Cash Flow projections

Madhya Pradesh (MP) has made considerable growth in its agriculture sector and has emerged to be the largest producer of foodgrains. The state needs to investigate, whether this substantial growth of agriculture production was stable and evenly distributed among the various crops or if it was concentrated on a few crops only. Accordingly, this paper aims to study the growth trends and their association with the stability of major crops with respect to their output, area, and yield during 2001-02 to 2014-15. 1The paper also aims to analyze the shift in the growth of crops as well as the association between the growth of their area under cultivation and yield growth. This study uses semi-log regression to estimate the growth rate of major crops and a dummy regression model to analyze the shift in the crops, further, an index has also been constructed to measure the degree of instability. The results show that agriculture in Madhya Pradesh is in a comfortable state as most of the crops with a few exceptions grew substantially in all three aspects. The area doesn't seem to be influenced by the yield or technology, but by other market forces. Besides, some crops have observed significant shifts with respect to all three parameters. The crops like cotton, tur, mustard, jowar, and soybean were found to have lost their part in later years which needs special concern. These shifts have also led to instability in the crops, however, the crops with lower growth and high instability like jowar, maize and it should be a matter of concern.

Tracking cash flow is always important as a base for tracking costs, avoiding or reducing losses in turn to help in increasing profitability. This study aims to identify the impact of (operational, investment and financing cash flows sources) on profitability within period of Covid-19 pandemic through industrial companies which are listed in the ASE in Jordan. In order to achieve these objectives, the published financial reports of the (44) surveyed companies analysed for the five quarters from the beginning of 2020 up to 31 March 2021. The results of the study show an oscillating and low level of statistically significant impact of independent study variables (sources of operational cash flow and investment and financing) on the variables of the study (profitability). This study recommends expanding investment through property rights and avoids resorting to financing in the manner of high-cost borrowing. Thus, specific recommendation for achieving returns on long-term assets from financing and investment activities is better than operational activities.

The unsteady flow can be analysed by Saint-Venant equations. These equations can be solved by characteristics and finite difference methods. The Saint-Venant equations are changed into four complete differential equations in characteristics method and these equations are solved by drawing two characteristics lines. The Saint-Venant equations are changed into set nonlinear equations and are solved using Preissman scheme in finite difference method. This set of equation is changed into linear equation using Newton-Rafson method and can be solved using Sparce method. In this research, the results of the two method were compared and this was shown that: 1) these two methods can draw the surface profiles and flow hydrograph as well; 2) the finite difference method is more accurate than that one; 3) the mesh size in finite difference method can be larger than that one; 4) the difference between two methods are increased by increasing the time and distance.. He is interested in the topics of: groundwater hydrology, irrigation and drainage engineering, sustainable development and environmental assessment, climate and integrated and sustainable water resource management, artificial neural network, and genetic algorithm. He has contributed to more than 80 publications in journals, books, or as technical reports. Currently, he is as a

Financial insolvency is important for sustainable national growth. This can be resolved through liquidity management, which is very important in any organization in terms of the organization's current assets, current liabilities, shortterm borrowings, and management of shortfall or surplus cash for short-term periods, which affects the company's profitability. Liquidity management should be the company's goal of working capital management. Such idle cash can be used to invest in another company or diversifiable venture that are profitable. Accounting software or accounting information system is a resolution to financial insolvency in which it captures and records the financial effects of transactions. Accounting Information System (AIS) assists managers in four problem-solving stages, which are recognizing the problem, identifying alternatives, assessing the alternatives and taking managerial decision. The methodology employed for this study is Meta-analysis. The sample size employed was 30 literatures. The overall combined relationship had a P-value of .0000 indicating an overall significant level. Insolvency practice and its regulation is critical to economic development. This is especially true in the light of the unintended consequences of globalisation that may result in economic shock and business failures. Nigeria can benefit from reforms in financial insolvency by benchmarking the reform and practice initiatives of the more advanced countries within and outside Africa.

Gas-to-liquids (GTL) has emerged as a commercially-viable industry over the past thirty years offering market diversification to remote natural gas resource holders. Several technologies are now available through a series of patented processes to provide liquid products that can be more easily transported than natural gas, and directed into high value transportation fuel and other petroleum product and petrochemical markets. Recent low natural gas prices prevailing in North America are stimulating interest in GTL as a means to better monetise isolated shale gas resources. This article reviews the various GTL technologies, the commercial plants in operation, development and planning, and the range of market opportunities for GTL products.

The Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) technologies dominate both large-scale and small-scale projects targeting middle distillate liquid transportation fuel markets. The large technology providers have followed strategies to scale-up plants over the past decade to provide commercial economies of scale, which to date have proved to be more costly than originally forecast. On the other hand, some small-scale technology providers are now targeting GTL at efforts to eliminate associated gas flaring in remote producing oil fields. Also, potential exists on various scales for GTL to supply liquid fuels in land-locked gas-rich regions. Technology routes from natural gas to gasoline via olefins are more complex and have so far proved difficult and costly to scale-up commercially. Producing dimethyl ether (DME) from coal and gas are growing markets in Asia, particularly China, Korea and Japan as LPG substitutes, and plans to scale-up one-step process technologies avoiding methanol production could see an expansion of DME supply chains.

