CN1832794A - 排放处理系统和使用scr过滤器的方法 - Google Patents
排放处理系统和使用scr过滤器的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1832794A CN1832794A CNA2004800222849A CN200480022284A CN1832794A CN 1832794 A CN1832794 A CN 1832794A CN A2004800222849 A CNA2004800222849 A CN A2004800222849A CN 200480022284 A CN200480022284 A CN 200480022284A CN 1832794 A CN1832794 A CN 1832794A
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Images
Classifications
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/76—Iron group metals or copper
- B01J29/7615—Zeolite Beta
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
- B01D19/0005—Degasification of liquids with one or more auxiliary substances
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D19/0036—Flash degasification
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D5/0078—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation characterised by auxiliary systems or arrangements
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Abstract
本发明提供了排放处理系统和同时去除柴油机废气流中存在的氮的氧化物(NOx)、颗粒物质和气态烃的方法。该排放处理系统在滤烟器的上游含有氧化催化剂,该滤烟器涂有可有效地通过还原剂(例如氨)进行NOx的选择催化还原(SCR)的材料。还提供了一种使SCR催化剂组合物沉积到壁流整料上的方法,其提供了足够的催化剂负载量,但不会导致废气中不合适的背压。
Description
本发明涉及排放处理系统,其在滤烟器的上游含有氧化催化剂,该滤烟器涂有可有效地通过还原剂(例如氨)进行NOX的选择催化还原(SCR)的材料。在一个具体实施方式中,该系统提供了一种有效的同时去除柴油机废气流中存在的氮氧化物(NOX)、颗粒物质和气态烃的方法。
柴油机废气是不仅含有例如一氧化碳(“CO”)、未燃烃(“HC”)和氮氧化物(“NOx”)之类的气体排放物,还含有凝相材料(液体和固体,其构成所谓的微粒或颗粒物质)的不均匀混合物。通常,在柴油机排气系统中提供催化剂组合物和负载这些组合物的基底,以便将某些或所有这些废气组分转化成无害组分。例如,柴油机排气系统可以包含一种或多种柴油机氧化催化剂、滤烟器和用于还原NOX的催化剂。
已知含有铂族金属、基底金属及其组合的氧化催化剂有助于柴油机废气的处理,因为它们能够促进HC和CO气体污染物和一部分颗粒物质通过这些污染物的氧化而转化成二氧化碳和水。这些催化剂通常包含在被称作柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC’s)的单元中,它们被置于柴油机废气中以便在废气排入大气之前对其进行处理。除了气体HC、CO和颗粒物质的转化,含有铂族金属的氧化催化剂(其通常分散在难熔氧化物载体上)还促进了将氮的氧化物(NO)氧化成NO2的反应。
柴油机废气的总颗粒物质排放包括三种主要组分。一种组分是固态、干燥的、固体含碳部分或烟灰部分。这种干燥含碳物质导致通常与柴油机废气一起的可见烟灰排放。颗粒物质的第二种组分是可溶有机组分(“SOF”)。可溶有机组分有时被称作挥发性有机组分(“VOF”),本文中将使用该术语。VOF可以以蒸气或以气溶胶形式(小滴液体冷凝物)存在于柴油机废气中。如标准测量试验,例如U.S.Heavy Duty TransientFederal Test Procedure所规定,在52℃的标准颗粒收集温度下,其通常以冷凝液形式存在于稀释的废气中。这些液体来自两个来源:(1)活塞每次上下时从发动机的气缸壁扫下的润滑油;和(2)未燃的或部分燃烧的柴油机燃料。
颗粒物质的第三种组分是所谓的硫酸盐部分。这些硫酸盐部分是由柴油机燃料中存在的少量硫组分形成的。在柴油机燃烧过程中形成小比例的SO3,其又迅速与废气中的水结合形成硫酸。硫酸与气溶胶形式的微粒一起汇集为凝相,或者被吸附到其它颗粒组分上并由此增加了TRM的质量。
