done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .

‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬

Summary of 4am English lessons (BEM)

1) Comparatives of equality ⁄ inferiority:‫مقارنة بالتساوي او بالتضاد‬

-If we want to to express equality between two things we use :

:‫اذا اردنا التعبر عن تساوي شٌئٌن فً صفة واحدة نستعمل الصٌغة‬
As + adj + As.
Example : :‫مثال‬
Ahmad is as tall as Karim.
-and if we want to do the opposite we use :
: ‫اما اذا اردنا ان نظهر العكس فنستعمل الصٌغة‬
Not as + adj + as .
Example : :‫مثال‬
I am not as big as Mohammed.

2) Qualifiers:

Qualifiers are words or phrases that are added to another word to modify it’s
meaning, either by limiting it or by enhancing it .

. ‫هً كلمات او عبارات تضاف الى كلمة أخرى من اجل تغٌٌر معناها اما عبر الحد منه او تعزٌزه‬

Example : :‫مثال‬

-He is an intelligent student

He is somewhat an intelligent student

-He is a strong man

-He is the most strong man

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬

3) strong adjectives: ‫الصفات القوٌة‬

Strong or extreme adjectives are adjectives which are used instead of very + a
normal adjectives.

+ ‫الصفات القوٌة هً صفات ٌمكننا استعمالها للتعبٌر عن شٌئ ما بدون ان نلجأ الى تكرار صفة عادٌة‬
. ‫ جدا‬/‫كلمة كثٌرا‬

Example : :‫مثال‬

 The movie was very good .

 The movies was Fantastic.

 You are very beautiful.

 You are stunning.

 This elephant is very big .

 This elephant is huge.

 I am very hungry .
 I am starving .

 You car is very dirty.

 Your car is filthy .

 Karim is very funny.

 Karim is hilarious .

 My mom made very tasty cakes.

 My mom made delicious cakes.

 He is very tired .
 He is exhausted.

 It’s very cold out there .

 It’s freezing out there.

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
4) Present simple: ‫المضارع البسٌط‬
We use the present somple to talk or write about an event or state in the
present .
.‫نستعمل المضارع البسٌط للتحدث او الكتابة عن حدث او موقف وقع فً الحاضر‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬

Subject ( I / you / we / they ) + Stem.

Subject ( He / She / It ) + stem + s/es.

Example: :‫مثال‬

They play videogames.

He goes to school every day.
She likes icecream.
I hate cloudy weather.

5) the past simple : ‫الماضً البسٌط‬

We use the past simple to talk or write about a completed event or state did
happen in the past.
.ً‫نستعمل الماضً البسٌط للتحدث او الكتابة حول حدث او موقف ما وقع و انتهً فً الماض‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬

 Regular verbs : stem + ed

 Irregular verbs : ( see the list below ‫)انظر الى القائمة اسفله‬

Example : :‫مثال‬
We painted the walls.
He went to oran last week.

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬

List of irregular verbs

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
to awake awoke awoken
to bear bore borne
to beat beat beaten
to become became become
to begin began begun
to bend bent bent
to bet bet bet
to bid bid bid
to bind bound bound
to bite bit bitten
to bleed bled bled
to blow blew blown
to break broke broken
to breed bred bred
to bring brought brought
to build built built
to burn burnt burnt
to burst burst burst
to buy bought bought
to cast cast cast
to catch caught caught
to choose chose chosen
to cling clung clung
to come came come
to cost cost cost
to creep crept crept
to cut cut cut
to deal dealt dealt
to dig dug dug
to do did done
to draw drew drawn
to dream dreamt dreamt
to drink drank drunk
to drive drove driven
to dwell dwelt dwelt
to eat ate eaten
to fall fell fallen
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt
to fight fought fought

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
to find found found
to flee fled fled
to fling flung flung
to fly flew flown
to forbid forbade forbidden
to forget forgot forgotten
to forgive forgave forgiven
to freeze froze frozen
to get got got
to give gave given
to go went gone
to grind ground ground
to grow grew grown
to hang hung hung
to have had had
to hear heard heard
to hide hid hidden
to hit hit hit
to hold held held
to hurt hurt hurt
to keep kept kept
to kneel knelt knelt
to know knew known
to lay laid laid
to lead led led
to lean leant leant
to leap leapt leapt
to learn learnt learnt
to leave left left
to lend lent lent
to let let let
to lie lay lain
to light lit lit
to lose lost lost
to make made made
to mean meant meant
to meet met met
to pay paid paid
to put put put
to quit quit quit
to read read read
to rid rid rid