The GTL industry faces a number of challenges and risks, including: high capital costs; efficiency and reliability of complex process sequences; volatile natural gas, crude oil and petroleum product markets; integration of upstream and downstream projects; access to technology. This review article considers the GTL industry in the context of available opportunities and the challenges faced by project developers.

Email or message me for any assignment support. Do follow me to be updated with new papers coming up. This paper is the study of performance appraisal of a company (WHSmith Plc), which include financial performance analysis,  ratio analysis, non-financial analysis, analysis of the company's performance, determining the source of resources, investment proposals and selecting the best investment projects via determining the best financial return from the investments. Also, it incorporate determining cash flow projections for investment decision making.

The insurance trade in Zambia has seen incredible swing in the manner in which the business is shepherded having relocated from a monopoly in the pre-liberalization epoch to a free market after the liberalization of the economy in 1992. The aim of this study is to find out how cash flow risk management affects financial performance of insurance companies in Lusaka, Zambia (Multivariate Analysis)
The existing research employed a descriptive research enterprise to study the influence of risk management on financial performance of four insurance firms in Zambia; Sanlam Life Insurance, Madison Insurance Zambia, ZSIC, Prudential Insurance Zambia. This sort of information is eagerly accessible in the annual reports of the four firms and LUSE published handbooks. The information attained from financial reports contains; firm’s annual net income, total liabilities, claims incurred and premium earned, premium ceded and total assets, current assets and liabilities.
The results of this study ascertained that; this model can be shortened as a one-percent upsurge in the financial risk management outcomes to a decrease in the financial performance of the firm (ROA) by 1.0%, a 1% augmentation in the operational risk management will similarly decrease ROA by 77.3% while a surge in enterprise risk management by 1% will decrease the performance of the company by 1.5%. Furthermore, an upsurge in financial leverage primes to a 55.1% reduction on ROA. While an upsurge in firm size by one unit will surge ROA by 11% and 2.8% respectively
This research concentrated on cash flow risks and financial performance of top four insurance companies in Zambia and depended on secondary information. A study where information gathering depends on primary information i.e. thorough questionnaires and interviews covering all the top four insurance firms in Zambia is suggested so as to accolade this study.

Cash Flow. Which was the biggest culprit here: Too many orders, too little cash, or too little production capacity?
All three were important, but the lack of cash or, more generally, financial resources ultimately spelled doom. An inadequate cash resource is usually cited as the most common cause of small business failure

Foreign practice of financial management is increasingly drawn to the characteristics of cash flows in the assessment of the enterprise. The net cash flow is the objective result of the management, while the profit depends on the subjective approach of the adopted accounting policy. The financial situation of many enterprises in Ukraine is unsatisfactory. One of the ways to improve it is to optimize cash flows through balance and coherence between their individual types, to achieve a growth in net cash flow, which will increase solvency, financial sustainability and opportunities for self-financing of enterprises. According to the existing approach, cash flow optimization is viewed from the point of view of their time synchronization and balance in volume, before which cash flow equalization, maximization of net cash flow or provision of its target value. It is proved that most models of optimization of the balance of monetary assets are based on the definition of the minimum limit, but do not take into account the actual level of solvency of the enterprise, the objective lack of funds and circumstances associated with it. Moreover, the net cash flow is directly affected by the cash balances, rather than separately the amount of proceeds or expenditures. Therefore, optimization of cash flows should be based on interrelated criteria.
A model of cash flow optimization is proposed that combines a static approach to the formation of the optimum balance of monetary assets and a dynamic approach to cash flow management. The necessity of optimization of cash flows of the enterprise is proved on the basis of interrelated criteria: 1) formation of the optimal balance of monetary assets; 2) achievement of the target value of the net cash flow; 3) balance of cash flows by type of activity; 4) maximizing net cash flow from operating activities. The proposed model allows to accumulate the necessary amount of monetary assets during periods of high business activity and direct them in such a way that in the period of the shortage of funds, planned and necessary payments are made. Formation of the insurance balance of monetary assets would allow, on terms of self-financing, cover the period of shortage of funds and obtain additional income from the temporary placement of insurance and compensatory funds on the deposit account. Under such conditions an enterprise can avoid the costs of paying fines and penalties, and plan their calculations. Implementation of the proposed approach allows to improve the efficiency of cash flows from operating activities.
It is proved that in determining the optimal balance of funds, it is necessary to reconcile data on the nature and volume of income and expenditure of funds, the balance of funds at the beginning and end of the period, the level of solvency of the enterprise. It is taken into account that the balance of funds is shown in the amount of availability at the reporting date, and cash flow - for the period (year, quarter, month, day), the net cash flow directly affects the balance of cash assets. The target criterion for optimizing cash flows is the maximization of the net cash flow from operating activities to ensure the development of the enterprise on the basis of self-financing.
The achievement of the optimum balance of monetary assets is ensured by obtaining the target growth of net cash flow, which should be formed predominantly at the expense of operating activity. In order to maximize net cash flow from operating activities, the necessity to allocate its components for the input and output cash flows by types of activity and main directions of income and expenditure of funds is substantiated. In accordance with this, a form of cash flow statement is drawn up on the example of water transport enterprises, which meets the information needs of optimizing cash flows.

