG, Liquefied Natural GasF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬
LPG, Liquefied F‫א‬‫א‬ECNG, Compressed Natural GasF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEPropane Gas
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
LNG‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬LPGCNG
 KLPGCNGLNG‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cooling MethodsW‫א‬7 J2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬،21 J1‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬21 J1K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 

 ‫א‬V‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W21 J1

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬ J4
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J4

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1:251:20
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،600 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K?‫א‬?‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4
22 J1K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W22 J1
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 
 W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬600‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 1:251:16  1:101:8  ‫א‬
 4227.5  10
 600  300
‫א‬ F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 82  32  ‫א‬‫א‬
400‫א‬‫א‬ 700‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 500  1000
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٪0.5Z‫א‬  ٪3Z‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ٪3832  ٪2822  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W2 J1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E2 J1F‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
K
82،‫א‬32‫א‬‫א‬  J5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬٪10‫א‬‫א‬  J8
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬  J 
  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J3
   J 
   J
  J
  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 ‫א‬  J 
 ‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J

 

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 ‫א‬  J 
 ‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7
   J 
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J8
 ‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  J
  J
 

- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J9
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J10
 I-head  J
 F-head  J
L-head  J
T-head  J

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J11

 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J12
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J13
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J14
  ‫א‬
 

- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J15
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
  J
  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J16

 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J17

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J1

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J2

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J3

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J4

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J5

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J6

 
 
 

- 40 -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 
 ٪ 95‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬        ، ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- 42 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W J1
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J2
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J3
  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Cylinder BlockWE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1 J2‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E F‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1 J2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K2 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
- 45 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،3 J2،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬4 J2K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W3 J2
 
 

- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W4 J2
 
‫א‬،5 J2 ،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W5 J2
- 47 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،6 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K7 J2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬W6 J2
 
- 48 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W7 J2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Piston W‫א‬ J3

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J3
8 J2،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J5
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J6
 

 
 
 ‫א‬W8 J2
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 2500‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬F4‫א‬ ،L 6000‫א‬
KE10
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬1 J3
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
K9 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 9K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
- 51 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W ‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 J2K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬  J4
‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K11 J2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬  J5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬  J6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W‫א‬  J7

 ، 
  W
 ‫א‬  J8

 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬  J9
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 52 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W9 J2

- 53 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

 
 
 ‫א‬W10 J2
 
 



 
‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬W11 J2
 
- 54 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬3 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،12 J2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K12 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J T J

 
  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12 J2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
،‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬، ‫א‬K
 K13 J2
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،14 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KA‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13 J2
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W14 J2
 
 W‫א‬4 J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬  J2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬1 J4 J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15 J2،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
16 J2K
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W17 J2،‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E‫א‬  F    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬W15 J2
 
 

 
 
،‫א‬W16 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 59 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬W17 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬2 J4 J3
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K18 J2،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K19 J2    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W18 J2
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W19 J2
 
 W‫א‬3 J4 J3
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K20 J2 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬،21 J2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،21 J2،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬W20 J2
 

 
 
 ‫א‬W21 J2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Connecting Rod W‫א‬‫א‬ J4

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J4
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K22 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K22 J2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

   
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W22 J2
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬23 J2
 


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W23 J2
 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬،24 J2،E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W24 J2
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 CrankshaftW‫א‬ J5

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KV-825 J2
‫א‬‫א‬V
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 
 V-8W25 J2
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J5

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V‫א‬
V‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K0.05–0.03‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K26 J2‫א‬،E‫א‬F
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

- 67 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W26 J2
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬K27 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W27 J2
 E‫א‬
 
Flywheel W‫א‬‫א‬ J6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،28 J2،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W28 J2
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

Cylinder Head and ValvesW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7

 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J7
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،29 J2،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬29 J2K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W29 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K30 J2

 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W30 J2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K31 J2‫א‬

 

 
   
F‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F
 E‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W31 J2
 
 

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 W‫א‬2 J7
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬32 J2
‫א‬‫א‬K
 800‫א‬700‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W32 J2
 
 W‫א‬1 J2 J7
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬33 J2K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0.0254F0.0040.001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E 0.1016K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W33 J2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J7
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K34 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E F
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W34 J2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J7
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J7
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،35 J2،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K35 J2،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  