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
to ride rode ridden
to ring rang rung
to rise rose risen
to run ran run
to saw sawed sawn
to say said said
to see saw seen
to seek sought sought
to sell sold sold
to send sent sent
to set set set
to sew sewed sewn
to shake shook shaken
to shear sheared shorn
to shed shed shed
to shine shone shone
to shoe shod shod
to shoot shot shot
to show showed shown
to shrink shrank shrunk
to shut shut shut
to sing sang sung
to sink sank sunk
to sit sat sat
to sleep slept slept
to slide slid slid
to sling slung slung
to slink slunk slunk
to slit slit slit
to smell smelt smelt
to sow sowed sown
to speak spoke spoken
to speed sped sped
to spell spelt spelt
to spend spent spent
to spill spilt spilt
to spit spat spat
to split split split
to spoil spoilt spoilt
to spread spread spread
to spring sprang sprung
to stand stood stood

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
to steal stole stolen
to stick stuck stuck
to sting stung stung
to stink stank stunk
to stride strode stridden
to strike struck struck
to string strung strung
to strive strove striven
to swear swore sworn
to sweep swept swept
to swell swelled swollen
to swim swam swum
to swing swung swung
to take took taken
to teach taught taught
to tear tore torn
to tell told told
to think thought thought
to throw threw thrown
to thrust thrust thrust
to tread trod trodden
to understand understood understood
to wake woke woken
to wear wore worn
to weave wove woven
to weep wept wept
to win won won
to wind wound wound
to wring wrung wrung
to write wrote written

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
6) the future simple:‫المستقبل البسٌط‬
We use the future simple to talk or write about an event or state that will
happen in the future .
. ‫نستعمل المستقبل البسٌط للتحدث او الكتابة عن حدث ما او موقف لم ٌبدأ بعد و ٌقع فً المستقبل‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬
 Will + stem

Example : :‫مثال‬
I will go to london next week.

7) the present perfect:‫المضارع التام‬

We use the present perfect tense in the english language to express an event
that occured in the past in general without specifying the time unlike the past
simple .
‫نستعمل زمن المضارع التام فً اللغة اإلنجلٌزٌة للتعبٌر عن حدث وقع فً الماضً بشكل عام دون‬
. ‫تحدٌد الزمن على عكس الماضً البسٌط‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬
 Subject+ Has( she/he/it) have ( I/they/we/you) + past participle .

Example: :‫مثال‬

He has eaten all the candy .

I have played Hockey last night .

The uses of present perfect: : ‫استعماالت المضارع التام‬

 Speaking about an action started in the past and continued to the

present :
: ‫التحدث عن فعل بدأ فً الماضً و بقً مستمرا الى زمن الحاضر‬ 
Ex: She has lived in Algeria since 90’s .
 With current jobs :
: ‫التحدث عن المهن و الوظائف الحالٌة‬ 
Ex : i have worked as a teacher for 2 years.
 Action happened in the past without specifying when exactly:
:‫التحدث عن فعل ما حدث فً الماضً دون ان نذكر وقت محدد‬ 
Ex: I have bought a car .
 Speaking about a period hasn’t finished yet :
: ‫التحدث عن فترة زمنٌة لم تنتهً بعد‬ 
Ex: I have spent only 100£ this month .
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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
8) the past continuous: ‫الماضً المستمر‬
We use the past continuous to talk about an action or state that was in
progress in the past. This action or state continued for temporary period, but
didn’t continue to the present.
‫ لكنه توقف و‬. ً‫نستعمل الماضً البسٌط للتحدث عن حدث او موقف ما اخذ فترة مستمرة من الماض‬
. ‫انتهى قبل الحاضر‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬
Were / Was + stem + ing
Ex : i was playing videogames last night.