The payments business in India is on the cusp of a revolution. With rapid
growth and modernization of the economy, there is no doubt that a majority of India’s 1.2 billion plus citizens will demand and get modern financial services far superior to what their parents’ generation enjoyed. It is simply a matter of when the supply side catches up. This report is the product of a research effort that analyzed the most pertinent policy documents, reports, scholarship, expert interviews, and payments data.
It is the second in a series of country reports on The Cost of Cash by the Institute for Business in the Global Context (IBGC). The series seeks to ascertain the private costs and risks of cash management facing diverse stakeholders in society: consumers, business, government, and financial
systems. It does not forecast the likelihood that cash will fall into disuse, or drop below any threshold in payment market share. It is different from much of the academic work in payment economics, which focuses explicitly on social costs with a view toward informing debates around
payment clearing and settlement. Instead, we analyze the private costs to households and businesses that arise from their use of cash, beginning when cash is received and ending when it is spent again. We base our estimates on original IBGC surveys, coauthors’ surveys and interviews, and a broad mix of academic studies and official statistics.
The motivating question is why Indians transact primarily in cash, and whether there is reason to expect any drastic change in their payment behavior in the short to medium term.

“Conclusion, Business and Manufacturing” is Part 10 of a ten part presentation series "Automotive Dynamics and Design". The intent is to form a comprehensive series of lectures providing instruction in the design of automobiles from both a practical and a stylistic viewpoint. The ten segments constitute the core (reading assignments, homework, and test material not included) of a class to be given over a period of about twelve weeks. The ten course segments are:
1) "Automotive Dynamics and Design"
2) "Longitudinal Dynamics"
3) "Lateral Dynamics"
4) "Vertical Dynamics"
5) "Mass Properties Analysis and Control"
6) "Tire Behavior"
7) "Aerodynamics"
8) "Advanced Topics"
9) "Design (Styling)"
10) "Conclusion, Business and Manufacturing"
Part 1 is essentially an introduction to, and a syllabus for, the course of study. Part 2 constitutes a study of automotive acceleration, braking, and crash deceleration. Part 3 constitutes a study of oversteer, understeer, directional stability, rollover, lateral acceleration: transient and steady state. Part 4 constitutes a study of springing, damping, shock attenuation, road contact, road vibration transmissibility, ride motions. Part 5 constitutes a study of the ten mass properties equations, the ten mass properties uncertainty equations, standard deviation, normal distribution, regression analysis, coefficient of determination, correlation, degrees of freedom, total weight estimation, unsprung weight estimation, sprung weight estimation, estimation of the total weight c.g., estimation of the unsprung weight c.g., estimation of the sprung weight c.g., estimation of the total mass moments of inertia,  estimation of the unsprung mass moments of inertia, estimation of the sprung mass moments of inertia, estimation of the total products of inertia, estimation of the sprung roll moment of inertia. Part 6 constitutes a study of friction vs. traction, normal load vs. deflection, normal load vs. contact area, load capacity, vertical stiffness, lateral traction, longitudinal traction, %Slip, Slip Angle, Traction Ellipse, rolling resistance, temperature effects, speed effects. Part 7 constitutes a study of Navier-Stokes Equations, dimensionless indicators (Reynolds Number, Mach Number), streamlines, Bernoulli’s Equation, drag, lift, boundary layer, separation, wake, vortices, center of pressure, aerodynamic stability, wings, fences, spoilers. Part 8 constitutes a study of camber, caster, toe in/out, scrub, kingpin angle, scrub radius, effective spring rate, roll stiffness, suspension geometry, roll axis, steering geometry, turn centers, geared and equivalent gearless systems, products of inertia, gyroscopic reactions, fuel economy, standing wave, hydroplaning. Part 9 introduces the concept of Design (a.k.a. Styling), Design Schools, Design Practitioners, Design Process, Exterior Design, Interior Design. Part 10 deals with the business and manufacturing aspects of automotive endeavors: business plan (product, market, cash flow, P&L, capitalization, ROI, etc.), profit and loss statements, break-even analysis, in-house or subcontract decisions, plant location and layout, jigs and fixtures, equipment, supply and inventory, customer service & relations strategy.

This thesis focused on the impact of cash conversion cycle on profitability of FMCG sector in Pakistan .FMCG sector was bifurcated into small medium and large firms relative to their asset base in order to avoid or remove any kind of biasness in analysis of the data .Return on assets was used as dependent variable and independent variables included cash conversion cycle , average inventory period , average receivable period , and average payable period.Annual data was taken from financial statements of the 14 companies. Panel data from 2008-2017 was used for analysis. Panel regression method was employed in order to analyze the data.Result revealed that CCC and its components do not have any significant impact on profitability of small firms , whereas in medium sized firms, only CCC had significant and inverse impact on profit, rest of the variables found to be insignificant, and in large FMCG firms only average inventory period and CCC both had negative and significant impact on profitability.