 
 
   
 
‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W35 J2
 
 W‫א‬6 J2 J7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

CamshaftW‫א‬ J8
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F
K36 J2 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬W36 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬37 J2
 K‫א‬
 


 
‫א‬‫א‬ JC‫א‬ JB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JA
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE‫א‬‫א‬ JD‫א‬
  JJ‫א‬ JI JG‫א‬ JF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬37 J2
 
 :40 J239 J238 J2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬  J2
‫א‬  J3
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W38 J2
 
 

 
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W39 J2
- 81 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 

 
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W40 J2

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  

 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 
 ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J4
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6
  J 
   J
   J
  J
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7
‫א‬  J 
‫ א‬ J
  J
  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J8
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J9
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J10
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J11
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J12
 
 W‫א‬ J13
‫א‬  J 
‫ א‬ J
‫א‬  J
  J
 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬ J14
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J15

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
K،‫א‬‫א‬ J16
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J17
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J18
‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
  J
 
 
 
 

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

3
 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪95‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Engine Dimensions :‫א‬ J1
 
T.D.C, B.D.C WEKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 J3
 K‫א‬
 
Bore and Stroke W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K1 J3‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،? ‫?א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K?  ‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Bore x Stroke = 4.00 in x 3.00 in (102 mm x 76 mm)
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

،E 76F 3‫א‬،E 102F 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
              ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1 J3
 
 
Clearance VolumeWE‫א‬F‫א‬3 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2 J3،‫א‬‫א‬
 
Stroke Volume or Piston DisplacementWE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬4 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،2 J3،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

πd 2 L
  V cy =
4
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ d W
 ‫א‬ L 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Engine Size (Engine Displacement)  WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬5 J1
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
cubic F‫א‬Ecubic centimeter, ccF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
400‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEinch displacement, CID
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،4‫א‬‫א‬،
 K1.6E1600 ccF31600‫א‬
 
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
Engine size (capacity) = Vcy x Z
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z :

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2 J3
 
Compression Ratio W‫א‬6 J1K
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬{2،E‫א‬
 
V cy + V c
CR =
Vc

 ‫א‬ VcW
 ‫א‬ CR 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F11:1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K25:1

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Engine PerformanceW‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ J1
 ‫ א‬ J2
‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬‫ א‬ J4

 W‫א‬‫א‬1 J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J3

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Indicated power W‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J2

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF.PF‫א‬EB.PF‫א‬‫א‬EI.PF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
F.P = I.P – B.P

،EIndicated mean effective pressureF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
I .W .D
Pi =
Vcy
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Pi
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ I.W.D
 ‫א‬  Vcy
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
I.P = Pi LANZ/2
 
 W
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 EkN/m2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pi
 EmF‫א‬ L
 Em2F‫א‬ A
 r.p.m‫א‬‫א‬ N
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N/2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Z
 W‫؛‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 I.P = Pi LANZ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 I.P = Pi LANZ/120 (kW) 
 
 I.P = Pi LANZ/60 (kW) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Brake PowerW‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
 Friction Dynamometer ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
Hydraulic Dynamometer ‫א‬  J2
Electric Dynamometer ‫א‬  J3
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EEngine torqueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

r
A

F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3 J3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AF‫א‬‫א‬،E3 J3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3 J3‫א‬Fr ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬AF‫א‬
 
M = F x r (N.m)

 ‫א‬‫א‬M W
W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬A ‫א‬

 ‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
i.e. Work done = F x 2 π r
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NA ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Power = work done/second

(N.m/s) or WattPower = F x 2 π r x N/60

or Power = F.r x 2 π N/60

Power = M x ω

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ω
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬W
 
B.P = M x ω
 
Frictional Power W‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J2
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
i.e. F.P = I.P – B.P

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬F.P W

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Engine efficiency W‫א‬2 J2

KW‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Mechanical EfficiencyW‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KEF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪10
:ηm‫א‬‫א‬

B.P
  ηm =
I .P
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Volumetric EfficiencyW‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،E‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  Z ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ηvol = volume of the charge/total cylinder volume

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   J3
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
٪9080‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٪ 100   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬     W‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬ J4
W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Thermal EfficiencyW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J2

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ip × 3600
 ηi ⋅th = m × cv
f

