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:Form ‫ ا‬.١

:‫ ﻧﺼﺮف اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬he,she,it ‫ أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ‬.they ‫ و‬we‫ و‬you‫ و‬I ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬
(eats - runs - walks – sings) .‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬s ‫ ﻧﻀﻊ‬.١
(washes - watches - crosses - goes – mixes) . z ‫ أو‬s ‫ أو‬ch ‫ أو‬sh ‫ أو‬o ‫ أو‬x ‫ ﻟﻮ اﻧﺘﮭﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑـ‬es ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬.٢
(cries – tries) . ies ‫ ﻣﺴﺒﻮق ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﺤﺬف وﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬y ‫ إذا اﻧﺘﮭﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺤﺮف‬.٣
(enjoys - plays – prays) ‫ ﻓﻘﻂ‬s ‫( ﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬a / e/ i / o/ u) ‫ ﻣﺴﺒﻮق ﺑﺤﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬y ‫ إذا اﻧﺘﮭﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺤﺮف‬-٤
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
:‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
:habits ‫ ﻋﺎدات و اﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة‬.١
E.g. I go to school every day. Adel usually visits his relatives on Friday.
:facts ‫ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬.٢
E.g. The sun rises in the east. The earth goes around the sun.
:‫ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬if ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬.٣
E.g. If you study hard, you will succeed.
:‫ اﻟﺼﻔﺮﯾﺔ‬if ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬.٤
E.g. If you boil water, it evaporates.= When you boil water, it evaporates.
:schedules ‫ ﺟﺪاول اﻟﻤﻮاﻋﯿﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬.٥
E.g. I am traveling to London tomorrow. My plane leaves at 6 am.
:‫ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ واﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬.٦
I live in Cairo / he works in factory / she likes English .
: ‫ – ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻻﺗﯿﺔ‬٧
after /as soon as
Before (‫ﺗﺎم‬/‫)ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ( ‫) ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
When
won't + inf → till / until ╣ → ‫ﺗﺎم‬/‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
e.g. After my father finishes his work, he will take us to the club.
I won't watch TV until I finish my homework
As soon as / After / When I arrive, I’ll go to the shops.
:Key words ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬.٣
:‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ت دا‬  ‫ت ا‬‫ا‬
(Always ً ‫ داﺋﻤ ﺎ‬, usually ً‫ ﻋ ﺎدة‬, often ً ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎ‬, sometimes ً ‫أﺣﯿﺎﻧ ﺎ‬, ever ‫ﻟﻸﺑ ﺪ‬/ً ‫ داﺋﻤ ﺎ‬, never ً‫ أﺑ ﺪا‬, rarely ً‫ ﻧ ﺎدرا‬,
scarcely ً‫ ﻧ ﺎدرا‬, seldom ً‫ ﻧ ﺎدرا‬, hardly ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜ ﺎد‬, frequently ‫ ﺑ ﺼﻮرة ﻣﺘﻜ ﺮرة‬, generally ً ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﺎ‬, every ‫ﻛ ﻞ‬,
occasionally ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻦ واﻵﺧﺮ‬, from time to time ‫) ﻣﻦ وﻗﺖ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ‬
‫ أو أو‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬‫وف ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬
every day/ every week / every year/ twice a week / twice a month /
Rania goes to the club every Monday. Every Monday Rania goes to the club.
verb to be  ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬: ‫ار و‬‫وف ا‬‫ ظ‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ 
always - ً ‫ داﺋﻤﺎ‬usually ً‫ﻋﺎدة‬ -often - ً‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬sometimes– ً‫أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬
ً
- rarely ‫ﻧﺎدرا‬ - never ً‫ – أﺑﺪا‬ever – frequently ‫ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة‬- occasionally
- I sometimes walk to school. - My brother often watches TV.
- I am never late for school. - She is always tired in the evenings.
‫ ( وﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬i/ they/ we / you ) ‫( (ﻣﻊ‬don't ) ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-١
- they don't like pizza. I don't play football on Friday.
‫ ( وﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬he/ she /it ) ‫ ( ﻣﻊ‬doesn’t) ) ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٢
He doesn't want a parrot. - she doesn't want a kitten.
(s)    ‫ و‬doesn't ‫ن‬  never ‫ أن م‬-٣
Ex :Ahmed doesn't study English = Ahmed never studies English
: ‫ال‬‫ ا‬.5
‫ ا‬+Do + (you/they)+ ‫ر‬ + ‫ ا‬ ?
‫ ا‬+Does + (he/she/it/your+ ‫د‬ ‫)ا‬+ ‫ر‬ + ‫ ا‬ ?

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√-When do you go to school? -- I go to school at 7 o'clock

√- Where does she live, Sara? -- She lives in America.
√- How does your father go to work? -- he goes by car.

Do + (you/they)+ ‫ر‬ + ‫ ا‬ ?

Does + (he/she/it/your+ ‫د‬ ‫)ا‬+ ‫ر‬ + ‫ ا‬ ?
ex-Do you like fish ? yes, I do /No, I don't
Do they play tennis?. yes, they do, No they don't
‫ات م‬‫د ا‬  ‫ال‬‫ ا‬
How often+ Does/do +( )+ ‫ر‬ + ‫ ا‬ ?

( always–usually- never- every week–once – twice – three times )‫أﺟﺎﺑﺔ ب‬

How often do you go to the library ?
I go to library twice a week .

( ‫ ) ﻳﻌﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻥ‬-: ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬

:‫ت‬‫ة ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬‫دة ا‬‫ ا‬ 
1- (Be / get) + used to + ("v +ing" / noun)
2- It is SB’s habit + to + inf
3-  + (am / is / are) + in the habit of + "v + ing"
4-  + usually +  ‫رع‬.
5- (Noun / "v + ing") + is + SB’s habit.
e.g. # # Amr is used to studying hard.
# Amr is in the habit of studying # It is Amr’s habit to study hard.
# Amr usually studies hard. # Studying hard is Amr’s habit.

:Form ‫ ا‬.١

( am, is, are + verb + ing )  ‫رع ا‬‫ن ا‬ :‫ت‬‫ ا‬  -١
I am
He, She, It is + ( v + ing ).
We, You, They are
- Listen! She is playing the piano.
- They are cleaning the garden now

( am, is, are + not + verb + ing )  ‫رع ا‬‫ن ا‬ :‫ ا‬  -٢
I am not
He, She, It isn't + ( v + ing ).
We, You, They aren't

( am, is, are + inf…+ verb + ing )  ‫رع ا‬‫ن ا‬ :‫ال‬‫ ا‬  -٣
is he, she, it
What ( ‫ ا‬ ) + ( v + ing )…?
Are we, you, they
e.g- Are They playing tennis now? - No, they aren't.
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- What are you doing now? - I'm reading a lesson.

:‫ت‬
-: ِ ( ing ) ‫ ( وم‬e ) ‫ف‬ ، ( e ) ‫ف‬  ‫ن ا‬ ‫ إذا‬-١
move → moving come → coming live → living bake → baking
. ‫ا‬ 
dye dyeing singe‫ق‬ singeing be being
-: ‫ ( ِﻣﺛـل‬ing ) ‫ (ُﯾﻛرر اﻟﺣرف اﻷﺧﯾر وﻧﺿﻊ‬a – e – i – o – u )‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل ﯾﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك واﺣد‬-٢
cut → cutting put → putting get → getting drop→ dropping run→ running
: ‫ ﻣـﺎﻋـدا‬-
remember →remembering visit → visiting listen → listening
happen → happening enjoy → enjoying snow → snowing
-: ‫ ( ِﻣﺛـل‬ing )‫ ﻧﺿﻊ‬، ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل ﯾﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑﺣرﻓﺎن ﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺎن‬-٣
eat → eating read → reading need → needing see → seeing
-: ‫( ِﻣﺛـل‬ying )‫ وﻧﺿﻊ‬،‫ ﺗﺣذف‬ie ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل ﯾﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬-٤
lie → lying die → dying tie→ tying

:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢

.‫ء ا‬‫ث أ‬ ‫ث‬   ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬.١
E.g. they are playing football now.
My brother is reading a book at the moment
She isn’t working at the hospital today.
: ‫ ا‬  ‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ث‬ .٢
E.g. I am travelling to Luxor tomorrow.
:  ‫اس‬‫ وا‬‫ وا‬‫ر وا‬‫ل ا‬‫ أ‬   – ٣
want – think – like – love – hate – belong – have – see – hear-taste - smell
: ‫ ا‬ ‫ار‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ه ا‬   ‫ ان‬ ‫و‬
E.g I have a car ( ‫)ا‬  But  I'm having breakfast.( ‫ول‬‫)ا‬
E.g. I think Ali is clever. (‫ )اﻋﺘﻘﺪ‬I'm thinking of buying a car( ‫)اﻓﻜﺮ‬
:Key words ‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣
:‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت داﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
(now ‫ن‬‫ ا‬- at the moment ‫ه ا‬  - Look! ‫ – ام‬at present ‫ن‬‫ – ا‬at this time ‫ن‬‫ا‬- still ‫زال‬
Listen! ‫ أم‬- Look out! – Watch out! ‫ر‬‫ا‬/‫س‬‫ا‬- today ‫ ا‬these days ‫ه ا‬)

Present Perfect ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻡ‬

have/has + p.p ← ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم ﻣﻦ‬

‫ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪث ﺗﻢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ دون ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ وﻗﺘﮫ‬-١
E.g. – I have painted the house .
ً‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ أﺣﺪاث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻧﺘﮭﺖ ﺣﺎﻻً أو ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﯿﺮة ﺟﺪا‬-٢
Mai has just washed the dishes
. ‫ – ﺣﺪث ﺑﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﻣﺎزال ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع‬٣
We have lived in Giza for ten years / since 2006 .
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ او م‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬-٤
 I can't open the door because I have lost my keys.
 Ahmed has hurt his leg, so he can’t play football today.
Ali is happy because he has passed his exam
‫ا‬‫ وا‬‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ا‬
Ever → ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال وﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﻀﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺒﺮات اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ و ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻻن → ﺳﺒﻖ‬
Have you ever been to America ?
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This is the best book I have ever read .

never ‫ﺗﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺒﺮات اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ → اﺑﺪا‬
I’ve been to London but I have never been to Paris.
I have never eaten Chinese food before
Yet→ ‫ ﺣﺘﻰ أﻻن‬/ ‫ → ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫ ا‬‫ال و ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ 
Have you finished your homework yet
I haven’t had breakfast yet.
Just → ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﺤﻈﺎت‬/ ‫ → ﺗﻮا‬a few minutes ago/ short time ago
Leila isn’t here. She’s just gone.
The bus has just left! I can see it over there
Already →‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬/ ‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬‫( و ا‬has) ‫( و‬have )  
I have already had lunch .  Leila has finished her homework already.
Lately (‫ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ ً )ُﯾﻔﻀﻞ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﯿﺔ أو ﺳﺆال‬/ً‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮا‬
E.g. I haven't met Soha lately.
Recently (‫ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ ً )ُﯾﻔﻀﻞ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ او ﺳﺆال‬/ً‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮا‬
E.g. Samy has married recently.

Since + (‫ة‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬) ‫ث‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ For +  ‫ة‬

Last (week- month – year – Monday - ( a week – a month – a year )
night ) ( three hours / minutes )
1995 / 5 o'clock /Sunday ( five days /ten years )
The /this morning –yesterday ( a long time / ages )
Lunch time – spring – then – a night- more than-some time
His arrival/ childhood/death a while / a decade /a season/ ever
Marriage/ birthday For the last/past + ‫ة ز‬
I /He/she was ………../the age of…… for the last week/month.
Since the last + ‫ا‬ a/an ‫ا‬‫ و‬s ‫ ب‬‫ام‬   
since the last visit.
e.g. She has been in hospital since Sunday
I have played football for 6 years
: ( ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺎت ھــــــﺎﻣﺔ ) ﺗﺤﻔـــــﻆ‬
‫ او اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬the last time ‫ او‬for ‫ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬since ‫ – ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬١
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم ﻣﻨﻔﻰ‬+ For + ‫ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬
= it's + ‫ ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬+Since + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
= the last time + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬+ Was + ‫ ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬+ ago
= ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ last + ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬+ ‫ ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬+ ago in+ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬
E.g → I haven't met him for two weeks
= It's two weeks since I met him .
= I last met him two weeks ago.= The last time I met him was two weeks ago.
sub+ have/has + p.p/( been+ ving) + Since +  +  -٢
 Adel hasn’t contacted me since he left Cairo
Khaled has not used a camera since he bought a mobile phone last year.
has/have been to ‫ ذھﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن وﻋﺎد ﻣﻨﮫ‬-٣
E.g. Ahmed, where have you been?
He has been to London ( he is here now )
has/have gone to ‫ذھﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن وﻟﻢ ﯾﻌﺪ او ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻰ ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ‬
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He has gone to London ( he is still there )

Ali has gone to school./ where has heba gone? I can't find her.
Belal is not here. He has gone to the dentist’s

Present Perfect continuous ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤـﺮ‬

:Form ‫ ا‬.١

(she /he /it ) has + been + "v +ing"
(I /we /they/ you ) have
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
‫ ا‬‫ و‬  ‫زال‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ -١
-I have been reading a new book. (I’m still reading it. I haven’t finished it yet.)
-She has been studying English for five years. (She is still studying it now.)
It has been raining heavily for the past three days.
:‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ او م‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ -٢
- I'm so tired because I've been running all day
- It’s been raining all day, so the garden is very wet
Manal’s brother has been living in England for a year, so his English is very good
Key words:‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣
Since +‫ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺪث‬/ for+‫ ﻣﺪةزﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬/ all + ‫ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬/ for…….now
- He has been working there since he passed his exams.
- It has been raining for three days now.
- For the past hour, I’ve been talking to patients
-My father’s been working in the garden all morning.
:How long  ‫ ا‬‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫م‬‫ أ‬
- How long have you been smoking?
:    ‫ إ‬‫ ط‬‫ق و‬ ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ا ا‬ 
teach / learn / rain / cook / sleep / play / run / study / write / read / stay/wait
- It has been raining for the past three hours.
: ‫ ا‬ ‫ار‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬  ‫ة‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬‫ ا‬   ‫ل‬‫ك أ‬ ‫ أن‬
know / own / be / love / hate / like/ think/see/smell
- I have known him for ten years now.
- He has been in the army for 5 years now
‫ ا‬‫ و‬ ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫وث ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫د‬ ‫ اذا ذ‬
- He has written three letters. He has drunk four cups of tea.
Khaled has sent me three emails since he left Cairo
:Negation ‫ ا‬.٤
(she /he /it ) has not + been + "v +ing"
(I /we /they/ you ) have not
-I haven’t been watching TV this week.
:question ‫ال‬‫ ا‬.٤
‫ اداة اﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬+ has/have +subject + been + v. ing+ ……?
ex-What has he been reading?
ex- How long have you been doing this job?

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:Form ‫ ا‬.١

:‫ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﺑﺄﺣد اﻟﺗراﻛﯾب اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
E.g. Play→ played / talk → talked . ‫ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ed ‫ ﺑﺎﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬-١
E.g. live →lived / close → closed .e ‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﮭﯿﺎ ً ﺑـ‬d ‫ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.٢
E.g. study → studied/ carry→ carried .‫ وﻗﺒﻠﮫ ﺣﺮف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬y‫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﮭﯿﺎ ً ﺑـ‬y‫ وﺣﺬف اﻟـ‬ied ‫ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.٣
.‫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﮭﯿﺎ ً ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ وﻗﺒﻠﮫ ﺣﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك واﺣﺪ وھﻨﺎك ﺗﺸﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ‬ed ‫ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﺛﻢ وﺿﻊ‬.٤
E.g. Stop stopped / drop dropped
fix → fixed / follow →followed . ‫ ( وﻗﺒﻠﺔ ﺣﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻻ ﯾﺗم ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺔ ھذه اﻟﺣروف‬x / y / w )‫وﻟﻜﻦ اذا اﻧﺘﮭﻰ ب‬
.‫ ھﻨﺎك أﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺎذة ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗُﺤﻔﻆ‬.٥
E.g. buy bought / take took / build built
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
:‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
.‫ ا‬ ‫أ وام‬ ‫ث‬ .١
E.g. I played football yesterday. I was in Alexandria a month ago.
.("‫د أن‬‫ " ا‬ ‫" وا‬used to"    ) ‫ ا‬ ‫دة‬ .٢
E.g. When I was in Paris, I used to play(played) tennis.
(Always- often- never.....)‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﯿﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ‬:‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬
E.g. When he was a child, he always walked to school.
.  .٣
E.g. Ali found a bag, and then he went to the police station.
:‫م‬‫ ا‬if  .٤
E.g. If I had enough money, I'd buy this expensive mobile.
.‫رق ز‬ ‫ك‬  ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬  ‫اث ا‬‫ا‬-٥
E.g. First, he paid the taxi, then he got out of the taxi.
When he had an idea, he wrote a short story.
Yesterday, I went to the club and met my friends.
 ‫د‬‫ و‬  would rather  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬-٦
 I'd rather he left now. I'd rather you didn't hunt elephants
:Key words ‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣
:‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ت دا‬  ‫ت ا‬‫ا‬

Yesterday - ago - last - once =once upon a time - one day- in the past- in ancient times –
in old days- in 1995 - from.2003...to 2008 - َِ ‫ أ‬ The other day – how long ago=when

:Negation ‫ ا‬.٤

( didn' + ‫ر‬‫ ) ا‬‫ م‬‫ ا‬ 
 I didn't play football yesterday / he didn't go to school last week.
:‫ال‬‫ ا‬.٥
‫ ا‬ + did +  + ‫ر ا‬+‫ ا‬ ?
 What did you eat? I ate fish.
 where did you go yesterday? I went to the club
//// Did +  + inf …….? 
Did Amir see his friends? Yes, he did./No, he didn’t.
( ‫ ) اﻋﺗـــــــــــﺎد ان‬-: ‫ﺗرﻛﯾﺑﺎت ھﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ت‬‫ة ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬‫دة ا‬‫ ا‬ 
1- ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ used to + inf
2- It was SB’s habit to + inf
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3- ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ (was / were) + in the habit of + (v + ing)

4- ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ got into the habit of + (v + ing)
5- ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ no longer + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل = ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑﺳﯾط‬+don't/doesn't +‫…… ﻓﻌل‬.any longer/more
6- (Noun / v + ing) + (was / were) + SB’s habit.
e.g. Amr used to study hard.
 Amr was in the habit of studying hard.
 Studying hard was Amr’s habit.
 It was Amr’s habit to study hard # Amr got into the habit of studying hard
 Amr no longer studies hard=He doesn't study hard any longer

:Form ‫ ا‬.١

( was/were + verb + ing )  ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬ :‫ت‬‫ ا‬  -١
i He, She, It was
We, You, They were
+ ( v) + ing
).
( was/were not + verb + ing )  ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬ :‫ ا‬  -٢
i He, She, It was not
+ ( v) + ing
We, You, They were not
).
( was, were + sub…+ verb + ing ....?)  ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬ :‫ال‬‫ ا‬  -٣
was he, she, it
What ( ‫ ا‬ ) + ( v + ing )…?
were we, you, they
- I was reading a book when my friend arrived.
- What were they doing yesterday? They were playing football
Was he/she (having lunch)? Yes, he/she was. No, he/she wasn’t.
Who was (playing football)? The (boys) were (playing football).
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
.‫ ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ث ا‬   ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬.١
E.g. We were watching TV all the evening yesterday.
Tarek was eating dinner at noon yesterday.
.‫ ا‬ ‫ث آ‬   ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ث‬  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-٢
I was having lunch when the phone rang
While/as I was having lunch , the phone rang
.‫ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺛﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﳛﺪﺛﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬-٣
While my father was watching TV, my mother was cooking in the kitchen.
While he was driving to work, he was talking on his mobile phone.

