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This article asserts that it can be analytically expedient to employ and combine aspects of Critical Criminology and Critical Romani Studies in research that analyses the relationship between Roma and the criminal justice system. The... more
This article asserts that it can be analytically expedient to employ and combine aspects of Critical Criminology and Critical Romani Studies in research that analyses the relationship between Roma and the criminal justice system. The resulting approach focuses on criminalization and racialization processes and how they are intertwined, as well as on social construction of representations and on structural discrimination, which is analysed from an intersectional perspective. When applied to research into mothers serving community sentences in Italy, this analytical framework enabled us to highlight forms of discrimination that affect Roma women given non-custodial sentences and show how their relationship with the criminal justice system is influenced by the prevailing cultural constructs regarding gender and motherhood, as well as by racialization processes and class backgrounds.

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This article presents some preliminary results of the research project “Punished Mothers: Women with Children Serving Sentences”. By adopting an intersectional approach, the article analyzes the situation of women who have minor children... more
This article presents some preliminary results of the research project “Punished Mothers: Women with Children Serving Sentences”. By adopting an intersectional approach, the article analyzes the situation of women who have minor children and who are serving community based sentences in the Veneto Region. After outlining the characteristics of these women, the contribution examines the criteria that guide magistrates’ assessments in deciding which alter-native measures to grant, as well as the acceptance or denial of requests made by the women (primarily the request for sentence deferment). Additionally, the contribution explores the fac-tors that influence social workers in drafting reports and in their interactions with these women. The analysis highlights how women’s relationship with the criminal justice system is influenced by dominant cultural constructs regarding gender and motherhood, as well as by processes of racialization and class membership
The article presents some preliminary results of an ongoing research project concerning mothers serving sentences in the Veneto Region (Italy). This paper will focus on alternative measures to imprisonment, analysing the criteria that... more
The article presents some preliminary results of an ongoing research project concerning mothers serving sentences in the Veneto Region (Italy). This paper will focus on alternative measures to imprisonment, analysing the criteria that guide the courts' decisions on which type of alternative measure to grant (entrustement to social service or house arrest) and on the acceptance or denial of the requests presented by women (such as the postponement of the enforcement of the sentence), and also the elements that guide probation staff in the drafting of reports and in their work towards women, with a focus on Roma and Sinti women. These criteria will be analyzed by combining two theoretical approaches: one focusing on "legal culture" and developed within the sociology of law, the other drawing on Critical Romani Studies, a very recent line of research that intends to "contaminate" Romani Studies with critical social theories such as Critical Race Theory, feminist and intersectional theories, and postcolonial theories.
This article analyzes the relationship between Roma people and the law by combining two different theoretical approaches, one focusing on legal culture, the other drawing on critical Romani studies. The resulting analytical model... more
This article analyzes the relationship between Roma people and the law by combining two different theoretical approaches, one focusing on legal culture, the other drawing on critical Romani studies. The resulting analytical model supports: 1) the adoption of a multi-level and interpretative approach to examining legal culture, and 2) the focus on the processes of racialization and discrimination implemented by the dominant society, especially within the legal field. The analysis brings to light the mutually-influencing relations between dominant stereotypes about Roma and Sinti people on the one hand, and Italy’s legal culture and sentencing on the other. This topic is examined in relation to the Italian and the wider European historical, political and cultural context, since the way in which legal actors see Roma and Sinti people is strongly influenced by their social and political milieu, and by historically-originated dominant cultural repertoires.
Women and Roma: racial segregation, gender oppression and resistance Drawing on the recently established critical Romani studies, the article aims to bring together literatures on intersectionality and the housing and racial segregation... more
Women and Roma: racial segregation, gender oppression and resistance Drawing on the recently established critical Romani studies, the article aims to bring together literatures on intersectionality and the housing and racial segregation of Roma and Sinti minorities, with the aim of shedding light on the gender specificities of this phenomenon. The analysis of the housing and social trajectories of thirteen Roma women, who migrated to Italy, highlights not only the intertwinement of racial discrimination and gender oppression but also the forms of resistance and "ordinary agency", through which women tackle difficulties and improve their situation.