Bp × 3600
η b ⋅ th =
m f × cv
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ηi.th 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ηb.th
 Ekg/hrF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬mf
 E‫א‬LFEkJ/kgFEcalorific valueF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬cv

W‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Kspecific fuel consumption،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

mf
(kg/kW.hr) ISFC =
I .P
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ISFCW
 
 W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
mf
(kg/kW.hr) BSFC =
B.P

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BSFCW
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KLL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬4 J2
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬     F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   4 J3 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L
- 101 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W4 J3
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،4 J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Variable Valve Timing W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EVTEC, Variable Timing and Electronically ControlledF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬KE‫א‬F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 20‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF    ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5 J3

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،6 J3
‫א‬BA ‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6 J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬2 J3
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬K7 J3‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 106 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬،‫א‬ J ‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7 J3
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Variable Displacement EngineW‫א‬‫א‬3 J3

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬EF
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Supercharging W‫א‬‫א‬4 J3
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،ENaturally aspirationF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ،EForced aspirationF ‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE14.7:1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪50‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4 J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J4 J3
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K،،8 J3،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ،8 J3،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 8 J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 8 J3،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬ J

 
  J
 

 
  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8 J3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

TurbochargerW‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J4 J3


 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
‫א‬‫א‬EExhaust driven turbochargerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
   9 J3K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9 J3
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 10 J3
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬K L 100.000
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 
 

‫א‬ J7  ‫א‬ J5   J3  ‫א‬ J1

‫א‬ J6  ‫א‬ J4  ‫א‬ J2

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W10 J3
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 
Gasoline Normal Combustion W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬14.7‫؛‬E1:14.7‫א‬F 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11 J3
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11 J3
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Abnormal Combustion WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 DetonationW‫א‬1 J2 J4
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬12 J3
K E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 116 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W12 J3
 E‫א‬
- 117 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Preignition W‫א‬2 J2 J4

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬13 J3
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Dieseling or Running onW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 

- 118 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W13 J3
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 119 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 
 W‫א‬ J2
‫א‬  J 
  J
  J
 ‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
٪10  J 
٪30  J
٪90  J
 ٪100  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
٪10  J 
٪30  J
٪90  J
 ٪100  J
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J9
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  EF ‫א‬   J10
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  J 
‫ א‬ J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬ J10
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J11
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J12
‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
،100‫א‬،76‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J13
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 L2800‫א‬ 
 860‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 0.5198‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 
‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
3300‫א‬ 33.5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J14
Z1F1100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL
 K‫א‬‫א‬،1:1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2L1000
 
86‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬43‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J15
 K354‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K79‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J16
 6‫א‬‫א‬ J
 4 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 86 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 78 ‫א‬ J
 11.16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 L5500 ‫א‬ J
 ٪84 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 L6 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 L43000 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬  J 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J17
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J18

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7

 ٪95‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  14W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 
Lubrication System :‫א‬ J1

 :‫א‬1 J1
 :‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J1
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬W1 J4
 

 W‫א‬2 J1 J1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KB‫א‬A‫א‬2 J4
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 
 B‫א‬A‫א‬W2 J4
 
،      ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬     K‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K3 J4،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3 J4
‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
  W،‫א‬‫א‬E 450
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬
، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
   ،          ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J1
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
    K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   F     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬4 J4،E
 

 
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W4 J4
‫א‬
 

Engine oil W‫א‬2 J1

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   K‫א‬         ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬         ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬1 J2 J1
 ‫א‬    ،?‫?א‬       ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،  ،  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬2 J2 J1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(-18 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESAEF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (99 oC)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ oC)
،10WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬(SAEF‫א‬‫א‬
 K30W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬3 J2 J1
‫א‬    ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬  5 J4 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K[Viscometer“W‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬W5 J4
 
Viscosity Index W‫א‬4 J2 J1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEVIF‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Multi-grade oils WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J1

 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬,5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50W‫א‬SAE

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬6 J2 J1
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
5W, 10W, 5W-30 W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، 30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50W  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K(-18 o C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
 K6 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6 J4
 ESAEF‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬7 J2 J1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    6    12000  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
 KE90‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K -
 K(PCV)‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K 3   3000    ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬1800‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬3 J1
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬  J5
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J6
K‫א‬
 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬1 J3 J1
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،7 J4  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
،   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E8 J4   ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7 J4
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W8 J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J1
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬
،??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫ א‬ ،‫א‬   K ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K9 J4