1-While /As/ just as/when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴـﻴـﻂ‬.

2- ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴـﻴـﻂ‬ While /As/ just as/when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
3-when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴـﻴـﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

:‫ت‬

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1- While (‫)ﺑﺪون ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ v. + ing = While + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ = ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬During + noun ‫اﺳﻢ‬
- While having (I was having) lunch, the phone rang. = During my lunchtime, the phone rang.
2- When + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ = ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬On + v. + ing
►When the thief saw the police, he ran away.= On seeing the police, the thief ran away.
:  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬‫اس وو‬‫ وا‬‫ وا‬‫ر وا‬‫ل ا‬‫ أ‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬  – ٣
want – think – like – love – hate – belong – have – see – hear - taste – smell –be -seem
e.g. She seemed ill when I visited her.
While I was at home, a man knocked on the door and asked for help.
4-   + because/as/since +  
e.g. I didn’t answer the phone because I was praying.
She didn’t see the thief since she was watching TV.
:Key words ‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣
:‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت داﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
(all + morning, afternoon, evening, night, time ), while , as , just as , when ,
between 6 and 8 , at ...o'clock yesterday , at...o'clock last, The whole/all day yesterday ‫ ا‬‫ل ا‬‫ط‬
)
Past Perfect ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻡ‬

:Form ‫ ا‬.١

had + p.p. ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻣﻦ‬
After I had done my homework, I went to bed.
Before he travelled abroad, he had graduated.
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
.‫ ا‬ ‫ث آ‬  ‫ث و‬  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -١
After Mai had returned from school, she studied her lessons.
.‫ ا‬if -٢
If I had been more careful, I wouldn't have lost my mobile.
:‫ض‬‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫ م‬ ‫م‬‫ ( و‬‫ او‬ ‫ث‬ ) ‫ ا‬  ‫وث‬ ‫ر‬/  (because)  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ : ٣
exI was very tired because I had studied too much
He went to hospital because he had eaten bad food.
 We weren’t hungry because we had already eaten.
 Hassan didn't' play football because he had forgotten his football trainers
:Key words ‫ا‬‫ وا‬‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣
1-After /as soon as/when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴـﻴـﻂ‬.
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴـﻴـﻂ‬ After /as soon as/when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗـﺎﻡ‬
Ex-After/as soon as I had done my homework, I watched TV .
Ex- I watched TV .After/as soon as I had done my homework,

2-Before/ by the time/when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ‬.

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ Before/ by the time/when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬

Ex- I had done my homework before/ by the time I watched TV .

 before/ by the time I watched TV ,I had done my homework.

3- ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻰ‬ till – until ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ‬

‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬didn’t/wouldn't/couldn't+ inf till – until ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ‬
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬wasn't/weren't + p.p till – until ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ‬

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 I didn't watch TV (till / until) I had done my homework.

She couldn't answer the question until she had looked at it twice.
I wouldn't leave the office until I had checked that all the doors were locked
my car wasn't repaired until I had taken it to the mechanic.

no sooner than  .......... 

4-  + had + hardly + p.p. when + past simple  
scarcely when

E.g. They had no sooner finished painting our new house than we moved into it.
They had hardly finished painting our new house when we moved into it.
.‫ ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم‬no sooner/hardly/scarcely ‫إذا ﺑدأت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑــ‬
No sooner than
Hardly + had + subject ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ p.p.+ when + past simple ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺳﯾط‬
Scarcely when
E.g. No sooner had they finished painting our new house than we moved into it.
Hardly had they finished painting our new house when we moved into it.
:‫ت‬
‫ ﺍﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬v.ing ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬after/before ‫ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ : ١‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ‬
After + ‫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬+ing → ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬/Before + ‫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬+ ving → ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎم‬
Ex- After doing the shopping , she returned home .
She had done the shopping before returning home .
after/as soon as + S + had + P.P\ ‫ ﺑﺪﻻﻣﻦ‬Having + P.P ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ : ٢‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ‬
Ex → after she had done the shopping , she returned home .(having)
 Having done the shopping , she returned home .
By +(yesterday/2013 )‫ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ‬+ ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ‬: ٣‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ‬
E.g. By yesterday, he had reached Paris./ By1913, the titanic had shipwrecked.
: ‫ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ٤‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ‬
……..discovered\found\realized\knew\remembered\heard…..S.+ had + P.P

Ex: When I arrived at the station I found that the train had left the station.
as soon as/after I saw ahmed, I realized that I had forgotten his book at home.
After I heard that I had passed the exam, I phoned my dad.
:‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬After that ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬Before that ‫ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬: ٥ ‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ‬
Ex: I watched the film but before that I had done my homework.
Ex: I had had a shower , after that I went out.
(already/just/never/for/since )‫ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺟﺎء ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬: ٦‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ‬
►I had never tried Chinese food before I went to that restaurant.
►The lesson had already started when he arrived in the classroom.
:‫ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﺎﺗﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬Until ‫ ﻻﳚﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻝ‬:٧ ‫ظ‬
He refused to leave the place until he had taken the money.
He lived in Cairo until he died.
He couldn’t travel until he had got a passport
I won't help him until I finish my work
I had waited at the garage until my car was repaired.
We waited for the bus until it arrived.
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: (‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ) ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺯﻣﲎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺪﺛﲔ‬:٨ ‫ظ‬

After /as soon as/ when ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴـﻴـﻂ‬.
Ex: When she saw a snake in front of her, she cried.
Ex: He told me as soon as he heard the news.

Past continuous Perfect ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

:Form ‫ ا‬.١

had +been+ v ing ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻣﻦ‬
When I met ali, he had been walking for 2 hours.
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
‫ث ا‬ ‫ع‬‫ و‬ (‫ ا‬ ‫ا وام‬) ‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ث‬   -١
Ex-hany had been looking for work for over a year before he got a job.
2-We had been driving for 5 hours when our car ran out of petrol
When we visited my cousins in Canada, they had been living there for six months.

‫ض‬‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫ م‬ ‫م‬‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ث ا‬  (because)  -٢
-There were floods because it had been raining for three days.
- My father was tired because he had been working in the farm all day.
-he was tired because he had been running for two hours
:‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -٣
since / for/ all / before/when/how long
ex-He had been driving for only three weeks, so it is not surprising that he his driving test
2-Ali had been trying to call me for 10 minutes before I finally answered the phone
 ‫ة ط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ أن‬ ‫ل‬‫ أ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫و‬-٤
(wait / do / study / live / work / stay / play / watch / sleep /write/ talk / run / walk / travel, ..etc)
Ex-They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived
2-What had he been doing when the accident happened?
.‫ و ا‬‫اس و ا‬‫ر و ا‬‫ل ا‬‫ أ‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬ ‫ة‬‫ ا‬‫ز‬‫ ا‬   ‫ل‬‫ك أ‬ -٥
-We were good friends. We had known each other for 10 years.
: ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬‫ه ا‬ ‫ و‬‫و‬  ‫ة ط‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ق‬  ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ 
: (break down / stop / close / open/ end / finish/leave/give)
- She was late for the meeting because her car had broken down.
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫وث ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫م‬‫إذا ذ‬-٦
- When I met Ahmed, he had finished typing 3 reports.

‫ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬- ١

:Form ‫ ا‬.١
will (won't)+ inf ‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط اﻟﻌﺎدي وھو ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن‬.
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
:‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
:Future facts (‫) ا‬  .١
E.g. I am 18 years old. Next year, I will be 19 years old.
his school will be 50 years old next year
:‫و‬‫ ا‬if  .٢
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E.g. If you study hard, you will succeed.

:Promise ‫ ا‬.٣
E.g. I will buy you a new computer when you pass the exam.
:Threat ‫ ا‬.٤
E.g. I will call the police if you do that again.
:Offering help ‫ة‬ ‫ض‬ .٥
E.g. Your bag looks heavy. I Will help you carry it.
:Asking for help ‫ة‬ ‫ ط‬.٦
E.g. Will you help me do my homework, please?
:Prediction (‫ون د‬ )‫ ا‬.٧
E.g. I think it will rain tomorrow.
I think the next generation of phones will be expensive.
Do you think that Cairo will be bigger in the future?
There's a TV programme about wild life in Egypt. I think it will be good.
I expect that Egypt will achieve progress in all fields.
:Quick decision ‫ار ا‬‫ ا‬.٨
E.g. Someone is knocking on the door. I'll see who is there.
I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed now.
The shirt is fashionable .I think I will buy it soon.
-I'm hungry. I think I will have a sandwich.
:Warning ‫ ا‬.٩
E.g. take your umbrella with you or you will get wet

: ‫ ا‬‫وا‬‫ ا‬  – ١٠

after /as soon as
Before (/ ‫رع‬) (  )
When
won't + inf → till / until ╣ → ‫ﺗﺎم‬/‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
Ex- when he comes (has come), I will help you. He won't leave until his sister arrives/has arrived
: ‫ات ا‬‫وف وا‬‫ل وا‬‫ ا‬ will ‫م‬-١١
predict-expect-hope- think – believe – promise –wonder - suppose ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
Probably-possibly- certainly- perhaps – maybe ‫ظﺮوف‬
Be sure –be afraid –it is probable –it's certain –it's possible- I don't think ‫ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮات‬
: ‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬١٢
tomorrow next week / month… ............. ‫د‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬/ ‫ع‬‫ا‬
next ‫ ا‬/ ‫د‬‫ ا‬in the future ‫ ا‬ in 2030 (‫ ا‬ ) ...  
soon  in (‫ )ﻣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬time ‫ل‬ 
tonight ‫ه ا‬ in a few days / weeks ‫ ا‬‫ل ا‬ / ‫ ا‬‫ل ا‬

: be going to + inf ‫ ﺍﳴﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬.٢

: (‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )ﻟﻢ ﻧﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﻪ‬.١
E.g. I have planned/intended to study abroad. = I am going to study abroad.
2- I'm going to buy a new car, I intend to do that . (Intention)
3- I'm going to move to a bigger house next year. ( I've decided it)
Ex: My brother is going to join the faculty of medicine. That’s his plan

: will ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

Ex- I have decided now that I will go to bed.

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‫ ﺍﻭ ﺷـﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺷـﻚ‬/think /believe/ ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ) ﻧﺮﺍﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎﺕ‬.٢
: take care /look!/ watch out ! /lookout!/ l‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ‬

E.g. 1-There are a lot of clouds. I think It is going to rain.

2-Look at this reckless driver! He is going to crash into the car in front.
3-Your glass is on the edge of the table. It is going to fall.
4-Hassan’s playing really well. He’s going to win the game!
5- Watch out! You are going to fall .
6- The other team’s players are very big. It’s going to be a difficult match.
7-My daughter is going to get married. She is engaged.
8-How pale ‫ﺷﺎﺣﺑﺔ اﻟوﺟﮫ‬that girl is! I am sure / I believe / I think/ she is going to faint
9-ali does not study at all. I think he is going to fail the exam.
10-Stop dropping your phone! You’re going to break it.
11-he can't swim. He is going to drown.

: ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬Will ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻨﺎﺧﺬ‬
E.g.1- Messi is a clever player. I think he will score a goal the next match.
2- Hamdi is very fast. I think he will be in the Olympic Games one day!
3- Sara is a good student .I think she will pass all her exams.
4-Ali is a lazy student. I think he will fail the exam.
(intend /intention/plan /decide/ made decision/ made up…mind ) ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬-٣
Ex- A: What are your plans for the next weekend?
- B: I’m going to play computer games.

:‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬.٣

:  ‫ت‬ ‫ ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ و‬،  ‫ت‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬  ‫ ا‬  ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ -١
arranged /made arrangements / prepared / booked /packed reserved / got / bought
e.g. - He has arranged everything. He’s spending his holiday in Paris.
-We are going on holiday next week. I've already bought the tickets
They are flying to Paris next Friday. They bought the tickets
* I'm leaving for Rome tomorrow afternoon. Everything is already arranged
‫ت‬  ‫ و‬ ‫ا‬‫رات و‬‫ وز‬‫واج و‬‫د وا‬ ‫د‬‫ت وأ‬  ‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ -٢
e.g. He's getting married next Friday. We are giving a party tomorrow for Mona's birthday.
The school inspector is coming on Thursday.
‫ل‬‫ة ا‬  ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬ -٣
(go /come/ visit=see /meet/ travel /see/ stay/fly /arrive/leave/(have/give)  a party
- I'm meeting them on Saturday. - They're going tomorrow.
I’m doing a test next Monday. Our class is visiting a museum tomorrow
-We’re eating dinner in the restaurant carriage this evening
.‫ث ا‬   ‫ م‬‫ ا‬   ‫رة‬   -٤
-Nadia can’t visit you on Saturday. She is helping her mother to prepare for a family party.
- I can't meet you tomorrow as I am doing the shopping.
I can't see you tomorrow, I'm meeting a friend off at the airport

‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬.٤

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‫ر‬‫ و ا‬‫ح و ا‬‫ت و ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬ : ‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫اول ا‬) ‫ ا‬  ‫رع ا‬‫ ا‬
‫ا‬...... ‫ت‬‫م‬‫ وا‬‫وا‬
e.g. Your train leaves at 6 am tomorrow. The first class begins at 8 o'clock am.
-our next exams start in may. -What time does your bus arrive on Saturday?

The Future Perfect ‫ ا‬‫ا‬-٥

:Form ‫ ا‬.١

will +have + p.p ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻣﻦ‬
Ex-in a week's time ,I’ll have written the report.
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻭ ﰎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
ex- - By the end of next year, the government will have built a new school in the village..
-By this time next week, I will have heard my test results
:Key words ‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣
:‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
1- In+ ‫ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ in (a year's / four months' / five weeks' / an hour's / ten minutes' /….) time
2- By + ‫ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ By ( next Monday / 2020 / then / ‫ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ‬
ٍ the end of next week / month / year /
the end of this lesson…etc)
3- In + (2025) ‫……………… وﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺪد‬for + ‫ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬

Ex - By next Wednesday, I will have done a science test.

Ex - By the time I am twenty-two, I will have finished my university degree.
Ex:By the time I’m 45, I’ll have written four books.
Ex: In 2022,I’ll have worked at this school for twenty years.

(will have been + pp ) ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬-٤

- This school will have been built by 2030.
- The new underground railway line will have been built by 2012.

Future continuous ‫ ا‬‫ا‬-٦

:Form ‫ ا‬.١
will (won't) be + v.ing
 At one o’clock tomorrow, I’ll be eating lunch with my friends
This time next week, I will be travelling to Cairo
:Usage ‫ا‬‫ ا‬.٢
‫ ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ أو‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ث‬  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -
I’ll be playing tennis from 7 to 9 p.m.
► At 9.30 next Tuesday, my father will be flying to London
 I think that I’ll be working on the project for the next 15 to 20 years.
 Between 2020 and 2030, we will be helping people with diabetes.

may be + V.ing
‫ ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ (‫ة‬  ‫اث‬‫وث )أ‬‫ ا‬ ‫اث‬‫ أ‬  (may be v.ing)  -
- Many more people may be moving to Cairo in the next 50 years.
- In 100 years, people may be living in space.
:Key words ‫ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬.٣

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-This time (tomorrow, next (week, month, year)....etc.) .

-At (7) o’clock  this evening / tonight / tomorrow. – Between ( 8 and 10) o’clock.

Relative clauses

:   ‫ ا‬  ‫ ا‬:  ‫ ا‬

Who – whom – which – that – whose – where - when
. ;  ‫ و‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬   (Who /that)-١
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Who / that ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
1- She is the woman who / that wrote two books
I saw the policeman who(that) arrested the thief.
.   ‫ و‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ف ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ل‬  (whom/Who /that) -٢
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Whom/Who / that ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
Ahmed whom ( who - that ) you met yesterday is my brother.
That's the man whom / who / that you are talking about.
. who – that ‫ و‬ whom ‫ ا‬   ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬   ‫ف ا‬  ‫ـ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
That's the man about whom you are talking.

‫ او‬  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ أو ا‬‫ ( ا‬which/that) - -٣
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Which / that ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
1-The stories which ( that ) are on the shelf are all mine.
2- That’s the book which / that is a best seller.
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‬ Which / that ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
The film which ( that ) I watched last week was boring.
. that ‫ ( و‬which )   ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬   ‫ف ا‬ 
He made a bad mistake for which he had to apologise..
This is the article in which she writes about science.
. ‫ن‬‫ ا‬ where --٤
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ Where= which +‫ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﲑ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬/‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
This is the house where we live.
Alex is a nice city where I like to live .
‫ ا‬‫ او‬ ‫ف ا‬ ‫ ( و‬where ) ‫ م‬‫( و‬which ) ‫ن م‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬  ‫ف‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬ ‫ـ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
e.g. This is the house which we live in . This is the house in which we live .
The garden in which I used to play is now a parking lot.
That is the stadium at which we saw the cup final.
Dr Aisha used to go with him to meetings, at which she learned to read and write.

.‫( ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻓﻌل وﻟﯾس ﻓﺎﻋل ) او ﻛﺎﻧت ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬which ) ‫ـ م‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
This is the school which was built last year.
Cairo, which is very crowded , is the capital of Egypt.

.( my , his , her , its , your , their , ) ‫ ا‬ ‫' ( أو‬s )  ‫ و‬ ‫ و‬  whose  -٥
:  ‫ن ا‬‫ و‬our
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ‬ Whose ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬

That's the man whose son succeeded.