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In Italy, most of the studies on immigrants' associationism and participation have concentrated on the more formal and structured aspects. Little research has been done on forms of immigrant self-organization not oriented towards the... more
In Italy, most of the studies on immigrants' associationism and participation have concentrated on the more formal and structured aspects. Little research has been done on forms of immigrant self-organization not oriented towards the society in the country of adoption. Drawing on these considerations, this article analyzes the self-organization of Bangladeshi residents in the municipality of Venice considering both their infra-political and their politico-organizational mobilization, seeking relationships between these two spheres of action, identifying transnational bonds, and dynamics linked to the social and political context of their home country. At the same time, the study considers the influence of other factors, such as the social, political and economic context found in the country of immigration (at both national and local level), and also the personal variables that can influence people's participation, such as gender, generation, social class, amount of time spent in the adopted country, legal status, formal education, human capital, attitudes and personal projects in general.
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ABSTRACT Mantovan’s article analyses the processes that lead to discrimination against migrants in the public spaces of Italy’s towns. Her analysis is based on a three-year research project conducted in northeastern Italy using mixed... more
ABSTRACT Mantovan’s article analyses the processes that lead to discrimination against migrants in the public spaces of Italy’s towns. Her analysis is based on a three-year research project conducted in northeastern Italy using mixed methods— ethnographic observation, semi-structured interviews, a press review, an analysis of
relevant documentation and data collection—and remaining constantly in touch with research conducted in various Italian cities. Starting from an idea of a city whose evolution is the product of alliances, conflicts, active networks of individuals and their respective competing interests, Mantovan sheds light on how discrimination against immigrants in Italy’s urban public spaces is the result of a process of social construction implemented by a number of social actors (journalists,
citizens’ committees, politicians and police forces) who represent the visible presence of migrants in these public spaces as deviant and unlawful, especially if they are undocumented immigrants and/or of low socio-economic status. She also argues for the importance of taking into consideration the contribution of economic and political dynamics, both global and national, to the generation of these
phenomena by interacting with those at the local level.

KEYWORDS ethnic discrimination, immigration, Italy, material boundaries, neighbourhoods, symbolic boundaries, urban public spaces
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A partire dallo studio del caso di Mestre, l’articolo riflette sulle politiche attivabili nei quartieri più interessati da un aumento della presenza e della visibilità di immigrati e marginali negli spazi pubblici, che causa fenomeni di... more
A partire dallo studio del caso di Mestre, l’articolo riflette sulle politiche attivabili nei quartieri più interessati da un aumento della presenza e della visibilità di immigrati e marginali negli spazi pubblici, che causa fenomeni di conflittualità sociale. In particolare, dopo aver fornito alcuni dati di contesto sul quartiere Piave e sugli elementi di conflitto, si analizza l’intervento promosso dal Comune di Venezia nell’area, mettendone in luce punti di forza e criticità.
Parole chiave: Immigrazione, conflitto, governance, policy network, Mestre


The governance of multi-ethnic neighborhoods characterized by high social conflict: the case of the Piave street’s area in Mestre (Venice)
Starting from the study of the case of Mestre, this article reflects on the policies used in neighborhoods where there has been an increase in the presence and visibility of immigrants and socially excluded people, which give rise to phenomena of social conflict. In particular, after providing some contextual data on the Piave district and on the elements of conflict, it analyzes the intervention promoted by the city of Venice in the area, highlighting strengths and weaknesses.
Key words: Immigration, conflict, governance, policy network, Mestre
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Riassunto: La città è sempre stata il luogo dove si incontrano gli estranei, i diversi. Il suo essere polo di attrazione per soggetti e gruppi in cerca di opportunità la rende spazio privilegiato di convivenza di persone con differenti... more
Riassunto: La città è sempre stata il luogo dove si incontrano gli estranei, i diversi. Il suo essere polo di attrazione per soggetti e gruppi in cerca di opportunità la rende spazio privilegiato di convivenza di persone con differenti background sociali, culturali ed esperienziali. Negli ultimi decenni si osservano processi che tendono a trasformare questa convivenza tra ‘diversi’, che rischia sempre più di non essere un incontro, ma una coesistenza frammentaria di isole che non comunicano. Questa tendenza è collegabile ai cambiamenti che hanno interessato le società occidentali a partire dalla seconda metà degli anni ’70 del secolo scorso: globalizzazione, crisi del welfare state, aumento dell’immigrazione, crescita dell’esclusione sociale e cambiamenti nel modello del controllo sociale. Scopo di questo contributo è analizzare queste dinamiche globali, le conseguenze urbane, con riferimento ai processi di criminalizzazione di immigrati e persone in condizioni di marginalità social...