 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W9 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K10 J4،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W10 J4
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K11 J4
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬W11 J4
 
  ،5 ‫א‬     9 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  6 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K7‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
4‫א‬K 2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،3‫א‬،8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   12K

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬  J5
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J6
 ‫א‬  J7
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 12 J4‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ،‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      K 12 J4  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12 J4
‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬13 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   J2
K
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J6
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
V-8V-6‫א‬W13 J4
 
‫א‬،14 J4‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W14 J4
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬1 J3 J3 J1

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K15 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬W15 J4
 

 W‫א‬2 J3 J3 J1

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K16 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W16 J4
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    K     E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J4 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬17
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W17 J4
 
 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K18
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W18 J4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K19 J4  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W19 J4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   20 J4 
 K‫א‬
 

 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W20 J4
 

 W‫א‬EF3 J3 J3 J1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K21 J4
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬W21 J4
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬4 J3 J3 J1

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬5 J3 J3 J1

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ،‫א‬   E‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

   ،     ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K22 J4‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
 

 

   J5  ‫א‬  J3  ‫א‬  J1

 ‫א‬  J6 ‫א‬  J4   J2
  J7
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE22 J4F
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 K23 J4،‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W23 J4
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K24 J4،‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W24 J4
 
 

Cooling System W‫א‬ J2

 ،  2500 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EoverheatingF
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪35٪25‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪3020‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ EovercoolingF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬1 J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J2
 
Air Cooling System W‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬25 J4K‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬W25 J4
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K26 J4،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬W26 J4
 
 Water Cooling System W‫א‬2 J2 J2
KE
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W27 J4‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
‫א‬  J3
‫ א‬ J4
‫א‬  J5
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J6
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
‫א‬  J8
‫א‬  J9
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J10
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J11
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W27 J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K10490‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
CoolantW‫א‬1 J2 J2 J2
EEthylene GlycolF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪50٪50
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬  J3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E100‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬ J1
EF‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E37 J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J1
٪50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬  J2
E107‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Water Jackets W‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Water PumpW‫א‬3 J2 J2 J2

،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K28 J4، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J1
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J2
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J3
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J4
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J5
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J6

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J   J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W28 J4
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K29 J4،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W29 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Radiator WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬4 J2 J2 J2

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 K30 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W30 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 30 J4‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K31 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W31 J4
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬  32 J4K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W32 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Transmission Oil Cooler W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J4،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K33
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W33 J4
 
Radiator CapW‫א‬6 J2 J2 J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
 
K35 J434 J4‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1.5‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
11083‫א‬‫א‬KE6.9‫א‬FL
 K127121‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K35 J4‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
36 J4‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬36 J4
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،36 J4‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W34 J4
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W35 J4
 
 
 

- 167 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬ J
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬W36 J4
 
Cooling Fan W‫א‬7 J2 J2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،37 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 168 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K37 J4،‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W37 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،38 J4،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W38 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K39 J4،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W39 J4
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،40 J4،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K41 J4،‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W40 J4
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W41 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Radiator Shroud W‫א‬‫א‬8 J2 J2 J2
‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K42 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W42 J4
 
 
ThermostatWE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9 J2 J2 J2
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K43 J4،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬W43 J4
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 44 J4
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،44 J4
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 
 

   
 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬W44 J4
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،9182‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K45 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W45 J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
   J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬  J4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EoverheatF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 ‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Air Intake Systems W‫א‬‫א‬ J3

 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬ ‫א‬EPCV systemF‫א‬‫ א‬ J6
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Air Intake Duct W‫א‬‫א‬1 J3
‫א‬‫א‬KEF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬46 J4
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
  ‫א‬W46 J4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K47 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W47 J4
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Air Filter WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬2 J3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10000‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPCV systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K48،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،48 J4،E‫א‬
 K49 J4
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

  
   
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
E‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W48 J4
 
 
 

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W49 J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Intake Manifold W‫א‬3 J3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ،50 J4،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W50 J4
 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K51 J4،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،EMAPF‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
V-6W51 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K52 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3700‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬W52 J4
 
،53 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 V-8W53 J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Exhaust Systems W‫א‬ J4