The girl whose bag was stolen was crying
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Ahmed is the boy whose father is a teacher.

 the car whose colour is red won the race

. ( ‫ ) ا‬‫ ا‬ (when) -٥

It's the month July when we go on holiday.
2- Friday is the day when I visit my relatives in our village.
( when ) ‫ م‬‫( و‬which/that ) ‫ن م‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬  ‫ف‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬ ‫ـ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬
It's the month July which we go on holiday in .
2- Friday is the day on which I visit my relatives in our village.

. v.to be ‫ف‬‫ل و‬  ‫ أو‬v. to be  ‫ء‬ ‫ إذا‬‫ ا‬   who , which ‫ف‬  -١: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬
They boy who was punished yesterday got the worst marks.
The boy, punished yesterday got the worst marks.
The hospital which was built last year, is wonderful.
The hospital built last year, is wonderful.
ing.‫ إ‬ ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬‫ و‬‫ ان و‬v.to be ‫ف‬‫ و‬   ‫ء‬ ‫ إذا‬who , which ‫ف‬  -٢
►►The man who is living(lives) next door is my friend.
The man living next door is my friend.
Vegetables which contain a lot of water, don't freeze well.
Vegetables containing a lot of water, don't freeze well
.‫ ﳛﺬﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬-٣
Students who are brilliant, must be rewarded.
Brilliant students must be rewarded
.‫ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬that ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬comma ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬-٤
My mother, who is standing beside me, is very kind.
:‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬that ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٥
All-anything-everything-few-little-many-much-nothing-none-something
There isn't anything that we can eat in this house.
This is the best book that I have ever read.
the thing that/which ‫ ﻛﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬what ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٦

(‫ ا‬ ) ‫ او‬ what /

Ex. We'd better decide what we need to buy.
Have you seen what I bought from London?
I can't give what you need.

( ‫ )اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم‬active ‫ ھﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ داﺋﻤﺎً ﺑﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ وﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟـ‬passive ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟـ‬
: ‫ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬passive ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻻي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ ‫( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬be) + P.P + by + ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
( ‫ واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬by ) ‫ وھﻤﺎ‬passive ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ اﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ال‬
‫ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻤﯿﺮ وﺳﻨﺒﺪأ ﺑﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬passive ‫اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ واردﻧﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟـ‬
‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
passive ‫اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ‬
Tense ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ Passive ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮل‬
Present simple ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ am / is / are + P.P
Past simple ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ was / were + P.P

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Present continuous ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ am / is / are being + P.P

Past continuous ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ was / were being + P.P
Present perfect ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ have / has been + P.P
Past perfect ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ had been + P.P

Will / would / can / could Will / would / can / could

May / might / shall / should + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ May / might / shall / should (be) + P.P
Must / ought to Must / ought to
Have / has / had / will have to Have / has / had / will have to
Needn’t – seem to – appear to + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ Needn’t – seem to – appear to (be) + P.P
(be) going / supposed to / about to (be) going / supposed to/ about to

Examples
- Present simple ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
She writes the homework every day The homework is written every day
- Past simple ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
They watched TV last night TV was watched last night
- Present continuous ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
We are cooking lunch Lunch is being cooked .
- Past continuous ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
He was reading a newspaper at 7 yesterday . A newspaper was being read at 7 yesterday .
- Present perfect ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
She has cleaned the rooms recently The rooms have been cleaned recently .
- Past perfect ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬
Someone had stolen my wallet My wallet had been stolen .
- future simple ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
Mona will wash the dishes The dishes will be washed
Osama is going to prepare the luggage The luggage is going to be prepared
‫ﻻﺣـــــــــــــﻆ‬
to ‫ م‬passive  ‫ ا‬ ( see- hear – make – help ) to ‫ون‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬  ‫ل‬   ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬-١
The teacher made us write the homework .→ We were made to write the homework .
I saw him play tennis → he was seen to play tennis
‫ل‬ ‫ ا‬ ( being +p.p ) ‫ ( م‬v.ing )  ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬-٢
I dislike people laughing at me → I dislike being laughed at .
I don’t like people deceiving me. → I don’t like being deceived .
(be+ p.p )    ‫ م‬let ‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬/ ‫ل‬‫ وا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫ اذا‬-٣
1- He let people deceive him ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬
- He let himself be deceived
2- He let his sister watch TV ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬
- His sister was allowed to watch TV
‫ ﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬let ‫ ﻻن‬was allowed to ‫ﻻﺣط اﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ‬
‫ت ا‬‫ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻰ ا‬-٤
say - think It is + pp ‫ل‬‫ه ا‬ 
know -consider
announce – report Subject + (be) + pp + to + (inf) ‫رع‬‫ا‬
People
expect - believe
agree – predict Subject + (be) + pp + to have + pp ‫ا‬
understand- deny
 passive  ‫ن ا‬ ‫ي‬‫ ا‬    ‫ء‬‫ ا‬ ‫او‬that   ‫ل ا‬‫ا‬
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(it ) ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ ← ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

People say that ……… It is said that …………..
We think that ……….. It is thought that …………
People believe that ………….. It is believed that …………
People thought that …… It was thought that ………
Scientists have shown……. It has been shown that……….
Ex : People know that the internet can be dangerous sometimes.
It is known that the internet can be dangerous sometimes
Ex2 : They believed that he has a big house
It was believed that he has a big house .
Ex3 : scientists have shown that our planet is gradually getting warmer.
It has been shown that our planet is gradually getting warmer.
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ← ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
passive ‫ ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻔﺔ اﻟـ‬-٢ that ‫ ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﺑﻌﺪ‬-١
to have ‫ اﻣﺎ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬to + inf ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٣
+ p.p
Ex : We say that she is hard-working .
She is said to be hard-working
Ex2 : People know that he killed his wife .
He is known to have killed his wife
( ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ) ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
-The newspaper reported that the bank was robbed
The bank was reported to have been robbed
- People believed that she was writing a story .
She was believed to have been writing a story .

Direct and Indirect speech  ‫ وا‬‫ا‬

:  ‫ ا‬‫ا‬
".........."‫ ﻭﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻼﻣﱴ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺺ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﺔ‬
-She Said,” I like tennis” ( ‫) ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
- She said that she liked tennis. ( ‫) ﻣﻨﻘﻮل‬
‫ ھﻮ اﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ اﺧﺮ‬: ‫اﻟﻜﻼم ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
1- statement ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‬
: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اى ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
  (promised/explained/complained) ‫ م‬‫ و‬  said  -١
told ‫ أ‬said to ‫ل‬ -٢
‫اس‬‫ف ا‬ -٣
  ‫ او‬، that ‫ ب‬‫م‬ -٤
‫ط‬‫ او ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ -٥
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﻘول‬said/explained (that) + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﺎﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﻘول‬ told + ‫ ﻣﻔﻌول‬+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﺎﺿﻰ‬
-٦
: ‫ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل وﺗﺤﻮل ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬- ‫أ‬
* I . he / she ===me .. him / her === my .. his / her
* We .. they ===us ... them ===our . their
: ‫ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺐ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل وﺗﺤﻮل ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬-‫ب‬
* You ........ I / he / she / we / they --------- ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
* you ........ me / him / her / us / them --------- ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
* your ....... my / his / her / our / their --------- ‫ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬

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‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻘﻮل‬

say say Say to Tell
says says Says to Tells
said said Said to Told
: ‫ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﻰ‬
Direct ‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Indirect ‫ﻛﻼم ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ Go / goes ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ Went
Am/is/are Was/were
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ Went / played ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎم‬ Had gone/had played
‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ Am/is/are + going ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ Was /were + going
‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم‬ Have /has + p.p ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎم‬ Had + p.p
‫ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬Have /has + been +v ing ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺗﺎم ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ had been + V-ing
‫اﻓﻌﺎل ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ Can/may/will ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻰ‬ Could/might/would/
Shall/must + inf should/ Had to+inf

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢـــﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛـﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬-

yesterday the day before - the previous day
tomorrow the next ( following ) day
now then today that day
tonight that night ago, last Before/the previous
next The….after /the following here there
this that these those

Ex → ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
1- “I like tennis and I played a good game this morning,” said Tamer
- Tamer said that he liked tennis and had played a good game that morning.
2-Ahmad said to me, “I can swim fast .”
-Ahmad told me that he could swim fast.
3- He said to me: "I will see you tomorrow”.
He told me that he would see me the next day
4-" “I want to visit Cairo next week.” said Hany.
Hany said that he wanted to visit Cairo the following week.
5-“I’ll be home tomorrow morning,” he said.
He promised that he would be home the next morning.
6-“We’re hot because we’ve been playing tennis,” said Tarek.
Tarek explained that they were hot because they had been playing tennis.

‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﻷﻗـﻮﺍﺱ ﻓﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤـﻞ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــﻆ‬

. ‫اس‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬  ‫ن‬ 
-Ali said to Ramy, “ The sun rises in the morning.”
Al told Ramy that the sun rises in the morning..
The teacher said to us“The Nile is the longest river in the world.”
The teacher told us that the Nile is the longest river in the world
Eman said " Damascus is the capital of Syria"
Eman said that Damascus is the capital of Syria.
.

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 ‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬ ‫رع‬ ‫ل‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ 

Ex-Rania says, “ I will travel to London.”
Rania says that she will travel to London.
Ex-Ahmad says“I am ready for the exam.”
Ahmad says that he is ready for the exam
.

(just now – a moment ago)   ‫ة‬  ‫ل أو‬‫ ا‬  ‫ث‬‫ن ا‬ 
He said just now, “ I have already passed the exam.”
He said just now that he has already passed the exam.
. :  ‫ و‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ل ا‬‫ وا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬
( would/ could /might/should/ought to/had better/used to/had+ p.p)
Ex-He said" We could see the mountain after we had reached the top of the tower "
He said that they could see the mountain after they had reached the top of the tower.

that  ‫ او‬to+ inf  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ said/said to   ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬
Promised/offered/threatened/decided/agreed + to + inf
Ex: He said, “ I’ll lend you the money you need.”
He promised to lend me the money I needed.
He promised that he would lend me the money I needed.
Ex: He said, "Go away or I’ll call the police.”
He threatened to call the police if I didn’t go away.
He threatened that he would call the police if I didn’t go away.
:(v.ing ) ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ إ‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ( said to )   ‫ل ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬-
suggested/admitted ‫ﻗﺑل‬/ ‫أﻗر‬/denied ‫أﻧﻛر‬/ apologised for/objected to ‫اﻋﺗرض ﻋﻠﻲ‬/insisted on ‫أﺻر‬
- He said, “Let’s discuss this question now.”
- He suggested discussing that question then.
:‫ ﺑﻌد ﺑﻌض ھذه اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺣول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬that ‫ وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-
- He said, “I wasn’t there when the crime happened.”
- He denied being there when the crime happened.
- He denied that he had been there when the crime happened.

2-Questions ‫ﺃﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

Yes/ No questions ‫اﻟﻧوع اﻻول‬

: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
( asked – wanted to know –wondered- inquired ) : ‫ اﻟﻰ‬said / said to ‫ﻧﺤﻮل‬-١
‫ – ﻧﺤﺬف اﻻﻗﻮاس‬٢
. ‫ﻟﻮ‬/ ‫ " ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أذا‬If / whether " ‫ – ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ب‬٣
.‫ "وﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪاو اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬do/does / did " ‫ – ﻧﺤﺬف‬٤
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ( وﻧﻐﯿﺮ اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬+ ‫ – ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬٥
‫( ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ‬asks/wants to know/says) ‫ واذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل ﻣﻀﺎرع‬-٦
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ wondered/inquired/(asked + ‫ل‬ )+(if-whether / ‫) أداة ا‬+  +  
Examples →
1 - “Are you going to visit the pyramids , Ali? Said Ahmed
 Ahmed asked Ali if / whether he was going to visit the pyramids .
2- “Can you speak French , Ola?” said Mona
 -Mona asked ola if / whether she could speak French .
3-Amira said to Radwa, ”Have you ever been to Aswan?”
 Amira asked Radwa if/whether she had ever been to Aswan
4- " “Do you often write poems?” said I.
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I asked him if / whether he often wrote poems

5-“ “Will you study abroad?” he said to me
She asked me if/whether I would study abroad.
6-“Shall we go now?" He said
He asked me if / whether we should go now.
Wh questions ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
( asked – wanted to know –wondered/inquired ) : ‫ اﻟﻰ‬said / said to ‫ﻧﺤﻮل‬-١
‫ – ﻧﺤﺬف اﻻﻗﻮاس‬٢
. ‫ – ﻧﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ أﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬٣
( ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬+ ‫ – ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬٤
Examples →
1- “Where did you spend your holiday, Khaled?” Nasser wanted to know.
Nasser wanted to know where Khaled had spent his holiday.
2 - “How long will the pain last? Hany asked me
-Hany asked me how long the pain would last
3 ““Where will you go next week?" She said to him
She asked him where he would go the following week.
4- “Which subjects are you studying next year?”
He/She asked me which subjects I was studying next/the following year.
5-“What did you do yesterday?” ? I asked Ali
I asked Ali what he had done the day before.
6-“ “How old was Spring-Rice when he went to Egypt? She asked
/She asked me how old Spring-Rice was when he had gone to Egypt.

3-Reported imperatives, suggestions and advice ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﱰﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ‬

: ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻯ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔﺍﻭ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻭﺍﻗﱰﺍﺡ ﺍﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻰ‬

: ‫ ﺍﱃ‬said / said to ‫ ﳓﻮﻝ‬-١
Asked ( ‫ )ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ‬+told/ advised/ordered/warn/encourage + ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﺔ‬
‫ – ﳓﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﺱ‬٢
( To + ‫ – ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺏ ) ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬٣
(not To + ‫ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺏ ) ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
Examples: ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
1-"Open your books." the teacher said
The teacher told / asked/ ordered us to open our books.
2-"Don’t waste time.” My father said
my father advised me not to waste time.
5-“Study science at university. ”Ali said
Ali encouraged his friend to study science at university.
4-“If I were you, I’d take you coat.” My mother said
My mother advised me to take my coat.
5-Look and listen before you cross the road,” said the teacher.
The teacher warned the children to look and listen before they crossed the road.

 that+ subject + infinitive: ‫ ( ﺍﻭ‬verb + ing ) ( suggest / recommend ) ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
 “Do Exercise 2 again.”  Leila suggested ( doing / that I do) Exercise 2 again.
 “You should revise quietly.” My friend recommended revising / that I revise quietly.

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( that + ‫( ﻭ ﻟﻜـــــﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ )ﲨﻠــــﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠــــﺔ‬say) ‫( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬to + ‫ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬-
“Don’t park there.”-The policeman said that we must not park
‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻲ‬-
1- The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". The doctor told me to stop smoking.
2- "Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
3 - "Could you please be quiet," she said. She asked me to be quiet.
4- “Don’t touch the snake,” Nawal said to Ola.
Nawal warned Ola not to touch the snake
5-“Go on”!You can swim across the pool! Mazin’s father said to him
Mazin’s father encouraged him to swim across the pool.
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬-١
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ said (that) +  +    ‫ و‬
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-١
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ told + ‫ل‬ (that)+  +    
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ told + ‫ل‬ + (to / not to ) + ‫ر‬‫ا‬   ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-٢
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ asked +‫ل‬ + (to / not to ) + ‫ر‬‫ا‬   ‫ ا‬-٣
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ asked + ‫ل‬‫ون او‬ +(if-whether / ‫) أداة ا‬+  +    ‫ و‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬-٤
 + wondered/wanted to know +(if-whether / wh.. )+  +  

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ said to + ‫ل‬"………….." ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬-٥

‫ل‬‫ ا‬ advised/ordered/warned/encouraged + ‫ل‬ + (to / not to ) + ‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬-٦

‫ وا‬‫وا‬
‫ل‬‫ ا‬ suggested/recommended + v ing or (that) +  + ‫ر‬  ‫اح‬‫ ا‬-٧

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬-٢

. ‫ ا‬‫ وم‬‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ل م‬‫ اوا‬    ‫ او‬   ‫رة‬ ‫ ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫اذا‬-١
(just now – a moment ago)   ‫ة‬  ‫ل أو‬‫ ا‬  ‫ث‬‫ن ا‬ -٢
(tells/asks/wants to know/says/explains) ‫رع‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ اذا‬-٣
‫ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬-٣
‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ة ا‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬  ‫ى ا‬
now / at that moment then / at that time was, were + inf. + ing
yesterday the day before
the previous day
the last day
…..ago. …….. before. had + p.p
tonight /today that night / that day
for / since / yet for / since / by then
tomorrow the day after
the following day would +inf.‫ر‬
the next week was/ were +inf. + ing

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Obligation/ Necessity ‫ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬/‫ﺍﻻﻟﺰﺍﻡ‬

present past future

It will be necessary for ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+

Have to Had to Will have to

It was necessary for ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+

It is necessary for ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+
Has to ‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻀﻄﺮ ان‬
Must

To + inf
Have got to

To + inf
To + inf
Has got to
Needed to Will need to
Need/needs to
‫اث ا‬ 
‫ او‬‫ور‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ ان‬
‫ور‬ 

‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻓـﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻬـﺎ‬have/has to ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١
(‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬،‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬،‫)ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬
- He has to be at work at 8 o'clock.
- You have to drive on the right.
- You have to wear your uniform. We have to go to school on time.
►You have to show your passport when you leave the country.
He had to take a taxi because he was late
Hassan needs to go the bank after he finishes work.
must : ‫ م‬-٢٢
 ‫ م‬  -١
e.g. You must stop smoking
You must remember to drive on the left.
‫ه‬ ‫ و‬   ‫ء‬ ‫ أن‬  ‫ أو‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬‫ و‬ ‫ء‬  ‫ورة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬‫ إ‬  ( ‫ت‬‫ او ا‬‫) ا‬ – ٣
‫ال‬‫ ا‬  You ‫ و‬I / We ‫ ا‬   ‫ا‬
We must tell the truth. I must visit my grandparents more often.
►We must buy a present for Ali’s birthday.. I must work hard for the exams next week.
‫د‬   ‫ة أو ا‬‫ د‬     - ٣
You must come to my party tonight. You must try a piece of my cake
‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬Must ‫ ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-
- I must see my doctor tomorrow. - I must go now.

Lack of Necessity ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬

present past future
It wasn't necessary for ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬

‫ ﻻ داﻋﻲ أن‬- ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺿطر‬ ‫ﻟم ﻧﺿطر أن‬

It won't be necessary for ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬

Won't have to
It isn't necessary for ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬

Don't Have to Didn't have to

Doesn't have to Didn't need to
+To + inf

Don't/doesn't need to ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﺿﺮورﯾﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﻰ وﻟﻢ‬

+To + inf

+To + inf

Needn't ‫ﻧﻔﻌﻠﮫ‬

Needn't have +p.p

‫ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰎ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬

-she doesn't have to/needn't /doesn't need to buy more dresses.

