International Taxation

Disguised profit distribution as part of Abolished 5422 number Corporate Tax Law has
started to fall short in terms of national and international operations in time. Applications that are
carried out in the systems of many developed countries were wanted to be included in Turkish Tax
System. Being valid from 01.01.2007, “Transfer pricing” application has been included in Turkish Tax
Law after being arranged in scope of 5520 numbered Corporate Tax Law. On the other hand, transfer
pricing that was included in Income Tax Law with 5315 number Law, has gained significance not only
in terms of corporations, but also for natural entities that have commercial earning.
Transfer pricing, that has been applied in many developed countries particularly America
and Japan, is an issue that is as important as to require a special proficiency and it has a wide and
detailed field of application. Transfer pricing is an application that is basically used and developed in
order to take tax avoidances during operations of international entities between countries under
control, and in order to prevent tax evasions.
Arm’s Length Principle that is the focal point of the application is managed by various
methods based on OECD regulations. In other words, some methods are applied in order to determine
arm’s length principle and calculations used during these methods creates a significant point.
Taxpayers who transact with the methods have the chance to benefit from “Advance Pricing
Agreements” in order to prevent any hesitations and comply with the instructions of tax
administration. In this way, they guarantee preventing tax penalties and they can prepare their budgets
by making price plannings easily.
In this study, by taking OECD arrangements into consideration, the concept of transfer
pricing, its importance, application and especially Advance Pricing Applications will be analyzed and
evaluated.

У статті проаналізовано норми контролю за трансфертним ціноутворенням в Україні, міжнародний досвід та його фіскальну ефективність. Визначено ряд проблемних аспектів, які потребують термінового вирішення в Україні. Обґрунтовано, що очікувані надходження від трансфертного ціноутворення в Україні є завищеними, незважаючи на існуючу складність механізму контролю. Наряду з цим, існують можливості для застосування схем з фізичною особою-підприємцем.
This article deals with the transfer pricing control in Ukraine. It was analyzed international experience and fiscal efficiency of transfer pricing. It was identified a number of problems in this sphere in Ukraine that requires urgent solving. It was proved that expected transfer pricing revenues in Ukraine are too high, despite the complexity of the existing mechanism of control. Alongside with this, there are opportunities for use schemes individual entrepreneurs.

In international business, competitiveness is the crux of success, which means every effort has to be made to reduce the cost of production and marketing. Every single penny saved matters a lot and adds to an exporter’s global competitiveness. One such area that needs to be looked into is refund of VAT from the business expenses incurred abroad by the international businessmen. Depending upon the size of business, cost reduction through this method may vary from a few hundred or thousand Euros/Dollars to several million Euros/Dollars. These VAT refunds constitute about 2% to 6% of international business travel-related spending and a large corporation which incurs about $6 Million in international spending could save approximately $1,80,000 through this route. It is interesting to note that with substantial funds locked in VAT refunds, as high as 25% in EU, this particular cost of international business remains unexploited and businesses knowingly or unknowingly have been simply booking VAT expenses as costs and ignoring the real potential of making savings by recovering VAT frequently from the authorities. An attempt has been made in this paper to elaborate upon the various aspects of VAT refunds so that the international businessmen may explore the full potential of such a facility and recover their legitimate dues from the foreign governments and become more competitive in global trading. The paper not only describes the concept of VAT with its background particularly with reference to EU VAT legislation but also underscores the VAT rates, details of recoverable VAT expenses and related matters, required documentation and lists out a few VAT recovery agencies such as VAT Recovery Group (VRG), Corporate VAT Management (CVM), American Express and CVM, Deloitte and CVM, Gelco Expense Management (GEM) and (CVM), and CVM and InterplX, etc. which provide VAT refund services to their corporate clients.