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W54 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
E‫א‬F‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬  J5
‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫ א‬ J7
‫א‬‫א‬  J8
  J9
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W54 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬، 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K55 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ،،
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEV-8FV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 W55 J4
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K56 J4،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EV-8V-6FV‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W56 J4
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Exhaust Manifold W‫א‬2 J4

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K57 J4،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K58 J4،‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W57 J4
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
V-6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W58 J4
 
 Exhaust Pipes W‫א‬‫א‬3 J4
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K59 J4،‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W59 J4
 
Catalytic ConvertersW‫א‬‫א‬4 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   MufflersW‫א‬‫א‬5 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K60 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
  J

 
 
  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W60 J4
 
TailpipeW‫א‬‫א‬6 J4
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
Heat ShieldsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Exhaust System Hangers W‫א‬8 J4
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Emission Control Systems W‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vehicle Emissions W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J5
 ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ J1
‫א‬  J2
‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
 
 Hydrocarbons (HC) W‫א‬
LPG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EHCF
‫א‬  KE‫א‬ ‫א‬  F    ‫א‬ 
HCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬    HC    ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K
 
   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Carbon monoxide (CO) W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CO
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  CO  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOx
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪20،٪80
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ، 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬KCO HC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ParticulatesW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
٪70،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪30
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬1 J1 J5
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
٪20،‫א‬  J2
٪60،‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
، ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Engine ModificationsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KHC‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 HC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CO
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬   J3
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،HC ‫א‬     W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬  J5
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
KNOx‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J6
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،CO HC‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J8
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬  ،CO  HC ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬    J9
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCOHC‫א‬
 
 Emission Control Systems W‫א‬‫א‬3 J5
  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 PCV systems ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬‫ א‬ J6
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J5

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K61 J4،‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ CO  HC  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ECOHCF‫א‬‫א‬   J1
EHC،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J2
E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬HCF‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W61 J4
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EPCV valveF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Heated Air Inlet System
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 21‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K62 J4
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W62 J4
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

      ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  E F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Fuel Evaporation Control System W‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J5
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،63 J4K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W63 J4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  J1
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬٪10 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،63 J4  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬K63 J4،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   64 J4

‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬W64 J4
 
‫א‬  J7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬  J8
‫א‬     ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 65 J4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W65 J4
  Exhaust Gas Recirculation System (EGR) W‫א‬‫א‬4 J3 J5
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 EEGR valveF ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K66 J4  ،‫א‬    ،
 KEGR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬      E‫א‬F     EGR  
 K67 J4‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

،‫א‬‫א‬ J ،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K ‫א‬EGR‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EGR‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W66 J4
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W67 J4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،66 J4، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬         ،‫א‬     EGR   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ EGR ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Air Injection System  W‫א‬‫א‬5 J3 J5

،CO  HC ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K68 J4 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W68 J4
 
 K69 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬،69 J4
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    W‫א‬   J2
K‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 

 

- 210 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬    J3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K69 J4

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      W‫א‬ ‫א‬   J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W69 J4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
     K70 J4  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W70 J4
 
 
 Catalytic Converters W‫א‬‫א‬6 J3 J5
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ CO  HC ‫א‬ EF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    E  800 ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K71 J4 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W71 J4
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K72 J4
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W72 J4
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ،72 J4 
 K 73 J472 J4
 

 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W73 J4
 E
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCOHC‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،NOx  CO  HC W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K74 J4،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W74 J4
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  J
 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬ J2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 
‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SAE 30‫א‬EF‫א‬  J5
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SAE 5W-30
 ‫א‬  J 
‫ א‬ J
  J
  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 ‫א‬  J 
‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J8
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J9
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J10
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J11
 ‫א‬  J 
  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J12
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  J

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J13
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
  J
‫ א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J14

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬ J15
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J16
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J17
 ‫א‬  J 
    J
    J
‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬ J18
 ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

 W٪50٪50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J19
 12 J  J 
  J
55 J  J
37 J  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J20

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J21

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J22
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J23
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J24
 CO  J
NOx  J
HC  J
O2  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J25
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
‫א‬NOx‫א‬  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J26
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CO‫א‬ J27

 KNOx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J28
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J29
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J30
 
 EGR  J31
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J32
 
 ‫א‬ J33
 
 CO HC‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J34
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J35
 