高度减少颗粒物质的一种关键的后处理技术是柴油机微粒过滤器。有许多已知的可从柴油机废气中有效去除颗粒物质的过滤器结构,例如蜂窝壁流过滤器、缠绕的或装填的纤维过滤器、开室泡沫塑料、烧结金属过滤器等。然而,下述陶瓷壁流过滤器受到最多关注。这些过滤器能够去除柴油机废气中超过90%的颗粒物。过滤器是用于从废气中去除颗粒的物理结构,且聚积的颗粒会增加过滤器对发动机的背压。因此,聚积的颗粒必须连续或定期从过滤器中烧除以保持可接受的背压。遗憾的是,炭黑颗粒需要超过500℃的温度以便在富氧(贫)废气条件下燃烧。这一温度高于柴油机废气中通常存在的温度。
通常提供条件降低烟灰燃烧温度以进行过滤器的被动再生。催化剂的存在促进了烟灰燃烧,由此在实际工作循环下的柴油机废气中可以达到的温度下使过滤器再生。由此催化的滤烟器(CSF)或催化的柴油机微粒过滤器(CDPF)能够在聚积的烟灰被动燃烧时有效地减少>80%的颗粒物质,并由此促进过滤器再生。
全世界将来采用的排放标准也将针对减少来自柴油机废气的NOX。经过验证的以贫废气条件用于固定污染源的NOX减少技术是选择性催化还原(SCR)。在该方法中,在通常由基底金属构成的催化剂上用氨(NH3)将NOX还原成氮(N2)。该技术能够实现超过90%的NOX还原,并由此代表了一种最好的极大减少NOX的方法。SCR对于汽车应用领域正在发展,其以尿素(通常存在于水溶液中)作为氨源。只要废气温度在催化剂的有效温度范围内,SCR就可使NOX有效转化。
如果在排气系统中可装备分离的基底(它们各自含有针对废气不同组分的催化剂),那么使用较少的基底对于减小该系统的总尺寸、简化该系统的组装和降低该系统的总成本是合意的。实现该目的的一种方式是在滤烟器上涂布能够有效地将NOX转化成无害组分的催化剂组合物。使用该方法,催化的滤烟器具有两种催化剂功能:去除废气流的颗粒组分和将废气流的NOX组分转化成N2。
可以减少NOX的涂布滤烟器要求在滤烟器上有足够的SCR催化剂组合物负载量。由于接触废气流的某些有害组分,组合物的催化效力会随时间经过而逐渐损耗,这样SCR催化剂组合物就需要更高的催化剂负载量。然而,具有较高催化剂负载量的涂布滤烟器的制备可能在排气系统内导致不能接受的高背压。因此,下述涂布技术是合意的——能够使壁流过滤器上有更高的催化剂负载量,但仍然能使过滤器保持获得可接受的背压所需的流动特性。
在涂布壁流过滤器时考虑的另一方面是选择合适的SCR催化剂组合物。首先,该催化剂组合物必须持久耐用,以便甚至在长时间暴露于过滤器再生所特有的高温下之后仍保持其SCR催化活性。例如,颗粒物质的烟灰部分的燃烧通常产生高于700℃的温度。这些温度使许多常用的SCR催化剂组合物(例如钒和钛的混合氧化物)的催化效力降低。其次,SCR催化剂组合物优选具有足够宽的操作温度范围,这样它们可以适应汽车运行时的可变温度范围。例如,在低载荷或在起动条件下通常会遇到300℃以下的温度。SCR催化剂组合物优选即使在较低的废气温度下也能够催化废气的NOX组分的还原,以实现减少NOX的目标。
现有技术描述了SCR催化剂组合物、滤烟器及其组合减少柴油机废气的NOX和颗粒组分的用途。这些参考资料描述如下。
例如,日本Kokai 3-130522,公开了柴油机废气的处理,其特征在于使用氨注射器和孔中含有脱硝催化剂的多孔陶瓷过滤器。过滤器安装在柴油机排气装置之后。陶瓷多孔过滤器包括上游细孔路径层和负载脱硝催化剂的下游侧路陶瓷颗粒层。细层可以负载铂或钯或其它烃燃烧催化剂。含有未燃碳的柴油机废气流经多孔陶瓷过滤器,并且碳颗粒被过滤到表面上。含有氮氧化物和氨的气体通过含脱硝催化剂的过滤器侧面,并且氮氧化物被还原成氮和水。上游侧的氧化催化剂使颗粒组分经催化烧尽。
美国专利4,912,776公开了一种氧化催化剂、在SCR催化剂下游并邻近SCR催化剂的SCR催化剂、和在氧化催化剂和SCR催化剂之间加入废气流中的还原剂源。据称,向SCR反应器提供包含高比例的NO2和NO的较高进料,可以采用与使用NO进料时相比较低的温度和较高的空速。
WO 99/39809公开了一种处理含NOX和微粒的燃烧废气的系统,其含有可有效地将NOX中的至少一部分NO转化成NO2的氧化催化剂、微粒阱、还原剂流源和SCR催化剂。微粒阱位于氧化催化剂的下游;还原剂流源位于微粒阱下游;SCR催化剂位于还原剂流源下游。所公开的还原剂流包括氨、尿素、氨基甲酸铵和烃类(例如柴油机燃料)。
在WO 01/12320中描述了内燃机的排气系统所用的催化剂壁流过滤器。壁流过滤器含有蜂窝排列的管路,其中一些管路在上游端被堵塞,一些在上游端没有被堵的管路在下游端被堵塞。氧化催化剂位于在下游端被堵的管路上游端的不透气区域。过滤器具有位于氧化催化剂下游的透气过滤器区域,其用于捕集烟灰。氧化催化剂据描述能够(当在排气系统中时)由NO产生NO2以便在低于400℃的温度下连续燃烧捕集的烟灰。氧化催化剂优选包括铂族金属。含有NO的废气流首先通过氧化催化剂,以便在过滤去除烟灰之前将NO转化成NO2。然后使用含有NO2的废气燃烧过滤器上捕集的烟灰。
在WO 01/12320中描述的壁流过滤器的一些具体实施方式中,滤烟器的下游管路含有用于NOX吸收器的催化剂和位于NOX吸收器下游的SCR催化剂。SCR催化剂可以是铜基材料、铂、混合的钒的氧化物和二氧化钛或沸石、或它们中两种或多种的混合物。