Among the other rationales underlying the existence of corporate income tax (CIT) as a standalone tax on the profits derived by legal entities, some scholars have underlined its regulatory function, i.e. its potential to steer the behaviour of private sector actors. In this regard, it has to be noted that significant constraints on the use of CIT as a regulatory tool have emerged in the aftermath of the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project. One example may be found in the new 'modified nexus approach' with regard to tax incentives for R&D activities. This article takes a regulatory perspective regarding the recent attempts to overhaul the 'international corporate tax regime', resulting in the adoption of new hard-and soft-law rules. The regulatory perspective is understood here as the capacity of the rules of international tax law to affect the behaviour of both corporate taxpayers in arranging their cross-border activities and the States in designing their CIT systems. The BEPS initiative, being an unprecedented exercise in tax coordination aimed at widespread avoidance practices, serves as a prime example of how international tax law fulfils its regulatory function, by guiding the behaviour of both governments and taxpayers. Accordingly, the paper argues that the international corporate tax regime post-BEPS exhibits two sides of the same regulatory coin: on the one hand, taxpayers are disincentivized to resort to particular types of international tax planning; on the other, the incentives for individual States to engage in corporate tax competition are significantly reduced. It is further argued that the most far-reaching proposal in this area relates to 'global minimum tax', drawn under Pillar Two of the 'BEPS 2.0' initiative.

This article analyses the second Anti-Tax
Avoidance Directive and its role in countering
deduction and non-inclusion schemes caused by
the use of hybrid financial instruments in thirdcountry
situations, in the light of primary EU
law and Action 2 of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion
and Profit Shifting initiative and its underlying
justifications.

The global economy’s centre of gravity is shifting. Emerging and developing countries have been contributing over 50% of the global GDP since the onset of the 21st century, which is unprecedented since the Industrial Revolution. This paper offers the first analysis of the creeping convergence of the BRIC world (ie, Brazil, Russia, India and China) with global legal standards in a key area of International Law: the International Tax Regime (ITR). The ITR is a legal technology fundamentally designed by the League of Nations in the 1920s, when the BRICs played no relevant role. This paper proposes a theory which aims to illuminate the core driving forces of the on-going trend towards global convergence in this area of International Law from both the static and dynamic dimensions. It is grounded on the logic of two-sided platforms.

Abstract: In recent years, tax havens have attracted increasing attention of many international organizations, policy makers and development agencies. This article deals with concept of tax havens and their impact on different countries. Tax havens are the countries which offer very low tax rates to foreign investors and ensure very high level of secrecy for their transactions. This paper is an attempt to discuss seminal work on tax havens, its characteristics, positive and negative aspects of these states as examined by various researchers. The impact of tax havens on India and initiatives taken by OECD against these harmful tax practices has also been briefly discussed here. Keywords: tax havens, investments, economic growth

SUMARIO: 1. PLANIFICACIÓN FISCAL, CONVENIOS PARA EVITAR LA DOBLE IMPOSI-CIÓN Y MEDIDAS ANTIABUSO.- 2. EL ÁMBITO SUBJETIVO DE LOS CONVENIOS Y LAS MEDIDAS CONTRA EL TREATY SHOPPING.-3. LA CONFIgURACIÓN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS CLÁUSULAS DE LIMITACIÓN DE BENEFICIOS EN EL MODELO OCDE Y SUS COMENTARIOS. 3.1. Aspectos generales de la configuración de estas cláusulas. 3.2. Evolución de las cláusulas de limitación de beneficios en el Modelo OCDE y sus comentarios. 3.2.1. Consideraciones previas. 3.2.2. Enfoque aislado. 3.2.3. Enfoque global.-4. LA CONFIgURACIÓN DE LAS CLÁUSULAS CONTRA EL TREATY SHOPPING EN LA RED DE CONVENIOS ESPAÑOLA. 4.1. Convenios que no contienen ningún tipo de cláusula. 4.2. Convenios que contiene cláusulas que siguen el enfoque aislado previsto en comentarios al art. 1 del Modelo OCDE. 4.3. Convenios que contiene cláusulas que siguen el enfoque global previsto en Comentarios al art. 1 del modelo OCDE y el Modelo EEUU. 4.4. Convenios que no contienen cláusulas LOB en sentido estricto pero que responden a una nueva estrategia de la red española a partir de 2008. 4.5. Valoración final.- BIBLIOgRAFÍA. 1405 * Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto DER2012-31931, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

This is a technical paper presented in an in-house training session sometimes in 2015.