Note:
-We can use past and past continuous to talk about an action that was in
progress , when another action happened / interrupted it .
:‫مالحظة‬
‫ٌمكن استعمال الماضً البسٌط و الماضً المستمر فً نفس الجملة للتحدث عن حدث وقع و اخذ فترة‬
. ‫مستمرة من الزمن و فً نفس الوقت حدث اخر ٌعارضه او ٌقاطعه‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬
 Was + Were + Stem + ing past simple

Example : :‫مثال‬
I was watching TV when the telephone rang .

-and we can also use the past continous to talk about simultaneous actions
happening in the same time in the past .
ً‫و ٌمكن ان نستعمل أٌضا الماضً المستمر للتحدث او الكتابة عن احداث وقعت متزامنة او حدثت ف‬
. ً‫نفس الوقت و اخذت فترة مستمرة من الماض‬
Example : :‫مثال‬

When i was revising my lessons , my friend was playing in the streets .

-we often use this words ( As – Because – When – Unlike ) to connect between
the past simple and the past continuous .
– ‫عادة ما نستعمل هاته الكلمات للربط بٌن الماضً البسٌط و الماضً المستمر ( لما – بسبب – عندما‬
. ) ‫بٌنما‬

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
Examples : :‫امثلة‬

 As I was drinking coffee , the telephone rang .

 I was running fast because I was late .
 I was reading my books when the electricity went down .
 I was revising my lessons while / unlike my friend who was playing video
games .

9) the imperative: ‫االمر‬

The imperative in english is generally used to give an order , to prompt
someone to do something , to give a warning or to give an instructions.
. ‫ للتحذٌر او إعطاء تعلٌمات‬,‫نستعمل صٌغة االمر فً اللغة اإلنجلٌزٌة عادة عند إعطاء األوامر‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬

 Positive : stem
 Negative : don’t + stem

Example : :‫مثال‬

Close the window .

Revise your lessons.
Don’t play in the street .
Don’t leave the house.

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
10) conditional type one: )‫الجملة الشرطٌة (النوع األول‬

This type of condition is used for present or future activities which are likely to
happen , we use present simple in the IF Clause , and the future simple in the
Main Clause .
‫ نستعمل زمن‬, ‫هذا النوع من الشرط ٌستعمل فً االحداث التً نود وقوعها فً الحاضر او المستقبل‬
‫) و زمن المستقبل البسٌط فً جملة جواب الشرط‬IF Clause ( ‫المضارع البسٌط فً جملة الشرط‬
. )Main Clause(
Rule : :‫قاعدة‬
If + present simple + , )‫(فاصلة‬+ Future simple
‫او‬
Future simple + IF + Present simple

We use it also to predict things, to give threat or warning, to give an offer or

suggestion and promises.
‫ تقدٌم عرض او اقتراح و كذلك إعطاء وعود‬,‫ إعطاء تهدٌد او تحذٌر‬,‫نستعمله عندما نرٌد ان نتنبأ‬

Examples : :‫امثلة‬

Prediction )‫ (تنبأ‬:
If we don’t go now , we will miss the bus .

Threat )‫ (تهدٌد‬:
If you don’t stop now, i will punish you.

Warning )‫ (تحذٌر‬:
If you climb higher , you will fall .

Offer )‫ (عرض خدمة‬:

If you still hungry, i will cook more for you .

Suggestion ) ‫ (تقدٌم اقتراح‬:

If she still needs help , i will help her .

Promise )‫ ( إعطاء وعد‬:

If you study hard this year, I will buy you a new smartphone.

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
11) the passive voice : ‫المبنً للمجهول‬
In the passive form the subject is unkown or not important .
.‫فً المبنً للمجهول ٌكون الفاعل مجهول او غٌر مهم تماما لذلك نقول ان الجملة مبنٌة للمجهول‬
To transform a phrase from the active voice to the passive voice we write the
ovject first than i twill will be followed by the verb TO BE ( according to the
tense of active voice verb ), after that the verb in part participle.
‫) ثم ٌتبع بالفعل‬object( ‫لتحوٌل جملة ما من المبنً للمعلوم الى المبنً للمجهول نكتب المفعول به أوال‬
ً‫حسب زمن تصرٌف الفعل الموجود فً جملة المبنً للمعلوم ثم بعد ذلك الفعل الرئٌسً ف‬TO BE
. )past participle ( ‫التصرٌف الثالث للفعل‬