发明概要
一方面,本发明涉及用于处理含NOX和颗粒物质的废气流的排放处理系统。该排放处理系统包括氧化催化剂、向废气流中周期性定量加入氨或氨前体的注射器;和壁流整料(monolith)。注射器与氧化催化剂流体相连,而且位于氧化催化剂的下游。壁流整料含有SCR催化剂组合物,而且与注射器流体相连,并且位于注射器下游。
壁流整料含有多个由纵向延伸壁形成的纵向延伸通道,纵向延伸壁约束并限定所述通道。这些通道包括具有敞开的入口端和封闭的出口端的进入通道,和具有封闭的入口端和敞开的出口端的出口通道。壁流整料含有以至少1.3克/立方英寸(优选1.6至2.4克/立方英寸)的浓度渗入壁的SCR催化剂组合物。壁流整料具有至少50%的壁孔隙率,且平均孔径为至少5微米。优选地,SCR催化剂组合物渗入壁流整料的壁,使得该壁具有50至75%的壁孔隙率且平均孔径为5至30微米。
在排放处理系统的一个优选具体实施方式中,SCR催化剂组合物含有沸石和选自铜和铁组分中一种或多种的基底金属组分。优选地,基底金属组分是铜组分。SCR催化剂组合物的优选沸石具有至少大约10的二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率。例如,可以在SCR催化剂组合物中使用β-沸石。
该系统的氧化催化剂尤其可用于燃烧废气中夹带的大部分颗粒物质,特别是VOF。此外,NOX组分中的大部分NO在氧化催化剂上被氧化成NO2。在优选具体实施方式中,氧化催化剂位于蜂窝式流通(flow through)整料基底或开室(open cell)泡沫基底上。优选地,氧化催化剂包括铂族金属组分,特别是铂组分。在一些具体实施方式中,氧化催化剂还含有沸石组分。
在排放处理系统的另一优选具体实施方式中,该系统还具有位于氧化催化剂上游并与其流体相连的柴油机。
本发明的另一方面涉及处理在含有NOX和颗粒物质的废气流中产生的排放物的方法。该方法包括:
(a)使废气流通过氧化催化剂,在此大部分NO被氧化成NO2以提供富含NO2的废气流;
(b)定期向富含NO2的废气流中定量加入氨或氨前体,和
(c)然后使废气流通过壁流整料,在此过滤颗粒物质并将大部分NOX还原成N2。
同样,壁流整料含有多个由纵向延伸壁形成的纵向延伸通道,纵向延伸壁约束并限定所述通道。这些通道包括具有敞开的入口端和封闭的出口端的进入通道、和具有封闭的入口端和敞开的出口端的出口通道。壁流整料含有以至少1.3克/立方英寸(优选1.6至2.4克/立方英寸)的浓度渗入壁的SCR催化剂组合物。壁流整料具有至少50%的壁孔隙率,且平均孔径为至少5微米。优选地,SCR催化剂组合物渗入壁流整料的壁,使得该壁具有50至75%的壁孔隙率且平均孔径为5至30微米。
在另一方面,本发明涉及将SCR催化剂组合物沉积到壁流整料上的方法。该方法包括:
(a)从第一方向将壁流整料浸在含SCR催化剂组合物的水浆中,以便在进入通道上沉积SCR催化剂组合物;
(b)通过迫使压缩气流通过出口通道并对进入通道施加真空,从而去除进入通道中的过量水浆;
(c)从与第一方向相反的第二方向将壁流整料浸在所述水浆中,以便在出口通道上沉积SCR催化剂组合物;
(d)通过迫使压缩气流通过进入通道并对出口通道施加真空,从而去除出口通道中的过量水浆;和
(e)干燥并煅烧涂布的壁流整料。
本发明中使用的壁流整料优选具有至少50%(例如50至75%)的孔隙率,并具有至少5微米(例如5至30微米)的平均孔径。
优选地,SCR催化剂组合物以至少1.3克/立方英寸(优选1.6至2.4克/立方英寸)的浓度渗入壁。
附图的简要说明
图1A和1B是本发明的排放处理系统的两种具体实施方式示意图。
图2表示壁流过滤器基底的透视图。
图3表示一段壁流过滤器基底的横截面剖视图。
图4表示包括尿素储存器和注射器的本发明的排放处理系统的一个具体实施方式。
图5表示对于一些涂布的壁流过滤器基底和未涂布的壁流过滤器基底,压降与空气流的函数关系。
图6是对于两种与典型的颗粒物质(炭黑和润滑油)混合的SCR催化剂组合物,以微伏为单位的DTA信号与温度的函数关系图。
图7是对于本发明的示例性排放处理系统,用于评测NOX和微粒减少量的实验室台系统示意图。
发明详述
本发明涉及排放处理系统,其有效地同时处理柴油机废气的颗粒物质、NOX和其它气体组分。排放处理系统使用一体化的滤烟器和SCR催化剂,明显使该排放物系统所需的重量和体积最小化。此外,由于对该系统中使用的催化剂组合物的选择,可以为各种温度的废气流提供有效的污染物去除。这一特征对于在各种载荷和车辆速度(它们明显影响这些车辆的发动机排出的废气温度)下运行柴油机车是有利的。
使用涂有SCR催化剂组合物的壁流基底将减少NOX和去除微粒功能整合到单一催化剂体中。申请人发现了一种在壁流基底上施用SCR催化剂组合物的方法以形成可用于需要高过滤效率的用途的基底。例如,使用该方法形成的基底适合有效地去除本发明的排放处理系统中的颗粒物质(例如高于80%)。此处公开的涂布法可以使壁流基底中装载实用水平的SCR催化剂,而且用于排放处理系统时不会在涂布体上产生过量背压。