The presentation focused on exploring transfer pricing comparability factors recommended by the OECD TP Guidelines of 2010 and the Nigerian Income Tax (Transfer Pricing) Regulations of 2012

Opinion expressed herein by the author does not necessarily in anyway represent the Opinion of OECD, ATAF or the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The write up is strictly for information purpose, I therefore make no representation as to the accuracy and completeness of the information contained in this publication. I accept no liability for any loss that may arise from the use of this paper.

The tax system is central to the operation of states and to the ways in which states interact with individual citizens. Taxes are used by states to fund the provision of public goods and public services, to engage in direct or indirect forms of redistribution, and to mould the behaviour of individual citizens through incentivizing certain activities (such as charitable giving, or investment in new technology) through tax breaks, or to dissuade people from engaging in other activities by means of Pigouvian taxes, including ‘sin taxes’ (such as those associated with the consumption of alcohol or tobacco). Given the absolute centrality of the tax system to some of the main functions of the state, the analysis of conceptual and normative issues relating to taxation should be at the heart of political philosophy. The shape of the tax system is
an unavoidably and irreducibly normative matter, and one which implicates a number of core concerns of social justice.² When we think about issues of social justice in practice, we cannot avoid thinking at the same time about tax.

Given that taxation is one of the most significant mechanisms for interaction between states and individual citizens, it is perhaps surprising that there has not been as much work on taxation within political philosophy as one might have expected. This is not, of course, to say that political philosophy has been silent about tax. But as the chapters in this volume show, there are a number of pressing and significant
philosophical issues relating to the tax system, and these issues often connect in fascinating ways with foundational questions regarding property rights, democracy, public justification, state neutrality, stability, political psychology, and a range of other issues. Many of these deep and fascinating philosophical questions about tax have not always received as much sustained attention as they clearly merit. Our hope
is that this book will advance the debate along a number of these philosophical fronts, and be a welcome spur to further work.
 
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It is an agreement entered into between foreign Company (FC) and its India affiliate(IC) whereby foreign company depute its staff to Indian company for certain period, deputed/seconded staff remains on the payroll of foreign company. Indian company reimburse the salary and other cost of seconded staff to foreign company. The reason for seconded staff being on payroll of foreign company is to maintain the continuity of their social benefits envisaged under employment terms. Further seconded employees salary remains taxable in India during seconded period.

Global investment patterns mean that effective taxation of foreign investors is of increasing importance to the economies of lower income countries. It is thus of considerable concern that the historical framework for cross-border income tax arrangements is not always well suited to allow low-income countries (LICs) effectively to generate tax revenues from profits on foreign direct investment (FDI). Several aspects of this framework contribute to the problem. This paper discusses, in particular, the likely effect of a shift by major economies from the system of worldwide corporate taxation toward a territorial system on the volume, distribution, and financing of FDI, focusing on LICs. It then empirically analyzes bilateral outbound FDI data for the UK for 2002-10 to determine whether the move to territoriality made corporations more sensitive to hostcountry statutory tax rates. Supporting evidence for this hypothesis is found for FDI financed from new equity.