Mali tablolar, düzenlendikleri tarih itibariyle işletmelerin faaliyet durumlarını farklı açılardan ifade eden özet tablolardır. Mali tabloların türleri ise şunlardır:

Temel Mali Tablolar
1- Bilanço                             
2- Gelir Tablosu                   

Ek Mali Tablolar
1- Kâr Dağıtım Tablosu
2- Satışların Maliyeti Tablosu
3- Fon Akım Tablosu
4- Nakit Akım Tablosu
5- Özkaynaklar Değişim Tablosu

Maliye Bakanlığı 26.12.1992 tarih ve 21447 mükerrer sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Muhasebe Sistemi Genel Tebliği’ne göre aktif toplamı 300 milyon veya net satışları toplamı 750 milyar lirayı aşmayan mükellefler yalnızca temel mali tabloları düzenleyecekler ve vergi beyannamesine ekleyecekler, bu rakamlardan herhangi birini aşan mükellefler ise temel mali tablolar yanında ek mali tabloları da düzenleyecekler ve beyannamelerine ekleyeceklerdir.İşletme esasına göre defter tutan işletmeler ise sadece bu tebliğde “Muhasebe’nin Temel Kavramlarına” uymakla yükümlüdür.
Nakit Akım tablosu, işletmenin gelecekteki nakit giriş ve çıkış tahminlerini gösteren bir tablodur. Genellikle bir hesap dönemi için düzenlenir, ancak daha uzun dönemler içinde hazırlanabilir.İşletme faaliyet dönemi içindeki ödeme ve taksitlerini ve bunların hangi kaynaklardan sağlanarak, hangi kullanış alanlarına yöneldiğini ancak nakit akımı tablosu aracılığı ile izlenebilmektedir. Nakit akımı tablosu, esas itibarîyle yıl içindeki nakit hareketlerini belirlemek amacıyla hazırlanmaktadır. Mali analiz açısından ise fon akım ve net işletme sermayesi değişim tablolarının tamamlayıcısı olmaktadır. 1
Ülkemizde Muhasebe uygulamalarında kullanılacak standartları Türkiye Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurulu belirler. Türkiye Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurulu (TMUDESK) 1994 yılında  ülkemizde faaliyette bulunan işletmelerin finansal tablolarının düzenlenmesini ve muhasebe uygulamalarında tek düzeni gerçekleştirmek üzere kurulmuştur. TMUDESK ayrıca, muhasebe ile ilgili meslek mensuplarının finansal tabloların bağımsız denetiminde esas alacakları denetim standartlarını şekillendirir. Kurul bu standartları belirlerken Türk ekonomisini, işletmelerimizin yapısını ve ihtiyaçlarını göz önünde bulundurur, uygulamalara yön veren standartların uluslararası muhasebe standartlarıyla uyumlu olmasını sağlar.

Cara mencapai kebebasan kewangan menurut cashflow quadrant Robert Kiyosaki dengan menambah sumber pendapatan pasif Kebebasan kewangan atau financial freedom mempunyai maksud yang berbeza mengikut pendapat individu masing-masing seperti memiliki banyak wang simpanan, menjadi jutawan, berupaya membeli apa sahaja dihajati, 100 peratus bebas hutang, tiada tunggakan bil utiliti, gaji besar, tidak perlu bekerja, kaya-raya, tidak bergantung keperluan kewangan dengan orang lain dan sebagainya. Menurut Robert Kiyosaki, tokoh kewangan tersohor dunia ketika ini, mendefinasikan kebebasan kewangan ialah apabila pendapatan pasif seseorang itu melebihi pendapatan aktifnya. Menurut Robert Kiyosaki dalam bukunya "Cashflow Quadrant", terdapat empat bahagian kuadran yang menjadi sumber pendapatan seseorang iaitu E, S, B dan I. Dimana E ialah Employee (Pekerja makan gaji), S ialah Self-Employed (Peniaga sendiri), B ialah Business Owner (Pemilik perniagaan) dan I ialah Investor (Pelabur).