在壁流基底上获得实用水平的SCR催化剂组合物,对于提供充足的催化活性以实现指定NOX减少量和对于降低过滤器上捕集的烟灰组分的燃烧温度是重要的。在滤烟器上获得足量基面涂层(washcoat)组合物对于确保催化剂的充足耐久性也是重要的。在排放系统的持续使用过程中,催化剂总是暴露在由润滑油分解生成的或由柴油机燃料中的杂质生成的各种程度的催化剂毒物中。这些催化剂毒物的例子包括磷、锌、碱元素和碱土元素。因此,通常在催化剂载体上沉积更大量的催化剂组合物以克服催化剂活性不可避免的损耗。
图1以示意图形式显示了本发明的排放处理系统的一个具体实施方式。在图1A中可以看出,含气体污染物(包括未燃烃、一氧化碳和NOX)和颗粒物质的废气从发动机15输送到氧化催化剂11。在氧化催化剂11中,未燃气态和不挥发性烃类(即VOF)和一氧化碳大量燃烧形成二氧化碳和水。使用氧化催化剂去除大部分VOF特别有助于防止太多颗粒物质沉积在位于该系统下游的滤烟器12上(即堵塞)。此外,在氧化催化剂中,NOX组分的大部分NO被氧化成NO2。
在氧化催化剂的下游,还原剂(在本例中是氨)作为喷雾通过喷嘴(未显示)喷入废气流中。以直线18显示的含水尿素可用作氨前体,其可以在混合器16中与以另一直线19显示的空气混合。可以使用阀14定量加入精确量的含水尿素,其在废气流中转化成氨。将含有添加的氨的废气流输送到涂有SCR催化剂组合物的滤烟器12中。在通过滤烟器时,NOX组分通过用氨使NOX的选择性催化还原而转化成氮。与NOX组分中含有较少比例NO2的废气流相比,由于上游氧化催化剂的催化作用,NOX中提高的NO2比例促进了NOX的还原。
根据所需的NOX去除程度,可以在滤烟器下游提供额外的SCR催化剂。例如,可以在滤烟器下游的整料式、蜂窝流通基底和陶瓷泡沫基底上提供额外的SCR催化剂。即使在这些具体实施方式中,涂布SCR滤烟器的使用仍然降低了为达到减少NOX的目标所需的催化剂总体积。
滤烟器还极大去除(超过80%)了包含烟灰组分和VOF的颗粒物质。通过过滤器的再生,沉积在滤烟器上的颗粒物质燃烧,SCR催化剂组合物的存在也有助于该过程。滤烟器上的催化剂组合物的存在降低了颗粒物质的烟灰组分燃烧时的温度。
图1B显示了一种任选的构造,其中排放处理系统配有位于涂布的滤烟器12下方的滑动氧化催化剂13。滑动氧化催化剂可以涂有例如一种含基底金属和低于0.5重量%铂的组合物。可以使用该构造在任何过量NH3排入大气之前将其氧化。
用于该系统的合适SCR催化剂组合物可以在低于600℃的温度下有效催化NOX组分的还原,这样即使在通常与较低废气温度相关的低负载条件下也能处理足够的NOX量。优选地,取决于加入系统的还原剂的量,催化剂体能够将至少50%的NOX组分转化成N2。此外,用于该系统的SCR催化剂组合物理论上还可以通过降低颗粒物质烟灰组分燃烧时的温度来帮助过滤器的再生。该组合物的另一合意性质在于其能够催化O2与过量NH3转化成N2和H2O的反应,这样NH3不会排放到大气中。
本发明系统中可用的SCR催化剂组合物还对超过650℃的温度具有耐热性。这么高的温度是滤烟器再生过程中常遇到的。此外,SCR催化剂组合物应该抵抗在接触柴油机废气组合物中通常存在的硫组分时的降解。
例如,在美国专利4,961,917(‘917专利)和5,516,497中描述了合适的SCR催化剂组合物,这两个专利都全部经此引用并入本文。‘917专利中公开的组合物包括存在于沸石上的铁和铜助催化剂的一种或两种,其量占助催化剂与沸石总量的大约0.1至30重量%,优选大约1至5重量%。除了它们能够催化用NH3将NOX还原成N2的反应外,公开的组合物还可以促进用氧使过量NH3氧化的反应,尤其是对于那些具有较高助催化剂浓度的组合物而言。
这些组合物中所用的沸石可抵抗硫中毒,维持SCR过程的高活性,并能够用氧氧化过量氨。这些沸石具有足够大的孔径,以便在存在由短期硫中毒产生的硫氧化物分子和由长期硫中毒产生的硫酸盐沉积物的情况下,使反应物分子NO和NH3充分移入孔系统,并使产物分子N2和H2O从孔系统中移出。具有合适尺寸的孔系统在所有三个结晶维度相互连接。如沸石领域技术人员公知的那样,沸石的结晶结构表现出具有或多或少的规则重现的接点、交点等的复合孔结构。具有特定特征(例如给定尺寸的直径或截面构造)的孔如果不与其它类似的孔相交,它们就被称作一维的。如果孔仅在给定平面与其它类似的孔相交,具有这种特征的孔被称作在两个(结晶)维度相互连接。如果孔与位于相同或其它平面的其它类似的孔相交,这些孔被称作三维相连,即“三维的”。已经发现,对硫酸盐中毒具有很高抵抗性、并为SCR过程和用氧将氨氧化的反应提供良好的活性、且即使在经受高温、水热条件和硫酸盐毒物时也保持良好活性的沸石是具有表现出至少大约7埃的孔径且三维相连的孔的沸石。不希望受缚于任何具体理论,但相信至少7埃直径的孔的三维相连提供了硫酸盐分子在整个沸石结构中良好的活动性,由此使硫酸盐分子可以从催化剂中释放出来,以释放出反应物NOX和NH3分子和反应物NH3和O2分子可用的大量吸附剂位点。符合上述标准的任何沸石都适合用于本发明的实践;符合这些标准的具体沸石是USY、Beta和ZSM-20。其它沸石也可能符合上述标准。