In recent years the financial press has turned increasing attention to MNCs that shift income to low taxed jurisdictions overseas in order to avoid US taxation. What’s generally missing from these discussions is any serious focus on possible IRS attacks on these companies, most of which are CFCs. There’s little apparent concern by anyone that the IRS will try to disallow the profit-shifting structures that have moved so much taxable income out of the US and other countries and into low-taxed foreign jurisdictions.This is changing. Early this year Caterpillar Inc. in an SEC filing disclosed that the IRS had issued a Revenue Agent’s Report to currently tax certain income earned by one of its Swiss entities. Presumably this is income earned as a result of a certain restructuring conducted in the late 1990s and referred to as the Swiss Tax Strategy when examined in 2014 in hearings held by the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI). The IRS basis for its RAR, as disclosed by Caterpillar, is application of the ‘substance-over-form’ or ‘assignment-of-income’ judicial doctrines. This, however, is not the only approach that the IRS might have chosen to impose taxation on the shifted profits.Various Congressional hearing documents, the work of investigative journalists, and other sources (all publicly available) provide evidence that the businesses within some profit-shifting structures continue to be managed and substantially conducted from the U.S. and not from any business locations outside the U.S. Where this is the case, the IRS may have a strong case for imposing direct taxation on the effectively connected income (ECI) of these low-taxed foreign subsidiaries.Just the threat of imposing direct taxation may cause many MNCs to consider scaling back their profit shifting and for them and their outside auditors to start worrying about exposure on prior years. If the IRS were to sustain such direct taxation, it would mean:• The regular up-to-35% corporate tax,• The ‘branch profits tax’ applied at a flat 30% rate (unless lower by treaty),• A loss of deductions and credits for any tax year if the foreign corporation has not filed Form 1120-F for that year, and• An open statute of limitations on IRS assessment of tax for any tax year if the foreign corporation has never filed a US tax return on Form 1120-F for that year.The combined effect of the above is a 54.5% or higher effective tax rate (lower if tax treaty coverage reduces the 30% branch profits tax rate).Considering these terribly high effective tax rate percentages, where the IRS chooses to examine for possible ECI and develops a credible case, they can use the high effective tax rate as strong leverage to secure agreement for reversal of profit shifting structures. Such agreements would presumably see MNCs agreeing to current taxation within U.S. group members of the shifted profits that had originally been booked in low-taxed foreign subsidiaries.To demonstrate how significant ECI likely exists within many MNCs that have conducted profit-shifting planning, this article includes a number of realistic examples inspired by the above-mentioned publicly available information on MNC profit-shifting structures.Recognizing that it can sometimes be a challenge to apply the very old existing regulations to current business models, the article strongly encourages Treasury to prioritize the issuance of modernized income sourcing and ECI regulations that reflect the business models and structures now commonly used and that are often found in profit-shifting structures.

Este capítulo do livro "PLANEJAMENTO TRIBUTÁRIO: limites e desafios concretos" analisa o Impacto do Tax Shaming nos planejamentos tributários internacionais, sob o enfoque da efetividade destes quanto à utilização de planejamentos tributários internacionais agressivos.

This study designs an international tax plan of a hypothetical company, Fotabetech Inc, that minimize the consolidated tax liability using approaches that have been empirically tested and identified. The study recommends the following approaches as highly suited for high tech firms in shifting profit from high tax to low tax jurisdictions: use transfer pricing of intangible (Intellectual property) in tax haven and charge affiliates big fees for using them; use intercompany debt to form a tax shield;  if firm is technology intensive with intangibles, it should set up tax haven subsidiaries in low tax countries and if a Multinational is heavily leveraged let it relocated its Global Headquarters to a Low tax country

La circolare n. 27 del 18.12.2018 costituisce l'occasione, per Assonime, di commentare brevemente la nozione di «abuso del diritto» domestica, in relazione a quella contenuta nella Direttiva n. 2016/1164 (cd. ATAD 1): ne emergono, accanto alla sostanziale identità tra la clausola generale anti abuso di matrice comunitaria e quella interna contenuta nell'art. 10-bis della Legge 212/2000, alcune riflessioni sparse, derivanti dai principi elaborati dalla giurisprudenza europea, che suggeriscono come la questione sia meno ovvia di quanto appare.

This is the original 2016 article. See separately the July 2020 update issued as "BEPS Primer: Past, Present, And Future", Parts 1 and 2, dated respectively 6 July and 13 July 2020.