Rule : :‫قاعدة‬
In present simple ‫فً المضارع البسٌط‬
 Active voice : subject + verb (present ) + object
 Passive voice : object + TO BE + verb ( past participle )
Or ‫أو‬
 Passive voice : object + TO BE + verb ( past participle ) + by + subject

To be in present :
I am
You are
They are
We are
She is
He is
It is

Examples : :‫امثلة‬
Active voice : My mother cooks lunch.
Passive voice : lunch is cooked . or ‫ أو‬lunch is cooked by my mother .

Active voice: My friend cleans his room.

Passive voice: His room is cleaned . or ‫ أو‬The room is cleaned by my friend .

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
In Past simple ‫فً الماضً البسٌط‬

 Active voice : subject + verb (past ) + object

 Passive voice : object + Was / Were + verb ( past participle )
Or ‫أو‬
 Passive voice : object + Was / Were + verb ( past participle ) + by +
subject

Generally, “was is used for singular objects and “were” is used for plural
objects. So, you will use “was” with I, he, she and it while you will use “were”
with you, we and they.
,i ‫ مع‬was ‫ اذا نستعمل‬,‫ مع أشياء الجمع‬were ‫ عندما نتعامل مع أشياء مفردة و‬was ‫عادة ما نستعمل‬
‫ مفرد اال اننا نستعملها‬you ‫ ( بالرغم ان‬. They ‫ و‬we ,You ‫ مع‬were ‫ و نستعمل‬. it ‫ و‬she ,he
. )were ‫مع‬

Examples: :‫أمثلة‬

Active voice : The child broke the window.

Passive voice : the window was broken or ‫ أو‬the window was broken by the
child.

Active voice: Ali cleaned the rooms .

Passive voice : The rooms were cleaned or ‫ أو‬The rooms were cleaned by ali .

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
12) suffixes and prefixes : ‫اللواحق و البادئات‬

Suffixes : ‫اللواحق‬
The suffixes are word elements placed in the end of the word to change it’s
meanings to the opposite or to form a new word.
‫اللواحق هً جزء من كلمة تضاف الى نهاٌة كلمة ما من اجل تغٌٌر معناها الى العكس او تؤدي الى‬
.‫تكوٌن كلمة جدٌدة‬

We use suffixes ( er , or , ist , ian ) to form name of jobs ‫نستعمل هاته اللواحق من اجل‬
‫تكوٌن أسماء مهن ووظائف‬
teach Teacher
sail sailor
art artist
music musician

and we use also ( Ful, less, ness) to change the meaning of the word ‫و نستعمل هاته‬
‫لتغٌٌر معنى الكلمة‬
color colorful wonder wonderful
home homeless help helpless
forgive forgivness kind kindness

prefixes: ‫البادئات‬
the prefixes are word element placed in front of the root which change the
words’s meaning to the opposite or to form a new word.
‫البادئات هً جزء من كلمة تضاف فً بداٌة الكلمات لٌتم تغٌٌر معناها الى العكس او تؤدي الى تكوٌن‬
. ‫كلمة جدٌدة‬

Prefixes like non, un, im, il, ir, mis, dis we use them to give an opposite of the
word like:
:‫نستعمل هاته البادئات العطاء اضداد للكلمات‬
Zip unzip
Possible impossible
Legal illegal
Regular irregular
Understand misunderstand
Agree disagree

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
Prefixes like re we use them when we talk about repetition or to give a new
meaning to the word:
:‫ عندما نتكلم على تكرار او ٌمكن ان ٌؤدي الى إعطاء معنى اخر للكلمة‬re ‫و نستعمل‬
Fresh refresh
Enter re-enter
Arrange rearrange

Prefixes like De means remove or reverse :

: ً‫ بمعنى حذف او عكس‬De ‫البادئة‬
Activate Deactivate
Frost Defrost
Compose Decompose

13) Discourse markers: ‫عالمات الخطاب‬

Discourse markers are words or phrases we use them to connect, organize, and
manage what we say or to express an attitude.