Businesses have faced many challenges over financing in recent years, big and small companies are dying daily. Liquidity ensures that the company maintains equal and adequate cash and liquid assets, to be able to meet the clients’ demands for loans or savings withdrawals, and be able to pay their own expenses and overheads.  Interest rate capping has made funding for all businesses more challenging and recent market volatility has exacerbated the situation. Do you know how much easily accessible money you have in the form of cash and equivalents? This is a measure of your liquidity.
Cash is a company's lifeblood. In other words, a company can sell lots of widgets and have good net earnings, but if it can't collect the actual cash from its customers on a timely basis, it will soon fold up, unable to pay its own obligations.
Cash flow and liquidity ratios let you assess the amount of working capital you have in your business, and how solvent the business is in the short to medium term. It shows how much money you have available to meet creditors' demands. You can use this ratio to establish whether your business has enough current assets to pay its current debts, with a margin of safety for unforeseen losses, such as reduced stock levels or hard-to-collect debts.
A more stringent measure is the quick ratio, sometimes called the acid test ratio. This uses current assets (excluding inventory) and compares them to current liabilities. Inventory is removed because, of the various current assets such as cash, short-term investments or accounts receivable, this is the most difficult to convert into cash. A value of greater than one is usually considered good from a liquidity viewpoint, but this is industry dependent.
Liquidity is important for both individuals and companies. While a person may be rich in terms of total value of assets owned, that person may also end up in trouble if she is unable to convert those assets into cash. The same holds true for companies. Without cash coming in the door, they can quickly get into trouble with their creditors. An understanding of the liquidity of a company's stock within the market helps investors judge when to buy or sell shares, also helps investors avoid those that might run into trouble in the near future.
The least liquid asset is usually considered to be real estate because that can take weeks or months to sell. When we invest in any assets, we need to keep their liquidity levels in mind because it can be difficult or time consuming to convert certain assets back into cash.
In the market, liquidity has a slightly different meaning, although still tied to how easily assets, in these case shares of stock, can be converted to cash. The market for a stock is said to be liquid if the shares can be rapidly sold and the act of selling has little impact on the stock's price. Generally, this translates to where the shares are traded and the level of interest that investors have in the company. Company stock traded on the Nairobi Securities Exchanges can usually be considered liquid. Often, approximately 1% of the float trades hands daily, indicating a high degree of interest in the stock. On the other hand, company stock traded over the counter are often non-liquid, with very few, even zero, shares traded daily.
One thing to note as an investor when placing an order is the liquidity of the stock. During normal market hours on the major exchanges, placing a limit order will get you the price you are looking for. This is particularly true for companies that are non-liquid, or during after-hours trading when fewer traders are active; at these times, it is better to place a limit order because the lower liquidity may lead to a price you would not be willing to pay. A ratio of 2 or higher, indicating you have twice as many assets as liabilities, suggests your business is in good shape. A working capital ratio of less than 1 indicates your business may be in trouble.
One may be able to create a centralized or a decentralized business model. The former model will include a business or a corporation having a single cash and flow management solution which the entire business and its departments have to follow. A decentralized model, on the other hand, affords the different departments to make up their cash flow management depending on their own needs.
The company may prioritize on their receivables and payables. By managing the cash flow, the business will automatically have a more focused opinion on their assets and how and in what way to use the assets. It also aids to have some working capital to make the day to day transactions easier and more efficient. The business may also face the problem of trapped cash. The company may have trouble accessing the money in other countries and there may also be problems in managing the liquidity on hand. In the latter situation, the company can develop internal liquidity management departments rather than external which only results in more outflow of money.

The contractor’s decision about placing a bid in a tender procedure and
further construction project execution is usually based on predicted financial and economic effects of the decision and on the certainty of their occurrence. Sales and costs are estimated in advance, as well as, incomes and expenditures. Based on that net present value (NPV)
and the required level of liquidity which is necessary to complete the project in the assumed period are calculated. The paper presents the influence of selected parameters arising from the contract between
the client and the general contractor, from the subcontracts, from the contracts with suppliers and employees – on the financial result of a single construction project. The time schedule of erecting multi-story apartment building, the direct and indirect costs are the base for
modelling cash flow and profitability of the project. Following variables are assumed: discount rate, terms of payments in the contracts signed by a general contractor with a client and suppliers and the level of retention money kept by a client till the completion stage of the project.
The sensitivity analysis is prepared in order to find how the aforementioned variables influence profitability, NPV and the
required level of a contractor’s liquidity. This kind of analysis is one of the basis allowing for evaluation of the risk of possibly wrong decision, i.e. accepting the project for execution but leading to losing the contractor’s liquidity and further to financial loss.

FAQs for Cash Managment covered are:

1. What is the difference between a firm’s cash cycle and its operating cycle?

2. What is float? Why is it important to cash management?

3. What is the difference between permanent working capital and temporary working capital?

4. Explain the strategies businesses can use to finance their assets with short-term and long-term funds.

5. What is the difference between pledging accounts receivable to secure a loan and factoring accounts receivable?

As well as exercises.

Economic contractions have been reported recently in resource-dependent economies, Nigeria in particular. Construction businesses in such countries have become more vulnerable to receivable issues because the financial situations of their clients have worsened. This is not new; even in good times, construction businesses must have a well-managed strategy to succeed under severe bad debt regimes – successful businesses in Africa's public procurement arena must be able to cope with debts owed to them for several years, including frequent and debilitating new debts. How does a business remain afloat when clients remain bad debtors persistently? There is more to this than simple cultural or economic science. This study aims to explore strategies used by these businesses to survive the huge burdens of accounts receivables under the Nigerian public procurement arena. It proposes a conceptual model for an efficient management of account receivables by using data obtained from three major construction firms operating in Nigeria. The firms' archival records were compared with data from a questionnaire survey. Conclusions are drawn on alternative strategies for construction businesses regarding trade receivables in chaotic times e.g. by way of invoice factoring options. Implications of this study are quite useful to international construction businesses and project management researchers. Insights are drawn on the importance of finance on the concept of project success in developing countries and firms' business success.

