KR100634340B1 - 질화물 반도체 소자 및 그 제조방법 - Google Patents
질화물 반도체 소자 및 그 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
GaN 기판(30)에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)은, GaN보다 열팽창 계수가 작은 재료이면 어떠한 질화물 반도체라도 좋지만, 더욱이, 결정성을 손상하지 않는 조성인 것이 바람직하다. 예를 들어, AlaGa1-aN (0<a≤1)이 바람직하고, 보다 바람직하게는 a의 값이 0<a<0.3이며, 더욱 바람직하게는 a의 값이 0<a<0.1이다. AlaGa1-aN은 미세한 크랙을 방지하는데 바람직한 재료이며, 더욱이 Al 조성비가 비교적 작으면 크랙을 방지하면서 결정성도 양호해지기 때문에 바람직하다.
또한, GaN 기판상에 열팽창 계수가 작은 질화물 반도체층을 형성하기 전에 GaN 기판의 형성면을 에칭해도 좋다. GaN 기판의 제작 방법 등에 의해서는, GaN 기판의 표면이 울퉁불퉁한 경우가 있으므로, 일단 표면을 에칭하여 평탄하게 하고 나서 열팽창 계수가 작은 질화물 반도체층을 형성하면 미세한 크랙의 방지 면에서 바람직하다.
GaN 기판보다 열팽창 계수가 작은 소자 형성층, 예를 들어 AlaGa1-aN의 막 두께는 특히 한정되지는 않지만, 바람직하게는 1㎛ 이상이며, 보다 바람직하게는 3∼10㎛이다. 이와같은 막 두께이면 미세한 크랙의 방지의 면에서 바람직하다.
또한, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)은, 소자 구조에 의해서 여러가지 기능의 층으로 할 수 있다. GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)의 막두께는, 그 기능을 고려하여 상기 막 두께의 범위내에서 막 두께를 조정한다. 도5에 나타낸 질화물 반도체 소자에 있어서는, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)은, 그 위의 소자 형성층(2)과 함께 n형 전극(21)을 붙이기 위한 콘택층으로서 기능하고, 그 위에 Al을 함유하는 n형 클래드층(4), InGaN을 포함하는 활성층(6), 및 A1를 함유하는 p형 클래드층(9)이 형성되어 반도체 레이저가 구성된다.
한편, GaN 기판(30)이 기판 전체로서 도전성인 경우, 예를 들어 SiC 기판상에 단결정 GaN층이 성장된 기판이나 단결정 GaN층만으로 이루어진 기판인 경우에는, n형 전극을 GaN 기판의 이면에 붙여, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)을, 빛을 가두기 위한 클래드층으로 할 수도 있다.
또한, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)을 성장시킬 때에, 그 기능에 따라서 불순물을 도프시켜도 좋다. 불순물로서는 특히 한정되지 않고, n형이어도 p형이어도 좋다. 불순물의 도프량은 클래드층이나 콘택층 등의 층의 기능에 맞추어 적절하게 조절한다.
도5에 나타낸 질화물 반도체 소자에 있어서는, GaN 기판(30)에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)을 언도프된 n형 A1aGal-aN 콘택층(1)으로 하고, 그 위에 n형 AlaGal-aN 콘택층(2)을 형성하고 있다. 이와 같이 언도프된 n형 AlaGal-aN층(1)상에 불순물 도프한 n형 A1aGa1-aN을 성장시키면, 미세한 크랙의 방지 및 결정성의 면에서 바람직하다. 이 경우의 언도프된 n형 A1aGal-aN 콘택층(1)은 버퍼층과 같은 작용을 겸비하고 있다. 언도프된 n형 A1aGal-aN층의 막두께는 바람직하게는 수㎛ 이다.
한편, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층(1)상에 n형 전극(21)을 직접 형성하는 경우에는, n형 불순물(바람직하게는 Si)을 도프된 질화물 반도체층을 GaN 기판(30)상에 성장시킨다.
n형 불순물의 도프량으로서는, 바람직하게는 1 ×1018/cm3∼5 ×1018/cm3이다. 소자 형성층(1)을 단독으로 n형 콘택층으로 하는 경우의 막두께로서는 바람직하게는 1∼10㎛이다. 이 범위이면, 미세한 크랙을 방지하고, n형 콘택층으로서의 기능을 발휘할 수 있어 바람직하다.
GaN 기판(30)은 질화물 반도체만으로 이루어지는 기판이어도, 이종 기판과 질화물 반도체로 이루어지는 기판이어도 좋지만, 그 GaN 단결정층이 횡방향 성장 과정을 거쳐 성장된 것이 바람직하다. 횡방향 성장을 이용하여 제조된 GaN 기판(30)을 사용함으로써, 소자 형성층1∼10에 있어서의 전위의 발생을 억제하여 소자의 제반 특성을 양호하게 할 수 있다.
