Grammar

Linking
Linking happens when we connect the last sound of one word to the first sound of the next
word. There are three cases when linking words:

)‫ حاالت‬3 ‫ ودا ليه‬،‫(بنعمل لينك لما بنربط آخر حرف من كلمة مع أول حرف من كلمة تانيه‬

Case 1: Consonant + Consonant. => ‫ ساكن‬+ ‫ساكن‬

When linking two consonant sounds, we only pronounce one of them if they are similar or
have the same place of articulation. Except: 'ch' and 'ge/j

)‫ جاي‬،‫ تش‬:‫ بننطق واحد بس منهم بشرط أنهم يكونوا نفس الصوت او المخرج متشابهه ماعدا‬،‫(لما بنربط صوتين ساكنين‬

Examples:

• Good day → gooday

• Each choice → remains clear. ) ‫(مش هنعمل لينكينج‬
• Orange juice → remains clear. ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Case 2: Consonant + Vowel

When a consonant sound is followed by a vowel sound, the glottal stop ( ‫ )صوت الهمزه‬is
usually removed. )‫(لما بنربط بين صوتين واحد ساكن والتاني متحرك بنحذف صوت الهمزه‬

Example:

• Miles away → milezaway.

Case 3: Vowel + Vowel

When linking two vowel sounds, first, the glottal stop is removed. Then, based on the vowel
type, we use different linking sounds:

)‫ وبعدين نشوف الصوت المتحرك دائري وال منبسط‬،‫ بنحذف صوت الهمزه‬،‫(لما بنربط بين صوتين متحركين‬

• 1. Round Vowels ( o, u): Use 'w' to link the words.

• Examples:

• Slow animal → slowanimal

• Grow up → growap

• 2. Smiling Vowels (I, e): Use 'y' to link the words.

• Examples:

• He is → heyis. • The apple → theyapple

Parts of Speech (‫)أقسام الكالم‬

• Nouns (‫)األسماء‬: Represent people, places, things, or ideas. Examples: cat, school,
happiness.
• Pronouns (‫)الضمائر‬: Replace nouns in a sentence. Examples: he, she, they.
• Verbs (‫)األفعال‬: actions or states. Examples: run, is, think.
• Adjectives (‫)الصفات‬: Describe nouns. Examples: big, happy, blue.
• Adverbs (‫)الظروف‬: Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Examples: quickly, very,
yesterday.
• Prepositions (‫)حروف الجر‬: Show relationships between words in a sentence. Examples:
on, in, before.
• Conjunctions (‫)حروف العطف‬: Connect words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: and, but, or.
• Interjections (‫)أدوات التعجب‬: discribe emotions . Examples: oh, wow, ouch, oops
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Present Tenses (‫)اأزمنة المضارع‬

Present simple:
Usage:

1. Facts or general truths: .‫التعبير عن الحقائق أو األمور العامة‬

❖ Example: The sun rises in the east.
2. Habits or routines: .‫العادات أو الروتين‬
❖ Example: I go to the gym every day.
3. Scheduled events (especially with transportation or timetables): ‫نستخدمه للتعبير عن‬
.‫األحداث المجدولة‬
❖ Example: The train leaves at 9:00 AM.
4. Permanent situations: .‫يعبر عن الحاالت الدائمة‬
❖ Example: She lives in London.

Structure :

Subject + Verb + (s/es /ies) + Object Example:He plays football.

Subject + do/does + not + Verb (Base Form) + Object. Example: She does not like coffee.

question:

Do/Does + Subject + Verb (Base Form) + Object? Example: Do you work here?

Keywords :

- Always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every (day/week/year), on (Mondays).

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
 Present Continuous :
Usage :

1. Actions happening now: .‫األحداث التي تحدث اآلن‬

❖ Example : Iam reading a book right now.
2. Temporary actions or situations: .‫يعبر عن األفعال أو المواقف المؤقتة‬
❖ Example: She is staying with her friend this week.
3. Future plans or arrangements: .‫التعبير عن الخطط المستقبلية‬
❖ Example: I am meeting my friend tomorrow.
4. Repeated actions with ‘always’ (to express annoyance): ‫يعبر عن األفعال المتكررة‬
.‫التي تسبب إزعاجًا‬
❖ Example: He is always talking during meetings.

Structure :

Subject + am/is/are + Verb (ing) + Object

❖ Example: They are playing football.

Subject + am/is/are + not + Verb (ing) + Object ‫حالة النفي‬

❖ Example: Iam not working today.

question:

Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb (ing) + Object?

❖ Example: Are you watching TV?

Keywords :

Now, right now, at the moment, currently, this week, today, always (in the sense of
annoyance).