‫عالمات الخطاب عبارة عن كلمات او جمل قصٌرة نستعملها لربط و تنظٌم ما نقول او التعبٌر عن‬
.‫موقفنا‬

-Chronology : ً‫تسلسل زمن‬

First ‫ أوال‬, then ‫ فوق ذلك‬, after that ‫ بعد ذلك‬, next ‫ ثم‬, and ‫ و‬, lately ‫ مؤخرا‬,
finally ‫ واخٌرا‬.

-Contrast : ‫التباٌن‬
Whereas ‫ بٌنما‬, but ‫ لكن‬, unlike ‫ على عكس‬, however ‫مع ذلك‬.

-reason : ‫السبب‬ Because/since ‫ بسبب‬.

-effect : ‫تأثٌر‬
So/therefore ً‫ بالتال‬, consequently ‫ بناءا على ذلك‬, as a result ‫وكنتٌجة‬.

-giving examples : ‫إعطاء امثلة‬

Like / such as ‫مثل‬.

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
14) the superlative form : ‫صٌغ التفضٌل‬

In short adjectives : ‫فً الصفات القصٌرة‬

Subject + verb + the + short adjective + est

Examples: : ‫امثلة‬

This animal is the smallest one in the garden.

Mohammed is The tallest kid in the school.
This house is the biggest one in the town.

In long adjectives : ‫فً الصفات الطوٌلة‬

Subject+ verb + the most + long adjective

Examples: :‫امثلة‬

This film is the most interesting one in the cinema.

The Lamborghini is one of the most expensive cars in the world.
Algerian sahara is the most beautiful desert I have ever seen.

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
15) Comparison and contrast markers: ‫عالمات المقارنة و التباٌن‬

When you want to highlight the similarities between two things or talk about
how they are the same or you want to show the opposite, these are some
words you should use :
‫ او انك ترٌد ان تظهر العكس هذه‬,‫عندما ترٌد ابراز أوجه تشابه بٌن شٌئٌن او التحدث عن كٌفٌة تماثلها‬
:‫بعض العالمات التً ٌمكنك استعمالها‬

-Comparison : ‫مقارنة‬
The following can be used to compare two things in the same sentence (
as….as/ like / similar…)
:‫ٌتم استخدام هاته الكلمات لمقارنة شٌئٌن فً نفس الجملة‬

Cats are as friendly as dogs

That cloud looks like a face
I look similar to my mother

This words ( equally , in the same way, likewise , similarly ) are used after one
point has been stated or mentioned, and they begin the following sentence
contains the second point:
‫ٌتم استخدام هاته الكلمات بعد ذكر نقطة واحدة و تبدأ هذه الكلمات الجملة التالٌة التً تحتوي على النقطة‬
.‫الثانٌة‬

My parents worked hard to raise me. In the same way I must make an effort to
make them happy

-Contrast: ‫تباٌن‬
When presenting something contrasts with what was previously written or
said , we can use this markers: (but, however , unlike, whereas , on the other
hand, on the contrary…)
:‫عند تقدٌم فكرة ما تتعارض مع ما تم قوله او كتابته سابقا ٌمكننا استخدام هاته العالمات‬

I am very good at playing the guitar but i can’t play the drum
It’s been sunny today, however I think it will rain tomorrow
Ali is good at math whereas mohammed is good at physics
Spain is good for beach holidays unlike Austria which is good for skiing

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
Prononciation: ‫النطق‬

1) Diphthongs : ‫األصوات الثنائٌة‬

Diphthongs are which cosists of a movement of glide from one vowel to

another , or we can say it’s a combination of two vowel sounds withing one
syllable it startes at one vowel than it moves in the direction of another with no
break
‫ او ٌمكننا ان نعرفها‬,‫األصوات الثنائٌة هً األصوات التً تتالف من حركة حرف علة الى حرف اخر‬
‫على أساس انها اتحاد صوتً علة ضمن مقطع واحد حٌث تبدأ بنطق حرف العلة األول و تتحرك باتجاه‬
.‫حرف العلة الثانً بدون توقف‬

The main prominence is always on the first vowel. The second vowel being only
lightly sounded.
‫ٌكون بروز الصوت الرئٌسً دوما على حرف العلة األول اما بالنسبة لحرف العلة الثانً ٌكون منطوق‬
. ‫بصفة خفٌفة فقط‬