当沉积在壁流整料基底上时,这些SCR催化剂组合物以至少1.3克/立方英寸的浓度沉积,以确保实现所需的NOX还原和微粒去除程度,并确保催化剂经过长时间使用时充分的耐久性。在优选具体实施方式中,有至少1.6克/立方英寸、特别是1.6至2.4克/立方英寸的SCR组合物沉积在壁流整料上。
可用于负载SCR催化剂组合物的壁流基底具有多个沿基底的纵轴延伸的细的基本平行的气流通道。通常,每一通道在基底的一个末端被堵,间隔的通道在相反的端面被堵。这些整料式载体每平方英寸横截面可以含有最多大约700或更多的流道(或“小室”),但如果少得多也可以使用。例如,该载体每平方英寸可以含有大约7至大约600、更通常大约100至大约400个小室(“cpsi”)。这些小室可以具有矩形、正方形、圆形、椭圆形、三角形、六边形或其它多边形横截面。壁流基底通常具有0.002至0.1英寸的壁厚。优选壁流基底具有0.002至0.015英寸的壁厚。
图2和3显示了具有多个通道52的壁流过滤器基底30。这些通道被过滤器基底的内壁53管状封绕。基底具有入口末端54和出口末端56。间隔的通道在入口端被入口塞58堵塞,并在出口端被出口塞60堵塞,以便在入口54和出口56处形成反向的纵横交错棋盘图形。气流62通过未堵塞的管路入口64进入,被出口塞60阻挡并通过管壁53(其是多孔的)扩散到出口侧66。由于有入口塞58,气体不会流回壁的入口侧。
优选的壁流过滤器基底由类陶瓷材料(例如堇青石、α-氧化铝、碳化硅、氮化硅、氧化锆、富铝红柱石、锂辉石、氧化铝-二氧化硅-氧化镁或硅酸锆)构成,或由多孔难熔金属构成。壁流基底还可以由陶瓷纤维复合材料构成。优选的壁流基底是由堇青石和碳化硅构成的。这些材料能够承受处理废气流时通常遇到的环境,特别是高温。
用于本发明系统的优选壁流基底包括薄多孔壁的蜂窝(整料),流体流经该基底不会导致背压或穿过该物体的压力增加过多。通常,清洁壁流体的存在将产生1英寸水柱到10psig的背压。该系统中使用的陶瓷壁流基底优选由孔隙率为至少50%(例如50至75%)且平均孔径为至少5微米(例如5至30微米)的材料构成。更优选地,基底具有至少55%的孔隙率并具有至少10微米的平均孔径。当使用下述技术涂布具有这些孔隙率和这些平均孔径的基底时,可以将足量的SCR催化剂组合物装载到基底上,以实现优异的NOX转化效率。尽管负载有SCR催化剂,这些基底仍然能够保持适当的废气流特征,即,可接受的背压。美国专利4,329,162经此引用并入本文以作为合适的壁流基底的公开。
商业使用的典型壁流过滤器通常是以比本发明中使用的壁流过滤器低的壁孔隙率(例如大约35%至50%)形成的。一般而言,商业壁流过滤器的孔径分布通常非常宽,其平均孔径小于17微米。
本发明中使用的多孔壁流过滤器是被催化的,因为该部件的壁上或壁中含有一种或多种催化材料。催化材料可以只存在于部件壁入口侧、只存在于出口侧、或同时存在于入口和出口侧,或壁本身可以完全或部分由催化材料构成。本发明包括在部件的入口壁和/或出口壁上使用一层或多层催化材料和一层或多层催化材料组合。
为了用SCR催化剂组合物涂布壁流基底,将基底垂直浸在部分催化剂浆料中,使得基底顶部刚刚高出浆料表面。这样,浆料与每一蜂窝壁入口面接触,但是防止其与每一壁的出口面接触。样品在浆料中放置大约30秒。从浆料中取出基底,并如下从壁中去除过量浆料:首先将其从管路中排干,然后用压缩空气吹气(与浆料渗透方向相反),然后从浆料渗透方向抽真空。使用该技术,催化剂浆料渗透基底壁,但是孔没有闭塞到在最终基底中形成不适当背压的程度。当用于描述催化剂浆料在基底上的分散时,此处所用的术语“渗透”是指催化剂组合物在整个基底壁中分散。
通常在大约100℃干燥涂布基底,并在更高的温度(例如300至450℃)下煅烧。煅烧之后,通过计算基底涂布和未涂布的重量来测定催化剂负载量。对本领域技术人员显而易见的是,可以通过改变涂布浆料的固含量来改变催化剂负载。或者,可以将基底重复浸在涂布浆料中,然后如上所述去除过量浆料。
在滤烟器上游和氧化催化剂下游提供还原剂计量系统,以便将NOX还原剂注入废气流中。如美国专利4,963,332中所公开,可以自动检测催化转化器上游和下游的NOX,并通过上游和下游信号控制脉冲计量阀。在另一构造中,美国专利5,522,218中公开了一种系统,其中由废气温度和发动机操作条件图(例如发动机rpm、传动齿轮和发动机速度)控制还原剂注射器的脉冲宽度。还可以参照美国专利6,415,602中的还原剂脉冲计量系统的论述,其论述经此引用并入本文。
在图4的具体实施方式中,含水尿素储存器22在车上储存尿素/水溶液,其通过包含过滤器和压力调节器的泵21泵入尿素注射器16中。尿素注射器16是一个混合室,其接收线路19上的调节过压力的空气,该空气通过控制阀脉冲进入尿素注射器16。雾化的尿素/水/空气溶液导致其通过喷嘴23进入一体化的涂有SCR催化剂的滤烟器12上游的排气管24。
本发明不限于图4所示的尿素计量设置。可以采用气体氮基试剂。例如,尿素或氰尿酸粒注射器可以将固体尿素丸粒计量供入由废气加热的室中,以便使固体反应物(大约300至400℃的升华温度范围)气化。氰尿酸会气化成异氰酸(HNCO),且尿素会气化成氨和HNCO。用任一种反应物,可以在室中提供水解催化剂,并将废气的滑流计量供入室中(废气含有足够的水蒸气),以便将HNCO水解(大约150至350℃的温度)制成氨。