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪Present Perfect :‬‬
‫‪Usage:‬‬

‫يعبر عن أحداث حدثت في ‪1. Actions that happened at an unspecified time before now:‬‬
‫وقت غير محدد في الماضي‪( .‬ميهمنيش التوقيت‪ ،‬يهمني أن انقل خبرتي‪ ،‬يهمني الحدث نفسه)‪ ،‬ودا‬
‫الف رق بينه وبين الماضي البسيط‪ :‬ان االتنين احداث ف الماضي وانتهت‪ ،‬بس الماضي البسيط يهمني‬
‫المدة(الزم احدد مدة) أما المضارع التام يهمني الحدث نفسه‬
‫لو هنقول المثال دا ف الماضي البسيط يبقى الزم ‪❖ Example: I have visited Paris.‬‬
‫نقول‪:‬‬
‫ماضي بسيط ‪❖ I visited Paris in 2016..‬‬
‫يعبر عن األفعال التي ‪2. Actions that started in the past and continue to the present:‬‬
‫بدأت في الماضي وما زالت مستمرة‪.‬‬
‫‪❖ Example: She has lived here for five years.‬‬
‫األحداث اللي ممكن تتغير ما دام المده لسه ‪3. On going action in a specific period of time:‬‬
‫مخلصتش‪ ،‬زي ‪ :‬انا شربت كوب قهوة‪ ،‬ممكن ازود فنجان كمان مادام اليوم مخلصش‪.‬‬
‫‪❖ Example: They have drunk 3 cups of coffee todaY.‬‬

‫‪Structure:‬‬

‫‪Subject + have/has + Verb (Past Participle) + Object‬‬

‫‪❖ Example: He has written a letter.‬‬

‫حالة النفي ‪Subject + have/has + not + Verb (Past Participle) + Object‬‬

‫‪❖ Example: I have not seen that movie.‬‬

‫‪Question :‬‬

‫?‪Have/Has + Subject + Verb (Past Participle) + Object‬‬

‫?‪❖ Example: Have you visited this place before‬‬

‫‪Keywords:‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Already, just, yet, ever, never, for, since, recently, so far.‬‬

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Present Perfect Continuous
Usage:

1.Actions that started in the past and are still continuing: ‫يعبر عن األفعال التي بدأت في‬
.‫الماضي وما زالت مستمرة حتى اآلن‬

❖ Example: Ihave been learning English for two years.

2 used to express ongoing actions in a specific period of time as a justification with

emphasize the duration of the action.

‫ مع التركيز‬،‫للتعبير عن األفعال التي كانت تحدث باستمرار خالل فترة زمنية محددة لتوضيح السبب أو المبرر‬
.‫على المدة الزمنية التي استمر فيها الفعل‬

❖ Example: She is tired because she has been working all day.

Structure:

Subject + have/has + been + Verb (ing) + Object

❖ Example: They have been studying for hours.

Subject + have/has + not + been + Verb (ing) + Object ‫حالة النفي‬

❖ Example: He has not been feeling well lately.

Question:

Have/Has + Subject + been + Verb (ing) + Object?

❖ Example: Have you been waiting long?

Keywords:

- For, since, lately, recently, all day, all week

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫)السؤال المباشر وغير المباشر( ‪Direct and Indirect Questions‬‬

‫‪Direct questions are straightforward and ask for information. Indirect questions‬‬
‫‪are more polite and often start with phrases like "Could you tell me" or "Do you‬‬
‫"‪know.‬‬
‫(األسئلة المباشرة تكون مباشرة وتطلب المعلومات‪ .‬األسئلة غير المباشرة تكون أكثر تهذيبًا وتبدأ بعبارات‬
‫مثل "هل يمكنك أن تخبرني" أو "هل تعرف"‪).‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫?‪Direct: Where is the station‬‬
‫?‪Indirect: Could you tell me where the station is‬‬

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

‫)األسماء المعدودة وغير المعدودة( ‪Countable and Uncountable Nouns‬‬

‫‪Countable nouns can be counted and have both singular and plural forms (e.g.,‬‬
‫‪cat/cats). Uncountable nouns cannot be counted and do not have a plural form (e.g.,‬‬
‫‪water, information).‬‬
‫(األسماء المعدودة هي التي يمكن عدها ولها صيغة مفرد وجمع‪ .‬األسماء غير المعدودة ال يمكن عدها وال‬
‫يوجد لها جمع‪).‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫‪Countable: I have three apples.‬‬
‫‪Uncountable: I need some water.‬‬

‫‪Countable‬‬ ‫‪Uncountable‬‬

‫أدوات التعريف‬ ‫‪A /an‬‬ ‫مش بنستخدم معاها أدوات تعريف‬

‫التعبير عن الكمية‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Many‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Much‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Few‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Little‬‬

‫أدوات مشتركة‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Some‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Some‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Any‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Any‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Lot‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Lot‬‬
‫السؤال‬ ‫•‬ ‫?…‪How many‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫?…‪How much‬‬

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ استخدام‬too :
1. Too + adj.
Example: the tee is too
2. Too + much ‫لو هستخدمها مع اسم‬
Example: this room has too much chairs.

‫استخدام‬enough: we use it as (adj, adv)

1. Adj: enough+ noun
Example: enough sugar.
2. Adv
Example: I eaten enough. The man is working enough.

As ______ as: ‫بقدر‬

1. Adj: as+ adj + as.

Example: osama is as smart as ahmed
2. Noun: as + many/ much+ noun + as.
Example: this room has as many tables as the other room.