In english there are 8 diphthongs :

: ‫ أصوات ثنائٌة‬8 ‫فً اللغة اإلنجلٌزٌة هناك‬
 /aʊ/ as in “Town”
 /aɪ/ as in “Light”
 /eɪ/ as in “Play”
 /eə/ as in “Pair”
 /ɪə/ as in “Deer”
 /oʊ/ as in “Slow”
 /ɔɪ/ as in “Toy”
 /ʊə/ as in “Sure”

2) Triphthongs : ‫األصوات الثالثٌة‬

Triphtongs is the combination of three vowels in one syllable and there is 5

triphthongs in English:
: ‫ أنواع‬5 ‫األصوات الثالثٌة هً اتحاد ثالث حروف علة فً نفس المقطع و هناك‬
 /aʊ/ + /ə/ = [aʊə] hour
 /aɪ/ + /ə/ = [aɪə] fire
 /eɪ/ + /ə/ = [eɪə] player
 /əʊ/ + /ə/ = [əʊə] mower
 /ɔɪ/ + /ə/ = [ɔɪə] employer

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
As you can see, triphthongs have three vowel sounds in a row. However, they
are not always fully pronounced since very often the second element
is considerably weakened or left out altogether.

‫كما يمكنك ان ترى األصوات الثالثية تحمل أصوات ثالث حروف علة اال انها ال تنطق كاملة بسبب ان‬
.‫الحرف الثاني نوعا ما يكون نطقه مخفف او غير منطوق على االطالق‬

3) Consonant cluster : ‫األصوات الصحيحة‬

It’s the combination of two or more consonants that are not separated by a
vowel . this sequence may take place at the beginnings, the middle or at the
end of words.
‫ هذا‬.‫يمكن تعريفه بانه تجمع حرفين صحيحين او اكثر في نفس المقطع بدون ان يفصل بينها حرف علة‬
.‫ الوسط او النهاية‬,‫الترابط يأخذ مكان في البداية‬

A) initial position ‫في بداية الكلمة‬: there may be two or three consonants in
sequence like:
:‫يمكن ان يكون هناك حرفين او ثالث احرف صحيحة مثل‬
Two consonants: Stay sky snow
Three consonants: street spring screen

B) Middle position ‫ في وسط الكلمة‬: there may be two, three or four consonants
like:
:‫ ثالث او اربع احرف صحيحة مثل‬,‫يمكن ان يكون هناك حرفين‬
Two consonants : under picture acted
Three consonants : actress hundred endless
Four consonants : extra explain express

C) Final position ‫فً نهاٌة الكلمة‬: there may be two, three or four consonant
clusters at the end of the word.
:‫ ثالث او اربع احرف صحيحة مثل‬,‫يمكن ان يكون هناك حرفين‬
Two consonants: act and sits
Three consonants : text asked tempt
Four consonants : prompts textes

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
4) Intonation : ً‫التناغم الصوت‬
There are two types of intonation :

-Rising intonation ‫التناغم التصاعدي‬: we use the rising intonation in yes/no

questions , and the questions that show uncertainly and require an answer.
‫نستخدم التناغم التصاعدي عادة فً األسئلة التً تكون اجابتها بنعم او ال و األسئلة المبهمة و التً تحتاج‬
. ‫الى إجابة‬

Examples: :‫أمثلة‬

Do you like your new ➚car ?

Have you finished ➚already?
he view is beautiful, ➚isn't it?
You're a new student ➚aren't you?

-Falling intonation ً‫التناغم التنازل‬: Falling intonation is the most common

intonation pattern in English. It is commonly found in statements, commands,
wh-questions (information questions), confirmatory question tags and
exclamations.
,‫ اعطاء االوامر‬,‫ نجده فً التصرٌحات‬.‫التناغم التنازلً هو التناغم االكثر استعماال فً اللغة االنجلٌزٌة‬
. ‫ و األسئلة التً تحتاج الى تأكٌد فقط و التعجبات‬, wh ‫فً االسئلة التً تبدأ ب‬

Examples : :‫أمثلة‬

Nice to meet ↘you.

