JP2008208144A - 非還元性糖質生成酵素とその製造方法並びに用途 - Google Patents
非還元性糖質生成酵素とその製造方法並びに用途 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008208144A JP2008208144A JP2008127813A JP2008127813A JP2008208144A JP 2008208144 A JP2008208144 A JP 2008208144A JP 2008127813 A JP2008127813 A JP 2008127813A JP 2008127813 A JP2008127813 A JP 2008127813A JP 2008208144 A JP2008208144 A JP 2008208144A
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- trehalose
- enzyme
- saccharide
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Abstract
【解決手段】 本発明は、グルコース重合度が3以上から選ばれる1種または2種以上の還元性澱粉部分分解物からトレハロース構造を有する非還元性糖質を生成する新規非還元性糖質生成酵素とその製造方法、それを産生する微生物、加えて、この新規非還元性糖質生成酵素を用いて製造される末端にトレハロース構造を有する非還元性糖質、これを含有する低還元性糖質、およびこれらから製造されるトレハロース、並びにこれら非還元性糖質を含有せしめた組成物を主な構成とする。
【選択図】 なし
Description
肉汁寒天培養、27℃:通常0.6乃至0.8×1.0乃至1.5μmの桿菌。単独、希に対をなし、連鎖した細胞も観察される。多形性なし。運動
性あり。無胞子。鞭毛は周鞭毛。非抗酸性。グラム陰性。カプセル陰性。異染顆粒陽性。Poly−β−hydroxy butyrateを蓄積。
(1) 肉汁寒天平板培養、27℃
形状 :円形 大きさは24時間で約1.5mm。
周縁 :全縁
隆起 :偏平状ないし半レンズ状
光沢 :あり
表面 :平滑
色調 :半透明、クリーム色
(2) デキストロース・トリプトン寒天平板培養、27℃:コロニーは半透明、クリーム色、mucoid生成
(3) 酵母エキス・マンニトール寒天平板培養、27℃:
形状 :円形 大きさは5日で約3mm。
色調 :半透明、クリーム色、mucoid生成
(4) コンゴーレッド含有酵母エキス・マンニトール寒天平板培養、27℃:コロニーは仄かなピンク色で、ほとんどコンゴーレッドを吸収しない。
(5) 2w/v%NaCl含有酵母エキス・マンニトール寒天平板培養、27℃:生育する。
(6) 肉汁寒天斜面培養、27℃:
生育 :良好
形状 :糸状
(7) 肉汁ゼラチン穿刺培養、27℃
液化しない。
(1) 硝酸塩の還元性 :陽性
(2) 脱窒反応 :陰性
(3) メチルレッド試験 :陰性
(4) VP試験 :陰性
(5) インドールの生成 :陰性
(6) 硫化水素の生成 :陽性
(7) 澱粉の加水分解 :陰性
(8) クエン酸の利用 :陽性
(9) 無機窒素源の利用 :アンモニウム塩および硝酸塩ともに利用できる。
(10) 色素の生成 :可溶性色素の生成はない
(11) ウレアーゼ :陽性
(12) オキシダーゼ :陰性
(13) カタラーゼ :陽性
(14) 生育の範囲 :pH 5.5乃至9.0
温度 4乃至35℃
(15) 酸素に対する態度 :好気性
(16) 炭素源の利用性と酸生成の有無
利用性 酸生成
D−グルコース 利用する 陽性
D−ガラクトース 利用する 陽性
D−フラクトース 利用する 陽性
L−アラビノース 利用する 陽性
D−キシロース 利用する 陽性
L−ラムノース 利用する 陽性
マルトース 利用する 陰性
スクロース 利用する 陽性
ラクトース 利用する 陰性
トレハロース 利用する 陰性
ラフィノース 利用する 陽性
マンニトール 利用する 陰性
デキストリン 利用する 陰性
ズルシトール 利用する 陰性