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ABSTRACT Italian migration and citizenship policies tend to deny the fact that immigration in Italy is now a structural phenomenon embedded in the labour market and Italian society. The first part of Mantovan’s article examines this... more
ABSTRACT Italian migration and citizenship policies tend to deny the fact that immigration in Italy is now a structural phenomenon embedded in the labour market and Italian society. The first part of Mantovan’s article examines this denial in terms of the apparent difficulty many in Italian society have in accepting the social changes caused by Italy’s rapid transition from a country of emigration to one of
immigration. She argues that this reluctance to accept the fact of immigration is exacerbated by Italy’s fragile national social cohesion, which has led to policy
attempts to buttress social cohesion with respect to immigrants’ relationship to Italian society. The Italian version of social cohesion is based on an ‘implicit model’ of immigrant integration and a citizenship regime defined by jus sanguinis. The second part of her paper evaluates Italian social cohesion as to how it manages the social changes caused by immigration, and looks at the evolution and characteristics of immigrants’ participation in migrant associations. The principal measure adopted, that is, to include selected, co-opted migrant representatives from immigrant groups in consultative and advisory bodies, remained too dependent on the Italian authorities and voluntary organizations. These political migrants’ associations
ultimately failed, and led immigrants to withdraw and form their own cultural associations that better met their needs. Accordingly, the measures taken to promote migrants’ participation through immigrants’ associations functioned more as a mechanism to reduce ethnic complexity and the Otherness represented by migrants rather than as a viable, long-term means of facilitating their access to Italian
citizenship. Overall, Italian policies have weakened social cohesion by reproducing and reinforcing structural inequalities among immigrants.

KEYWORDS citizenship, immigrants, Italian social cohesion, migrants’ associations, migration policies, participation, social change, social cohesion
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I saggi raccolti nel volume sono l'esito di ricerche empiriche e riflessioni teoriche sul tema della convivenza interetnica nei contesti urbani in Italia. Le articolate dinamiche di costruzione della cosiddetta società multiculturale... more
I saggi raccolti nel volume sono l'esito di ricerche empiriche e riflessioni teoriche sul tema della convivenza interetnica nei contesti urbani in Italia. Le articolate dinamiche di costruzione della cosiddetta società multiculturale passano attraverso il quotidiano confronto all'interno della prossimità socio-spaziale tra autoctoni e stranieri. Da tempo l'habitat delle città italiane è profondamente mutato, in particolare nelle zone popolari in cui si è radicata la maggior parte delle famiglie immigrate nel loro percorso di inserimento e d'integrazione.
I diversi casi studio riguardano quartieri delle grandi aree urbane - Roma e Milano - e quartieri di città di media dimensione - Padova, Bologna, Pesaro, Bergamo e Palermo - nei quali da tempo si sono venute a strutturare le differenti modalità di convivenza interetnica.
Convivenze in cui si esplicitano nei rapporti tra i diversi gruppi talune difficoltà, talvolta conflitti, sovente causate dalle condizioni di esclusione e di marginalità. Tuttavia, al contempo, si registrano relazioni positive che ridefiniscono il senso del luogo e dell'abitare in un'ottica di sperimentazione della multiculturalità.
