JP5213704B2 - (r)−n−メチルナルトレキソン、その合成方法およびその医薬用途 - Google Patents
(r)−n−メチルナルトレキソン、その合成方法およびその医薬用途 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン(R−MNTX)およびその中間体の立体選択的合成、R−MNTXまたはその中間体を含む医薬製剤およびそれらの使用方法に関する。
メチルナルトレキソン(MNTX)は、純粋なオピオイドアンタゴニストであるナルトレキソンの第四級誘導体である。これは塩として存在する。文献に置いてMNTXの臭化物塩に使用される名称としては、以下が挙げられる:臭化メチルナルトレキソン;臭化N−メチルナルトレキソン;ナルトレキソンメトブロミド;ナルトレキソンメチルブロミド;MRZ 2663BR、MNTXは、70年代半ばにGoldbergらによって米国特許第4,176,186号に記載されるように報告された。環の窒素へのメチル基の添加が、ナルトレキソンよりも大きな極性および低い脂溶性を有する荷電化合物を形成すると考えられる。MNTXのこの特徴は、ヒトにおいて血液脳関門の通過を防ぐ。結果として、MNTXは、中枢神経系よりもむしろ末梢においてこの効果を発揮し、中枢神経系におけるオピオイドの鎮痛作用を妨げないという利点を伴う。
S−MNTXは今や高純度で製造され、このことにより、クロマトグラフィーにおけるその相対保持時間をR−MNTXのそれに対して特徴付けることが可能となる。S−MNTXが文献において報告されたMNTXの活性とは異なる活性を有することが見出された。これは、R−MNTXの製造方法および高純度への精製方法への必要性を浮かび上がらせた。
一態様において、この方法は、梱包された精製した第1組成物の上、またはその中に、梱包した第1精製組成物におけるS−MNTXのレベルを示す証印を提供する。
本発明の一側面によれば、本発明の化合物および組成物の非経口的投与方法を提供し、これは静脈内、筋肉内および皮下注射を含むが、これらに限られない。本発明の一態様において、本発明の化合物は、前もって充填した注射器、前もって充填したペン注入器、ペン注入器用カートリッジ、再利用可能な注射器または他の医療注入器、液体乾燥注入器(liquid dry injector)、無針ペンシステム、シレット、自己注射器または他の患者管理注射デバイスにおいて好適な医薬製剤の中にある。
本発明のこれらと他の側面を、本明細書中により詳細に説明する。
本発明は、R−MNTX、(モルヒナニウム、17R、17−(シクロプロピルメチル)−4,5−エポキシ−3,14−ジヒドロキシ−17−メチル−6−オキソ−、塩、(5α)−(9Cl))の立体選択的合成のための合成経路、実質的に純粋なR−MNTX、実質的に純粋なR−MNTXの結晶、実質的に純粋なR−MNTXを含む医薬製剤、およびこれらの使用方法を提供する。
「アルコキシ−アルキル」とは、一般に、アルキル−O−アルキル基を指し、ここでアルキルは上記の通りである。
3〜8個の炭素原子を有するアルカノイル;1または2以上の二重結合および3〜8個の炭素原子を有するアルケノイル;
アシル基が
が含まれる。
1〜7個の炭素原子を有するアルキル;1もしくは2つの二重結合および2〜7個の炭素原子を有するアルケニル;
シクロアルキル−CrH2r−
ここでシクロアルキル部分は3〜7環原子を含み、rはゼロ、1、2または3であるもの;フェノキシ;2−、3−、または4−ピリジル;または
式中、rはゼロ、1、2もしくは3であり、フェニルは非置換もしくは1〜3の、それぞれ1〜4個の炭素原子を有するアルキル、1〜4個の炭素原子を有するアルコキシ、ハロ、トリフルオロメチル、2〜8個の炭素原子を有するジアルキルアミノまたは2〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルカノイルアミノで置換されるものを表す。最も好ましくは、Y’はC1〜C7アルキルであり、特にエチルまたはイソプロピルである。
本発明は、
(a)3−O−保護−R−MNTX塩を得るための、メチル化剤での3−O−保護ナルトレキソンのメチル化;および
(b)R−MNTXを得るための、3−ヒドロキシル保護基を除去するための加水分解を含む、
R−MNTXの立体選択的合成方法を提供する。
。かかる塩は多様であり当業者に周知である。医薬製剤において用いられる場合、塩は好ましくはヒトに用いるために、医薬的に許容される。臭化物はかかる塩の一例である。
本組成物に用いることの出来る防腐剤は、ベンジルアルコール、パラベン、チメロサール、クロロブタノールおよび好ましくは塩化ベンザルコニウムを含む。典型的に、防腐剤は約2重量%までの濃度で組成物に存在する。しかしながら、防腐剤の正確な濃度は目的の用途に依存して変化し、当業者は容易に判断できる。
1または2以上の処置剤を経鼻送達システムまたは本明細書中に記載の任意の他の送達システムに組み込んでもよい。
ゲル化組成物は、本発明の処置剤の有効量を含み、典型的には、約0.1〜50重量%またはそれ以上の間の濃度での本明細書において提供される1または2以上の化合物;約5%〜75%、好ましくは10%〜50%の前記のような有機溶媒;0.5%〜20%、好ましくは1%〜10%の増粘剤;バランス(balance)は、水または他の水性もしくは非水性担体、例えば、有機性液体、または担体の混合物などである。