(17)アミノ酸の脱炭酸試験 :L−リジン、L−アルギニン、L−オルニチンいずれに対しても陰性。
(18)アミノ酸の利用 :L−グルタミン酸ナトリウム、L−アスパラギン酸ナトリウム、L−ヒスチジン、L−プロリンいずれも利用する。
(19) DNase :陰性
(20) 3−ケトラクトースの生成:陰性
(21) DNAのG−C含量 :61%
(1) 肉汁寒天培養、27℃:通常0.5乃至0.7×0.8乃至1.6μm桿菌。単独。多形性あり。運動性なし。無胞子。鞭毛なし。非抗酸性。グラム陽性。カプセル陰性。
(2) EYG寒天培養、27℃:桿菌−球菌の生育サイクルを示す。
(1) 肉汁寒天平板培養、27℃
形状 :円形。大きさは3日間で2乃至2.5mm。
周縁 :全縁
隆起 :半レンズ状
光沢 :湿光
表面 :平滑
色調 :半透明、白色乃至淡い黄色
(2) 肉汁寒天斜面培養、27℃
生育度 :良好
形状 :糸状
(3) 酵母エキス−ペプトン寒天斜面培養、27℃
生育度 :良好
形状 :糸状
(4) 肉汁ゼラチン穿刺培養、27℃
液化する。
(1) 硝酸塩の還元性 :陽性
(2) 脱窒反応 :陰性
(3) メチルレッド試験 :陰性
(4) VP試験 :陽性
(5) インドールの生成 :陰性
(6) 硫化水素の生成 :陽性
(7) 澱粉の加水分解 :陰性
(8) セルロースの分解 :陰性
(9) クエン酸の利用 :陽性
(10) 無機窒素源の利用 :アンモニウム塩および硝酸塩ともに利用できる。
(11) 色素の生成 :なし
(12) ウレアーゼ :陽性
(13) オキシダーゼ :陰性
(14) カタラーゼ :陽性
(15) 生育の範囲 :pH 5乃至10
温度 4乃至37℃
(16) 酸素に対する態度 :好気性
(17) 炭素源の利用性と酸生成の有無
利用性 酸生成
D−グルコース 利用する 陰性
D−ガラクトース 利用する 陰性
D−フラクトース 利用する 陰性
L−アラビノース 利用する 陰性
D−キシロース 利用する 陰性
L−ラムノース 利用する 陰性
マルトース 利用する 陰性
スクロース 利用する 陰性
ラクトース 利用する 陰性
ラフィノース 利用する 陰性
マンニトール 利用する 陰性
デキストリン 利用する 陰性
ズルシトール 利用する 陰性
(18) アミノ酸の利用 :L−グルタミン酸ナトリウム、L−アスパラギン酸ナトリウム、L−ヒスチジン、L−プロリンいずれも利用する。
(19) DNase :陽性
(20) 3−ケトラクトースの生成:陰性
(21) 細胞壁の主要ジアミノ酸 :リジン
(22) DNAのG−C含量 :63%
(1) 作用
グルコース重合度3以上から選ばれる1種または2種以上の還元性澱粉部分分解物から末端にトレハロース構造を有する非還元性糖質を生成する。
(2) 分子量
SDS−ゲル電気泳動法により、約76,000乃至87,000ダルトン。
(3) 等電点
アンフォライン含有電気泳動法により、pI約3.6乃至4.6。
(4) 至適温度
pH7.0、60分間反応で、35乃至40℃付近。
(5) 至適pH
40℃、60分間反応で、pH約6.4乃至7.2。
(6) 温度安定性
pH7.0、60分間保持で、35乃至40℃付近まで安定。
(7) pH安定性
25℃、16時間保持で、pH約5.5乃至11.0。
マルトース2.0w/v%、ペプトン0.5w/v%、酵母エキス0.1w/v%、リン酸二ナトリウム0.1w/v%、リン酸一カリウム0.1w/v%および水からなる液体培地をpH7.0に調整した。500ml容三角フラスコにこの培地を約100mlずつ入れ、オートクレーブで120℃で20分間滅菌し、冷却して、リゾビウム・スピーシーズ M−11(FERM BP−4130)を接種し、27℃、130rpmで24時間培養したものを種培養液とした。
実験1で得られた培養液約18lを超高圧菌体破砕装置ミニラボ(大日本製薬株式会社製)で処理し、含まれる菌体を破砕した。処理液を遠心分離(10,000rpm、30分間)することにより、約16lの上清を得た。その液に飽和度0.2になるように硫安を溶解させ、4℃、1時間放置した後、遠心分離(10,000rpm、30分間)することにより上清を回収した。