Current project valuation framework under the Net Present Value (NPV) method has been proved to be
incomplete, as it fails to accurately account for uncertainty. Traditional financial tools fail because they
neglect to account for the value of flexibility. The standard NPV approach assumes that project risks
remain constant over the life of the strategy. It, also, fails to factor in the full range of opportunities that a
new and innovative strategy may create for a firm in the future. We show how one can use Real Option
methodology in order to determine optimal financial path to fund new technology deployment within a risky
environment. Moreover, in this paper we demonstrate, with the use of a simple numerical example, how the
Real Options methodology can be implemented within an IT project deployment.

Industria manufacturera

Es la actividad económica que transforma una gran diversidad de materias primas en diferentes artículos para el consumo.
Está constituida por empresas desde muy pequeñas (tortillerías, panaderías y molinos, entre otras) hasta grandes conglomerados (armadoras de automóviles, embotelladoras de refrescos, empacadoras de alimentos, laboratorios farmacéuticos y fábricas de juguetes, por ejemplo).

This study aims to test is ability of cash flows to predict the earning, his research is expected to give contribution in providing evidence on whether
(1) operating cash flow is useful to predicting earning.
(2) Investing cash flow is useful to predicting earning.
(3) Financing cash flow is useful to predicting earning.

In the present research, Statistical population consists of firms listed on London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) during 2015-2018. Earning (dependent variable) was measured by net income, operating income and independent variable, namely cash flows through operating, investing and financing operations. The results generally indicates the models' ability to interpret hypothesis and confirm the ability of cash flows to predict earnings.

This thesis aimed to evaluate the impact of accruals' lengthening differences on their predictive capacity of future cash flows. This research can be classified as explanatory, quantitative, empirical-analytical, positive, and ex-post-facto. The data, which relates to 2017, was extracted from the Economatica® software, structured in the Microsoft Excel® software, and the statistical analyses were performed in Stata® software. The model used, derived from Barth, Cram and Nelson (2001), controlled the lengthening of the current accruals by means of an operational cycle dummy variable and the noncurrent accruals through a dummy variable of useful life of the fixed asset, both variables being considered as proxies of lengthening.

Esta pesquisa estimou o valor de mercado de uma indústria de pequeno porte. A avaliação ocorreu através do Método do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, baseada nas projeções de crescimento, que superam as expectativas do setor. O valor de mercado da empresa em estudo supera, em 18 vezes, o valor contábil. Apesar do crescimento acentuado previsto, a empresa precisa encontrar novas alternativas para maximizar seu valor, porque que a geração de caixa declinou ao longo da série projetada. Dentre as conclusões, verificou-se que a técnica do fluxo de caixa descontado é perfeitamente aplicável a empresas de capital fechado e revela a potencialidade de geração de valor aos sócios do negócio; mesmo para empresas com grande potencial de criação de valor, os riscos diversificáveis e não diversificáveis afetam a capacidade de geração de caixa; empresas que estão construindo um novo histórico de crescimento estão mais sujeitas às oscilações do mercado.

South African Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are of great importance to the national economy due to their socioeconomic value-adding abilities. Despite being responsible for contributing generously to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and providing employment opportunities to more than half of the national workforce, research shows that up to 80% of these business entities fail after being in operation for three years. The latter dispensation is often blamed on unmanaged economic factors and subsequent risks; including that of poor cash flow management. To assess the cash flow situation of a business entity, a cash flow statement is generally used. According to academic literature, South African SMMEs do not make adequate use of cash flow statements which, in turn, may have negative repercussions on business decision making within South African SMMEs. The inadequate use of cash flow statements can be attributable to the isomorphic changes which these business entities undergo, particularly mimetic isomorphism. Therefore, the primary research objective of this study was to determine whether South African SMMEs' limited utilisation of cash flow statements, as brought about by mimetic isomorphism, has an adverse influence on their business decision making in a theoretical dispensation. This study was non-empirical and qualitative and made use of an online desktop review approach by scrutinising secondary data to, in turn, develop propositions for further empirical testing. From the research conducted it appears that South African SMMEs’ limited utilisation of cash flow statements may adversely influence business decision making within these business entities, at least in a theoretical sense.

This paper was submitted as a term-assignment for the course of Financial Management (F9) at CamEd Business School.

Summary:

SingTel is a telecommunication company which consist of many other associate across Asia Pacific, although it main business is operate in Singapore. SingTel has many advantages and limited to the surplus of capital and large market share, it has the potential in the long-term even though its core business is growing relatively slower than its competitors. While its technological development and innovations towards its products and services enables SingTel to growth more costumer loyalties, it also cautiously expands its investment opportunities overseas.
With many of the group income associates from Australia and Asia Pacific, the valuation of SingTel’s equity found out that the value is equal to SGD 235,264 Million discounted with the cost of equity, calculated using Capital Asset Pricing Method, of 2.72%. However, this valuation is based solely on the average growth to which SingTel has performed during the past 5 years from 2012 to 2016 only whilst we ignore the possibilities of economic fluctuations or other significance activities.