例1
R−およびS−MNTXのHPLC分析
HPLC分析を、以下の方法を用いた、Varian Starソフトウェアによって制御されるVarian ProStar HPLCで行った:
HPLC方法I
カラム: Luna C18(2)、150×4.6mm、5μ
流速: 1mL/分
検出: UV@230nm
移動相B=0.1%メタノールTFA
TFA=トリフルオロ酢酸
クロマトグラフィーの条件およびパラメーター:
分析カラムの説明:Phenomenex Inertsil ODS-3 150x4.6mm、5μm;
カラム温度:50.0℃;流速:1.5mL/分;注入量:20μL;検出波長:280nm 移動層:A=水:MeOH:TFA(95:5:0.1%;v/v/v) B=水:MeOH:TFA(35:65:0.1%;v/v/v)
分析時間:50分
定量限界:0.05%
検出限界0.02%
移動相B(水:MeOH:TFA::35:65:0.1%,v/v/v)
MeOH=メタノールTFA=トリフルオロ酢酸
R−MNTXの立体選択的合成
例2の合成スキームを図6に示す。
一般:全ての無水反応を炉乾(130℃)ガラス製品において、乾燥窒素(N2)の雰囲気下で行った。全ての市販の試薬および溶媒は、さらなる精製なしに使用した。核磁気共鳴(NMR)スペクトルを、Varian GeminiまたはVarian Mercury 300 MHzスペクトロメータのいずれかを用いて得た。質量スペクトルは、Finnigan LCQで測定した。HPLC純度は、Waters 717 AutosamplerおよびWaters 996 Photodiode Array Detectorを用いて測定した。
化合物(1)(1.62g,4.75mmol)の無水テトラヒドロフラン(THF)(120mL)溶液へ、0℃でトリエチルアミン(NEt3)(1.4mL,10mmol)を加えた。反応物を15分間、0℃で撹拌した後、塩化イソブチリル(1.05mL,10mmol)を滴下で加えた。反応混合物を0℃で1時間、そして室温で18時間撹拌し、飽和重炭酸ナトリウム(NaHCO3)(aq)(70mL)および30mlのH2Oでクエンチした。反応物を塩化メチレン(CH2Cl2)(2x200mL)で抽出した。抽出物を混ぜ合わせ、塩水(130ml)で洗浄し、硫酸ナトリウム(Na2SO4)(50g)で乾燥し、真空内で濾過し濃縮した。粗製品をシリカゲルでのフラッシュクロマトグラフィー(カラムサイズ40X450mm,シリカゲルを40X190mm充填したもの)(9.8:0.2→9.6:0.4→9.4:0.6CH2Cl2/MeOH)で精製し、化合物(2)(1.5g76.8%)を白色固体として得た。
化合物(2)(689mg,1.67mmol)をスパチュラでガラス圧力容器へ移動した。容器をマニホールドにおいて5分間窒素で穏やかにパージし、高真空で真空にした。真空が一定となったとき場合、容器の下部を液体窒素に浸した。ヨウ化メチル(973mg,6.85mmol)をマニホールド上の別のフラスコへ窒素雰囲気中に分注し、液体窒素で凍結した。凍結ヨウ化メチル容器を高真空下で真空にした。主マニホールドチャンバーを高真空ポンプから分離した。ヨウ化メチルを周辺温度まで加温させ、液体窒素冷却した3−O−イソブチリル−ナルトレキソンに主チャンバーを介して昇華させた。
ジクロロメタン/メタノール98:2(300ml)
ジクロロメタン/メタノール97:3(300ml)
ジクロロメタン/メタノール94:6(200ml)
ジクロロメタン/メタノール92:8(400ml)
化合物(3)(862mg,1.56mmol)をメタノール(13ml)に溶解した。この混合物に滅菌水(11.5ml)を加え、続けて48%水性臭化水素酸(1.5ml)を加えた。得られた混合物を窒素下で撹拌し、油槽で64〜65°Cで6.5時間加熱した。(メタノールに分散した)反応混合物のサンプルのTLC分析は、残留した出発材料(3)(Rf=0.4)を示さず、Rf=0〜0.15での材料への変換を示した。混合物を22〜25℃のバスを有する回転型蒸発器で、およそ1mlの油性液体が残るまで濃縮した。アセトニトリル(10ml)を加え、混合物を再濃縮した。10mlのアセトニトリルを用いて、これを更に3回繰り返し、ジンジャー色のクリスプな発泡体(590mg,86%粗収率)を得た。
30gのAG 1−X8樹脂を中圧液体クロマトグラフィー(MPLC)カラム(20mm内径)に、100mlの水を用いて充填し、樹脂スラリーを作った。樹脂床を1.0N水性臭化水素酸(200ml)で、次いで滅菌水で、水性溶出液のpHがpH6〜7になるまで洗浄した。およそ1.5Lの水が必要であった。
発泡体(4)(597mg)を水(6ml)/メタノール(2ml)中に分散した。いくらかの暗色の油が溶解せずに残った。透明な上清を調製したアニオン交換樹脂カラムに静かに注ぎ込み適用した。残留物をメタノール(0.2ml)/水(3ml)で2度洗浄した。脱離液をカラムに適用した。カラムを4.2Lの滅菌水で溶出し、〜20mlの画分を集めた。N−メチルナルトレキソン塩の存在を液体クロマトグラフィー/質量分析法(LC/MS)によって検出した。N−メチルナルトレキソンの大部分は、最初の1.5Lの溶出液にあり、TLC(4:1ジクロロメタン/メタノール,順相シリカ)により、そのうち最初の600mlが最も純粋な材料を含んでいた。最初の600mlの溶出液を混ぜ合わせ、回転型蒸発器で濃縮し、白みがかったガラスを得た。水槽を〜35度に保持した。蒸発させながら溶出液の泡立ちを制御するために、注意が必要であった。