GaN 기판(30)은, 예를 들면, 다음과 같이 하여 제조된 것이 바람직하다. 우선, 도1에 나타낸 바와 같이, 질화물 반도체와 다른 재료로 이루어진 이종 기판(11)상에, 적당한 버퍼층을 통해 GaN층 또는 AlGaN층 등의 질화물 반도체층(12)을 형성한다. 이종 기판으로서는, 예를 들어, 사파이어, SiC, 스피넬(spinel)등을 사용할 수 있다. 이어서, 도2에 나타낸 바와 같이, 상기 질화물 반도체층(12)에, 그 위에 성장시키는 GaN 단결정이 횡방향으로도 성장하도록 주기적인 스트라이프 모양 또는 섬 모양의 요철을 형성한다. 상기 스트라이프 모양 또는 섬 모양의 요철은, 도2에 나타낸 바와 같이 질화물 반도체층(12)을 잔류하도록 형성해도 좋지만, 더욱이 질화물 반도체층(12)을 관통하여 이종 기판(11)의 일부를 제거하도록 형성해도 좋다. 이종 기판(11)의 일부를 제거하는 깊이로 요철을 형성함으로써, 볼록부에서 횡방향으로 성장하는 GaN 단결정이 접합하는 부분에서의 결정의 왜곡이 완화되어 보다 양호한 단결정 GaN을 얻을 수 있다. 또한, 질화물 반도체층(12)을 AlGaN과 GaN의 2층 구조로 하여, AlGaN의 일부를 제거하는 깊이까지 요철을 형성해도 좋다. 그리고, 도3 및 도4에 나타낸 바와 같이, 질화물 반도체층(12)의 요철을 덮어 단결정 GaN(13)을 성장시킨다. 이렇게 하여 이종 기판과 질화물 반도체로 이루어지는 GaN 기판을 얻을 수 있다.
질화물 반도체만으로 이루어지는 GaN 기판으로 하는 경우에는, GaN 단결정을 HVPE 성장법 등의 성장 방법에 의해 두꺼운 막으로 성장하고, 그 후에 사파이어 등의 이종 기판(11)을 제거하면 된다.
GaN 기판(30)에 이종 기판(11)을 남기는 경우, GaN 기판(30)의 단결정 GaN의 부분의 막 두께는 100㎛ 이하, 바람직하게는 50㎛ 이하, 보다 바람직하게는 20㎛ 이하인 것이 바람직하다. 막 두께의 하한은, ELOG 성장에 의해 보호막이나 요철이 덮여 전위가 저감할 수 있는 정도의 막 두께이면 된다. 예를 들면 수㎛ 이상이다. 막 두께가 이 범위이면, 전위의 저감의 면에서 바람직할 뿐만 아니라, 이종 기판과 질화물 반도체의 열팽창 계수차에 의한 웨이퍼의 휘어짐을 방지할 수 있고, 더욱이 그 위에 디바이스 구조를 양호하게 성장시킬 수 있다.
또한, GaN 기판(30)에서 이종 기판(1l)을 제거하는 경우, 질화물 반도체만으로 이루어지는 GaN 기판의 막 두께로서는, 특별히 한정되지는 않지만, 바람직하게는 50∼500㎛이며, 보다 바람직하게는 100∼300㎛ 이다. GaN 기판의 막 두께가 상기 범위이면, 전위가 양호한 저감과 함께 기계적 강도가 유지되어 바람직하다.
또한, 더욱이 결정성이 양호한 단결정 GaN층을 형성하기 위해서는, 상기 방법을 대신하여 다음과 같은 방법을 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. 우선, 상기 방법과 마찬가지로, 이종 기판(l1)의 위에 성장시킨 질화물 반도체층(12)에 요철을 형성하고, 그 위에 단결정 GaN층(13)을 HVPE 성장에 의해 두꺼운 막으로 성장시킨다 (첫번째의 단결정 GaN 성장). 이어서, 단결정 GaN층(13)상에 SiO2 등의 마스크를 주기적인 스트라이프 모양 또는 섬 모양으로 형성하고, 그 SiO2 등의 마스크를 덮어 단결정 GaN층을 MOCVD 법에 의해서 횡방향으로 성장시킨다 (두번째의 단결정 GaN 성장). 이종 기판(11)을 제거하는 경우에는, 첫번째의 GaN 단결정(13)의 성장이 끝난 후에 행하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한, 첫번째의 GaN 단결정(13)의 성장이 끝난 후, 에칭을 행하여 표면을 평탄화한 후에 두번째의 GaN 단결정 성장을 실행해도 좋다. 요철 형성과 HVPE에 의한 첫번째의 단결정 GaN 성장에 의해, 용이하게 두꺼운 막의 단결정 GaN을 얻을 수 있지만, 상기 단결정 GaN은 오목부 근방에 구멍이 생기는 등 결정성이 충분해 지지 않는 경우가 있다. 그리하여, SiO2마스크를 사용하여 MOCVD법에 의해 두번째의 GaN 단결정 성장을 행함으로써, 보다 결정성이 양호한 단결정 GaN층을 얻을 수 있다.
