KR101623963B1 - 정극 활물질 및 그것을 이용한 정극과 비수 전해질 2차 전지 - Google Patents
정극 활물질 및 그것을 이용한 정극과 비수 전해질 2차 전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR101623963B1 KR101623963B1 KR1020090070023A KR20090070023A KR101623963B1 KR 101623963 B1 KR101623963 B1 KR 101623963B1 KR 1020090070023 A KR1020090070023 A KR 1020090070023A KR 20090070023 A KR20090070023 A KR 20090070023A KR 101623963 B1 KR101623963 B1 KR 101623963B1
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- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- composite oxide
- positive electrode
- oxide particle
- active material
- electrode active
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 204
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 203
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 157
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical group [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
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- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002042 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
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- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXIMCSXBRCHODI-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoro(trifluoromethylsulfonylsulfonylsulfonyl)methane Chemical compound S(=O)(=O)(S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F)S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F TXIMCSXBRCHODI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5805—Phosphides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
Description
Claims (23)
- 리튬과 하나 또는 복수의 전이 금속을 적어도 포함하는 복합 산화물 입자로서, 상기 복합 산화물 입자는 LICoO2, LiCo0.98Al0.01Mg0.01O2, 및 LiCo0.98Zr0.02O2으로 구성된 그룹으로부터 선택된 적어도 하나를 포함하는, 복합 산화물 입자와;상기 복합 산화물 입자의 적어도 일부에 설치되는 피복층을 구비하고,상기 피복층은, 상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 주요 전이 금속과는 다르고, 리튬(Li), 망간(Mn), 마그네슘(Mg), 알루미늄(Al) 및 철(Fe) 중에서 2족~13족에 속하는 원소중에서 선택되는 적어도 1종의 원소 M과,인(P), 및 규소(Si) 중에서 선택되는 적어도 1개의 원소 X를 포함하며,상기 원소 X가, 리튬과 안정한 화합물을 형성하는 형태로 존재하고,상기 원소 M이, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에서, 상기 원소 X에 비해 보다 균일하게 분포함과 동시에, 상기 원소 X가, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면을 완전하게 피복해 버리지 않도록 분포하고,상기 피복층은, 상기 원소 M을 제1 원소로서 포함하고, 제2 원소로서 상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 주요 전이 금속과는 다르고, 리튬(Li), 망간(Mn), 마그네슘(Mg), 알루미늄(Al) 및 철(Fe)중에서 2족∼13족에 속하는 원소중에서 선택되는 원소 M2를 더 포함하고, 또한상기 원소 M과 상기 원소 M2는 서로 다르고,상기 원소 M2가, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에서, 상기 원소 M의 분포의 균일성 및 상기 X의 분포의 균일성과 다른 균일성으로 분포하는정극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 원소 M은, 상기 원소 X에 비해서, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에 보다 균일하게 분포하는 정극 활물질.
- 삭제
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 원소 M2는, 마그네슘(Mg), 및 철(Fe)중의 적어도 1종인 정극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 원소 X의 적어도 일부는, (NH4)H2PO4 및 Mn3(PO4)2·3H2O을 포함하는 M′aXbOc로 표현되는 화합물의 형태(state)로 존재하는 정극 활물질.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 원소 M과, 상기 M′aXbOc로 표현되는 화합물을 구성하는 원소 M′는, 서로 다른 원소인 정극 활물질.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 M′aXbOc로 표현되는 화합물이 결정성인 정극 활물질.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 M′aXbOc로 표현되는 화합물이, 적어도 Li3PO4를 포함하는 정극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 복합 산화물 입자가, 층상 암염 구조를 가지는 정극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 상기 주요 전이 원소는, 코발트(Co)인 정극 활물질.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 복합 산화물 입자 및 상기 피복층을 구비하는 정극 활물질에서, 그 정극 활물질 전체에 포함되는 상기 원소 M과 상기 원소 X와의 원소 조성은, 0〈(M+X)/(Co+M+X)〈0.25의 관계를 만족시키고, 여기서 상기 원소 M과 상기 원소 X와의 원소 조성은 복합 산화물 입자의 총량(全量)에 대한 포함되는 원소 M 및 원소 X의 비율인 정극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 복합 산화물 입자 또는 상기 피복층은, 적어도 코발트(Co)를 포함하고,상기 복합 산화물 입자 및 상기 피복층을 구비하는 정극 활물질 표면의 원소 조성이, Co/(Co+M+X)〈0.7의 관계를 만족시키고, 여기서 상기 원소 조성은 복합 산화물 입자의 총량(全量)에 대한 포함되는 원소 M 및 원소 X의 비율인 정극 활물질.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 피복층에 포함되는 상기 원소 M은, 적어도 망간(Mn)을 포함하고,상기 복합 산화물 입자 및 상기 피복층을 구비하는 정극 활물질에서, 복합 산화물 입자에 포함되는 망간(Mn)과, 상기 피복층에 포함되는 상기 원소 M과의 원소 조성은, 0〈(Mn+M)/(Co+Mn+M)〈0.1의 관계를 만족시키는 정극 활물질.