►My father doesn’t have to work today. because it is a holiday.

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She isn’t late for school so she doesn’t have to / needn’t hurry.
- in some countries, children don't need to wear school uniform.
- I didn't have to do the shopping yesterday. My brother did it.
- I didn't need to go to school yesterday. It was a holiday.
- You needn't have brought your umbrella. It's not going to rain.
I didn’t have to buy more bread. We already have a lot. (I didn’t buy bread because we have some.)
I needn’t have bought more bread. We already have a lot. (I bought bread, but it was not
necessary because we have some.)

.‫ب‬  ‫ و ا‬‫ إ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ و‬‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ أن‬  ‫ح‬  ‫ع أو‬  mustn't ‫م‬

Be not allowed to ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﻮح‬

Be forbidden to ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮع‬
Mustn't = Be prohibited / banned to ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮع‬ + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
It's against the law to ‫ﺿﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
No + v.ing
E.g. You mustn’t park here = it is not allowed to park here = You are forbidden to park here.

should / shouldn't + inf. ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٣

‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬-١
-You should play tennis – you'd enjoy it. -You should buy Ahmed a new CD.
(advice) ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺼﯿﺤﺔ‬-٢
-You shouldn't eat crisps – they're bad for your health.
- You’ve got a nasty cough. You shouldn't smoke.
Should + inf & Shouldn’t + inf  ‫ت‬

It is advisable/ desirable to
I advise you to
If I were you, I would

+ ‫ﺍﳌﺼـــــﺪﺭ‬
Should = It would be a good idea to
You had better
You would rather

It is not advisable/ desirable to

I advise you not to
If I were you, I wouldn't
Shouldn't = It would not be a good idea to + ‫ﺍﳌﺼـــــﺪﺭ‬
You had better not
You would rather not
e.g. – you should do more exercise = it's advisable to do more exercise

Conditional forms
(zero conditional) : ‫" ا‬if" 
→ If/when + ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬, → ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
‫* ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻓﻌﺎل او اﺣﺪاث ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻋﺎدة‬
EX → if I feel hot , I take a bath . If we mix red and green, we get blue.
→ if I have a headache, I take aspirin. Streets become wet if it rains

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If I am tired , I go to bed. I get a headache if I read for too long

If / When I read in bed, I fall asleep. It’s a habit.
( ‫* ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ واﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ‬
Ex → if/when metals are heated , they expand. If you heat ice, it melts -
If you boil water , it evaporates. If we freeze water , it turns into ice.
If the bark is badly damaged, the tree dies/ when molten glass cools, it is hardened

:‫و‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ واذا‬  ‫ و‬ ‫ن ا‬ ‫ ان‬ :‫ظ‬-
:‫ل‬‫ او ا‬‫ ا‬ this / that / these / those ‫رة‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ ا‬-١
-If you heat the ice in this pan, it will melt .
- if you don't water these plants soon , they will die.
( my/his/her/its/your/their/our ) ‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ ا‬-٢
If the plants on our farm get very thirsty , we will irrigate them.
What happens if you freeze water? : ً◌ ‫ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬-

(1st conditional) :‫و‬‫" ا‬if" 

:‫" اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬if" ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

If + ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬, ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ will/can/may/should + ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬

Ex - If the bus arrives late again, I’ll phone my mother.
Ex -Tarek is ill. If he’s better tomorrow, he’ll come to school.
:‫" اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬if" ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫ﺷﺮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬-١
If you study hard, you will succeed.
:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.prediction ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬-٢
If there are clouds, it will rain.
:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.promise ‫اﻟﻮﻋﺪ‬-٣
If you get high marks, I will buy you a new mobile phone.
:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.threat ‫اﻟﺘﮭﺪﯾﺪ‬-٤
If you annoy your brother, I will punish you.
:: ‫ﻣﻼﺣـﻈـــﺎت‬
:‫ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ‬-١
If you want to succeed , you should study hard.
If there is a law , you must obey it.
:‫ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻬﻰ‬-٢
1- If you meet ali , invite him to the party.
2- If you see my father, don't tell him what happened.
(If) ‫ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ أداة اﻟﺸﺮط‬
:‫( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺩﺍﺓ‬if ) ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬--١
‫ = ﺑﺸﺮط أن‬As long as ‫ = طﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬provided that) =‫( ﺑﺸﺮط أن‬in case ) = ‫ ﺗﺤﺴﺒﺎ ﻟــــــ‬only if‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻮ‬
 I'll attend the party provided that(in case) he invites me.
- I'll lend you the money as long as you promise to pay it back soon.
In case of + noun/ v. ing +   ‫ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫او‬
e.g.- In case of getting his passport, he will travel abroad.
: ‫( ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻰ‬if ) ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬:-٢
( But for ) + noun /Without + noun/ v. ing = Unless+ ‫ت‬‫ = ا‬If+ not
e.g.- if you don't hurry, You will be late = unless you hurry, You will be late
=Without hurrying, you would be late.

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 Without (But for) his hard work, he will fail.

.‫( وﻓﺎﻋل و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺻدر‬Should) ‫( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ و ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬If) ‫ ُﺗﺣذف‬-٤
- If he has enough time, he will watch the football match.
- Should he have enough time, he will watch the football match.

What will + sub + do if ( ‫? ) ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ً : ‫ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬-٦

(2nd conditional) :‫م‬‫" ا‬if" 

:‫" اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬if" ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

If + ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬ , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ would/might/ could+ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬

:‫" اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬if" ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫رع‬‫ ا‬  ‫ء‬ ‫ أو‬    -١
 If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house
If Ali were/was taller, he would be a good basketball player.
If I was / were rich, I would build a palace!
If Egypt had a lot of rain, it might have a lot more trees.

‫ ا‬  were ‫ا‬‫ ا‬ :‫ ا‬  ‫ ا‬‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -٢
- If I were you, I’d help poor people - .If I were you, I wouldn't waste my time.

What would + sub + do if ( ‫? ) ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ً : ‫ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬-

(If) ‫ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ أداة اﻟﺸﺮط‬

( If ) ) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬-
In case of +   noun/ v. ing : ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١
- In case of getting his passport, he would travel abroad.
( But for ) + noun /Without + noun/ v. ing = Unless+ ‫ت‬‫ = ا‬If+ not : ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻰ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬:-٢
You wouldn't catch the bus if you didn't run fast. = You wouldn't catch the bus unless you ran fast.
=Without running fast, you wouldn't catch the bus.
I would get low marks but for his help.
‫( ﻓﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬without ) ‫ ( ﳏـــﻞ‬V. ing /n.+) If it were not for ‫ ﲢـــﻞ‬- ٣
If it were not for + v.ing /n . subj.+ Would + inf …
►But for (Without) her cleverness, she would get low marks.
= If it weren't for her cleverness, she would get low marks.
‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ (If) ‫ف أداة ا‬
( .to + inf) ‫ ( و ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬were) ‫( و ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑـ‬if) ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺤﺬف‬-١
Were + ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ to + ‫ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬, ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ would + ‫ﻣﺼﺪراﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
If he worked hard, he would succeed. = Were he to work hard, he would succeed.
‫ ( (ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬if ): ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن‬were ) ) ‫ وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬-٢
Were + ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬, ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ would + ‫ﻣﺼﺪراﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
If I were tall, I would play basketball. = Were I tall, I would play basketball.
‫ ﻓـﻰ اﻟﺤــﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﺜـﺎﻧﯿـﺔ وﯾﻠﯿـﮭـﺎ اﺳــﻢ ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻌﻼ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬If ‫ ﻣﺤـــﻞ‬Had ‫ـ ﺗﺤـــﻞ‬٣
Had + ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ........... , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ would + ‫ﻣﺼﺪراﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house = Had I a million dollars, I would buy a big house
.‫( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟــــﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾــــﺔ‬If) ‫( ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬Suppose / Supposing (that) / Imagine (that)) ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬-٤
 Suppose / Supposing / Imagine (that) you found a job in Cairo, what would you do?
.‫( ﻣﺛل اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺻدر‬Should) ‫( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾــــﺔ و ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬If) ‫ ُﺗﺣذف‬-٥
 If he played well, he would win
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- Should he play well, he would win

(3rd conditional) :‫" اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬if" ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

:‫" اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬if" ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

If + ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﺎم‬ , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ would/could/might + have + p.p.

.‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻡ‬-١
1-If I had (I'd) left home on time, I would (I'd) have caught the school bus. -
2- If you had gone to the sports club, you would / could / might have seen Ali.
3-If I had had enough money yesterday, I would / could / might have bought that mobile phone.

(If) ‫ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ أداة اﻟﺸﺮط‬

( If ) ) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬-
In case of +   noun/ v. ing : ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١
 In case of studying hard ( his hard study ) , he would have come first
= if he had studied hard, he would have come first
‫ ﻭ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬if ‫ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ‬had ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

Had + ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ p.p. , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬+ would + have + p.p.

E.g. If they had played well, they would have won the match.
= had they played well, they would have won the match
( But for )+ noun /Without + noun/ v. ing = Unless+ ‫ت‬‫ = ا‬If+ not ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻰ‬:-٢
: ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
 If he hadn't come early, he wouldn't have entered .
= unless he had come early, he wouldn't have entered.
=Without coming early, he wouldn't have entered.
‫ ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬But for - without ) ‫ ( ﳏـــﻞ‬V. ing /n.+) If it hadn’t been for ‫ ﲢـــﻞ‬-٣
If it hadn’t been for + v.ing /n . subj.+ Would have + p.p
►But for (Without) her cleverness, she would have got low marks.
= If it hadn’t been for her cleverness, she would have got low marks.
What would + sub + have +pp if ( ‫? ) ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ ً : ‫ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬-

Deduction ‫ج‬‫ا‬
Present Past
must + inf must have + pp
‫رع‬‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬   ‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬  
  ‫ت‬ .‫ا‬  / ‫ا‬ ‫ أم‬‫ أ‬/ ُ - .‫ا‬ ََ  / ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ أم‬‫ أ‬/ ُ -
I'm sure/certain/definitely/I think
He has three cars and a villa. He must be Menna looks very happy. She must have
rich. passed her exams.
Ali must be happy. He has just won a gold It must have been cold there. There is
medal. snow on the ground in the photo.
Nadia lived in England for 20 years, so she
must speak English well.

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can't + inf can't have + pp

‫رع‬‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬   ‫ ا‬ () ‫ج‬‫ ا‬  
.‫ا‬  / ،‫ا‬ ‫ أم‬ /  .‫ا‬ ََ  / ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ أم‬ /  -
I'm sure/certain/definitely/I think
He has three cars and a villa. He can’t be Here is his mobile. He can't have left it in
poor. his room.
He can’t be cold. He isn’t wearing a jacket. They can’t have had lunch. Their food is
in the fridge.
might + inf Might have + inf
‫رع وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ج‬‫ل أو ا‬‫ ا‬ ُ  ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ج‬‫ل أو ا‬‫ ا‬ ُ 
.‫ا‬   ‫و‬ .‫ا‬  

I'm not certain / sure/ possible/probable/perhaps/I don't know/ I don't think

Ahmed might travel abroad, but I don’t think She was late. She might have missed the
so. train.
I don’t know why he doesn’t look happy. He I don’t think he won the race. He might
might feel ill. have lost it.
The tourist might be American because he I can’t find my book. I might have left it at
has an English guidebook. home.
We didn’t see Tarek at the sports club
today. He might not have been there.

 should have + pp.:

should(ought to) have + p.p:
     ‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ أن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ أن‬  :
You missed the start of the show. You should have arrived earlier.
I’m sorry! I ought to have come on time.

shouldn’t /ought not have + pp.:

    ‫ او ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ث وم‬ ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ أن‬  :
The tourists shouldn’t have brought their coats to Egypt. They won’t need them in the summer!
You shouldn't have put more sugar in your tea. It's not healthy
:‫ث‬  ‫ و‬‫و‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ء‬  ‫ أ‬could have + P.P.  ‫ أن‬ -
He went to school on foot but he could have gone by bus.
‫ء ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ه ا‬  - ‫ أن‬ (Should / ought to)
- In summer, tourists should wear a hat and ought not to sit in the sun.
- You should take a rest. = It is a good idea to take a rest.

The Distributive pronouns ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬

all, both, half, each, every, either, neither
All
(‫ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ ﻳﻌﺪ) ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﲨﻊ( ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ) ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬All ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١

Ex All Mona’s money is at home, so all her friends are helping her.
All the students in our class are from Cairo.

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She spent nearly all her life at home.

Ex: All my friends have got the full mark in the English exam.
Ex: All the milk in the fridge has turned sour.
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﲰﺎء ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﲔ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‬All ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٢
Ex: All cars have breaks. Ex: All students must wear uniforms
Ex: All information is confidential. Ex-All cheese contains protein.
(of) ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬، (‫( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻰ ﳏﺪﺩ )ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ‬the) ‫ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ‬+ All ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٣
Ex: All (of ) these cars are for sale.
Ex: All (of) the information you asked for is on our web site.
Ex: I’ve spent all (of ) the money you gave me.
all of + them /us /you ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﲨﻊ‬all ‫( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬All of ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٤
Ex: Did you write down their telephone numbers? - No, not all of them.
Did you invite all of them?
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻻﺗﻰ‬
All of it = it all
All of us = We all () ,us all(‫ل‬)
All of them = They all () , them all (‫ل‬)
All of you = you all
Ex: All of us enjoyed the party = We all enjoyed the party.
Ex: I studied all (of) my lessons yesterday. Now, I’m revising them all / all of them
Ex: Mr. Ashraf explained it all.
Each
: (‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﺍﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ )ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء( ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ )ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‬each ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١
Each student wears a uniform. Each day is better than the last.
:‫دة‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫دة‬ each ‫ م‬-٣
:‫ل‬‫ ا‬ ‫ او‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ each ‫ ا‬‫م‬
Study each sentence carefully. Each child received a present.
Each of the girls spoke well.
He told each of us our jobs. I gave each of my three brothers a card
Each of ‫ ﺍﻭ‬Each ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ‬-٣
x: Each of them has his own way of doing things.
Ex-Each student wears a uniform.
Ex- each of my brothers wants his own car.
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﲨﻊ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺟﺎء ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﲨﻊ‬Each ‫ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬-٤
We each play basketball

Every
: ‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ )ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء( ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍ‬every ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١
Ex: Every student was given a book. Ex: Every window was broken.

‫ ﻭﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬Each ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ‬-٣

Every child received a present.
‫(ﺍﻃﻼﻗﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ‬Every of ) ‫ ﻻﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٣
Every car in the city causes some pollution.
Every one/noun of + ( these / them /my/ the....etc.) ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬
Ex: I’ve read every one of these books.
Ex : I enjoyed every minute of my stay in Alexandria.
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬every ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١
Ex: There’s a bus every ten minutes.
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Ex: Take two tablets every four hours.

Ex: I go to the dentist every six month.

Both
:     ‫ او‬  ‫ث‬‫ م‬ both ‫ م‬-١
Ex-I gave both my parents a present.
Ex: Both my brothers are older than me.
Ex.Use both hands to hold it.
:  ‫ل‬   both of ‫ م‬-٢
Ex: Both of us were very tired.
Ex: Both of them live in Tanta
: ‫ل‬ ‫ او‬   both ‫ م‬-٢
Ex: We both need a holiday. Ex: I liked them both.
‫ ا‬
Both of us = we both (‫ )ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬or us both(‫)ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
Both of you = you both
Both of them = They both (‫ )ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬, them both(‫)ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
All of you = you all
Ex: Both of us went to the zoo yesterday = We both went to the zoo..........
:  ‫ او‬‫ او ا‬  both……and ‫ م‬-٤
Ex: When she was a child, she was good at both writing and playing the piano.
Ex:I was very hungry, so I had both the cheese and the chicken sandwich!
Ex:She is both beautiful and clever
Ex: I spoke to both the director and his secretary.

Either
:( ‫) ا‬ ‫ل ا‬‫ء او ا‬‫س او ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬  either ‫ م‬-١
Ex I can stay at either hotel, they are both good.

 ‫ ا‬Either of  ‫ و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ ا‬either   -٢
Ex: A: Left or right? B:You can go either way.
Ex: Sara and I can go on either Friday or Saturday
Ex: I don’t like either of my maths teachers.
I don’t like either of the photos.
Either of ‫او‬Either ‫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺮد ﺑﻌﺪ‬-٣
Ex: Either of these children has played in the street.
‫ ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ او‬ ‫ او‬‫ ا‬ (‫او‬....‫ )ا‬Either…..or  -٤
Ex: You can have either ice cream or chocolate cake
Ex: I can visit you either on Sunday or on Monday.

Neither
(‫ذاك‬‫ا و‬  ) ‫ ا‬‫ء وم‬‫س او ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ neither ‫ م‬-١
Don't/doesn't/didn’t/can't /wasn't ….etc ‫ اداة ا‬  
I like neither of the photos.
I was offered tea or coffee, but I had neither of them because I don’t like hot drinks

neither of ‫ او‬neither ‫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺮد ﺑﻌﺪ‬-٢

Ex: Neither of us likes coffee. Ex: Neither of my sisters is married.
Ex: Neither of the boxes was big enough.
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‫ ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ او‬ ‫ او‬‫ ا‬ (‫و‬....) neither…..nor  -٤
You can have neither cookies nor candy
Ex: Neither Ali nor Mona was at home
I can neither speak nor write German.
Neither is the same as not … either: : ‫ظ‬
I like neither of the T-shirts. = I don’t like either of the T-shirts.
Ex : I don’t speak either Italian or German. = I speak neither Italian nor German.

half
:  ‫ء ا‬‫ او ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ half(of) ‫ م‬-٢
She spent about half of her time writing poems.
He ate half (of) the cake this morning.
I have invited half of my friends to the party
: ‫د‬     ‫د ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬   ‫ء ا‬  half(of) ‫ م‬-٢
Half (of) my friends like tennis.
Half (of ) my friends live abroad
Half the food was wasted.
‫س‬‫ او ا‬‫ات ا‬  of ‫ م‬ :٣
My house is half a kilometre from here.
I bought half a kilo of flour.
Ex: We live half a mile from here.
Ex: How much is half a bottle of olive oil?

so / such … that; enough / too … to

:‫ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬so/such…..that ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-١

‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬+ so + ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻇﺮﻑ‬+ that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬

That cake was so nice that I’ll have another one!
They walked so slowly that they missed the train.
The exercise was so easy that I finished it in two minutes.

such a ( an ) + ( ‫ ﺻﻔـﺔ‬+ ‫ ) ﺍﺳـﻢ‬+ that + ‫ﲨـﻠﺔ ﻛـﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬

such + ( ‫ ﺻﻔـﺔ‬+ ‫ ) ﺍﺳـﻢ ﲨﻊ‬+ that + ‫ﲨـﻠﺔ ﻛـﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬

It was such a useful book that I read it twice.