 

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4

 ٪80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 4W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Alternative Engines ‫א‬‫א‬

 
Rotary (Wankel) Engine WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 ،1958‫א‬ ? ? 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 J5
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W1 J5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W2 J5
 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2 J5
 
8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
 ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
K3 J5،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬W3 J5
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W4 J5،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬ J3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4 J5
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1
، W
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J5KE،،
 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

    
    


 
   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5 J5
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ،
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ،
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،CBA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،5 J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬،5 J5‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،B‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،C‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬A‫א‬،E F90‫א‬‫א‬،5 J5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬B‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 
 C‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬5 J5‫א‬
B‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬C‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
A‫א‬،‫א‬ ،5 J5‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
C‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬،
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KA‫א‬C‫א‬،C‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،B‫א‬C‫א‬،A‫א‬B‫א‬،C‫א‬
 K5 J5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،W ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Natural Gas EngineW‫א‬‫א‬ J2

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K?Natural Gas Vehicle, NGV?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
،ECH4F٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECNGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Mono-Fuel Engines  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
Bi-Fuel Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Dual Fuel Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪80٪‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Tri-Fuel Engines  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،EF ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬2005‫א‬
 
High Pressure Direct Injection Engines W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J2
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J5
 

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W6 J5
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Electric Motors W‫א‬‫א‬ J3

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K7 J5‫א‬EEV1F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 
GM EV1‫א‬W7 J5
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،108‫א‬
‫א‬8 J5K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 11280
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 234 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8 J5
 

- 235 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Fuel CellsW‫א‬1 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Hydrogen Fuel F‫א‬2003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EInitiative
‫א‬،20062005‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K2020‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
،‫א‬E FW،9 J5،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E
 ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬W9 J5
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬3000،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFuel Cell VehicleF‫א‬10 J5K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
‫א‬W10 J5
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Hybrid Vehicles ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4

 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 International Electro-Technical commission
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،11 J5،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11 J5
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬  800
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KZero-Emission Vehicle
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Electric vehicle ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ 112‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Parallel Hybrid‫א‬‫א‬Series Hybrid‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،12 J5،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬W12 J5
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،13 J5  ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬W13 J5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J6
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
          K ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
EHonda InsightF  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬EToyota PriusF
‫א‬    50  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   1400 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،100 3.6‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 

- 244 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   J1
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  J2
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬  J 
‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
‫א‬  J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫ א‬ J
‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J7
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J8
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J9
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J10
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J11
 
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J12

- 246 -
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Term  ‫א‬
Mechanical engineering ‫א‬‫א‬
Wankel (Rotary) engine E‫א‬‫א‬F
Internal combustion engine ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Four stroke engine ‫א‬‫א‬
In-line engine EF‫א‬
V – engine v
Slant engine 
Vertical engine 
Horizontal engine 
Air cooling ‫א‬
Water cooling 
Cycle 
Automotive engine ‫א‬
Cylinder block ‫א‬‫א‬
Cylinder head ‫א‬‫א‬
Crankshaft ‫א‬
Piston  
Connecting rod  ‫א‬‫א‬
Piston pin  ‫א‬
Piston ring  ‫א‬
Suction valve  ‫א‬
Valve spring  ‫א‬
Valve seal  ‫א‬
 
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Valve guide  ‫א‬
Valve over lap  ‫א‬‫א‬
Bush  
Slots   
Spring  
Journal bearing  EF‫א‬
Copper bushes  

Gear  
Timing belt  ‫א‬
Timing chain  ‫א‬
Distributor gear  ‫א‬

Cam lobe  ‫א‬

Compression ring  ‫א‬

Oil ring  ‫א‬

Big end  ‫א‬‫א‬
Small end  ‫א‬‫א‬
Piston ring grooves  ‫א‬
Camshaft  ‫א‬
Rocker arm  ‫א‬‫א‬
Push rod  ‫א‬
Combustion chamber  ‫א‬‫א‬
Side valve 
Over head valve 
Valve seat ‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Exhaust valve ‫א‬
Inlet valve ‫א‬
Valve timing ‫א‬
Cooling fan ‫א‬
Cooling jacket ‫א‬
Cooling pump ‫א‬
Oil circuit ‫א‬‫א‬
Lubrication 