Governments throughout the world have been losing many billions of dollars of tax revenues from “legal” tax avoidance conducted by many multinational groups (MNEs) through aggressive structuring of operations and transactions that often lack economic reality so as to earn profits that are subjected to zero or low-taxation. The success of this “legal” tax avoidance motivated the G-20 and the OECD to initiate the two-year Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, which took place from 2013 to 2015.

This discussion of the BEPS project is intended to give the reader an understanding of the project’s origin, its objectives, and how it may proceed in the future. It does not attempt to summarize in detail the specific results of the work on the project’s 15 Action Plan items. Rather, only some brief comments are made on them to give the reader a flavor of the BEPS work undertaken by the OECD and the others who participated in this project.

More specifically, the Primer includes:

— Examples of MNE BEPS activities,

— Description of how the environment strongly motivates BEPS behavior including both systemic issues and developments occurring over past decades,

— Participants in the BEPS process,

— Brief comments on the BEPS Project 15 Action Plan Items,

— Results of the BEPS Project, and

— Possible future developments.

No es inusual el caso en que, como producto de los distintos criterios de imputación temporal de rentas que adoptan los Estados, los contribuyentes domiciliados en el país se ven impedidos de tomar el impuesto pagado en el extranjero como crédito compensable con el impuesto a la renta peruano, al haberse considerado que las renta se ha obtenido en distintos ejercicios; esto es, que mientras para una jurisdicción fiscal la renta se imputará temporalmente a un periodo, para el Perú ésta se imputará como ganada en uno distinto.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. - 2. La natura del trust. - 3. L'utilizzo di un trust. - 4. Il trust e le convenzioni bilaterali contro le doppie imposizioni. - 4.1. Principi generali sull'applicabilità delle convenzioni fiscali ai trust: qualificazione del trust come "persona". - 4.2. La residenza del trust ai fini convenzionali. - 4.3. Il "beneficiario effettivo" del trust ai fini convenzionali. - 5. Conclusioni.

The trust is undeniably a concept. È innegabile che il trust (la "fiducia", volendo tradurre il termine in italiano) sia un "concetto". Con questa affermazione - indubbiamente corretta, sul piano lessicale, anche nella nostra lingua - una voce autorevole nel campo del diritto internazionale del trust mette a dura prova le nostre capacità di poter inquadrare questo istituto giuridico, originario dei paesi di common law, utilizzando i classici canoni applicativi delle convenzioni bilaterali per evitare le doppie imposizioni. Come si arriva all'apodittica affermazione precedente? Per la tradizione giurisprudenziale anglo-sassone il trust non si può definire, può solo essere descritto. In effetti, sotto lo stesso nomen juris si celano complessi rapporti giuridici e strutture multiformi, che rispondono ad esigenze spesso molto lontane. Se le cose stanno effettivamente in questi termini, com’è possibile riuscire ad applicare una convenzione fiscale a un “concetto”? Inoltre, tale concetto è
sufficientemente uniforme da immaginare che le convenzioni fiscali possano trovarvi applicazione in tutte le sue varianti? Senza contare il fatto che il trust ha un’altra peculiarità che può rendere particolarmente problematico inquadrarlo nei canoni delle convenzioni bilaterali: la sua natura (almeno) trilaterale.