한편, 횡방향 성장시킨 GaN 기판(30)에서 이종 기판(11)을 제거한 경우, GaN 단체에 약간 휘어짐이 생기는 경향이 있다. 이는, 이종 기판의 제거면과 성장면 표면의 물리적 성질이 다르다는 것을 나타내고 있다. 본 발명의 과제로서 설명한 미세한 크랙은, 이러한 표면의 물리적인 차이에 의해 발생하고 있을 가능성도 있다. 그러나, 원인이 어떻든지 간에, GaN 기판상에 열팽창 계수가 작은 층, 예를 들어 A1aGal-aN층을 성장시킴으로써, 미세한 크랙의 발생을 방지할 수 있고, 결정성이 양호한 디바이스 구조를 형성할 수가 있다.
본 발명에 있어서, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층에 압축 응력을 가함으로써 미세한 크랙의 발생을 방지한다고 하는 효과는, GaN 기판의 위에 형성되는 소자 구조에 관계없이 얻어지는 것이다. 그러나, GaN 기판(30)의 위에 형성하는 소자가, Al을 함유하는 n형 클래드층, InGaN을 포함하는 활성층, 및 A1을 함유하는 p형 클래드층을 포함하는 발광소자인 것이 바람직하다. 상기 소자 구조를 채용함으로써, GaN 기판에 접하는 소자 형성층의 열팽창 계수를 GaN보다도 작게 하는 것과 상승적으로 작용하여, 신뢰성이 높은 질화물 반도체 발광 소자를 얻을 수 있다. 소자 형성층이 되는 질화물 반도체의 성장에는, MOVPE (유기금속 기상 성장법), MOCVD (유기금속 화학 기상 성장법), HVPE (할라이드 기상 성장법), MBE(분자선 기상 성장법)등, 질화물 반도체를 성장시키는 데 알려져 있는 모든 방법을 적용할 수 있다.
이하에 본 발명의 실시예를 게시한다. 그러나 본 발명은 이에 한정되지 않는다.
Claims (8)
- 질화물 반도체와는 다른 재료로 만들어진 보조기판과, 상기 보조기판 위에 형성되고 횡방향 성장과정에 의하여 형성되며 단결정 GaN으로 만들어진 표면을 가진 전위 경감층(dislocation-reducing layer)을 가지는 GaN기판과,상기 전위 경감층 위에 직접 형성된 AlaGa1-aN(0<a<0.1)층과,상기 AlaGa1-aN(0<a<0.1)층 위 또는 위쪽에(on or over) 형성되고 Al을 함유하는 n형 클래드층과,상기 n형 클래드층 위 또는 위쪽에 형성되고 InGaN을 함유하는 활성층과,상기 활성층 위 또는 위쪽에 형성되고 Al을 함유하는 p형 클래드층을 구비하는 질화물 반도체 소자.
- 제 1항에 있어서,상기 AlaGa1-aN층은 n형 콘택층으로서 기능하는 질화물 반도체 소자.
- 횡방향 성장법에 의해 질화물 반도체와는 다른 재료로 만들어진 보조기판상에 단결정 GaN로 만들어진 표면을 가지도록 전위 경감층을 형성하는 단계와,상기 전위 경감층 직접 위에 AlaGa1-aN(0<a<0.1)층을 형성하는 단계와,상기 AlaGa1-aN(0<a<0.1)층 위 또는 위쪽에 Al을 함유하는 n형 클래드층을 형성하는 단계와,상기 n형 클래드층 위 또는 위쪽에 InGaN을 함유하는 활성층을 형성하는 단계와,상기 활성층 위 또는 위쪽에 Al을 함유하는 p형 클래드층을 형성하는 단계를 구비하는 질화물 반도체 소자의 제조방법.
- 제 3항에 있어서,상기 전위 경감층을 형성하는 단계는,상기 보조기판층 위에 제1질화물 반도체층을 형성하는 단계와,상기 제1질화물 반도체층 위에 스트라이프 모양 또는 섬 모양의 주기적인 요철구조를 형성하는 단계와,단결정 GaN층을 형성하는 단계를 구비하는 질화물 반도체 소자의 제조방법.
- 제 3항에 있어서,상기 보조기판은 상기 단결정 GaN층 성장 후 제거되어서 GaN 기판을 형성하도록 하는 질화물 반도체 소자의 제조방법.
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2000
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Also Published As
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EP1184913B1 (en) | 2018-10-10 |
CN1340215A (zh) | 2002-03-13 |
US6835956B1 (en) | 2004-12-28 |
CN1157804C (zh) | 2004-07-14 |
WO2000048254A1 (en) | 2000-08-17 |
EP1184913A4 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
KR20010110430A (ko) | 2001-12-13 |
US20050054132A1 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
US7083996B2 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
AU2327200A (en) | 2000-08-29 |
EP1184913A1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
TW443018B (en) | 2001-06-23 |
JP3770014B2 (ja) | 2006-04-26 |
JP2000299497A (ja) | 2000-10-24 |
AU771942B2 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
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