実験2で得られた精製酵素標品をSDS−ポリアクリルアミドゲル(ゲル濃度10%)を用いる電気泳動法に供し、同時に泳動した分子量マーカー(日本バイオ・ラド・ラボラトリーズ株式会社製)と比較して本酵素の分子量を測定したところ、分子量約77,000乃至87,000ダルトンであった。
基質として、グルコース、マルトース、マルトトリオース、マルトテトラオース、マルトペンタオース、マルトヘキサオース、またはマルトヘプタオースの20%水溶液を調製し、それぞれに実験2で得られた精製酵素を基質固形物グラム当たり2単位の割合で加え、40℃、pH7.0で48時間作用させた後、脱塩し、ワコービーズ WB−T−330カラム(和光純薬工業株式会社製)を用いた高速液体クロマトグラフィーで反応生成物を分析した。高速液体クロマトグラフィーは、室温下で行い、溶離液として水を流速0.5ml/分で流し、示差屈折計RI−8012(東ソー株式会社製造)で分析した。その結果を表2に示す。
実験4において調製した糖質標品、PI、PII、PIII、PIV、またはPVの10%とグリシン1%と、50mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)とを含む溶液を100℃で90分間保ち、冷却後、この溶液の480nm、1cmセルにおける吸光度を測定した。対照として、それぞれの原料であるマルトトリオース、マルトテトラオース、マルトペンタオース、マルトヘキサオース、またはマルトヘプタオースを用いて、同様に、処理し、480nmにおける吸光度を測定した。それらの結果を表4に示す。
実験4において調製した非還元性糖質標品、PI、PII、PIII、PIVまたは、PVのそれぞれ50mgを、50mM酢酸緩衝液(pH4.5)1mlに溶解し、1単位のグルコアミラーゼ(生化学工業株式会社製造)を加え、40℃で6時間保ち、酵素分解した後、高速液体クロマトグラフィーで分解物を分析したところ、いずれの標品からも分解物としてグルコースとトレハロースのみが検出された。検出されたグルコース含量、トレハロース含量、その組成モル比の結果を表5に示す。
実験4において調製した非還元性糖質標品、PI、PII、PIII、PIV、またはPVのそれぞれを基質として、ブタすい臓由来α−アミラーゼ(シグマ社販売)、コメ由来α−グルコシダーゼ(シグマ社販売)、またはラット小腸アセトン粉末酵素(シグマ社販売)のそれぞれに作用させた後、分解物の糖組成を高速液体クロマトグラフィーで分析した。α−アミラーゼの反応は、それぞれの基質10mgを、50mMリン酸緩衝液(pH6.9)1mlに溶解し、これに、酵素活性1単位加え、37℃で18時間保って行った。α−グルコシダーゼの反応は、50mM酢酸緩衝液(pH4.0)を用いた以外、α−アミラーゼの場合と同様の条件で行った。ラット小腸アセトン粉末酵素の場合も、50mMマレイン酸緩衝液(pH6.0)を用いた以外、α−アミラーゼの場合と同様の条件で行った。α−アミラーゼによる分解物の糖組成を以下の表6に、α−グルコシダーゼおよびラット小腸アセトン粉末酵素による分解物の糖組成を以下の表7、表8に示す。
(1) 非還元性糖質生成酵素は、グルコース重合度3以上から選ばれる1種または2種以上の還元性澱粉部分分解物から、そのグルコース重合度を変化することなく、トレハロース構造を有する非還元性糖質を生成している。
(2) 非還元性糖質PVは、α−アミラーゼにより、主に非還元性糖質PIIとマルトトリオースを生じ、非還元性糖質PIIは、グルコアミラーゼにより、トレハロース1分子とグルコース2分子を生じている。
これらの結果から、本発明の非還元性糖質生成酵素は、還元性澱粉部分分解物の還元性末端を非還元性のトレハロース構造に分子内変換する全く新しい作用機作の酵素であると判断される。
7週齢のdd系マウスを使用して、実験4において調製した非還元性糖質標品、PI、PII、PIII、PIV、またはPVを経口投与して急性毒性試験を行った。その結果、これら非還元性糖質はいずれも低毒性の物質で、投与可能な最大投与量においても死亡例は認められなかった。従って、正確な値とはいえないが、それらのLD50値は、いずれも50g/kg以上であった。