Апстракт
Даночен рај нуди на странски инвеститори, правни и физички лица, ниски или никакви даночни обврски со дополнителна погодност да финансиските информации не се споделуваат со странски даночни служби. Даночен систем на една држава е начин на финансирање на државата , додека деградација на истиот, со нeплаќање и настојување на луѓето за избегнување на даночните обврски, поради можноста за едноставен и брз трансфер на капитал но и поради стабилниот правен систем, т.е преку давање на легалност на деловните операции, ги прави даночните раеви се попривлечни. Во овој труд ќе бидат бидат анализирани основите начела на даночните раеви како и специфичниот начин на работење преку истите, историскиот развој, улогата на Организацијата за економска соработка и развој во дефинирање на даночните раеви како и проблемот со даночната евазија која е присутна во истите. Клучни зборови: даночен рај, даночна евазија, offshore компании, деловни тајни, индекс на финансиска тајност

Abstract
Tax haven offers foreign investors, legal entities and individuals, low or no tax obligations with the additional convenience that financial information is not shared with foreign tax authorities. A state's tax system is a way of financing the state, while its degradation, by not paying and pushing people to evade taxes, also the possibility of simple and fast capital transfer and a stable legal system, i.e by giving the legality of business operations, makes tax havens more attractive. This paper will analyze the basic principles of tax havens as well as specific way of working through them, their historical development, the role of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in defining tax havens, and the tax evasion problem that is present there.

English-Ukrainian Terminological Parallels in the Sphere of Taxation

The issues of normalization, standardization, and unification of the terminology of any specialized sphere is closely connected with the problem of lexical parallels – pairs of lexical elements with similar material forms and fully or partially identical inner forms from two, not compulsorily kindred, languages. Lexical parallels may be purely coincidental, or they may be created deliberately by purposeful borrowings, particularly via translation. A specific kind of this phenomenon – terminological parallels – is studied in this article which is an attempt of considering one of the most urgent problems of terminography, namely, what ratio of necessary terminological borrowings to autochthonous language means must be maintained for the national terminology to enrich without being overloaded by alien elements. In view of the fact that the English language is a major source of term borrowings in finance and economics these days, and the Ukrainian language has been regaining its polyfunctional nature during the last several decades, the aim of the article is to describe primary tendencies of borrowing English tax terms into the Ukrainian tax terminology.

The present working paper seeks to analyze the content of the proposal for Directive launched by the European Commission in March 21 st 2018 on the new threshold on significant digital presence that is expected to complement the current permanent establishment concept. This paper aims to accomplish the following three objectives. Firstly, identify the alleged policy objectives underlying the proposal and further analyze whether it effectively serves to accomplish such objectives. Secondly, analyze the suggested rule so as to anticipate the risks that may arise if implemented in its current form (from the perspective of its interpretation, administration and auditing, inter alia). Thirdly, put forward a number of suggestions that may help mitigate the aforementioned risks or else improve the proposal in some other ways.
A reviewed and updated version of this paper will be published in Almudí Cid, J.M; Ferreras Gutiérrez, J.; Hernández González-Barreda, P. (forthcoming 2018): Combating Tax Avoidance in the EU: Harmonisation and Cooperation in Direct Taxation (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International)

This Dissertation discusses the transfer pricing provisions applicable to Intangible Assets as per the Indian Transfer Pricing Regime and the guidelines issued by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in this regard.