Tarek is such a friendly person that everyone likes him.
It’s such an amazing play that you can’t miss it.
They are such long questions that we don’t have time to answer them all.

. ( ‫ ) ﺗـﺄﺗﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻹﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬........ ‫ ﻛـﺎﻑ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ‬enough ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٢

‫ﺻﻔــــﺔ‬/ ‫ ﻇﺮﻑ‬+ enough to + inf ( ‫) ﺍﳌﺼـــﺪ ﺭ‬

Hamdi is tall and fast enough to be very good at basketball.
Hamdi is clever enough to answer the difficult questions.
Rami is careful enough to make very few mistakes.

.( ‫ ﻻ ) ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﻰ ﻭﺗﻌﻨـﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬....... ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬too….to ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-٣

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too + adj ( ‫ ) ﺻﻔــــﺔ‬+ (for ‫ل‬) to + inf ( ‫) ﺍﳌﺼــــﺪﺭ‬

The sea is too cold to swim in.

The coffee was too hot to drink.
I’m too busy to go to work every day
The question is too difficult for the little boy to answer.

:‫ﻻﺣــــﻆ‬
too +  = not + ‫ ا‬+enough
It’s too quiet. = It isn’t noisy enough.
This tea is too cold. = The tea isn’t hot enough.

to + inf. ‫ أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬-١

agree ‫ﯾﻮاﻓﻖ‬ want ‫ﯾﺮﯾﺪ‬
choose ‫ﯾﺨﺘﺎر‬ refuse ‫ﯾﺮﻓﺾ‬
decide ‫ﯾﻘﺮر‬ offer ‫ﯾﻌﺮض‬
expect ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ plan ‫ﯾﺨﻄﻂ‬
hope ‫ﯾﺄﻣﻞ‬ promise ‫ﯾﻌﺪ‬
learn ‫ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ Would like ‫ﯾﻮد‬

Ex: Everyone agreed to meet at the airport.

Ali has decided to study science at university.
I expect to finish my homework later this evening.
They hope to get a job they enjoy doing.
ing ‫ أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬-٢
keep  finish 
avoid  practise ‫رس‬
dislike ‫ه‬ suggest ‫ح‬
enjoy  deny 
admit ‫ف ب‬ spend 
mind ‫م‬ recommend 
Ex: He admitted borrowing my pen without asking me.
he enjoys playing with her grandchildren..
He dislikes sleeping during the day.

‫ ﺑﺪون اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ing ‫ أو ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎف ﻟﮫ‬to + inf. ‫ أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬-٣
Begin = start ‫ ﯾﺒﺪا‬continue ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
like /love ‫ ﯾﺤﺐ‬prefer ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ‬
Ex: my brother began to work / working as a teacher 5 years ago.
We like to watch / watching tennis.

to + inf.   ‫م‬ (like /love/prefer)‫ل‬‫ ا‬ would ‫إذا ا‬

Ex: I'd like to finish my work early today.
I'd prefer to drink coffee.
I’d love to go for a swim this evening.

‫ﻣﻊ وﺟود إﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ (v.+ing ) ‫(أو‬.to+ inf) ‫أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬- - ٤
‫( ﻓﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ ان اﻟﺣدث ﻟم ﯾﺗم ﺑﻌد‬.to +inf) ‫ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬ ‫(ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ ان اﻟﺣدث ﻗد اﻧﺗﮭﻰ أﻣﺎ اذا‬Gerund) ‫ھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬
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remember + (to + inf.)      ‫ أن‬

remember + (v. + ing) ‫ ا‬      ‫ أم‬

Ex- When I was young, I remember visiting my grandmother every week

I love my grandmother. I remember to visit her every week.
stop + (to + inf.) ( ‫ء‬  ) ‫ض‬ 
stop + (v. + ing) ‫ دا‬ ‫ة أو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ء‬   
Ex- He stopped to listen to music = .He stopped what he was doing to listen to music.
He stopped listening to music. = He didn’t listen to music any more.
forget + (to + inf.) (‫ء‬‫ ا‬  ‫ )أى‬ ‫ء‬  ‫ أن‬
forget + (v. + ing) (‫ء‬‫ ا‬ ‫ )أى أم‬ ‫ء‬  ‫ أم‬
He forgot to lock the door = .He didn’t lock it.
He forgot locking the door. = He locked it but couldn’t remember.
try + (to + inf.)   ( ‫ء‬   ‫د‬ ‫ل‬) ‫ول‬ُ
try + (v. + ing) ‫ث‬ ‫ف‬  ‫ى‬‫ و‬،  ‫ء‬ ‫ب‬ُ

I tried to buy some medicine, but the chemist was closed.

I had a headache, so I tried taking some medicine.
regret + (to + inf.) ‫ر‬   ‫ل‬ ‫ او‬ ‫ء‬  ‫ أن‬ ‫ أم‬
regret + (v. + ing) ‫ ا‬  ‫ء‬  

Ex- He regretted to tell you the bad news = He was sorry that it was necessary to tell you the bad news
He regretted selling his car. = He was sorry that he had to sell it.

‫ ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات‬to ‫ ﺑﻌد‬v + ing ‫ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬- ٥

take to ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻲ‬ object to ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺮض‬
be used to ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺎد‬ look forward to ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﻟﻲ‬
be accustomed to ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺎد‬ due to ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
get used to ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻲ‬ in addition to ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
owing to ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ thanks to ‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬
Ex: He is used to getting up early.
 He took to drinking.
I look forward to / am used to spending the holidays in Sharm.

‫ ﺑﻌد ھذه اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات‬ing ‫ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬-٦

be busy ‫ﻣﺸﻐﻮل‬ Be worth ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻖ‬
have difficulty (in) ‫ﯾﺠﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ How /what about ‫ﻣﺎ رأﯾﻚ ﻓﻰ‬
It’s no good = It’s no use ‫ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ‬ It’s a waste of time ‫ﻣﻀﯿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ‬
Can’t stand ‫ﻻ ﯾﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬ Feel like ‫ ﯾﺮﯾﺪ‬/‫ﯾﻮد‬
It’s no good / no use wasting time.
I feel like / can’t help eating sweets
How about looking at that festival for our project?.

‫ض‬‫ ا‬  ( to + ‫ر‬) ‫ أن م‬ -

- She is driving quickly to arrive on time. - I study hard to get good marks.
(‫( ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ )ﻟﻛــــــــــﻲ‬to = in order to = so as to ) ‫ ھﻧـــــــــــــــﺎ‬-
- He completed all his homework to get a good grade.

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I wish / If only ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﲎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻡ‬

1-I wish / If only+ past simple

I wish I ……v+ed …..‫ذ‬ ‫او‬  

‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬
If only I ……v+ed …..‫ذ‬ ‫او‬  
‫رع‬‫ ا‬ ‫ أ‬  ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ - 1
Ex- I wish I had a flat. Ex– Omer wishes he was/were a millionaire.
Ex-I wish there were something I was really interested in
Ex-My father only speaks Spanish. he wishes he spoke English or French
Ex-I’m not very tall. I wish I was / were tall enough to play basketball.
‫رع‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ إذا‬  ‫ ا‬  were  : 
-I wish I were in London now - . I wish the car were cheap.

2-I wish / If only+ past perfect

I wish I had+ ….p.p  

‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ‬
=I regret … v+ ing…

‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬       ٢--
1-I wish I hadn’t wasted my time in the holidays
2- I wish I hadn't failed the test .
3- I wish I had seen him yesterday. - If only I had seen him yesterday.
4-I’m really tired this morning. I wish I had sleep more last night.
I wish ‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﺑﻌد‬regret ‫( ﺑﻌـد‬ing) ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬-
-I regret not studying hard = -I wish I had studied hard.
Dalia regrets not finishing her work yesterday= she wishes she had finished it yesterday

3-I wish / If only+ would/could

I wish (I, we) could….. ‫ر‬‫ا‬

‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
I wish(he-she-they-you) would ……‫ر‬‫ا‬
she / he / it / you / they would ‫ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬I / We  could + inf  ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ -
-I wish I could see my friends tomorrow. - I wish he would visit me next week.
I wish global warming would stop. I wish I could find time to read more.
:‫ء‬   ‫رة‬‫ ا‬   ‫ ا‬  could + inf   :-
-I wish I could sing. – Ali wishes he could speak Chinese.
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـــــﺎﺕ‬

Wish   ‫د‬‫ و‬   I wish to see the manager, please.
‫ ان‬ to + inf  Heba wishes to achieve her goals.
 ‫ل او ا‬ ‫د‬‫ و‬    I wish you a speedy recovery.
‫ ا‬ Wish I wish her good luck.  I wish them a happy life.
-  ‫ أو‬ ‫رع‬ ‫ إ‬  hope ‫إ‬  I hope he passes the test .
Hope+ to ‫ر‬‫ ا‬ ‫و‬ = I hope he will pass the test.
 I hope to win the first prize
  ‫رع أو‬    I wish / If only -I wish I (live – have lived – will live – lived) near you
‫ق‬‫ط‬‫ ا‬

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 ‫ف‬ ‫دئ‬‫ ا‬ ‫ى‬‫د ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ " a " ‫ م‬
a pen – a car – a book- a woman – a farm …………etc.
. (y)  ‫( و‬u) ‫( او‬e) ‫ف‬ ‫دئ‬‫ ا‬ ‫ى‬‫د ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ " a " ‫م‬
a university – a European country – a uniform – a useful thing- a unit
. (‫( اى )وا‬w)  ‫( و‬o) ‫ف‬ ‫دئ‬‫ ا‬ ‫ى‬‫د ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ " a " ‫م‬
a one-way road
(a, e, I, o, u) ‫ك‬ ‫ف‬ ‫دئ‬‫د ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ " an " ‫ م‬
an elephant – an apple – an orange – an umbrella – an item- an uncle
: ‫ك‬ ‫ف‬  ‫ك او‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫دئ‬‫ ا‬ ‫ى‬‫د ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ " an " ‫م‬
an hour – an honest man – an x-ray-an heir ‫ورﯾﺚ‬

The use of indefinite articles

a / an
‫ة‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ ا‬  -١
 We have a house with a garden.
I’ve got a new camera. Have you ever had an operation?
/‫د‬  ‫ وا‬‫ إ‬ -٢
 We have got a car . / he's a player in our football team
‫ص‬‫ ا‬‫ وظ‬‫ إ‬ -٣
He is a teacher / My uncle is an engineer.
:‫د‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ an/a  -٤
What a clever student!/  what an exciting film !.
: ‫ت‬‫ وا‬‫ وأدوات ا‬‫ وا‬‫د وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ات ا‬‫ ا‬ an/a  -٥
A dozen /a couple/ a pair /a thousand/ a hundred/a cup/ an hour /a lot
(A pair of shoes/ a couple of minutes/80 kilometers an hour)
( a cold /a headache / a toothache/ a stomachache ) : ‫اض ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬‫ أ‬ -٦
: ‫د‬  ‫ت ا‬‫ت وا‬‫ ا‬ -٧
He is an English boy. I read an exciting story
.‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬  ‫ء ا‬‫ أو ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ a / an ‫ م‬ ‫و‬
Fish is my favourite food. I’m wearing black shoes.

The definite article " the " :

: ‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ " the " ‫ أداة ا‬‫م‬

( ‫ة أ‬‫ ) م‬‫و‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ ذ‬‫ و‬‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -١
►I have got a house with a garden. The house is small, but the garden is huge.
.. ‫ن‬‫ ا‬ ‫ة‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -٢
The sun – the moon – the universe – the world – the horizon -the earth- the country- the town
– the sea- the sky- the pyramids –the high dam – the state
► Cairo is the capital of Egypt . - The sun rises in the east.
:‫ ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫ م‬ the ‫م‬ space   ‫و‬
 There are millions of stars in space. - I tried to park my car, but the space was too small.
‫ت‬‫ت وا‬‫ا‬‫ ا‬ -٣
(the telephone – the computer – the television – the plane- the radio…..)
The computer is a wonderful invention The plane has made travel very fast.
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( ‫د‬‫ ا‬  ‫ه ا‬ ‫ ) و‬ ‫ع‬‫ ا‬‫ إ‬ ‫د‬‫ان ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ -٤
The camel bears thirst . ( All camels bear thirst )
The giraffe has a long neck . ( All giraffes have long necks )
( ‫ى ) ا‬‫ ا‬‫رم‬‫ت ا‬  -٥
- The computer is the most important modern invention .
- Ali is the tallest boy in the class .
 .........   ‫رم‬‫ ا‬  -٦
- The more you work, the more you earn .
( ‫ ا‬    ‫ ) و‬‫ أو ا‬‫ ا‬‫ إ‬ ‫ ا‬ -٧
The poor = poor people the rich = rich people
(The blind, the young, the old, the dead, the living, the innocent, the brave)
 The rich should help the poor = Rich people should help poor people.
‫دة‬  ‫ ا‬‫م‬  a ‫ ( وم‬play – listen to – learn – teach )  ‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ -٨
Play (the piano, the violin, the drum, the guitar, the lute, the harp…….)
He likes to play the guitar every day. Heba wants to buy a piano
‫اء ا‬‫ه وأ‬‫ وا‬  ‫رات ا‬‫ ا‬‫اء ا‬‫ أ‬ -٩
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, the present – the past – the back – the
front – the body – the brain- the head………
:‫خ‬‫ب وا‬‫ت وا‬‫ت وا‬‫ء ا‬‫ أ‬‫ ودور ا‬‫ادي وا‬‫رح وا‬‫دق وا‬‫ء ا‬‫ أ‬ -١٠
the cinema - the internet - the office, the radio , the theatre , the army , the post office
the government – the police –the United Nations – the climate – the weather – the press …
(  ‫رة‬ ) ‫ ا‬  ‫ إذا ا‬‫ ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ أ‬ the  -١١
(School – university – hospital –prison – mosque – church – market)
- My father went to the school to meet the headmaster yesterday. ( As a visitor )
- My father went to school yesterday. ( As a teacher)
.‫ات‬‫ر وا‬‫م‬‫ت وا‬‫ر وا‬‫ء ا‬‫ أ‬ -١٢
The Mediterranean sea - The Red sea – the pacific ocean – the River Nile – the Suez Canal
The Atlantic ocean – the Amazon - The Panama Canal -The Indian ocean
‫ت‬‫ا‬‫رى وا‬‫ر وا‬‫ت ا‬‫ات و‬‫ت ا‬‫ل و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ء‬‫ أ‬ -١٣
The Alps The Himalayas The Andes The Great lakes
The Caribbean islands the Bahamas the West Indies
the Sahara desert The western/eastern desert – the siwa oasis
:‫ت‬‫ه ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ وا‬‫ت ا‬‫رات وا‬‫ت وا‬‫ر‬‫ وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫د ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ أ‬ -١٤
(Kingdom  /States ‫ و‬/ republic ‫ر‬ /Union ‫د‬‫ ا‬/emirate ‫رة‬‫ إ‬/ united ‫ة‬)
- The United States of America \The USA. ‫ة ا‬‫ت ا‬‫ا‬
- The united kingdom / the UK ‫ة‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬
- The Arab Republic of Egypt. \ The A.R.E
- The United Arab Emirates \ The U. A. E ‫ة‬ ‫رات‬‫ا‬
- the European union/ the E U ‫ورو‬‫د ا‬‫ا‬
- The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. /the K.S.A ‫د‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬
‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ the ‫ م‬-١٥
The north of – The south of – The east of – The west of
:‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫ أر‬ the ‫ و‬-١٦
The only…..the last, the first, the second, the third, the fourth…..etc.
Ex: Asmaa was the only girl who attended the lesson.
:‫ ا‬‫ وا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -١٧
The times ‫ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻳﻤﺰ‬/The holy Quran/ the bible‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﻘﺪس‬
:‫ ا‬   ‫ب ا‬‫ ا‬ -١٨
The queen / the prince/the king/the president/the professor
:‫ وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ -١٩
smiths The French / the English/ the British / the
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:( ‫ و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ او ا‬‫ ا‬)  ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -٢٠
(The child that I met – the girl in white dress – the dinner which I made )
-The fish which we had for dinner last night was delicious.
-I’m wearing the black shoes I bought yesterday.
 I like the weather of Alexandria. :of   ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ .٢١

‫ـ‬: ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴـﺔ‬the ‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨـﺪﻡ‬

  ‫ ا‬   ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -١
Ex: Flowers have nice smell . ( All kinds of flowers )
the flowers in my garden are beautiful. ‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬
‫ن‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ إذا‬television  the ‫ م‬ -٢
Ex: I watched a movie on television . - I usually watch TV in the evening.
‫ إذا ﻗﺼﺪﻧﺎ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﺰﻳﻮن‬television ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ‬the ‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻀﻊ‬
Ex: He put the glass on the television . - Can you turn off the television, please?
(  ‫ى أم‬‫ ) ا‬‫ ا‬  ‫ إذا ا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -٣
School – university – hospital – bed – prison – mosque – church – market
Ex: He went to hospital because he had eaten bad food .
.‫دة‬‫ر ا‬‫د او ا‬‫ ا‬‫دة أو ا‬‫ة ا‬‫ ا‬‫ أ‬ -٤
Malta island Lake Nasser Mount Everest Mount Sinai. ‫ﺟﺒﻞ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء‬
western – eastern – southern – northern ‫ت‬‫ ا‬ ‫ت ا‬‫ ا‬ -٥
Ex: I visited southern America .
‫ت‬‫ وا‬‫را‬‫اد ا‬‫ت وا‬‫ ا‬ -٦
dinner – lunch – breakfast – Supper - English – chemistry – French
The English class lasts an hour.‫ﻧﻘﻮل‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ع‬‫ ا‬‫ وأ‬‫ل ا‬‫ر و‬‫ ا‬ -٧
winter – spring – autumn – summer – January-Saturday- Monday
‫م‬‫ت وا‬‫ وا‬‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -٨
Democracy –beauty –happiness – love- peace – swimming – reading-football –tennis –
running - camping - work
: ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ -٩
(Queen Elizabeth- professor magdy yacoub - king Lear )
:‫ا‬‫رات وا‬‫ول وا‬‫ن وا‬‫ء ا‬‫ أ‬ -١٠
Cairo – Africa- Tokyo – America – Europe –France
(the Sudan - the Netherlands - the Congo- the Yemen ) ‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻮل‬
‫ا‬.....‫ى‬‫ء أ‬‫ وأ‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬‫ وا‬‫اد ا‬‫ وا‬‫ا‬‫ وا‬‫ط‬‫ )ا‬ ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬١١
- sugar – meat – bread ‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬Flour- Water - oil – tea - Iron – wood – plastic-copper - silver
Furniture ‫ اﻷﺛﺎث‬- grass ‫ اﻟﻌﺸﺐ‬- luggage – baggage ‫ اﻷﻣﺘﻌﺔ‬- jewellery – money – electricity – work
– news – information – laughter – rubbish – hair- traffic - clothing – sand – rain – ice – money
:(return –go- come –arrive ) ‫ل‬‫ ا‬  (bed- work – home)   -١٢
He returned home late last night. / when did you arrive at work?