リゾビウム・スピーシーズ M−11(FERM BP−4130)に代えて、アルスロバクター・スピーシーズ Q36(FERM BP−4316)を用いた以外は、実験1と同様にファーメンターで約72時間培養した。培養液の非還元性糖質生成酵素の酵素活性は、約1.2単位/mlであった。実験1と同様にして菌体懸濁液と培養液上清の酵素活性を測定したところ、それぞれ約0.5単位/mlおよび約0.7単位/mlであった。
実験9の方法で得られた培養液約18lを用いて、実験2と同様に精製した。精製の各工程結果は表9にまとめた。
実験10で得られた精製酵素標品を、実験3の場合と同様に、SDS−ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動法で分子量を測定したところ、約76,000乃至86,000ダルトンであった。また、本精製酵素標品の等電点を実験3の場合と同様に等電点電気泳動法で求めたところ、pI約3.6乃至4.6であった。また、本酵素活性に対する温度の影響、pHの影響、および本酵素の温度安定性、pH安定性について、実験3の場合と同様にして求めた。結果は、温度の影響を図5に、pHの影響を図6に、温度安定性を図7に、pH安定性を図8に示した。
実験10で得られた精製酵素標品を用いて、実験4および実験6の方法に従って、非還元性糖質の調製とその構造確認の実験を行ったところ、リゾビウム・スピーシーズ M−11由来の非還元性糖質生成酵素の場合と同様に、グルコース重合度3以上から選ばれる1種または2種以上の還元性澱粉部分分解物から末端にトレハロース構造を有するグルコース重合度3以上から選ばれる1種または2種以上の非還元性糖質を生成することが判明した。
公知微生物のうち、本発明の非還元性糖質生成酵素産生能の確認された表10に示す特定の微生物を、マイコバクテリウム・スメグマチス(Mycobacterium smegmatis)ATCC19420の場合に37℃で培養した以外は、実験1の場合と同様にファーメンターで27℃で72時間培養した。それぞれの培養液約18lを用いて、実験2の場合と同様に、培養液を破砕装置にかけ、その上清を硫安塩析、透析し、更にイオン交換カラムにかけ、部分精製酵素標品を得、その性質を調べた。結果を表10にまとめた。
(1)N末端アミノ酸配列
実験2の方法で得られたリゾビウム・スピーシーズ M−11由来の精製酵素標品および実験10の方法で得られたアルスロバクター・スピーシーズ Q36由来の精製酵素標品の一部をそれぞれ蒸留水に対して透析した後、蛋白量として約80マイクログラムをN末端アミノ酸配列分析用の試料とした。N末端アミノ酸配列は、プロテインシーケンサー モデル473A(アプライドバイオシステムズ社製造、米国)を用い、N末端から10残基まで分析した。それぞれ得られたN末端配列を表11に示す。
実験2の方法で得られたリゾビウム・スピーシーズ M−11由来の精製酵素標品または実験10の方法で得られたアルスロバクター・スピーシーズ Q36由来の精製酵素標品の一部をそれぞれ10mMトリス・塩酸緩衝液(pH9.0)に対して、透析した後、同緩衝液で約1mg/mlの濃度になるように希釈した。これら試料液(1ml)それぞれに10μgのリジルエンドペプチターゼ(和光純薬株式会社販売)を加え、30℃、22時間反応させることによりペプチド化した。生成したペプチドを単離するため、逆相HPLCを行った。リゾビウム・スピーシーズ M−11由来酵素の場合、カプセルパックC18カラム(直径4.6mm×長さ250mm、株式会社資生堂製造)を用い、流速0.6ml/分、室温で、0.1v/v%トリフルオロ酢酸−16v/v%アセトニトリル溶液から0.1v/v%トリフルオロ酢酸−48v/v%アセトニトリル溶液の60分間のリニア−グラジエントの条件で行った。アルスロバクター・スピーシーズ Q36由来酵素の場合、マイクロボンダパックC18カラム(直径2.1mm×長さ150mm、ウオーターズ社製造、米国)を用い、流速0.9ml/分、室温で0.1v/v%トリフルオロ酢酸−30v/v%アセトニトリル溶液から0.1v/v%トリフルオロ酢酸−55v/v%アセトニトリル溶液の60分間のリニア−グラジエントの条件で行った。