Dos de las principales áreas de estudio afrontadas por BEPS son los precios de transferencia y los intangibles. La acción 8 del Plan de Acción (Guidance on Transfer Pricing Aspects of Intangibles) aunaba esta preocupación y trataba de resolver los principales problemas que suscitaban los precios de transferencia en el ámbito de los intangibles, especialmente entre partes vinculadas. De hecho por todos es sabido que uno de los principales instrumentos al servicio de la erosión de bases imponibles y el traslado de beneficios ha sido la distribución interesada de los beneficios por intangibles de difícil valoración .
En concreto, el documento de la acción 8 publicado originalmente por la OCDE en septiembre de 2014 abordaba importantes cambios en el ámbito de los intangibles, especialmente en las Directrices sobre Precios de Transferencia de la OCDE (Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations) del año 2010. De este modo, mediante modificaciones a los capítulos I, II y VI de este documento la acción 8 pretendía clarificar la definición de intangibles contenida en estas Directrices, mejorar la identificación de operaciones en que estén implicados intangibles y, sobre todo, ofrecer ayuda adicional para la difícil determinación del valor de mercado o principio de plena competencia (arm’s length principle) en las operaciones con intangibles.
De cara a los informes finales del Paquete BEPS, el trabajo en el seno de los precios de transferencia, las acciones 8, 9 y 10, se ha unificado en un único documento final con una lógica común: asegurar que los resultados de los precios de transferencia están en línea con la creación de valor. En la primera fase, concluida en septiembre de 2014, la OCDE publicó los trabajos en relación a la acción 8, cuyo núcleo eran los cambios en los Capítulos I, II y VI de las Directrices sobre Precios de Transferencia de 2010. Posteriormente, a lo largo del año 2015 se han abordado las otras dos acciones sin las cuales el trabajo previo no tendría sentido. Tengamos presente que las fuertes interacciones entre la acción 8 (intangibles) y la atribución contractual de riesgos (acción 9) o las operaciones de alto riesgo o irreales que no existirían entre partes independientes (acción 10) hacían inviable tratar estas cuestiones de forma independiente y aislada .
Las normas de precios de transferencia, establecidas en el artículo 9 de los convenios fiscales basados en los Modelos de Convenio de la OCDE y de la ONU y en las Directrices de Precios de Transferencia, se emplean para determinar, de acuerdo al principio de plena competencia, las condiciones, incluyendo el precio, de las transacciones dentro de un grupo multinacional.
A pesar de ser aprobadas inicialmente en el seno de la Acción 8 de la BEPS lo cierto es que gran parte de las modificaciones introducidas en las Directrices tienen su raíz en un documento publicado dos años antes por la propia OCDE (2 de junio de 2012) en forma de borrador: (Discussion Draft) Revision of the Special Considerations for Intangibles in Chapter VI of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and Related Provisions en la que se proponían los primeros cambios a las Directrices aprobadas en 2010 . Poco después la OCDE publicó los comentarios recibidos al respecto de este primer borrador .
El 30 de julio de 2013, apenas diez días después de la salida a la luz del Plan de Acción de BEPS, la OCDE abría un nuevo proceso de consulta respecto a una versión revisada de este nuevo Capítulo VI de las Directrices sobre particularidades de los precios de transferencia en materia de intangibles . Como bien indica este documento, desde entonces los avances en este campo se han integrado con el trabajo de BEPS, especialmente con la Acción 8, hasta el punto que la primera versión final de este nuevo Capítulo VI se publicó en 2014 ya en el seno de la misma.
A salvo de los elementos que quedaron pendientes para el año 2015 y que ahora destacaremos, los cambios entre la última versión revisada de las Directrices (2013) y los contenidos en el documento final de la acción 8 (2014) eran mínimos. A pesar de que parezca que estamos ante una novedad relativa, la importancia de los elementos clarificados en el informe final sobre Precios de Transferencia de las acciones 8-10 y la relevancia y sensibilidad del tema tratado, las operaciones con intangibles, merece sobradamente el estudio que abordaremos en este capítulo. Conviene recordar además que esta nueva versión aprobada del Capítulo VI de las Directrices desarrolla de manera mucho más detallada la versión anterior de 2010, multiplicando por cuatro su extensión y afinando con mayor precisión numerosos aspectos conflictivos de este campo .