ABSTRAK
Pemasaran dalam jangka Panjang bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan penjualan, proses pengoptimalan ini dilakukan dengan memberikan pelanggan kepuasan, sehingga dapat mencapai target pasar salah satunya produk yang ditawarkan dapat terjual dan bisa menghasilkan keuntungan yang maksimal, disisi lain brand adalah suatu symbol, nama atau gambar yang mengidentifikasikan penjualan suatu barang atau jasa dan juga sebagai pembeda dari para kompetitor. Di dalam istilah marketing, brand berfungsi sebagai tanda pengenal suatu perusahaan. Seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi informasi maka muncul cara baru dalam mempromosikan brand tersebut, salah satunya adalah dengan online branding. Branding online sendiri adalah pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dalam mempromosikan suatu produk atau servis. Branding online sendiri dapat berupa bermacam hal seperti website, media sosial dan lain – lain. Sistem distribusi bertujuan agar hasil produksi sampai kepada konsumen dengan lancar, tetapi harus memperhatikan kondisi produsen dan sarana yang tersedia dalam masyarakat,
Salah satu perusahaan yang sangat sukses dalam penerapan online branding adalah Starbucks & The Coffe Bean. Di paper ini akan dijelaskan hal hal yang berkaitan dengan brand dan teorinya, serta analisis strategi & SWOT branding di Starbucks dan The Coffe Bean.
Kata Kunci : Strategi Distribusi, Pemasaran, Analisis SWOT.

ABSTRACT
Marketing in the long term aims to optimize sales, this optimization process is carried out by providing customer satisfaction, so that it can reach the target market, one of which is that the products offered can be sold and can generate maximum profits, on the other hand brand is a symbol, name or image that identifies sell a product or service as well as a differentiator from competitors. In terms of marketing, brand serves as identification of a company. Along with the development of information technology, the emerging new ways to promote the brand, one of them is with online branding. Branding yourself online is to use information technology to promote a product or service. Branding yourself online can be a variety of things such as websites, social media and others. The distribution system aims to ensure that production results reach consumers smoothly, but must pay attention to the condition of producers and the facilities available in the community One company that is very successful in the implementation of online branding is Starbucks and The Coffee Bean. This paper will be explained in terms of matters relating to the brand and theory, as well as a SWOT analysis of the strategy and branding at Starbucks and The Coffee Bean.
Keywords: Distribution Strategy, Marketing, SWOT Analysis.

Esta pesquisa estimou o valor de mercado de uma industria de pequeno porte. A avaliacao ocorreu atraves do Metodo do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, baseada nas projecoes de crescimento, que superam as expectativas do setor. O valor de mercado da empresa em estudo supera, em 18 vezes, o valor contabil. Apesar do crescimento acentuado previsto, a empresa precisa encontrar novas alternativas para maximizar seu valor, porque que a geracao de caixa declinou ao longo da serie projetada. Dentre as conclusoes, verificou-se que a tecnica do fluxo de caixa descontado e perfeitamente aplicavel a empresas de capital fechado e revela a potencialidade de geracao de valor aos socios do negocio; mesmo para empresas com grande potencial de criacao de valor, os riscos diversificaveis e nao diversificaveis afetam a capacidade de geracao de caixa; empresas que estao construindo um novo historico de crescimento estao mais sujeitas as oscilacoes do mercado.

Семенова С. М. Управління грошовими потоками на підприємствах водного транспорту. – Рукопис.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Київська державна академія водного транспорту ім. гетьмана Петра Конашевича-Сагайдачного, Київ, 2014.
У дисертаційній роботі запропоновано та обґрунтовано поняття „грошові потоки” на основі комплексного і системного підходів, наведено властивості грошових потоків, доповнено ознаки класифікації. Доведено необхідність виділення емерджентної властивості грошового потоку, її оцінки. Встановлено особливості та стан управління грошовими потоками підприємств водного транспорту. Обґрунтовано економіко-математичну модель оптимізації грошових потоків та розраховано ефект від її впровадження. Формалізовано підхід до формування стратегії управління грошовими потоками на основі встановлення довірчого інтервалу віртуального грошового потоку. Для реалізації запропонованих заходів розроблено програмний продукт Java (SE, JDK 7).
Ключові слова: грошовий потік, грошові активи, платоспроможність, емерджентність, оптимізація, управління, водний транспорт.