除了尿素和氰尿酸之外,尤其适合用于本发明的控制系统的其它氮基还原剂包括氰尿酰胺、氰尿二酰胺、氰酸铵、缩二脲、氰尿酸、氨基甲酸铵、三聚氰胺、三氰基脲、和它们任何数量的混合物。然而,本发明更广义上不限于氮基反应物,而是可以包括含有烃类的任何反应物,例如馏出燃料,包括醇、醚、有机硝基化合物和类似物(例如甲醇、乙醇、二乙醚等)和各种胺和它们的盐(尤其是它们的碳酸盐),包括胍、碳酸甲胺、六甲胺等。
反应物计量系统的上游是氧化催化剂(或DOC)。氧化催化剂可以由使未燃气态和不挥发烃类(即VOF)和一氧化碳有效燃烧的任何组合物构成。此外,氧化催化剂应该有效地将NOX组分中相当比例的NO转化成NO2。此处所用的术语“将NOX组分中相当比例的NO转化成NO2”是指至少20%、优选30至60%。具有这些性质的催化剂组合物是本领域已知的,并包括基于铂族金属和基于基底金属的组合物。可以将催化剂组合物涂到由难熔金属或陶瓷(堇青石)材料构成的蜂窝流通式整料基底上。或者,可以在本领域公知的金属或陶瓷泡沫基底上形成氧化催化剂。依靠其上涂有催化剂的基底(例如开室陶瓷泡沫)和/或依靠它们固有的氧化催化活性,这些氧化催化剂提供一定程度的微粒去除。优选地,氧化催化剂去除了壁流过滤器上游的废气流中的一些颗粒物质,因为过滤器上微粒物质的减少可能会延长强制再生之前的时间。
可用于排放处理系统的一种优选氧化催化剂组合物含有分散在与沸石组分(优选β-沸石)结合的大表面积难熔氧化物载体(例如γ-氧化铝)上的铂族组分(例如铂、钯或铑组分)。优选的铂族金属组分是铂。当该组合物位于难熔氧化物基底上(例如流通蜂窝式基底)时,铂浓度通常为大约10至120克/立方英尺的铂。
在经此引用并入本文的美国专利5,100,632(‘632专利)中也描述了适用于形成氧化催化剂的基于铂族金属的组合物。‘632专利描述了含有铂、钯、铑和钌和碱土金属氧化物(例如氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化锶、氧化钡)的混合物的组合物,其中铂族金属与碱土金属的原子比为大约1∶250至大约1∶1,且优选为大约1∶60至大约1∶6。
也可以使用基底金属作催化剂形成适用于氧化催化剂的催化剂组合物。例如,美国专利5,491,120(其公开经此引用并入本文)公开的氧化催化剂组合物含有BET表面积至少约为10平方米/克的催化材料,并主要包括大量第二金属氧化物,其可以是二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈-氧化锆、二氧化硅、氧化铝-二氧化硅和α-氧化铝的一种或多种。
还可以使用美国专利5,462,907(‘907专利,其公开的内容经此引用并入本文)中公开的催化剂组合物。‘907专利描述了下述组合物:其包括含有各自表面积为至少大约10平方米/克的二氧化铈和氧化铝的催化剂材料,例如,二氧化铈和活化氧化铝的重量比约为1.5∶1至1∶1.5。任选地,在‘907专利中描述的组合物中可以包含铂,其量能够有效地促进CO和未燃烃的气相氧化,但其限于排除SO过量氧化成SO2。或者,催化材料中可以包含任何合意量的钯。
下列实施例进一步阐述本发明,但是当然不应该被认为是以任何方式限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1-陶瓷壁流过滤器的涂布
使用尺寸为5.66×6英寸、壁厚为0.12英寸、平均孔径为25微米且壁孔隙率为60%的堇青石陶瓷壁流过滤器基底(产品名C611,NGKInsulators,Ltd.)制备涂有催化剂的滤烟器。
由铜交换的β-沸石(含2重量%铜)、额外的CuSO4(足以提供9.5重量%的铜)、和7重量%ZrO2和去离子水(重量%,基于β-沸石的重量)形成含有27重量%固体含量的催化剂浆料。如美国专利5,516,497所述制备铜交换的β-沸石。
按照本发明的优选具体实施方式,使用相同的程序制备两种过滤器基底。将壁流基底:
(1)浸入浆料至足以从一个方向沿着基底的整个轴长涂布基底管路的深度;
(2)从与涂布方向相对的侧面(即干燥侧面)用气刀吹扫;
(3)从涂布面施加真空;
(4)在流动空气中于93℃干燥1小时,并在400℃煅烧1小时。
(5)从对侧重复步骤(1)至(4)。
这些过滤器基底(标作催化剂A1和A2)含有2.1克/立方英寸的催化剂负载量。这些催化剂上的铜含量接近0.2克/立方英寸。
在步骤(1)至(4)后,通过仅涂布基底的单面来制备标作催化剂B1的另一过滤器基底。为了达到与催化剂A1相同的催化剂负载量,将浆料固体含量增至38%。催化剂组成仍然相同。催化剂B1具有2.0克/立方英寸的负载量。该催化剂上的铜含量也约为0.2克/立方英寸。
制备参照样品催化剂D1,作为流通型催化剂。为了制备这种催化剂,在刚低于塞的深度处在一端穿过其直径切割上述过滤器基底。由此将壁流过滤器转变成流通基底,其中一半的正面有效地被堵塞。涂布该基底以获得铜交换β-沸石催化剂组合物的2.0克/立方英寸的催化剂负载量。
实施例2-涂布滤烟器的背压评测