Oil sump ‫א‬

Oil pump ‫א‬
Oil filter  ‫א‬
Suction stroke ‫א‬‫א‬
Compression stroke  ‫א‬‫א‬
Power stroke  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Exhaust stroke  ‫א‬‫א‬
Gasoline (petrol)  
Diesel 
Fuel  
Octane No.  ‫א‬
Cetane No.  ‫א‬
Lead  
Fuel circuit  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fuel tank  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fuel line  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fuel filter  EF‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Fuel pump  ‫א‬
Carburetor  {{
Injector  EF
Mixture  
Charge  
Uncontrolled combustion  ‫א‬‫א‬
Controlled combustion  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fuel injection  ‫א‬
Unleaded gasoline  ‫א‬ 
Air- fuel ratio  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air- fuel mixture  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Lean mixture  
Rich mixture  
Stoichiometric fuel mixture  ‫א‬‫א‬
Hydro-carbon  
Co (carbon monoxide)  ‫א‬
Fault diagnosis  
Fuel consumption  ‫א‬‫א‬

Exhaust gas analyzer  ‫א‬‫א‬

B.D.C  KK
T.D.C  KK

Compression ratio  ‫א‬

Revolution per minute(r.p.m)  ‫א‬‫א‬
Indicated power  ‫א‬‫א‬
Brake power  ‫א‬‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Engine efficiency  ‫א‬
Engine capacity  ‫א‬
Friction power  ‫א‬‫א‬
Running on  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Specific fuel consumption  ‫א‬‫א‬
Equipment  ‫א‬{‫א‬
Device  
Compression ‫א‬{
Measure  
Measurement  
Engine knock  ‫א‬
Instrument  
Torque  ‫א‬
Bore  ‫א‬‫א‬
Stroke  EF‫א‬

Swept volume  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Clearance volume  ‫א‬

Micrometer  
Sliding caliper  
Timing marks  ‫א‬

Crankshaft pulley  ‫א‬

Crank angle  ‫א‬‫א‬
Timing chain tensioner ‫א‬‫א‬
Timing belt tensioner  ‫א‬‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Timing belt cover  ‫א‬
Seal  EF‫א‬
Mechanical efficiency  ‫א‬‫א‬
Indicator card  ‫א‬‫א‬
Excess air coefficient  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Indicator diagram  ‫א‬‫א‬
Power to weight ratio  ‫א‬‫א‬
Engine performance ‫א‬‫א‬
Graph  
Diagnosis  
Mean effective pressure  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pressure gauge  ‫א‬
Engine test stand  EF‫א‬‫א‬
(dynamometer)
Engine stethoscope  ‫א‬

Alternator  
Generator  
Engine breath  ‫א‬
Volumetric efficiency  ‫א‬‫א‬
Turbo-charger  
Specific power  ‫א‬‫א‬
Thermal efficiency  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Firing order  ‫א‬

Dwell angle  ‫א‬‫א‬
Delay period  ‫א‬
Pre-ignition ‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Spark advance  ‫א‬‫א‬
Cathode  ‫א‬‫א‬
Anode  ‫א‬‫א‬
Spark plug  ‫א‬
Spark plug lead ‫א‬
Centrifugal governor ‫א‬‫א‬
Vacuum governor  ‫א‬
Contact breaker  E‫א‬F‫א‬
Distributor  
Secondary coil ‫א‬‫א‬
Primary coil  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ignition coil  
Condenser  ‫א‬
Resistor  
Ignition switch  ‫א‬
Battery 
Ignition circuit  ‫א‬‫א‬
Carbon EF
Detonation  
O2 (oxygen)  
Co2 (carbon dioxide)  ‫א‬
Thermostat  EF‫א‬‫א‬
Radiator  {‫א‬
Coolant  ‫א‬
Gasket  EF‫א‬
Exhaust manifold  ‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Term  ‫א‬
Intake manifold  ‫א‬

Flywheel  ‫א‬
Cam  
Chain 
Cylinder jacket  ‫א‬‫א‬
Valve mechanism  ‫א‬
Bearing  
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
REFERENCES

 1 Stockel, Stockel, Johanson : “Auto Fundamentals”, The Goodheart-Willcox Company, 1996


2 V.A.W. Hillier and F. Pittuck: “Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology”, 3rd edition,
Hutchinson Education, 1989.