Write your name ↘here.
What country do you come ↘from?
I failed the test because I didn't revise, did ↘ I?
What a beautiful ↘ dress!

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done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
5) Final ed:
As we know regular verbs in English can be easily transformed from the present
tense to the past by simply adding ed at the end of the verb or just d if the
word already ends with e. in case of the words that ends with Y we take it out
than we replace it with I and then it will be followed with ed.
ً‫كما نعلم ان األفعال المنتظمة فً اللغة اإلنجلٌزٌة ٌكون تحوٌلها من الزمن المضارع الى الزمن الماض‬
d ‫الى نهاٌة الفعل أو أحٌانا‬ed ‫ ٌتم هذا التحوٌل مباشرة عبر إضافة‬, ‫سهال مقارنة مع األفعال الشاذة‬
‫ نقوم بحذفها‬y ‫ فً حالة الكلمات التً تنتهً ب‬. ‫ األخٌر‬e ‫فقط اذا كان الفعل ٌحوي أصال على حرف‬
.ed‫ ثم نضٌف الــ‬i ‫و استبدالها ب‬

Ed pronunciation : the final ed is pronounced in three different ways d, t or id

. id ‫ او‬t ‫ او‬d ‫ على ثالث طرق اما تنطق‬ed ‫ٌكون نطق‬

/t/ /d/ /id/

/P/ Helped ‫كل ما تبقى من األصوات‬ /T/ hunted
/F/ laughed Begged /D/ added
/S/ missed Allowed
/Sh/ washed Phoned
/Tch/ watched Revised
/K/ cooked

. F ‫ ٌنطقان‬GH ‫ حرفً الـ‬Laugh ‫ فً نهاٌة كلمة‬: ‫مالحظة‬

6) Final S :
The prononciation of final S at the end of plural nouns, verbs in third person
sometimes can cause a kind of problems for non-native english speakers cause
it can be pronounced in three different ways: s, z, iz .
‫ فً نهاٌة األسماء فً صٌغة الجمع و األفعال بصٌغة الغائب ٌمكن ان ٌشكل مشكلة‬s ‫ان نطق النهاٌة‬
. iz , z ,s ‫نوعا ما بالنسبة لمتعلمً اللغة اإلنجلٌزٌة الجدد ألننا ٌمكن ان ننطقه بثالث طرق مختلفة‬
/iz/ /s/ /z/
/c/ races /p/ sleeps /B/ crabs
/s/ buses /t/ hats /d/ words
/x/ boxes /k/ books /g/ bags
/z/ prizes /f/ cliffs /L/ falls
/ss/ kisses /th/ myths /m/ dreams
/ch/ watches /ph/ graphs /n/ fans
/sh/ dishes /ng/ sings
/ge/ changes /r/ wears
/v/ gloves

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 done by : Mr Saihi Aymen Ibrahim .‫ ساحئي أيـــــمن ابراهمي‬:‫هذا العمل اكن من اعداد‬
7) Silent letters:
Silent letters are letters that are not pronounced in words even though we
write them.
‫االحرف الصامتة هً احرف ال ننطقها عند قراءة الكلمة بالرغم من اننا نكتبها‬

Examples : :‫أمثلة‬

A B C D E G H I
Logically Bomb Scenario Badge Age Align Ache Business
Musically Climb Scene Edge Breathe Assign Anchor Parliament
Physically Comb Scent Handkerchief Bridge Benign Archaeology
Critically Coulomb Science Handsome Change Campaign Architect
Crumb Scissors Hedge Clothes Cologne Chaos
Debt Transcend Sandwich Gene Consign Character
Doubt Wedge Hate Design Charisma
Dumb Wednesday Like Chemical
Jamb love

K I N P S T U W
Knack Almond Autumn Cupboad Aisle Apostle Baguette Answer
Knead Balm Column Pneumonia Island Bristle Biscuit Awry
Knee Calf Damn Pseudo Patios Bustle Building Playwright
Kneel Calm Hymn Psychiatrist Butcher Circuit Sword
Knew Chalk Psychic Castle Disguise Two
Knickers Could Psychology Christmas Guard Whole
Knife Psychotic Fasten Guess Wrack
Knight Guest

Good luck all of you

Best wishes

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