使用市售自动设备Super Flow SF 1020(Probench)评测穿过未涂布和涂布过滤器后的压降。该设备专门设计用以测量压降与空气流的函数关系。来自该设备的数据提供了在环境条件下压降与空气流的函数关系图。压降是对空气流过过滤器的容易程度的量度。在柴油机应用中,较低的压降是合意的,因为发动机必须消耗动力以使空气移动。因此,压降越大,发动机为抽吸空气而损耗的动力量就越大。损耗的动力减少了可提供给车轮的发动机功率。
图5概括了穿过涂布过滤器(催化剂A1、A2和B1)以及具有相同尺寸的未涂布过滤器后的压降。按照实施例1的步骤(1)至(5)涂布的过滤器,即催化剂A1和A2,表现出比未涂布过滤器高大约25%的压降。与催化剂A1和A2不同,非最佳的过滤器催化剂B1在涂布后表现出比未涂布过滤器高100%的压降。催化剂B1表现出的压降如此高,以致该过滤器的发动机测试经证实是不可能的。尽管可以通过降低催化剂负载量使穿过按照与催化剂B1相同的方式涂布的过滤器后的压降更低,但较低的SCR催化剂负载量会导致不可接受的NOX减少量。
实施例3-通过SCR催化剂去除微粒的示范
当施用到壁流过滤器上时,催化剂组合物理论上应有助于过滤器的再生。因此过滤器上的SCR催化剂组合物优选能够催化微粒的烟灰和VOF部分的氧化。为了有效地减少NOX和颗粒物质,SCR催化剂应该优选不将氨氧化或将SO2氧化成SO3。一种评测催化剂将碳和VOF氧化的能力的方式是结合使用热重分析(TGA)和差示热分析(DTA)。TGA测量样品的重量损失,而DTA测量样品热容与参照物相比的改变。在该实验中,将催化剂浆料的干燥和煅烧部分与6重量%润滑油混合以模拟润滑油的VOF部分,并与14重量%炭黑混合以模拟微粒的烟灰部分。将混合物加入结合进行TGA和DTA的仪器。尽管可以使不同的气体组合物通过样品,但这些试验是在空气中进行的。以已知速度加热该系统以测定重量损失和放热与温度的函数关系。该技术的优点在于其能够分离各种烟灰组分的重量损失,并将这些重量损失与热变化相关联。可有效燃烧烟灰的催化剂会降低烟灰燃烧的开始温度。
图6描绘了对于两种催化剂组合物(1)参照组合物,TiO2-10重量%WO3-2重量%V2O5催化剂,和(2)用于涂布催化剂A1的催化剂组合物,以微伏为单位的DTA信号与温度的函数关系。TiO2-基组合物是SCR催化剂的现有技术中典型的并具有广泛的用途。将每种催化剂的干燥和煅烧浆料的粉末与6重量%润滑油和14重量%炭黑混合。在空气中以20℃/分钟的速度将这些样品从室温加热至800℃。所得DTA信号表现出两个峰,一个在低于400℃的温度,对应于VOF的燃烧,第二个峰位于较高的温度,对应于炭黑的燃烧。结果表明,这两种催化剂组合物都能有效地使模拟微粒的润滑油部分燃烧,但是优选的催化剂组合物在使碳部分燃烧方面有效得多,这可以从烟灰燃烧温度的降低看出来。如后一实施例所示,在不损害NOX还原活性的条件下也能保持该优点。
实施例4-涂布烟灰过滤器的NOX转化和微粒去除评测
使用样品V6,柴油机技术现有领域中典型的汽轮增压的后冷式柴油机测定过滤效率和NOX的减少。将柴油机安装在以稳定态运作的试验台上以提供可再现和稳定的排放物。控制发动机速度和载荷,以提供370℃的过滤器入口温度和大约950ppm的NOX浓度。按照Code of FederalRegulations,Title 40,Part86,段落1312-88中描述的程序测定微粒测量,但是使用小型稀释烟道代替全稀释烟道。由CO2浓度测定稀释率。通过在氧化催化剂之后和在SCR涂布的过滤器基底之前注入尿素溶液来实现柴油机上的NOX去除。实验设置显示在图7中。使用配有加热取样线路和分析室的FTIR仪器测量NOX和氨。还使用专门为分析原始柴油机废气而设计的Horiba分析试验台测定NOX、CO和HC。
制备其它催化剂,并使用模拟客车行驶的老化循环在固定式柴油机上老化1000小时。老化循环是对“Durability Driving Schedule for Light DutyVehicles and Light Duty Trucks”Code of Federal Regulations,Part 86段落836-01中描述的程序的改编。此处描述的测试循环规定了围绕试验跑道行驶的车辆的速度和周期性停止。根据前述研究,测量该循环的温度分布图,然后在发动机试验台上模拟。老化和评测使用ARCO ECD柴油机燃料。该燃料具有12ppm的硫含量,与在该技术的预期用途中预计可使用的燃料相一致。
使用图7所示的实验配置,对三种催化剂基底评测NOX转化和微粒去除。如图7中所示,实验配置包括在催化滤烟器上游的尿素注射器,和在尿素注射器上游的氧化催化剂(DOC)。为了消除由DOC引起的任何变化,所有的试验都用相同的DOC进行。将氧化催化剂组合物置于5.66×6英寸的流通型堇青石基底上。氧化催化剂组合物含有90克/立方英尺分散在γ-氧化铝上、并含有27重量%的氢离子交换的β-沸石。将DOC老化1000小时。
在该实验中进行的试验中,将SCR催化剂组合物置于壁流整料式基底上或流通整料式基底上。SCR催化剂组合物与实施例1中用于涂布基底的相同,即其含有铜交换的沸石与氧化锆粘合剂。特别地,该实验中使用的基底是:与实施例1中的催化剂A1相同制备的新制催化剂基底(标作催化剂A1新制);与催化剂A1相同涂布的分离的催化剂基底,但是老化1000小时(标作催化剂A1老化);和,最后,流通型第三催化剂基底,与催化剂D1的制备相同(标作催化剂D1新制)。