АННОТАЦИЯ
Семенова С. Н. Управление денежными потоками на предприятиях водного транспорта. – Рукопись.
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата экономических наук по специальности 08.00.04 – экономика и управление предприятиями (по видам экономической деятельности). – Киевская государственная академия водного транспорта им. гетьмана Петра Конашевича-Сагайдачного, Киев, 2014.
В диссертационной работе предложено и научно обосновано понятие „денежные потоки” на основе комплексного и системного подходов, приведены свойства денежных потоков, дополнено признаки классификации. Доказано необходимость определения эмерджентности денежного потока, под которым следует понимать достижение прироста чистого денежного потока от операционной деятельности в результате комбинации денежных потоков за видами, объемом и временем при сохранении финансовой устойчивости предприятия.
На основе реализации разработанной организационно-информационной модели анализа денежных потоков и обоснованных дополнительных показателей установлено состояние управления денежными потоками на предприятиях водного транспорта в Украине в 2007–2012 гг. Для решения установленных проблем предложено и обосновано модель оптимизации денежных потоков за критериями поддержания оптимального остатка денежных активов, для обеспечения необходимой платежеспособности, формирования целевого чистого денежного потока, сбалансированности денежных потоков по видам и максимизации чистого денежного потока от операционной деятельности. Разработано форму отчета о движении денежных средств для предприятий водного транспорта, в которой детализированы виды специфических денежных потоков.
Научно обосновано методический подход к формированию стратегии управления денежными потоками предприятий водного транспорта на основе оценки уровня эмерджентности денежного потока и определения доверительного интервала виртуального денежного потока, что позволяет достичь прироста входящего денежного потока и наибольшего чистого денежного потока от операционной деятельности. Для реализации предложенных подходов разработано программный продукт Java (SE, JDK 7).
Ключевые слова: денежный поток, денежные активы, платежеспособность, эмерджентность, оптимизация, управление, водный транспорт.

ANNOTATION
Semenova S. M. Cash flow management on the water transport enterprises. – Manuscript.
Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences in specialty 08.00.04 – Economics and Enterprise Management (by economic activities). – Kyiv State Maritime Academy named after hetman Petro Konashevich-Sahaydachniy, Kyiv, 2014.
In the thesis the meaning “cash flow” is suggested and proved on the basis of complex and system approaches, the properties of cash flow are represented, classification features are completed. The necessary of emergent property of cash flow and its assessment is proved.  Special characteristics and the condition of cash flow management on the water transport enterprises are defined. Economic and mathematical model of cash flow optimization is proved and effect from its introduction is calculated. Software is developed and the approach to the strategy of cash flow management on the basis of confidence band of virtual cash flow is formed.
Key words: cash flow, cash assets, creditworthiness, emergence, optimization, management, water transport.

This project consist in the development of an installation involving several technological elements which complement each other aiming to provide tools for interpretation and experimentation. Among other technologies, the installation uses Augmented Reality, 3D Modelling, Projection Mapping, and 3D Printing. Part of the archaeological site of Portus, Italy was presented as an example for the visualization, focusing primarily on one of the warehouses. The methodology developed here is transposable to many archaeological sites, and its main goal was to show the mentioned technology at work, which may be used to assist in the interpretation of the site. As we progressively become more multi-skilled, the boundaries between industries and disciplines become less visible and it is difficult to pre-plan when it will be required to bring other specialists into the field that is to be developed.

This paper presents a model to determine the tax effort and tax capacity of 96 countries and the main variables from which they depend. The results and the model allow us to clearly determine which countries are near their tax capacity and which are some way from it, and therefore, could increase their tax revenue. Our study corroborates previous analysis

Image processing is important on various fields to achieve various functions. In this paper two classes of regularization strategies to achieve image recovery and reduce noise suppression from Original image in projection-based image deblurring. Landweber iteration leads to a fixed level of regularization, which allows us to achieve fine-granularity control of projection-based iterative deblurring by varying the value. Regularization filters can be gained by probing into their asymptotic behavior-the fixed point of nonexpansive mappings. Different image structures (smooth regions, regular edges and textures) are observed correspond to different fixed points of nonexpansive mappings when the temperature (regularization) parameter varies. Such an analogy motivates us to propose a deterministic annealing based approach toward spatial adaptation in projection-based image deblurring.

У статті проаналізовано передумови та необхідність розробки нових підходів до формування стратегії управління грошовими потоками підприємств водного транспорту України в сучасних умовах. Обгрунтовано актуальність застосування комплексного та системного підходів до формування стратегії управління грошовими потоками. Запропоновано концептуальну модель стратегічного управління грошовими потоками підприємства, що передбачає визначення мети, завдань, об’єкта, суб’єкта, принципів, функцій управління, етапів формування і реалізації стратегії, факторів зовнішнього і внутрішнього середовища, методів, інструментів та важелів управління. Методичний підхід до вибору стратегії управління грошовими потоками включає етап стратегічного аналізу за допомогою розробленої організаційно-інформаційної моделі, системи показників та оцінки рівня емерджентності грошових потоків на основі абсолютних, відносних та інтегрального показників. Емерджентна властивість грошового потоку формується на основі поєднання складових грошового потоку за видами, обсягом і часом, що дозволяє отримувати приріст ефективності грошового потоку та проявляється в інтегрованості, ефективності та перспективності. Етап стратегічного планування включає формування віртуального грошового потоку, визначення його довірчого інтервалу та розбиття областей стратегічного управління грошовими потоками. Етап стратегічного вибору передбачає диференційований підхід до вибору стратегії та формування моделі стратегічного управління. Етап реалізації стратегії забезпечує оцінку ефективності прийнятих рішень.