Catedrático de Derecho Financiero y Tributario Especialista en imposición sobre sociedades en la Unión Europa Universidad de Maastricht RESUMEN: La fiscalidad internacional está cambiando rápidamente. Las estructuras fiscales tradicionales para rebajar el tipo efectivo del impuesto que grava a las empresas ya no son aceptadas. Esta evolución no es la consecuencia de una actuación conjunta de los Estados en un intento de alcanzar un sistema más razonable, sino que se debe a que la gente no quiere ya comprar un café en Starbucks si no pagan más impuestos en su país. Y si bien hace unos años no se sabía qué cantidad de impuestos pagaban las empresas, en nuestros días los medios sociales e internet hacen que los datos sean más fácilmente accesibles y, en consecuencia, mucha información fiscal relevante está disponible para las ONG, las cuales informan a su vez a una población preocupada. En este artículo el autor debate sobre la comentada evolución desde la perspectiva de la planificación fiscal tradicional de las empresas originarias de EEUU y lo compara con otro debate importante: la competencia fiscal. Y aquí surge el principal problema. Países como el Reino Unido están creando el sistema tributario más competitivo de la OCDE pero, por otro lado, combaten a las multinacionales que utilizan interesantes estructuras fiscales de otros países. Los intereses de las empresas llegan a un punto muerto. Pero probablemente no por mucho tiempo. El cambio iniciado por el pueblo, seguido por la OCDE, la ONU y la UE ha empezado y no sabemos dónde acabará. _____________ 1 Texto traducido por Manuel Lucas Durán y revisado por Paula Fontana Guiñazú del original "Starbucks versus the People", publicado en 68 Bull. Intl. Taxn. 1 , Journals IBFD. La presente traducción se enmarca en los proyectos de investigación: "La coordinación fiscal desde la perspectiva del ordenamiento de régimen común", financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (DER2012-39342-C03-03), cuyo investigador principal es el Prof. Juan Calvo Vérgez; y "Consecuencias laborales de los procesos de reestructuracion empresarial", financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (DER2012-37773), cuyo investigador principal es el Prof. Ricardo Escudero Rodríguez.

This article examines certain specific points relating to the protection of the rights of taxpayers within the context of the exchange of information for tax purposes, with emphasis on the Brazilian experience. In this respect, the author considers both automatic exchange and exchange on request.

The taxation of the digital economy is proving to be one of the greatest international challenges of our time. While the OECD is trying some consensus to establish benchmarks that guide its members to uniform taxation, and the US has been looking at public hearings and bills for more than a decade, such as the Fairness Marketplace Act, developing countries are immersed in the same discussions, but with additional challenges of the great number of internal challenges, as intense as the external ones. In order to analyze the Brazilian system, we will necessarily navigate through the fiscal war between states and municipalities to understand the barriers that exist between an effective system and the existing one. And Brazilian legislation has taken important steps recently, by choosing to change from the technique historically used in Brazil that is to tax sale at the State of origin, to a method of taxation in the destination, as a way to decentralize tax collection markedly concentrated in the states of the southeast, such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian example is quite peculiar, but also reflects the tax challenges raised by the digital economy worldwide.

El presente trabajo busca desarollar los aspectos más resaltantes de la fiscalidad de la asistencia técnica prestada por un no residente hacia el Perú, tanto en la legislación doméstica peruana, como en cuanto a su tratamiento en los CDI suscritos.

Why this book?

This book outlines how the application of the arm’s length principle should be reconsidered in light of the initiative of the OECD and G20 to counter tax base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). The arm’s length principle embedded in article 9 of the OECD Model is not an anti-avoidance rule and has been misidentified as the primary tool for tackling abusive practices. Transfer pricing analysis, commonly understood as examining economic substance, in reality examines whether related parties have the functional and financial capacity to perform the contracts they have entered into.

The notions of ownership, substance and commercial rationality are identified as controlling criteria for compliance with the arm’s length principle, which has its origin in contract law. This conclusion is reinforced with analysis of international court cases. Common intercompany arrangements of IP holding, cash pooling and debt factoring further suggest that the starting point of any transfer pricing analysis should be the identification of the mandatory terms of intercompany contracts. A template for contract analytics is therefore also provided.

The framework for contemporary transfer pricing analysis that is developed defines the boundaries of the arm’s length principle, with the objective of eliminating economic double taxation and neutralizing the effect of corporate income taxation on foreign direct investment. This book is unique in that it takes a legal approach to transfer pricing in the context of tax law. It can be consulted by transfer pricing practitioners, tax officials and academics alike in countries where the arm’s length principle based on article 9 of the OECD Model is endorsed in domestic law.