Le analisi proposte nel libro raffigurano un viaggio sociologico e antropologico assai significativo del cambiamento in atto nelle nostre città e delle possibilità che si offrono per favorire politiche d'integrazione a livello locale
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Le sezioni transgender in carcere: una sfida al binarismo penitenziario In questo contributo analizzeremo le esperienze delle detenute transgender intervistate nelle sezioni protette degli istituti di Belluno e Poggioreale (cfr. par.... more
Le sezioni transgender in carcere: una sfida al binarismo penitenziario


In questo contributo analizzeremo le esperienze delle detenute transgender intervistate nelle sezioni protette degli istituti di Belluno e Poggioreale (cfr. par. 4.3). Come un’ampia letteratura internazionale ha rilevato, soprattutto in ambito anglosassone (Bosworth, 1999, 2017; Bosworth, Carrabine, 2001; Bosworth, Kaufman, 2012; Oparah, 2010; Pemberton, 2013; Rosenblum, 2000; Edney, 2004; Buist, Stone, 2014; Stanley, Smith, 2011), dove l’intreccio tra attivismo, ricerca accademica e teorie femministe è molto più avanzato che in Italia, le persone transgender subiscono lungo tutto l’arco della loro vita un continuum di violenza di genere sistemica, istituzionale e culturale, che le vede lottare contro una normatività eterosessuale incapace di riconoscerle come soggettività (del diritto e della cittadinanza) a pieno titolo. La non intelligibilità delle soggettività transgender nei sistemi giuridici occidentali segnati dall’eteronormatività si riflette in una serie di processi di discriminazione, patologizzazione, medicalizzazione ed esclusione che provocano dei paradossi ancora lontani dall’essere risolti. Come vere e proprie cartine di tornasole, infatti, le persone transgender fanno emergere con nitidezza le contraddizioni di un sistema giuridico fondato su una presunta neutralità a cui è sotteso in realtà un paradigma normativo di genere non solo binario ma eterosessuale, dove il maschile resta sempre la norma e le altre identità di genere risultano di fatto residuali. Tale sistema però funziona come un prisma intersezionale, esercita cioè una serie di dispositivi di discriminazione e gerarchizzazione che si muovono lungo la linea del genere, del colore, dell’abilità, della provenienza ecc. Linee, segmenti di controllo e disciplinamento che investono il corpo – i corpi – incarnati, e a cui gli stessi corpi resistono attraverso strategie che non si limitano alla mera sopravvivenza nelle pieghe di un mondo incapace di includerli e riconoscerli, ma ne mettono in crisi la stessa definizione dei confini epistemologici, cognitivi, giuridici, culturali e così via. In altre parole, i corpi e le soggettività transgender “sfidano” i codici eteronormativi per il solo fatto di esserci e di esercitare un’agency nel definire un’identità che è strutturalmente ed istituzionalmente non riconosciuta. Se però ad essere negata è l’agency che determina la rivendicazione di esistere in quanto corpi non conformi, allo stesso tempo il dispositivo eterosessuale non può negarne l’esistenza in sé, ed opera quindi strategie di inferiorizzazione e infantilizzazione che costruiscono di fatto le soggettività trans come soggettività patologiche, anormali, da correggere, e di cui il potere medico e giuridico si fanno carico per renderle compatibili.
Questo paradigma, in bilico tra il paternalismo e la violenza eteronormativa, si dispiega con maggiore acutezza all’interno del carcere, un campo fondato su rigidi codici binari di genere ed essenzialisti, per cui le identità di genere dei e delle detenute si definiscono in base alla corrispondenza con il cosiddetto sesso biologico. Come vedremo, questo limbo giuridico si traduce per le persone trans detenute in un vero inferno, dove la violenza sistemica esperita al di fuori delle mura si intensifica sia da parte degli altri detenuti che da parte degli agenti penitenziari, spesso del tutto impreparati a riconoscere, ancora una volta, la piena esistenza di questi corpi e di queste identità (cfr. cap. 6, infra). In questo senso le teorie transfemministe e intersezionali riconoscono nell’incompatibilità delle soggettività transgender un potenziale di resistenza intrinseco, che interroga la norma eterosessuale dentro e fuori dalle mura del carcere, ne illumina le contraddizioni, e costringe il sistema giuridico e penale a fare i conti con la questione dell’agency come processo di soggettivazione legato alla scelta della propria identità di genere.
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