カラムから溶出したペプチドは、波長210nmの吸光度を測定することにより検出した。他のペプチドとよく分離したそれぞれ3ペプチド[リゾビウム属酵素由来ペプチド、R37(保持時間約37分)、R40(保持時間約40分)、R42(保持時間約42分);アルスロバクター属酵素由来ペプチド、A17(保持時間約17分)、A22(保持時間約22分)、A40(保持時間約40分)]を分取し、それぞれを真空乾燥した後、200μlの0.1v/v%乃至50v/v%アセトニトリル溶液に溶解した。それらペプチド試料をプロテインシーケンサーに供し、それぞれ10残基までアミノ酸配列を分析した。得られた内部部分アミノ酸配列を表12に示す。
実施例4の方法で得た非還元性糖質高含有粉末1質量部に、α−グリコシルステビオシド(東洋精糖株式会社販売、商品名αGスイート)0.01質量部およびL−アスパルチル−L−フェニルアラニンメチルエステル(味の素株式会社販売、商品名アスパルテーム)0.01質量部を均一に混合し、顆粒成型機にかけて、顆粒状甘味料を得た。本品は、甘味の質が優れ、蔗糖の約2倍の甘味度を有し、甘味度当たりカロリーは、蔗糖の約1/2に低下している。
濃度55%蔗糖溶液100質量部に実施例3の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有シラップ30質量部を加熱混合し、次いで減圧下で水分2%未満になるまで加熱濃縮し、これにクエン酸1質量部および適量のレモン香料と着色料とを混和し、常法に従って成型し、製品を得た。
ガムベース3質量部を柔らかくなる程度に加熱溶融し、これに蔗糖4質量部および実施例6の方法で得たトレハロース含水結晶粉末3質量部とを加え、更に適量の香料と着色料とを混合し、常法に従って、ロールにより練り合わせ、成形、包装して製品を得た。
原乳100質量部に実施例1の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有シラップ3質量部および蔗糖1質量部を溶解し、プレートヒーターで加熱殺菌し、次いで濃度70%に濃縮し、無菌状態で缶詰して製品を得た。
脱脂粉乳175質量部、実施例2の方法で得た非還元性糖質高含有粉末80質量部および特開平4−281795号公報で開示されているラクトスクロース高含有粉末50質量部を水1,200質量部に溶解し、65℃で30分間殺菌し、40℃に冷却後、これに、常法に従って、乳酸菌のスターターを30質量部植菌し、37℃で8時間培養して乳酸菌飲料を得た。
噴霧乾燥により製造したオレンジ果汁粉末33質量部に対して、実施例2の方法で得た非還元性糖質高含有粉末50質量部、蔗糖10質量部、無水クエン酸0.65質量部、リンゴ酸0.1質量部、L−アスコルビン酸0.1質量部、クエン酸ソーダ0.1質量部、プルラン0.5質量部、粉末香料適量をよく混合攪拌し、粉砕し微粉末にしてこれを流動層造粒機に仕込み、排風温度40℃とし、これに、実施例1の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有シラップをバインダーとしてスプレーし、30分間造粒し、計量、包装して製品を得た。
コーンスターチ100質量部、実施例3の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有シラップ100質量部、マルトース80質量部、蔗糖20質量部および食塩1質量部を充分に混合し、鶏卵280質量部を加えて攪拌し、これに沸騰した牛乳1,000質量部を徐々に加え、更に、これを火にかけて攪拌を続け、コーンスターチが完全に糊化して全体が半透明になった時に火を止め、これを冷却して適量のバニラ香料を加え、計量、充填、包装して製品を得た。
原料あずき10質量部に、常法に従って、水を加えて煮沸し、渋切り、あく抜きして、水溶性夾雑物を除去して、あずきつぶあん約21質量部を得た。この生あんに、蔗糖14質量部、実施例3の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有シラップ5質量部および水4質量部を加えて煮沸し、これに少量のサラダオイルを加えてつぶあんをこわさないように練り上げ、製品のあんを約35質量部得た。