3 Jack Erjavec: “Automotive Technology: A systems Approach”, 3rd edition, Delmar Thomson
Learning, 2000

4 M.T. Stockel and M.T. Stockel: “Auto Mechanics Fundamentals”, The Goodheart-Willcox
Company, 1985.

5 James E. Duffy: “Modern Automotive Technology”, The Goodheart-Willcox Company, 1994.

6 Anthony E. Schwaller: “Motor Vehicle Technology”, 3rd edition, Delmar Publishers, 1999.

7 H. Gerschler: “Technology for Automotive Trade”, GTZ, 1989.

8 Alberta Learning: “Automotive Sevice Technician” Alberta, Canada, 1988.

9 Mohsen S. Radwan: “Lectures on: reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine”, University of

Helwan, Egypt, 1981

10 Internet search using “Google Search Engine” on Alternative for Automotive Engines and Hybrid
Vehicles
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
2 
3  ‫א‬

4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6 ‫א‬
8  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 8  ‫א‬ J1
 8  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 11  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 14  ‫א‬ J2
 21  ‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 24  ‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 28  ‫א‬‫א‬ J5
 30  ‫א‬ J6
 30  ‫א‬ J7
 32  ‫א‬
 33  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 35  ‫א‬‫א‬
 37  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 42  
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 43  ‫א‬‫א‬
 46  ‫א‬‫א‬
 50  ‫א‬
 51  ‫א‬‫א‬
 55  ‫א‬
 57  ‫א‬
 63  ‫א‬‫א‬
 64  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 66  ‫א‬
 67  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 69  ‫א‬‫א‬
 71   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 71  ‫א‬‫א‬
 74  ‫א‬
 75  ‫א‬
 76  ‫א‬‫א‬
 76  ‫א‬‫א‬
 77  ‫א‬‫א‬
 77  ‫א‬‫א‬
 78  ‫א‬
 79  ‫א‬
 83  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
87 
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

88 ‫א‬
93 ‫א‬‫א‬
93  ‫א‬‫א‬
98  ‫א‬
100  ‫א‬‫א‬
101  ‫א‬‫א‬
104  ‫א‬‫א‬
104  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
107  ‫א‬
109  ‫א‬‫א‬
109  ‫א‬‫א‬
110  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
113  ‫א‬‫א‬
115  ‫א‬‫א‬
115  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
117  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
117  ‫א‬
119  ‫א‬
119  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
121  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
126 
127  ‫א‬
127 ‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

127 ‫א‬
129  ‫א‬‫א‬
130 ‫א‬
135  ‫א‬
137 ‫א‬‫א‬
137  ‫א‬
138  ‫א‬
138  ‫א‬‫א‬
140  ‫א‬‫א‬
140  ‫א‬‫א‬
144  ‫א‬
145  ‫א‬
150  ‫א‬EF

151  ‫א‬‫א‬
151  ‫א‬
153  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
153  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
155  ‫א‬
155  ‫א‬
156  ‫א‬‫א‬
156  ‫א‬‫א‬
158  ‫א‬
158  ‫א‬‫א‬
160  ‫א‬
161   ‫א‬‫א‬
161  ‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

163  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
166  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
167  ‫א‬
170  ‫א‬
174  ‫א‬‫א‬
175  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
179  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
181  ‫א‬‫א‬
182  ‫א‬‫א‬
184  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
186  ‫א‬
191  ‫א‬
192  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
195  ‫א‬
196  ‫א‬‫א‬
197  ‫א‬‫א‬
197  ‫א‬‫א‬
198  ‫א‬‫א‬
198  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
199  ‫א‬
200  ‫א‬‫א‬
200  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
202  ‫א‬
202  ‫א‬‫א‬
204  ‫א‬‫א‬
204  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
206  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  126  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

207  ‫א‬‫א‬
211  ‫א‬‫א‬
213  ‫א‬‫א‬
215  ‫א‬‫א‬
219  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
225  
226  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
227  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
229  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
233  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
234  ‫א‬‫א‬
235  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
236  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
238  ‫א‬‫א‬
240  ‫א‬
244  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
249  ‫א‬
251  ‫א‬‫א‬
258  ‫א‬‫א‬