- 도전성 기재(基材; substrate)와;상기 도전성 기재 상에 설치되고, 적어도 정극 활물질을 포함하는 정극 활물질층을 구비하고,상기 정극 활물질은,리튬과 하나 또는 복수의 전이 금속을 적어도 포함하는 복합 산화물 입자로서, 상기 복합 산화물 입자는 LiCoO2, LiCo0.98Al0.01Mg0.01O2, 및 LiCo0.98Zr0.02O2으로 구성된 그룹으로부터 선택된 적어도 하나를 포함하는, 복합 산화물 입자와;상기 복합 산화물 입자의 적어도 일부에 설치되는 피복층을 구비하고,상기 피복층은, 상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 주요 전이 금속과는 다르고, 리튬(Li), 망간(Mn), 마그네슘(Mg), 알루미늄(Al) 및 철(Fe)중에서 2족~13족에 속하는 원소중에서 선택되는 적어도 1종의 원소 M과,인(P), 및 규소(Si) 및 게르마늄(Ge)중에서 선택되는 적어도 1개의 원소 X를 포함하고,상기 원소 X가, 리튬과 안정한 화합물을 형성하는 형태로 존재하고,상기 원소 M이, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에서, 상기 원소 X에 비해 보다 균일하게 분포함과 동시에, 상기 원소 X가, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면을 완전하게 피복해 버리지 않도록 분포하고,상기 피복층은, 상기 원소 M을 제1 원소로서 포함하고, 제2 원소로서 상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 주요 전이 금속과는 다르고, 리튬(Li), 망간(Mn), 마그네슘(Mg), 알루미늄(Al) 및 철(Fe)중에서 선택되는 원소 M2를 더 포함하고, 또한상기 원소 M과 상기 원소 M2는 서로 다르고,상기 원소 M2가, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에서, 상기 원소 M의 분포의 균일성 및 상기 X의 분포의 균일성과 다른 균일성으로 분포하는정극.
- 정극 활물질을 가지는 정극과;부극과;세퍼레이터와;전해질을 구비하고,상기 정극 활물질은,리튬과 하나 또는 복수의 전이 금속을 적어도 포함하는 복합 산화물 입자로서, 상기 복합 산화물 입자는 LiCoO2, LiCo0.98Al0.01Mg0.01O2, 및 LiCo0.98Zr0.02O2으로 구성된 그룹으로부터 선택된 적어도 하나를 포함하는, 복합 산화물 입자와;상기 복합 산화물 입자의 적어도 일부에 설치되는 피복층을 구비하고,상기 피복층은, 상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 주요 전이 금속과는 다르고, 리튬(Li), 망간(Mn), 마그네슘(Mg), 알루미늄(Al) 및 철(Fe)중에서 2족~13족에 속하는 원소중에서 선택되는 적어도 1종의 원소 M과,인(P), 및 규소(Si) 및 게르마늄(Ge)선택되는 적어도 1개의 원소 X를 포함하고,상기 원소 X가, 리튬과 안정한 화합물을 형성하는 형태로 존재하고,상기 원소 M이, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에서, 상기 원소 X에 비해 보다 균일하게 분포함과 동시에, 상기 원소 X가, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면을 완전하게 피복해 버리지 않도록 분포하고,상기 피복층은, 상기 원소 M을 제1 원소로서 포함하고, 제2 원소로서 상기 복합 산화물 입자를 구성하는 주요 전이 금속과는 다르고, 리튬(Li), 망간(Mn), 마그네슘(Mg), 알루미늄(Al) 및 철(Fe)중에서 선택되는 원소 M2를 더 포함하고, 또한상기 원소 M과 상기 원소 M2는 서로 다르고,상기 원소 M2가, 상기 복합 산화물 입자 표면에서, 상기 원소 M의 분포의 균일성 및 상기 X의 분포의 균일성과 다른 균일성으로 분포하는비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 정극 활물질의 표면 또는 상기 정극의 표면에 황(S)이 존재하는 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제16항에 있어서,상기 황(S)의 2p 스펙트럼이 165eV 이상 170eV 이하의 영역에 있는 비수 전 해질 2차 전지.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 세퍼레이터는, 폴리에틸렌, 폴리프로필렌, 그들의 공중합체, 및 이러한 고분자들을 조합한 폴리올레핀중에서 선택되는 적어도 1종을 포함하는 미다공막에 의해서 형성되는 기재층과,상기 기재층의 적어도 한쪽의 주면 상에 설치되는 수지층을 가지는 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 수지층의 적어도 일부는, 폴리비닐리덴 플루오라이드(PVdF), 비닐리덴 플루오라이드-헥사플루오로프로필렌 공중합체 및 폴리테트라플루오로에틸렌(PTFE) 중에서 선택되는 적어도 1종을 포함하는 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 세퍼레이터 투기도는, 30sec/100cc 이상 1,000sec/100cc 이하인 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 세퍼레이터의 상기 수지층의 단위면적 당의 중량은, 상기 한쪽의 주면 당 0.05㎎/㎠∼0.5㎎/㎠로 형성되어 있는 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 세퍼레이터 기재층의 두께가, 5㎛ 이상 15㎛ 이하인 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
- 제15항에 있어서,상한 충전 전압이 4.25V 이상 4.80V 이하이고, 하한 방전 전압이 2.00V 이상 3.30V 이하인 비수 전해질 2차 전지.
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