残留物を、窒素下のメタノール(60ml)中で還流の直下まで加温し、そしてガラスシンターを通して、少量の不溶性材料を取り除いた。この濾液を窒素の流束中でにおよそ10mlまでブローダウンさせ、そして氷/水中で窒素下で冷却した。いくらかの白色沈殿物が形成したが、明らかに大量の固体が溶液に残った。次いで、混合物を蒸発によって濃縮し、わずかに色づいたゴムを得た。これをメタノール(3mlx2)を用いて砕いた。粉砕の合間に、メタノールを注意深くピペットで注いだ。白色残留物をメタノール(60ml)に溶解し、ガラスシンターを通して濾過した。濾液をおよそ1mlまで濃縮し、さらにメタノール(1ml)の一部を加えて、固体を砕いた。脱離液を前述のように静かに注いだ。固体を乾燥し、白色固体、バッチA(178.0mg)を得た。HPLC分析は、97.31%のR−MNTX、および2.69%のS−MNTXを示した。
R−MNTXの立体選択的合成
例3に関する合成スキームを図7に示す。例3において、保護基に関してGoldbergらの教示した方法に従った。Goldbergらの好ましい保護基であるアセチルを、イソブチリルの代わりに保護基として用いた。反応は例2に記載した通りに行った。驚くべきことに、図7に示したスキームを用いて、2(O−アセチル−ナルトレキソン)の生成の間にアセチル保護基が落ちる傾向があることを見出した。これは純粋な中間体2を得ることを困難にする。アセチル基を用いての中間体2の収率は、たったの36.3%であり、図7に示したスキームを商業的スケールアップに不適切にした。対照的に、イソブチリルを保護基として用いると(図6)、中間体2(3−O−イソブチリル−ナルトレキソン)は精製の間かなり安定し、76.8%の収率をもたらした。
R−MNTXの医薬処方物の製造方法
製造方法を以下のように要約できる:
1.必要な量の注射のための水をステンレス製タンクに加える(〜80%または最終容量)。
2.タンクにキレート剤を加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
3.タンクに緩衝剤を加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
4.タンクにR−MNTXを加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
5.タンクに等張剤を加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
6.溶液のpHをpH3.25に調製する。
7.注射用蒸留水を加えて、必要な量まで容積を増加させる。
8.材料を供給圧力容器に移動する。
9.滅菌ステンレス製圧力容器へ無菌濾過する。
10.ボトル/バイアルへ充填し、窒素でパージし、そしてボトル/バイアルに栓をする。
11.充填したバイアルを高圧蒸気殺菌法で殺菌する。
エデト酸2ナトリウム=0.75mg/ml 工程2で加える
クエン酸ナトリウム=0.199mg/ml 工程3で加える
クエン酸=0.35mg/ml 工程3で加える
塩化ナトリウム=8.5mg/ml 工程5で加える
賦形剤の添加の順序を上に記載する。工程2〜5はいかなる順序で行ってもよい。
処方の間、温度または撹拌速度に細目はない。処方の間の温度は80℃までの高さあり得る。
R−MNTXの医薬処方物の好ましい製造方法
R−MNTX溶液の100mlの20mg/ml溶液の好ましい製造方法は以下の通りである:
1.注射のための80mlの水をステンレス製タンクに加える(〜80%または最終容量)。
2.タンクに75mgのエデト酸2ナトリウム、キレート剤、を加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
3.タンクに19.9mgのクエン酸ナトリウムおよび35mgのクエン酸を(緩衝剤として)加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
4.タンクに2000mgのR−MNTXを加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
5.タンクに850mgの塩化ナトリウム、等張剤、を加え、溶解するまで撹拌する。
6.必要であれば溶液のpHを調製する。
7.注射用蒸留水を加えて、100mlまで容積を増加させる。
8.材料を供給圧力容器に移動する。
9.0.22ミクロンフィルターを用いて滅菌ステンレス製圧力容器へ無菌濾過する。
10.充填し、窒素でパージし、そしてボトル/バイアルに栓をする。
11.充填したバイアルを高圧蒸気殺菌法で殺菌する。
R−MNTXの皮下処方物の調製
低クエン酸塩/EDTA処方物のための処方を以下に示す:
成分 mg/mL
R−MNTX 30mg
塩化ナトリウム 4mg
クエン酸 0.0875mg
クエン酸三ナトリウム 0.0496mg
エデト酸2ナトリウム 0.75mg
注射用水 1gまで適量
この溶液のpHは3.5であり、高圧蒸気殺菌工程に耐えることができる。
R−MNTXの凍結乾燥医薬処方物の製造方法