‫ت‬‫ ا‬: ‫أو‬

‫ واﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺒﻖ اﻻﺳﻢ اوﺗﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪة‬، ‫ وﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ( ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد واﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬، ً‫ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ھﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ اﺳﻤﺎ‬-
ahmed is a careful driver. The weather is hot :( v to be ) ‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫أو ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ‬
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(be – get – become – go – grow – turn)   ‫ل‬‫ه ا‬  -١
She is nice. He will be sad. They have been happy.
The food went bad. He grows angry. The sea turned rough.
‫ف‬‫ ظ‬  ‫ ا‬ (get – become – go – grow – turn) ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬‫ و‬-٢
He went there quickly.
(look – seem – appear – sound)‫إذا ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﯾﺒﺪو ﯾﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ‬- ٣
He looks happy. He looks at me angrily.
‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ظﺮف‬،‫وإذا ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﯾﻨﻈﺮ‬
(feel – taste – smell) ‫ إذا ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﯾﻌﻄﻰ )ﻣﻠﻤﺲ – ﻣﺬاق – راﺋﺤﺔ( ﯾﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ‬-٤
The cloth feels smooth. The food tastes nice.
I have flu I can't smell well. ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ظﺮف‬، (‫ وﻟﻜﻦ إذا ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﯾﻠﻤﺲ – ﯾﺘﺬوق – ﯾﺸﻢ‬-٥
.‫ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻋﺎدة‬ing ‫ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ و اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ ﺑـ‬ed ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ ﺑـ‬-
Bored ‫ﻣﺘﻀﺠﺮ – ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬ boring ‫ﻣﻤﻞ‬
ُِ
excited ‫ ﻓﺮﺣﺎن‬/ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ‬ exciting ‫ُﻣﺜﯿﺮ‬
interested ‫ﻣﮭﺘﻢ‬ interesting ‫ﺷﯿﻖ‬
terrified ‫ﻣﺮﻋﻮب‬ terrifying ‫ُﻣﺮﻋﺐ‬
tired ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬
َ ُ tiring ‫ُﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬
surprised ‫ﻣﻨﺪھﺶ‬ surprising ‫ﻣﺪھﺶ‬
amused ‫ُﻣﺴﻞ‬ amusing ‫ﺷﻰء ُﻣﺴﻞ‬
E.g. The match was exciting. When I saw the match, I was excited.
‫ ﺗﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺷﻌور‬- ‫ ﻟﺗﺻف اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﻟد‬-ing ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ‬: ‫ﻻﺣــــــــﻆ‬
e.g. This is a confusing girl ← ‫ ﻣﻊ أﻧﮭﺎ إﻧﺴﺎن ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ھﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺜﯿﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬-ing ‫وﺻﻔﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺎة ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬

:‫ت‬‫اع ا‬‫أم‬
**Short adjectives (one syllable) ‫ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‬-١
[ short , long , big , tall , cheap , near , old , young ]
** Long adjectives (with two or more syllables) ‫ ﺻﻔﺎت طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬-٢
[expensive , generous , interesting , beautiful , wonderful ]
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺼﻔﺎت ﻗﺼﯿﺮة أو طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬-
Common – narrow -simple – quiet – stupid – clever – polite
:(real / wrong / true / right) ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ذات ﻣﻘﻄﻊ واﺣﺪ وﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﯿﻦ‬-
This is the most real situation I've ever witnessed.
( as ‫( ﻭﺗﻌﲎ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻭﱄ( ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ )ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬as …….… as) ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬-
(me, him, her, it, you, us, them) : ‫(أو ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬.n)‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬-١
-She is as young as him/ali.
:‫ ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺪه )ﻓﻌﻞ( ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬:(I, he, she, it, you, we, they) ‫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬-٢
-She is as young as he is.
- Sami is as tall as Ali. = Sami is the same height as Ali.
- My car is as expensive as yours. = They are (of) the same price.
‫( وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺼﻔﺔ درﺟﺔ اوﻟﻲ‬less ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬than) ‫( أو‬not as /so ………….… as) ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎوى ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ 
-Dina is not as /so old as Heba. = They are not (of) the same age.
- Heba is older than Dina. Heba is the older of the two.
- Cairo is hotter than London. = - London isn’t as hot as Cairo. = - London is less hot than Cairo.

Short adjectives (one syllable) ‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﺼﯿﺮﺓ‬

positive degree comparative degree superlative degree
‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ er + than the + ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ est
tall taller than the tallest
large larger than the largest
hot hotter than the biggest
heavy heavier than the heaviest
Longer adjectives (with two or more syllables)‫ﺻﻔﺎت طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬

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positive degree comparative degree superlative degree

‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ more …. ‫… ﺻﻔﺔ‬.. than the most… + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬
less …. ‫… ﺻﻔﺔ‬.. than the least … + ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬
Honest more honest than the most honest
Intelligent more intelligent than the most intelligent

Irregular adjectives ‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﺎذة‬

Adjective Comparative degree Superlative degree
good / well better than the best
bad / ill worse than the worst
little less than the least
many / much more than the most
late later than the latest
latter than the last
Far (‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ)ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ farther than the farthest
Far (‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ) ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ further than the furthest

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎت‬
:‫ ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬the ) ‫ ( ﻋﻠﻰ أﻻّ ﯾﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬very ) ‫ ( ُﺗﻌﻨﻰ‬most ) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬-١
The book you lent me was most (very) interesting.
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬very much ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﯿﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ‬the ‫ ﺑﺪون‬best /most ‫أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ َ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬- ٢
Of all sports, I like tennis best (most) .
old ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬- ٣
Old older than the oldest
elder eldest
elder ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ than ‫ﻣﻊ أﻓﺮاد اﻷﺳﺮة وﻻ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ eldest ‫ و‬elder ‫ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬- ٤
Ali is my elder brother . He is the eldest in our family.
My elder brother is two years younger than my eldest brother.
Ali is older than his sister. (Not: ….. elder)
e.g. Cairo is farther than benha : ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬farther) ‫– ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬٥
he gave me further details : ‫( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬further) ‫– ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

(‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬...........‫ ) ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬: -‫ ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻵﺗﻲ‬-٦

The + (‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ er + ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬+ ‫ ) ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬, The + (‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ er + ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬+ ‫) ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
The more The more
The less The less
- The warmer the weather, the better I feel. (If the weather is warmer, I'll feel better.)
- The more you study, the more marks you get.
- The more you talk, the less you work.
- The more expensive the hotel (is), the better the service (is).
ً ً ) ‫ ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ‬much = a lot = far) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺿﻊ‬- ٧
‫ ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ) إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬a bit = a little = slightly ) ‫ﺟﺪا◌( أو‬
: ‫ ( ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬comparative ) ‫ﻣﺎ – ﻗﻠﯿﻼً ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
Her illness was far more serious than we expected.
Going by bus is cheaper than going by plane. (a lot)
- Going by bus is a lot cheaper than going by plane.
Going by plane is more expensive. (much)
Going by plane is much more expensive.
: ‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻻﺗﻰ‬
Samy is the tallest boy in the class. ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+is + the ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬+ ‫ اﺳﻢ‬in the…………
=No boy is taller than Samy in the class No+ ‫ اﺳﻢ‬+ is + ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬+‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬in the……..
=No boy is as tall as Samy in the class No+ ‫ اﺳﻢ‬+ is + as ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬as +‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬in the……..
Who is the taller of the two sisters? ← ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﺛﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع واﺣﺪ‬The ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬-
Who is the tallest of the three sisters? ← ‫وﻟﻜﻦ اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺛﻼث اﺷﺨﺎص ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬
‫وف‬‫ ا‬: ‫م‬
Adverbs are words which describe a verb, an adjectives or another adverb.
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.‫اﻟﻈﺮوف أو اﻷﺣﻮال ھﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺼﻒ ﻓﻌﻼً أو ﺻﻔﺔ أو ﺣﺎﻻً آﺧﺮ‬

Ahmed walks slowly) .(v. + adv ) She is incredibly clever) .(adv. + adj.)
Hany speaks very angrily. (adv. + adv.)
Many adverbs, especially adverbs of manner, are formed by adding (ly) to an adjective:
:‫( ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ‬ly) ‫اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ظﺮوف اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
adverb adjective adverb adjective
kindly kind quietly quiet
loudly loud quickly quick
difficultly difficult slowly slow
seriously serious badly bad
 Adjectives ending in (y) remove the (y) and : add (ily ):
(ily)‫( وﯾﻀﺎف‬y) ‫( ُﺗﺤﺬف اﻟـ‬y) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
happy happily busy busily
easy easily greedy greedily
 Adjectives ending (e) : add (ly), but (true – truly)
(true – truly)‫( وﻟﻜﻦ ُﯾﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ly) ‫( ُﯾﻀﺎف‬e) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
nice nicely sure surely
extreme extremely sincere sincerely
 Adjectives ending (le) remove the (e) : and add (y)
(y)‫( وﯾﻀﺎف‬e) ‫( ُﺗﺤﺬف اﻟـ‬le) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
horrible horribly possible possibly
incredible incredibly comfortable comfortably
 Adjectives ending in (l) : add (ly)
(ly)‫( ُﺗﻀﺎف‬l) ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
useful usefully historical historically
beautiful beautifully local locally
 some adverbs have the same form as adjectives and they are similar in meaning
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻈﺮوف)ﺷﺎذة ( ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ( اﻟﺼﻔﺔ وھﻰ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
late early hard fast
high low free enough
right wrong daily weekly
straight near monthly yearly
The lake is deep. adj. They went deep into the forest. adv.
There is enough food in the fridge. Adj .He isn’t tall enough to play basketball. adv.
Adverbs of degree
extremely (100%)‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬ very (90%) ً‫ﺟـﺪا‬ rather (70%)‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬
quite (50%)‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ fairly (30%)‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ‬
slightly(10%)‫ﺟﺪا‬
Adverbs of degree are used to modify adjectives, adverbs or verbs.
.‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ظﺮوف اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺻﻔﺔ أو ظﺮف واﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ rather ‫رﯾﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬/ ً ‫ ُﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬/ ً ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬ absolutely
‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ pretty ً ‫ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬/ ً ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ completely
ً ‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬/ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺎم‬ quite ً ‫ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ‬/ ً ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ totally
‫ اﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﺣﺪ‬/ ‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ fairly ‫ اﻟﻰ أﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺪود‬/ ً‫ﺟﺪا‬ extremely
‫ ﻧﻮﻋﺄ ﻣﺎ‬/ ً‫ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬ slightly ‫ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬/ ً‫ﺟﺪا‬ very
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ظﺮوف اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ) اﻟﺼﻔﺔ – اﻟﻈﺮف – ﻓﻌﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻰ ( وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
He is totally unacceptable. They arrived rather early.
I don’t quite understand what you mean.
Adjectives and adverbs of degree ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ و ظﺮوف اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
Ordinary ‫ ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬Strong ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬ Ordinary ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬ Strong ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬

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tired ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬ exhausted ‫ﻣﺮھﻖ‬ Angry ‫ﻏﺎﺿﺐ‬ furious‫ﻏﻀﺒﺎن ﺟﺪا‬

frightening ‫ﻣﺨﯿﻒ‬ terrifying ‫ﻣﺮﻋﺐ‬ hot ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬ boiling ‫ﻏﻠﯿﺎن‬
cold ‫ﺑﺎرد‬ freezing ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ bad ‫ﺳﺊ‬ terrible ‫ﻓﻈﯿﻊ‬
unusual ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدى‬ incredible ‫ﺧﯿﺎﻟﻰ‬ big ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ enormous/huge
interesting ‫ﺷﯿﻖ‬ amazing ‫ُﻣﺬھﻞ‬ good ‫ﺟﯿﺪ‬ fantastic / wonderful

exhausted = very tired freezing = very cold …etc‫ﻻﺣﻆ أن‬

‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬extremely / quite / rather / really / very / fairly ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
I'm very tired. The film was quite frightening.
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ‬totally / absolutely / completely / really ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
The film was really terrifying. I was absolutely exhausted
:‫ﻻ ﺣﻆ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬
After spending the night in the desert, the children were very cold. (freezing)
- After spending the night in the desert, the children were freezing.
Tarek told us a very unusual story. (incredible) - Tarek told us an incredible story.
.‫( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻈﺮف‬well) ‫( ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ‬good) ‫ﻻﺣﻆ أن‬
He is a good teacher . (well ) -He teaches well.
(ly)‫ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻰ ﺑـ‬
friendly lovely lonely silly
fatherly lively elderly ugly
brotherly likely cowardly deadly
:‫وﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻛﻈﺮوف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
in + a / an + adj. + way / manner
His speech to me was fatherly. (spoke) - He spoke to me in a fatherly way / manner.
He is a friendly boy. He treated me in a friendly way

: ‫* ﻻﺑﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﻟﻦ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱄ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ‬
Countable nouns ‫ودة‬ ‫ء‬‫أ‬-١
‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫م‬   ‫ت‬‫ إذا ذ‬the ‫ أو‬a – an – one ‫د‬‫ ا‬   ‫ و‬‫ و‬ ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫و‬
(  ‫ذ )و‬  ‫ود‬  ‫ن‬  ،‫ ا‬  ‫ آ‬ s  ‫ أن م‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﻯ‬-١
- a car→ cars - a watch →watches - an apple→ apples - a baby → babies – a wife →wives →
: ‫ ﲨﻊ ﺷﺎﺫ ﳛﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-٢
( Child ‫ طﻔل‬children ‫ أطﻔﺎل‬- phenomenon ‫ ظﺎھرة‬phenomena ‫ ظواھر‬- man ‫ رﺟل‬men ‫ – رﺟﺎل‬woman ‫اﻣرأة‬
women ‫ – ﻧﺳﺎء‬Ox ‫ ﺛور‬oxen ‫ – ﺛﯾران‬tooth ‫ ﺳِ ﱠﻧﺔ‬teeth ‫ – أﺳﻧﺎن‬foot ‫ ﻗدم‬feet ‫ – أﻗدام‬goose ‫ إوزة‬geese ‫– إوز‬
Deer ‫ ﻏزاﻟﺔ‬deer ‫ ﻏزﻻن‬sheep ‫ ﺧروف‬sheep ‫ – ﺧرﻓﺎن‬means ‫ وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬means ‫ – وﺳﺎﺋل‬Oasis ‫ واﺣﺔ‬oases ‫ واﺣﺎت‬-
fish ‫ ﺳﻣﻛﺔ‬fish ‫ – أﺳﻣﺎك‬basis ‫ ﻗﺎﻋدة‬bases ‫ – ﻗواﻋد‬medium ‫ وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬media ‫ وﺳﺎﺋل‬- species ‫ ﻓﺻﯾﻠﺔ‬species
‫) ﻓﺻﺎﺋل‬
‫ أو‬‫ت ا‬  an ‫ أو‬a ‫ أو‬s  ‫ أن م‬  ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬ Uncountable Nouns   ‫ء ا‬‫ ا‬‫ أ‬-٢
: ‫ ا‬‫ و‬  ‫او‬two ‫ أو‬one ‫ و‬ ‫ و‬.‫د‬‫ا‬

Liquids ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ water – coffee – oil - milk – soup – blood- petrol

Materials ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‬ Iron – wood – plastic – copper – gold – lead – sand – sliver -
paper

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Phenomena ‫ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬Tide – lightning – thunder – eclipse- heat- rain – snow- ice

Subjects ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ Maths – science – physics – Algebra- chemistry – history -
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‬
geography

Activities ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ Reading – cycling – writing – shopping-painting – fishing-

swimming
Abstract nouns Progress – hope – behaviour – beauty – freedom – luck –
‫ﺮﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍ‬ patience
– honesty – tolerance – peace - hatred ‫ ﻛﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ‬- courage ‫ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬
Sports ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬ Football – tennis – volleyball - basketball – ping pong -
baseball
Languages ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬ English – Arabic – French – Italian – Spanish - German

food ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ Rice – macaroni – jam – butter ‫ ﺯﺑﺪﻩ‬- yogurt ‫ ﺯﺑﺎﺩﻱ‬- flour ‫ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬-
sugar – meat – bread
Other nouns Furniture ‫ اﻷﺛﺎث‬- grass ‫ اﻟﻌﺸﺐ‬- luggage – baggage ‫ اﻷﻣﺘﻌﺔ‬- jewellery
‫ﺃﲰﺎء ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ – money – electricity – work – news – information –
laughter ‫ – اﻟﻀﺤﻚ‬rubbish – hair- traffic – clothing ‫ – اﻟﻤﻠﺒﺲ‬advice –
money
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﮭﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬a/an ‫* ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ُﺗﻌﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﮭﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ‬
Ex : We had a nice breakfast. – I spent a nice time on the beach.
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬sُ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﮭﻴﺔ ﲝﺮﻑ‬
Diabetes ‫ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬- measles ‫ اﻟﺤﺼﺒﺔ‬- politics ‫ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ‬-economics ‫ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬electronics
Physics ‫ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬- mathematics ‫ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬- athletics ‫ اﻟﻌﺎب اﻟﻘﻮي‬gymnastics ‫ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻧﯿﺔ‬- genetics
‫ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ‬- classics ‫ –ﻋﻠﻢ دراﺳﺔ اﻷدب اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﻰ‬cards ‫اﻟﻜﻮﺗﺸﯿﻨﺔ‬
Ex - Politics is my favourite interest. - Athletics is better than chess
‫ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬S ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑـ‬
Means ‫ وﺳﯿﻠﺔ – وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬- species ‫ ﻓﺼﯿﻠﺔ – ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ‬- crossroads ‫ ﻣﻔﺘﺮق طﺮق – طﺮق ﻓﺮﻋﯿﺔ‬Series ‫ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ – ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻼت‬

‫( ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬gloves / scissors / trousers / shoes / socks/ glasses)‫ﺃﲰﺎء ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﲔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﲨﻊ‬pair ‫ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬pair
His trousers are dirty. - A pair of socks doesn't cost much money

:‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬

:‫اﻻﺷﯿﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-1
Trousers / glasses / scales / gloves /shorts / pyjamas / pliers
: ‫ (ﻣﺜﻞ‬ings)‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ ب‬-2
savings ‫ ﻣﺪﺧﺮات‬/ lodgings ‫ ﺣﺠﺮة ﻟﻺﯾﺠﺎر‬/ surroundings ‫اﻷﺷﯿﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‬
‫أ ﺳﻤﺎء أﺧﺮي‬-3
Police/ people / youth/clothes/ wages / goods/ troops/cattle /arms /cards/remains
e.g- Our youth are the power of development. – The police have arrested the thieves.