下表1概括了三种催化剂基底的微粒过滤效率和NOX减少。使用和不使用尿素注射来测定过滤效率。
表1
试验号 | 催化剂 | 基底类型 | NH3/NOX | NOX转化百分率 | NH3滑动,ppm | 总微粒去除,% |
1 | D1新制 | 流通 | 0 | <5 | 0 | <10 |
2 | D1新制 | 流通 | 0.3 | 30 | 0 | <10 |
3 | A1新制 | 壁流 | 0 | <5 | 0 | 82 |
4 | A1新制 | 壁流 | 0.5 | 51 | 0 | 85 |
5 | A1老化 | 壁流 | 0 | <5 | 0 | 81 |
6 | A1老化 | 壁流 | 0.5 | 55 | 0 | 85 |
从表1中可以看出,SCR催化剂组合物沉积在壁流整料上不会导致NOX去除效率的损耗。此外,尿素注射不会影响过滤效率。尽管涂有SCR的流整料提供了NOX去除功能,但其缺乏涂布的壁流整料所显示的高过滤效率。因此,本发明的这些涂布的SCR过滤器基底表现出综合的高NOX和微粒去除效率。
此外,表1中的数据证明了SCR催化剂组合物的耐久性。将涂布的基底老化既不会导致过滤效率损耗,也不会导致NOX去除效率损耗。
尽管已经着重于优选具体实施方式描述本发明,对于本领域技术人员明显的是,可以对优选的设备和方法进行改变并且可以按照与本文具体描述不同的方式实践本发明。因此,本发明包括在如下列权利要求所界定的本发明的实质和保护范围内包含的所有改变。
Claims (13)
1.用于处理含NOX和颗粒物质的废气流的排放处理系统,该排放处理系统包括:
a)氧化催化剂;
b)与氧化催化剂流体相连并位于氧化催化剂下游的注射器,其中该注射器向废气流中周期性定量加入氨或氨前体;和
c)与注射器流体相连并位于注射器下游的壁流整料,其中该壁流整料含有多个由纵向延伸壁形成的纵向延伸通道,纵向延伸壁约束并限定所述通道,其中这些通道包括具有敞开的入口端和封闭的出口端的进入通道,和具有封闭的入口端和敞开的出口端的出口通道,
其中壁流整料含有以至少1.3克/立方英寸的浓度渗入壁的SCR催化剂组合物;其中壁流整料具有至少50%的壁孔隙率,且平均孔径为至少5微米。
2.权利要求1的排放处理系统,其中SCR催化剂组合物渗入壁流整料的壁,使得该壁具有50至75%的壁孔隙率且平均孔径为5至30微米。
3.权利要求1的排放处理系统,其进一步包括在氧化催化剂上游并与氧化催化剂流体相连的柴油机。
4.处理在含有NOX和颗粒物质的废气流中产生的排放物的方法。该方法包括:
(a)使废气流通过氧化催化剂,在此大部分NO被氧化成NO2以提供富含NO2的废气流;
(b)定期向富含NO2的废气流中定量加入氨或氨前体;并
(c)然后使废气流通过壁流整料,在此过滤颗粒物质并将大部分NOX还原成N2,
其中该壁流整料含有多个由纵向延伸壁形成的纵向延伸通道,纵向延伸壁约束并限定所述通道,其中这些通道包括具有敞开的入口端和封闭的出口端的进入通道,和具有封闭的入口端和敞开的出口端的出口通道,
其中壁流整料含有以至少1.3克/立方英寸的浓度渗入壁的SCR催化剂组合物;其中壁流整料具有至少50%的壁孔隙率,且平均孔径为至少5微米。
5.权利要求1或4的SCR催化剂组合物,其包括沸石和选自铜和铁组分的一种或多种的基底金属组分。
6.权利要求5的SCR催化剂组合物,其中所述沸石具有至少大约10的二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率。
7.权利要求6的SCR催化剂组合物,其中所述沸石是β-沸石。
8.权利要求1或4的氧化催化剂,其包含铂族金属组分。
9.权利要求8的氧化催化剂,其进一步包含沸石组分。
10.权利要求4的方法,其进一步包括在氧化催化剂上游并与氧化催化剂流体相连的柴油机。
11.权利要求1或4的氧化催化剂,其位于蜂窝式流通整料基底或开室泡沫基底上。
12.将SCR催化剂组合物沉积在壁流整料上的方法,其中该壁流整料含有多个由纵向延伸壁形成的纵向延伸通道,纵向延伸壁约束并限定所述通道,其中这些通道包括具有敞开的入口端和封闭的出口端的进入通道,和具有封闭的入口端和敞开的出口端的出口通道,该方法包括:
(a)从第一方向将壁流整料浸在含SCR催化剂组合物的水浆中,以便在进入通道上沉积SCR催化剂组合物;
(b)通过迫使压缩气流通过出口通道并对进入通道施加真空,从而去除进入通道中的过量水浆;
(c)从与第一方向相反的第二方向将壁流整料浸在所述水浆中,以便在出口通道上沉积SCR催化剂组合物;
(d)通过迫使压缩气流通过进入通道并对出口通道施加真空,从而去除出口通道中的过量水浆;和
(e)干燥并煅烧涂布的壁流整料。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述壁流整料具有至少50%的孔隙率和至少5微米的平均孔径。
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