小麦粉100質量部、イースト2質量部、砂糖5質量部、実施例7の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有粉末1質量部および無機フード0.1質量部を、常法に従って、水でこね、中種を26℃で2時間発酵させ、その後30分間熟成し、焼き上げた。
豚もも肉1,000質量部に食塩15質量部および硝酸カリウム3質量部を均一にすり込んで、冷室に1昼夜堆積する。これを水500質量部、食塩100質量部、硝酸カリウム3質量部、実施例7の方法で得た非還元性糖質含有粉末40質量部および香辛料からなる塩漬液に冷室で7日間漬け込み、次いで、常法に従い、冷水で洗浄し、ひもで巻き締め、燻煙し、クッキングし、冷却包装して製品を得た。
40%食品用大豆ペプチド溶液(不二製油株式会社製造、商品名ハイニュートS)1質量部に、実施例6の方法で得たトレハロース含水結晶粉末2質量部を混合し、プラスチック製バットに入れ、50℃で減圧乾燥し、粉砕して粉末ペプチドを得た。
生卵から調製した卵黄をプレート式加熱殺菌機で60乃至64℃で殺菌し、得られる液状卵黄1質量部に対して、実施例8の方法で得た無水結晶トレハロース粉末4質量部の割合で混合した後バットに移し、一夜放置して、トレハロース含水結晶に変換させてブロックを調製した。本ブロックを切削機にかけて粉末化し、粉末卵黄を得た。
モノステアリン酸ポリオキシエチレングリコール2質量部、自己乳化型モノステアリン酸グリセリン5質量部、実施例2の方法で得た非還元性糖質高含有粉末2質量部、α−グリコシル ルチン1質量部、流動パラフィン1質量部、トリオクタン酸グリセリル10質量部および防腐剤の適量を、常法に従って加熱溶解し、これにL−乳酸2質量部、1,3−ブチレングリコール5質量部および精製水66質量部を加え、ホモゲナイザーにかけ乳化し、更に香料の適量を加えて攪拌混合しクリームを製造した。
ヒト天然型インターフェロン−α標品(株式会社林原生物化学研究所製造、コスモ・バイオ株式会社販売)を、常法に従って、固定化抗ヒトインターフェロン−α抗体カラムにかけ、該標品に含まれるヒト天然型インターフェロン−αを吸着させ、安定剤であるウシ血清アルブミンを素通りさせて除去し、次いで、pHを変化させて、ヒト天然型インターフェロン−αを実施例5の方法で得た高純度非還元性糖質粉末を5%含有する生理食塩水を用いて溶出した。
重量150mgの素錠を芯剤とし、これに実施例6の方法で得たトレハロース含水結晶粉末40質量部、プルラン(平均分子量20万)2質量部、水30質量部、タルク25質量部および酸化チタン3質量部からなる下掛け液を用いて錠剤重量が約230mgになるまで糖衣し、次いで、同じトレハロース含水結晶粉末65質量部、プルラン1質量部および水34質量部からなる上掛け液を用いて、糖衣し、更に、ロウ液で艶出しして光沢の在る外観の優れた糖衣錠を得た。
Claims (4)
- トレハロース含有液を精製し、濃縮して過飽和にし、有機溶媒を用いることなくトレハロースを晶出させた後、採取することを特徴とするトレハロース含水結晶又はこれを含有する含蜜結晶の製造方法。
- 精製が、濾過、遠心分離、活性炭による脱色、H型、OH型イオン交換樹脂による脱塩、カラムクロマトグラフィーによる分画から選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせて行われる請求項1記載のトレハロース含水結晶又はこれを含有する含蜜結晶の製造方法。
- トレハロースの晶出が、純度約60%以上、濃度約65乃至90%のトレハロース高含有液を用いて行われる請求項1又は2記載のトレハロース含水結晶又はこれを含有する含蜜結晶の製造方法。
- 採取が、分蜜方法、ブロック粉砕方法、流動造粒方法又は噴霧乾燥方法により行われる請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のトレハロース含水結晶又はこれを含有する含蜜結晶の製造方法。
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