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻔﺮﺩ ( ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ) ﺃﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺠﻤﻊ ( ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ ﲨﻊ ) ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
(army ‫ – ﺟﯿﺶ‬family ‫ – أﺳﺮة أو ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬navy ‫ – اﻟﺒﺤﺮﯾﺔ‬gang ‫ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬- group ‫ – ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬crew ‫طﺎﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﻔﯿﻨﺔ أو‬
‫ – اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬staff ‫ – ھﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬population ‫– اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬ crowd ‫ – ﺣﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‬couple ‫ زوج‬- company
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‫ﺻﺤﺒﺔ‬/‫ – ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬board of directors ‫ – ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة‬university - government - the public)

e.g.-The Egyptian Team is playing well. ‫ھﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﻼم ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﻛﻮﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة‬
- The team are leaving the pitch . ‫ھﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﻛﺄﻓﺮاد‬
e.g.: The government is doing its best to solve the problems
The government are meeting to discuss the problems .

‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻷﲰـﺎء ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﺣﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﻌـﲎ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬

Countable ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬ uncountable ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ‬

a glass ‫ﻛﻮب زﺟﺎج‬ glass ‫زﺟﺎج‬

Please, give me a glass of water . This window is made of glass .
a paper ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺪة‬ paper ‫ورق‬
I’m going to buy a paper. (= a newspaper) Paper is made of wood
a time ‫ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة‬ time ‫وﻗﺖ‬
He went to London three times Don’t hurry. There’s plenty of time
a cold ‫ﻧﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﺮد‬ cold ‫اﻟﺒﺮد‬
I’ve got a bad cold. The cold is unbearable this winter.
a chicken ‫دﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬ chicken ‫ﻟﺤﻢ دﺟﺎج‬
I saw lots of chickens on grandfather's Do you like chicken?
farm
a light ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ‬ light ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬
There are four lights in our classroom. The sun gives us light and heat.
a hair ‫ﺷﻌﺮة‬ hair ‫ﺷﻌﺮ‬
There are four hairs on your jacket. Her hair is long.
an iron ‫ﻣﻜﻮاة‬ iron ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬
I bought an iron yesterday. - Hospital beds are made of iron.
a coffee ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺎن ﻗﮭﻮة‬ coffee ‫ﻗﮭﻮة‬
Could I have two coffees? (cups of Much coffee is harmful to your health
coffee)
an orange ‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬ orange (‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ )ﻟﻮن‬
There are two oranges on the table. I don't like orange. I prefer red
A School ( ‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ) ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ School ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﻲ‬/‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
They're building a new school in the She drives the kids to school every
village. morning
A university ( ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ) ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ university ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬
The government will build a new after finishing university, she traveled
university next year abroad

. ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ – ﻭﻗﺖ – ﲦﻦ – ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ – ﻭﺯﻥ – ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬

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Twenty thousand pounds

Five kilometers
Three hours is / was / has / ‫ ﻣﺼﺪر‬+s
Forty degrees
Fifty litres of petrol
‫* وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﺣﻆ‬
Seven pounds are on the table
Three-one pound coins are on the desk
‫ ﻻﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﻨﯿﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ‬are ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ‬
Ten minutes have passed
‫ھﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮت ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﯾﺆدي اﻧﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
Fifty litres of petrol fills my tank
. ‫ﻓﮭﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻠﺘﺮات ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد‬

a lot of – many – much – a few – few – a little - little

a lot of ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ و اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ‬A lot of, plenty of ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ إن‬-
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬lots
of ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-
- Ali has got a lot of / lots of/ plenty of books.
– We ate a lot / plenty of cheese.
Many ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬:
a lot of – many – much – a few – few – a little - little
- I haven't got many friends.. - Do you have many friends?
( so – as – too - a good - a great ) many ‫ ( ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ إذا ﺳﺒﻘﮭﺎ‬many ) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬
- There are too many people in the bus. – He has a great many suits.
Much ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻌـﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻲ و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬:
a lot of – many – much – a few – few – a little - little
- Did you eat much cheese? – We didn’t eat much cheese
(so - very - as - too) much ‫ ( ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ إذا ﺳﺒﻘﮭﺎ‬much ) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺄﺗﻰ‬
- I miss you so much . – There is too much water in the bottle.
a few .‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ وﺗﺸـﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻋـﺪد ﻗﻠﯿـﻞ وﻟﻜـﻦ ﯾﻜـﻔـﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬:
- I have a few pounds so I can buy a shirt

few :‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ وﺗﺸـﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻋـﺪد ﻗﻠﯿـﻞ وﻻ ﯾﻜـﻔﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
I have few pounds so I can't buy a shirt

a little ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻭﺗﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻗﻠﻴـﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﺗﻜـﻔـﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
I have a little sugar but it is enough to make a cup of tea.

little ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻭﺗﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻗﻠﻴـﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻔـﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
I have little sugar so I can't make a cup of tea.

some .‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﺳـﻢ ﯾﻌـﺪ أو اﺳـﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻌـﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠـﺔ ﺧﺒـﺮﯾـﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘـﺔ و ﻓﻰ ﺳﺆاﻟﻲ اﻟﻌـﺮض واﻟﻄـﻠـﺐ‬
- My mother knows some good stories. (‫)اﺳم ﯾﻌد‬
- I drank some water. (‫)اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد‬
- Would you like some tea? (‫)ﻋرض‬

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any .‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ ﻗﺑـل اﺳـم ﯾﻌـد أو اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌـد ﻓﻰ ﺟﻣﻠـﺔ اﺳﺗﻔﮭـﺎﻣﯾـﺔ أو ﻣﻧﻔـﯾـﺔ‬
- I don't want any stamps. ( ‫)ا‬
- I didn't drink any milk. (‫)اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد‬
.‫ ﻣـﻊ ﻧﻔـﻰ اﻟﻔﻌـل‬some ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻧﻔﻰ‬
- I bought some books. - I didn't buy any books.
- She has some money. - She doesn't have any money.
: ‫ﺗﺄﺗـﻰ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻛـﻠﻣـﺎت اﻟداﻟـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻧﻔـﻰ ﻣﺛـل‬
hardly – never – without – refuse – too …….. to
- He never had any luck. - We hardly had any money.
. ‫ اﻟداﻟـﺔ واﻟﻣﻌﺑـرة ﻋـن اﻟﺷـك‬If ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧـدم ﻣـﻊ‬
- If anyone has any questions, I'll be pleased to answer them.
:‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﱴ ﻷﺗﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
A piece of jewellery ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺠﻮھﺮات‬ Apiece of furniture ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﺛﺎت‬
A piece/bit of advice ‫ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺔ‬ A bottle of milk ‫زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﻦ‬
Apiece of information ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ A bag of flour ‫ﻛﯿﺲ دﻗﯿﻖ‬
A loaf of bread ‫رﻏﯿﻒ ﺧﺒﺰ‬ A tube of toothpaste ‫أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺠﻮن أﺳﻨﺎن‬
A jar of jam/honey ‫ ﻋﺴﻞ‬/ ‫ﺑﺮطﻤﺎن ﻣﺮﺑﻰ‬ A glass of lemonade ‫ﻛﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻮن‬
A sheet of paper ‫ﻓﺮخ ورق‬ a slice of meat ‫ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﻟﺤﻢ‬
A bar of chocolate ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﻮﻛﻮﻻﺗﺔ‬ A drop of water ‫ﻗﻄﺮة ﻣﺎء‬
A cup of coffee/tea ‫ﺷﺎى‬/ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺎن ﻗﮭﻮة‬ A bowl of soup ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺷﻮرﺑﺔ‬
Ex - four sheets of paper - five pairs of shoes – six jars of jam – two loaves of bread
- two slices of meat – six bars of chocolate – five cups of coffee……….

‫ ا‬‫ و‬‫ أو ا‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ 

‫ة او ا‬‫ل ا‬‫ا‬
am / is / are / was / were / do / does / did / have / has / had / can / shall / will / could / may/ must
/ might / should / would
 +  ‫ أو م‬ + 
 +  ‫ أو م‬  + 

. ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ف ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال ا‬‫ا‬ 
yes  ‫ ا‬‫ وا‬  ‫ال‬  ‫ف‬ ‫ ا‬‫ا‬ 
No  ‫ ا‬‫ وا‬  ‫ال‬  ‫ف‬ ‫ ا‬‫ا‬ 
. ‫ة‬ ‫ن دا‬ ‫ أن‬  ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ل ا‬‫ا‬ 
.  ‫ن‬ ‫ أن‬  ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬ 
It’s hot today, isn't it ? Yes, it is.
The manager arrived late, didn’t he ? Yes, he did.
Ahmed won’t come to the party, will he ? No, he won’t.
Salah hasn’t bought a car, has he ? No, he hasn't.

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‫ى‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬
Ex- You like nuts, don’t you? He speaks English, doesn’t he?
Your brother can’t play the guitar, can he?
,  We should always eat healthy meals, shouldn’t we?
It’s a beautiful picture, isn’t it?

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ ﻋــﺎﻣـﺔ‬
 ‫ و‬   never – rarely – hardly – seldom – nor – neither  ‫ي‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬
.  ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫أن‬
He never smokes, does he ? Maha hardly studies, does she?
. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ has ‫ م‬  ‫ و‬  ’s ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
she 's finished cooking, hasn't she?
. is ‫ م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫اء ا‬‫ أ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ أي‬‫ و‬It’s ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
It’s fine today, isn’t it ? He's a doctor, isn't he ? - She's reading, isn't she?
. wouldn’t I ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ و‬I’d ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
I’d go alone, wouldn’t I ? he 'd rather come early, wouldn't he?
. hadn’t ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ better ‫ او‬  ‫’ و‬d ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
I’d sent the letter, hadn’t I ? - You'd better study hard, hadn't you?
. aren’t I ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ I’m ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
I’m a teacher, aren’t I ?
. am I ‫ال‬‫ن ا‬ I’m not ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
I’m not a doctor, am I ?
. ‫اح‬‫ إ‬  ‫م‬ shall we - shan’t we ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ Let’s  ‫أت ا‬ ‫إذا‬ 
Let’s go swimming , shall we / shan’t we ?
. ‫ أ‬  ‫م‬ . will you - won’t you ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ Let us  ‫أت ا‬ ‫إذا‬ 
Let us go swimming, will you / won’t you ?
. it ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن ا‬ This or That ‫ن ا‬ ‫إذا‬ 
This is my car, isn’t it ?
. they ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن ا‬ These or Those ‫ن ا‬ ‫إذا‬ 
These are mine, aren’t they ? /Those are my socks, aren't they?
. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬  ‫ م‬‫ م‬There ‫ن ا‬ ‫إذا‬ 
There is a car over there, isn’t there ? There are flowers in the garden, aren't there?
. it ‫ن ا‬ Everything, Something, Nothing ‫ن ا‬ ‫ إذا‬
Everything is right , isn't it ? - Nothing can be done now, can't it ?
. they ‫ن ا‬ Everyone, body - Someone, body - No one, body ‫ن ا‬ ‫ إذا‬
Everyone watched the match, didn’t they ? – No one played well , did they?
. ‫ ا‬ did ‫رع و‬‫ ا‬ do or does ‫ م‬‫ أ‬ v. to Have ‫ء‬ ‫ إذا‬
I have a new car, don't I ? - He has a lot of money, doesn't he ?
. will you – won't you ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫ أ‬‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ إذا‬
Shut the door, will you / won't you ?
. will you  ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬  ‫ أ‬‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ إذا‬
Don't open the window, will you ?
. don’t ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫ت‬‫ ا‬ need ‫ء ا‬ ‫ إذا‬

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We need your help badly, don’t we ?

. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ need ‫ م‬needn’t ‫ء ا‬ ‫ إذا‬
They needn’t take a taxi, need they ?
. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ don’t ‫ت م‬‫ ا‬ dare ‫ء ا‬ ‫ إذا‬
They dare to go without guns, don’t they ?

. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ dare ‫ م‬daren’t ‫ء ا‬ ‫ إذا‬

They daren’t tell the truth, dare they ?
. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ didn’t ‫د أن م‬‫ ا‬ used to ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
I used to play football, didn’t I ?
. ‫ال ا‬‫ ا‬ didn’t ‫ م‬must have + pp ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
He must have sent a letter, didn't he ?
.  ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ a little ‫ أو‬a few ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
He bought a few books, didn't he ? - There is a little water in the bottle, isn't there?
.  ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ little ‫ آو‬few ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
He bought few books, did he ? - There is little water in the bottle , is there?
.  ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ I don't think ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬
I don't think he is bad, is he ?
.  ‫ال ا‬‫ن ا‬ ‫اى‬‫ ا‬  I believe ‫ أو‬in my opinion ‫او‬I think ‫ءت‬ ‫ إذا‬

-
I think he is bad, isn't he ? In my opinion they can win the match, can't they?
Ali thinks that I will phone him tomorrow, doesn't he?‫ راى‬ ‫ و‬‫د‬  ‫ ام‬

‫د‬‫ ا‬‫ أو ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن ا‬  ‫ءت ا‬ ‫ إذا‬
Funny , isn't it ? - happy , aren't you?
might ‫ م‬‫م‬ may  ‫ءت ا‬ ‫ إذا‬
We may come to the party, mightn't we?

.‫ أﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺣرف ﺟر‬-١

find out about ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬   - looking forward to ‫ ا‬
Apply for ‫ ل‬ Belong to ‫ ل‬/
Look for   Thank …for  
hear from  ‫ر‬‫ أ‬ -dream about / of  
hear of   -succeed in  
died of  ‫ت‬ -stop .......from....  .... 
believe in   prevent ......from ...  .... 
depend on   accuse ............of  .... 
- congratulate sb. on ‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬..... ‫ ﯾﮭﻧﺊ‬- concentrate on ‫ﯾرﻛز ﻋﻠﻲ‬
- rely on ‫ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ‬- specialize in ‫ﯾﺗﺧﺻص ﻓﻲ‬
- believe in ‫ ﯾؤﻣن ﺑـ‬- worry about ‫ﯾﻘﻠق ﺑﺷﺄن‬

1-The explorers were looking for diamonds. Which job will you apply for in the future?
I’m looking forward to going on holiday. In 1918, millions of people all over the world died of
Spanish flu.
. ‫ ﺻﻔﺎت ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺣرف ﺟر‬-٢

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good at ‫ﺟﯾد ﻓﻰ‬ afraid of ‫ﺧﺎﺋف‬

keen on ‫ﻣﺗﺣﻣس‬ frightened of ‫ﺧﺎﺋف‬
interested in ‫ﻣﮭﺗـــم ب‬ angry with ‫ﻏﺿﺑﺎن‬
- famous / well known for ‫ﻣﺷﮭور‬ annoyed with ‫ﻣﺗﺿﺎﯾق‬
Popular with ‫ﻣﺤﺒﻮب ﻟﺪى‬ proud of ‫ﻓﺧـــور‬
Worried about ‫ﻗﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ brilliant at ‫ذﻛﻲ‬
- fond of ‫ﻣﻐـــرم‬ - fed up with ‫ﻣﺗﺿﺎﯾق ﻣن‬

-Are you afraid of the dark? / Ali is worried about his exam.
-I’m interested in learning more about him. He was so keen on writing

.  ‫ف‬   ‫ء‬‫ا‬-٣

reform of ‫ إﺻــﻼح‬damage to ‫ ﺧﺳﺎرة‬- ‫ﺗﻠف‬
reason for : cause of ‫ ﺳﺑب‬Result of ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ل‬
answer / solution to ‫ ﺣــل ل‬way of ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ‬
popularity with ‫ ﺷﻌﺑﯾﺔ ﻟدي‬difficulty (in) ‫ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
popularity of ‫ ﺷﻌﺑﯾﺔ‬advantage of ‫ﻣﯾزة‬
interest in ‫ اھﺗﻣﺎم ﻓﻰ‬chance of ‫ﻓرﺻﺔ ل‬

-He helped in the reform of agriculture. What is the answer to the problem?
The popularity of Naguib Mahfouz is worldwide. What is the cause of the fire?

‫ذن‬‫ ا‬/‫م‬‫ا‬/‫ا‬

►can / could for ability / possibility and permission

1- can / can’t + infinitive:
:‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻲء ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
can + inf. = am / is / are + able to + inf.
am / is / are + capable of + v. + ing
have / has the ability to + inf.
- I can see very well without glasses.
= I have the ability to see well without glasses.
- We can solve this problem.
= We have the ability to solve this problem
I can ride a bike, but I can’t swim.
‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬
- I can play tennis in the park whenever I want to.
- We can’t waste time watching TV.
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻼﺫﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬
- In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.
(The law says this is permitted)
- In some cities, people can't use their cars every day.
(This is not permitted / it's against the law.)
If your number ends in two, you can only drive on Mondays.
You can borrow my car tomorrow if you drive carefully.
You can use my pen, but you can’t borrow my camera
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻮﻛﺪ ﺳﻠﱮ ) ﻻﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ‬
He can’t have won the tennis match. He doesn’t know how to play. (This is not possible.)