凍結乾燥サイクルをR−MNTXの凍結乾燥製剤の調製のために用いた。40ミリグラムのR−MNTXを、32mgの凍結防止剤、マンニトールと混合し、注射用水を用いて、1mlまで十分量にする。
2.棚温度を、−45℃まで、1.0℃/分で下げる。
3.棚温度を−45に120分保つ。
4.冷却器が−50℃より低い場合、チャンバーを100〜125mtまで真空にする。
5.棚を−20℃まで、0.5℃/分で一定の比率で上昇(ramp)させる。
6.−20℃に16時間保つ。
7.棚を+27℃まで、0.1℃/分で一定の比率で上昇させる。
8.最低8時間保持する。チャンバーの圧力を全サイクルにわたって100〜125mtに保持する。
9.無菌濾過した窒素を用いて、チャンバーを11.0PSIA+または−1.0に戻し、そして閉鎖物を設置し(2”Hg)、そして取り外すためにN2で大気圧まで流出させる。凍結乾燥および再構成後の溶液のpHは5.0である。
Claims (22)
- X−対イオンがアニオンである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- アニオンが、ハロゲン化物イオン、硫酸イオン、リン酸イオン、硝酸イオンまたは有機アニオン荷電種である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- アニオンが、ハロゲン化物イオンである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- ハロゲン化物イオンが、臭化物イオン、ヨウ化物イオンまたは塩化物イオンである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 有機アニオン荷電種が、スルホン酸イオンまたはカルボン酸イオンである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- スルホン酸イオンが、メシレートイオン、ベシレートイオン、トシレートイオンまたはトリフレートイオンである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- カルボン酸イオンが、ギ酸イオン、酢酸イオン、クエン酸イオンまたはフマル酸イオンである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- ヒドロキシル保護基を除去して(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン塩を生成することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン塩を、クロマトグラフィーもしくは再結晶、またはこれらの組合わせにより精製することをさらに含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 精製が、逆相クロマトグラフィーによるものである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 精製が、アルミナまたはシリカゲルを用いたクロマトグラフィーによるものである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 精製が、メタノールからの再結晶によるものである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 精製後の(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン塩が98%より高い化学純度を有する、請求項10に記載の方法。
- X−対イオンを異なる対イオンで交換することをさらに含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- (R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン塩が(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソンヨウ化物であり、方法が
(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソンヨウ化物をアニオン交換材料で処理して、(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン臭化物を生じる工程
をさらに含む、請求項9に記載の方法。 - X−対イオンを異なる対イオンで交換することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 精製が、逆相クロマトグラフィーによるものである、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 精製が、アルミナまたはシリカゲルを用いたクロマトグラフィーによるものである、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 精製が、メタノールからの再結晶によるものである、請求項19に記載の方法。
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