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2- could / couldn’t + infinitive:

‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ‬
- By the age nine, I could swim 100 metres, but I couldn’t go swimming on my own.
- A hundred years ago, many people couldn’t read or write.
I could speak English when I was six.
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
was / were + able to + inf.
managed to + inf.
succeeded in + v. + ing:
- I took my car to the garage this morning, where one of the mechanics was able
to / managed to start it.
- I'd been trying to send that e-mail all day. Finally, I succeeded in sending it at
six o'clock in the evening.
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ‬
- In the past people could drive a car without passing a driving test.
- In the past, women couldn’t vote in elections.
‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬could ‫ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
- You could borrow my camera tomorrow.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع‬Possibility ‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬could ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
- We could ban cars from cities. (This would be possible if we wanted it.)
- We could end world hunger if we thought that it was important enough.
- We could run out of oil in the next 20 years

1) Present participle clause

.       ‫( و‬V.ing)  ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬‫ ا‬   -
- As Sara was walking to town yesterday, she saw two of her friends.
- Walking to town yesterday, Sara saw two of her school friends.
- When she opened the door. she saw all her friends.
- Opening the door, she saw all her friends.
.(V.ing) ‫ ا‬ (not) ‫ م‬ ‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ إذا‬-
- Because he didn't know the meaning of the word oar, Hatem asked his teacher.
- Not knowing the meaning of the word oar, Hatem asked his teacher.
- She pretended to be ill because she didn't want to go to school.
- Not wanting to go to school, She pretended to be ill because she didn't
.‫ ا‬‫ أو م‬‫ا‬  ‫رات‬‫ه ا‬ ‫ أن م‬ ‫م‬‫ أ‬-
- He travelled abroad and left his wife alone in Egypt.
- He travelled abroad leaving his wife alone in Egypt.
- Leaving his wife alone in Egypt. He travelled abroad.
(When / While / As)  ‫أ‬     ‫رات‬‫ه ا‬  -
- When I realised I was going to be late home, I phoned my parents.
- Realising I was going to be late home, I phoned my parents.
- When I saw the accident ahead, I stopped my car. - Seeing an accident ahead, I stopped my car.
- While she was talking to her friend and forgot everything around her.
- Talking to her friend she forgot everything around her.
- As Rami was running down the road, he fell over and hurt his back.
- Running down the road, Rami fell over and hurt his back.
(and)  ‫أ‬     ‫رات‬‫ه ا‬  -

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- Sara looked out of the window and saw two cats fighting.
- Looking out of the window, Sara saw two cats fighting.
- I opened the envelope and I found a lot of money.
- Opening the envelope, I found a lot of money.
(because / since / as)  ‫أ‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ دا‬    ‫رات أ‬‫ه ا‬   -
- Working as a sales rep, I get to travel a lot. - I travel a lot because I work as a sales re
- Since Mona had nothing left to do, she went home.
- Having nothing left to do, Mona went home.
- Lamia took a good book to read as she knew it was going to be a boring journey.
- Taking a good book to read, Lamia knew it was going to be a boring journey.
- Because he was very tall, he became a basketball player.
- Being very tall, he became a basketball player.
(Having + pp)  ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬   ‫ة ا‬   -
- After he had spent ten years in Italy, he could speak Italian fluently.
- Having spent ten years in Italy, he could speak Italian fluently.
- Because Tom had attended this course before, he knew what to expect.
- Having attended this course before, Tom knew what to expect.
.    ‫ و‬ ‫أ‬     ‫رات أ‬‫ه ا‬  -
- The man who is driving the car is a friend of mine.
- The man driving the car is a friend of mine.
.(V.ing) ‫ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺣذف ﺿﻤﯿﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ و ﻧﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬-
- Lorries that come over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.
- Lorries coming over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.
.‫ ا‬‫ا‬  (V.ing)  ‫أ‬ ‫رة ا‬‫ ا‬‫ و‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ أو‬-
- The boy who carried a very heavy bag asked me for help.
- The boy carrying a very heavy bag asked me for help.
- Carrying a very heavy bag. the boy asked me for help.
.(to + inf ) ‫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل ﺑدﻻ ﻣن ﻓﺎﻋل وﻣﺳﺑوق رﻗم ﺗرﺗﯾﺑﻲ اﻟوﺻل و ﻧﺟﻌل اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬-
- Ali is the first boy to arrive at school. - Ali is the first boy that arrives at school.
‫ وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن ا‬ ‫ أن‬ (V.ing) ‫رة أو‬ ‫أ‬‫ م‬ : ‫ا‬  ‫ظ‬ -
- I heard the phone ring and I picked it up.
- Hearing the phone ring, I picked it up.
2) Past participle clause
.‫ل‬       ‫( و‬ )  ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬‫ ا‬   -
- Food is sold in this supermarket and it is of a very high quality.
- Food which is sold in this supermarket is of the highest quality.
- Food sold in this supermarket is of the highest quality.
. ‫ ا‬ ‫ ا‬‫ك ا‬‫( و م‬be) ‫ و‬‫ ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬  ‫ ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ ا‬‫ ا‬‫م‬ ‫ إذا‬-
- She only eats cakes made by her mother. - She only eats cakes that are made by her mother.
- We read the e-mail that had been sent by the manager.
- We read the e-mail sent by the manager.
.‫ وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ن ا‬ ‫ إذا‬‫ ا‬‫ا‬  ‫ ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫رة ا‬‫ ا‬‫ أو م‬-
They were shocked by the tragedy and didn’t know what to say.
- Shocked by the tragedy, they didn’t know what to say.
.‫( أو ) ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث ( ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺗﻧوع ﻓﻲ ﺗراﻛﯾب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬V.ing) ‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻌﺑﺎرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑــ‬-
- The girl who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
- The girl injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
- Injured in the accident, The girl was taken to hospital.

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The Possessive ( ’s ) ‫’ ( اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬s )

( ... ‫’ ( ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة )أﺷﺨﺎص – ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت – طﯿﻮر‬s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-١
Ahmed’s bag a spider’s web Ahmed’s bags
the cat’s tail Ali’s sister’s party ‫اﺳﻣﯾن ﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﯾﯾن‬
a doctor’s appointment
-: ( ‫ ( ) ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺎذ‬s ) ‫’ ( ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺬى ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﮫﻰ ﺑــ‬s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٢
the children’s bike people's telephone numbers
a children's book / men's coats Ali and Ahmed’s car(‫ﺑﻌد أﻛﺛر ﻣن اﺳم‬
-: (at)‫’ ( ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ ﻟﺘﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ وﻳﺄت ﻗﺒﻠﮫﺎ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٣
the dentist’s the doctor's the grocer’s
the chemist's the butcher’s the baker’s
-: ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة‬ ‫’ ( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات واﻟﻔﺘﺮات‬s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٤
today’s weather an hour’s time
tomorrow's world Monday’s dairy
next week's meeting a week’s holiday
yesterday’s newspaper this evening’s programme
-: ‫’ ( ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﺳﻢ دون أن ﻳﺘﺒﻌﮫﺎ اﺳﻢ آﺧﺮ‬s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-٥
This isn’t my book. It's my sister's.
( = my sister's book )
Dina's hair is longer than Heba's.( = Heba's hair )
-: ‫’ ( ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬s ) ‫ ُﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬-٦
the supermarket’s car park.the world’s population ‫ﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
-: ( s ) ‫’ ( ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮫﯿﺔ ﺑـ‬s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ) ’ ( أو‬-٧
Charles’ car - Charles’s car Ramsis’ statue - Ramsis’s statue
-: ( s ) ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ) ’ ( ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﮫﯿﺔ ﺑـ‬-٨
the boys’ mother my parents’ flat the sailors’ hats horses’ legs
-: ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ) ’ ( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات واﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬-٩
three week's holiday two week's rest = a two-week rest
n.+n. ‫’( ﻣﻊ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﺎد وﻳﻜﻮن اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ اﻷول‬s)‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-١١
the restaurant owner
exercise book school bag ink pen
computer screen the garage door English book table leg
(pp. / v+ing / adj. / n.) ‫( وﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﮫﺎ‬is) ‫’( ﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬s) ‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-١٢
- He's a scientist. - She's revising her lessons.
- He's Egyptian. - He's punished by his father.
(pp. / n.) ‫( وﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﮫﺎ‬has) ‫’( ﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬s) ‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-١٣
- He's a car. - He's got a car.

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Addition Links ‫رواﺑﻂ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ِﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﮫـﺎ أﻓﻜـﺎر ﻣﺘـﺸﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ُ َ ﱠ‬
-:‫ﻣﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ِﻣـﺜﻞ‬
and, in addition, in addition to, also, too, as well
not only …….. , but …. also ……..
and ‫و‬
.‫ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﮫﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو اﻟﻔﻌﻞ أو اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل‬
1-We went to the market. We went to the zoo.
- We went to the market and the zoo.
2-He went to the hospital. He visited his sick friend.
- He went to the hospital and visited his sick friend.
in addition ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
‫ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ وﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
1) We have got some cake. We've got some fruit.
- We have got some cake. In addition, we've got some fruit.
2) I play tennis. I go swimming.
- I play tennis, in addition I go swimming.
in addition to ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
(v.+ ing / n.) ‫ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ وﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬
1) He sold his flat. He sold his car.
- He sold his flat, in addition to his car.
2) I did my homework and helped my mother.
- In addition to doing my homework, I helped my mother.
also ‫ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬- ً‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
( v. be / have) ‫ وﺑﻌﺪ‬، ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻰ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ وﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
1) Also, they like playing tennis.
2) Ali speaks English. He also speaks Turkish.
3) Sami has a mobile. I also have a mobile.
4) Ahmed's father had also been a doctor.
5) Dina is good at Arabic. She is also good at English.
too / as well ‫ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬- ً‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮫﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
1) We have got some cake. We've got some fruit, too.
2) Sally visited Rome. She went to Athens as well.

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not only … but … also … ً‫ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎ‬... ‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

as well ً‫ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎ‬... ‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
-: ‫ء وا‬  ‫ن‬ ‫( وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫)أى ا‬ ‫( إذا ر‬١
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ not ‫ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬...... , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬also ‫ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬.....
only ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ but ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
1) Ali wrote a letter. He posted it.
 Ali not only wrote a letter, but he also posted it.
2) I bought a car and I built a new house.
 I not only bought a car but I also built a new house.
3) He succeeded in the exam and got high marks.
 He not only succeeded in the exam, but he also got high marks.
+ ing / inf. / p.p ) ‫د‬‫ و‬‫ ذ‬‫ و‬،   ‫ن‬ ‫( وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫)أى ا‬ ‫( إذا ر‬٢
-: (  
inf. inf.
‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ not ing ,but ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ also ing
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ only … ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ …
p.p p.p
4) She will do the housework. She will study.
 She will not only do the housework, but she will also study.
5) He has eaten fruit. He has drunk juice.
 He has not only eaten fruit, but he has also drunk juice.
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﻔﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻷول ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ 
 I didn’t only buy a car, but I also built a new house.
( but ) ‫ ( ﺑﻌﺪ‬also ) ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻀﻊ‬ 
 I didn’t only buy a car, but also I built a new house.
.‫( ﻓﻰ ﻧﮫﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬as well) ‫( وﻧﻀﻊ‬also) ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺰف‬ 
 He didn’t only succeed in the exam but he got high
marks as well.
(‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫ وا‬‫ى )أى ا‬‫ ا‬     ‫ و‬ ‫ أو‬ ‫( إذا ر‬٣
‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬not ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌول‬ , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬also ‫ﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﻔﻌل‬
only ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ but ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬

1) Salma likes biscuits. She likes sweets.

 Salma not only likes biscuits, but she also likes sweets.
2) He is active. He is polite.
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 He is not only active, but he is also polite.

3) Mona was intelligent. She was brave.
 Mona wasn’t only intelligent, but she was brave as well.
-: ‫ق ا‬‫ ا‬‫ أ‬ ‫ أن‬ ‫ة‬‫ وا‬   ‫إذا ر‬ (٤
‫ ﺗﺑﻘﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ھﻰ ﺟُزء واﺣد‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ not ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬ , but also ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬
only ‫اﻷول‬
4) Salma likes biscuits and sweets.
 Salma likes not only biscuits, but also sweets.
5) He was a trader and a soldier.
 He wasn’t only a trader, but also a soldier.
6) Mr Ali is teaching English and French.
 Mr Ali is teaching not only English, but French as well.
ُ
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﲔ‬ 
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ not ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬ , ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬also ‫( اﻟﻔﻌل‬٢)‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬
only ( ١) but
7) He studied animals and plants.
 He not only studied animals, but he also studied plants.

‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ be not only (١) ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬ ,but ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ be also (٢)‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬

8) He was a teacher and a writer.
 He wasn’t only a teacher, but he was also a writer.

inf. inf.
‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ not ing (١) ,but ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ also ing (٢)
‫ ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬only ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
p.p p.p
9) The English travellers were crossing deserts and jungle.
 The English travellers were not only crossing deserts,
but they were also crossing jungle.

 Not only  ‫أت ا‬ ‫ل و‬‫ أو ا‬‫ ا‬    ‫ ا‬ (٥
-: ‫ ا‬ ‫ا‬

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Not ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻋل‬... , ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬also ‫ ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬...

only ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ but ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬

 Not only did I buy a car, but I also built a new house.
 Not only does Salma like biscuits, but she also likes sweets.
-: ‫ ا‬‫ا‬  Not only  ‫ أن‬  ‫ وا‬ ‫(إذا ر‬٦
Not ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ but also ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬
only ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬
1) Ali is clever. His friends are clever.
 Not only Ali but also his friends are clever.
2) My brothers speak English. My sister speaks English.
 Not only my brothers but also my sister speaks English.
************************************
neither … nor … ... ‫ وﻻ‬... ‫ﻻ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﯿﺘﯿﻦ وﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ُﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
-: ‫ء وا‬  ‫ن‬ ‫( وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫)أى ا‬ ‫( إذا ر‬١
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ neither ‫ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ nor ‫ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
1) Lidenbrock didn’t eat. He didn’t drink.
 Lidenbrock neither ate nor drank.
2) He doesn’t go to work. He doesn’t sleep.
 He neither goes to work nor sleeps.
‫ ذ‬‫ و‬،   ‫ن‬ ‫( وا‬‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫)أى ا‬ ‫( إذا ر‬٢
-: (   + ing / inf. / p.p ) ‫د‬‫و‬

inf. inf.
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ neither ing ….… nor ing ……
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
p.p p.p
3) He can’t read. He can’t write.
 He can neither read nor write.
4) Adel isn’t reading. He isn’t writing.
 Adel is neither reading nor writing.
5) Omar hasn’t helped me. He hasn’t studied.
 Omar has neither helped me nor studied.
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(‫ ا‬ ‫ وا‬‫ وا‬‫ )أى ا‬ ‫ أو‬ ‫( إذا ر‬٣

‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ neither ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻷول‬ nor ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬

1) He was not tired. He was not hungry.
 He was neither tired nor hungry.
2) He doesn’t speak English. He doesn’t speak French.
 He speaks neither English nor French.
3) Samy didn’t have his books. He didn’t have his pen.
 Samy had neither his books nor his pen.
4) Ali hasn’t visited Banha or Suez.
 Ali has visited neither Banha nor Suez.

‫ ا‬‫ا‬  Neither  ‫ أن‬  ‫ وا‬ ‫( إذا ر‬٤
-: ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ ‫وا‬
Neither ‫ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ nor ‫ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﯾﺗﺑﻊ ﻓﺎﻋل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
1) Ali didn’t pass the test. His friend didn’t pass the test.
 Neither Ali nor his friend passed the test.
2) Gamal doesn’t like fish. His brothers don’t like fish.
 Neither Gamal nor his brothers like fish.

other Conjunctions
as well as
‫و‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ along with ‫م‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬ + ‫و‬‫ ا‬‫ ا‬
in addition to
besides
   
I'm clever . He is clever . ( as well as )
I as well as he am clever .

  + as well as + ( v + ing )

   

He bought the book . He studied the lesson . ( as well as )
He bought the book as well as studying the lesson .

  + as well as + ‫ل‬

   
I speak English . I speak French . ( as well as )
I speak English as well as French .

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because / as / since +  + 

 ‫ و‬‫ م‬    
She is very beautiful . The girls are jealous of her .
The girls are jealous of her because she is very beautiful .
:‫ م‬Simple ‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬Complex ‫ه ا‬ 
because of – owing to
due to – for - out of noun or ( v + ing )
on account of - thanks to

Being + ( adjective ) 

The girls are very jealous of her because she is very beautiful. ( due to )
The girls are very jealous of her due to her beauty . ( Being )
Being very beautiful, the girls are very jealous of her .

present so that can - may + ‫ر‬

in order that
past in the hope that could - might + ‫ر‬
I'll go home. I want to take some rest. ( so that )
I'll go home so that I can take some rest.
He travelled to London. He wanted to take a degree. ( so that )
He travelled to London so that he might (could) take degree.
:‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨـﺪﻡ‬Simple ‫ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ ﲢـﻮﻳﻠﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬Complex ‫ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤـﻠﺔ‬

so as to / in order to / to + ‫ر‬‫ا‬

I'll go home. I want to take some rest. ( so that )

I'll go home so that I can take some rest. ( so as to )
I'll go home so as to take some rest.
The fishermen go to the sea. they want to catch fish. ( in order that )
The fishermen go to the sea in order that they may catch fish. ( to )
The fishermen go to the sea to catch fish.
.‫ﻋﻨــﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨـــﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑـــﻂ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘـﺔ‬ wish to, hope to, want to ‫ ﲢـــﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤــﺎﺕ‬

so
 therefore
‫م‬
consequently
that's why

‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨـــﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﺑـــﻂ ﲨﻠﺘﻴـــﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤــﺎ ﺳﺒـﺐ ﻟﻶﺧـــﺮ‬

so
He got up late therefore he missed the train.
consequently
that's why

He was ill. He didn’t go to school. ( so )

He was ill, so ( Thus – therefore ) he didn’t go to school.
She is very polite. Every one respects her therefore.

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She is very polite, so ( Thus – therefore ) every one respects her thus.
.‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨـــﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑـــﻂ ﺍﻵﺗﻴـــﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴـــﺮ ﻋـــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗـــﺾ‬

but - Although - though - even though - even if - however – whatever

He was hungry. He refused to eat ( but )

He was hungry, but he refused to eat. ( Although )
Although he was hungry he refused to eat. ( however )
He was hunger , however he refused to eat. ( even though )
He refused to eat even though he was hungry.

Although / though / even though +  + 

He is strong . He can't work . ( Although )

Although he is strong, he can’t work.
He wrote badly. He got high marks ( Although )
Although he wrote badly, he got high marks.

However + ( ‫ف‬‫) ظ‬ ‫ أو‬ +  + 

Although he is strong he couldn’t work. ( However )

However strong he was, he couldn’t work.
Although he wrote badly ,he got high marks. ( However )
However badly he wrote, he got high marks.

Whatever + ‫إ‬ +  + 

However strong he was, he couldn’t work. ( Whatever )
ً◌Whatever strength he has , he can’t work.

 + as +  + 

However strong he was, he couldn’t work. ( as)
Strong as he is, he can't work.
:‫ م‬Simple ‫ ا‬ ‫ و‬Complex ‫ه ا‬ 
Despite / In spite of noun ‫إ‬
Regardless of V + ing
with all / For all the fact that +    
Although he is strong, he can't work. ( Despite )
Despite his strength , he couldn’t work.
Despite being strong , he couldn’t work.
Despite the fact that he is strong , he can’t work.

  and so ‫ أو م‬  

  and neither ‫ أو م‬  
He is a student . I'm a student. ( and so )
He is a student and so am I . ( Negative )
He isn’t a student and neither am I
Ali plays the guitar well. I play the guitar well. ( and so )
Ali plays the guitar well and so do I . ( Negative )
Ali doesn’t play the guitar well and neither do I .

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