CN103945828A - 混杂树枝状共聚物、其组合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
混杂树枝状共聚物、其组合物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103945828A CN103945828A CN201280052434.5A CN201280052434A CN103945828A CN 103945828 A CN103945828 A CN 103945828A CN 201280052434 A CN201280052434 A CN 201280052434A CN 103945828 A CN103945828 A CN 103945828A
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- ethylenically unsaturated
- acid
- unsaturated monomer
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Abstract
混杂树枝状共聚物组合物包含混杂树枝状共聚物,所述混杂树枝状共聚物包含至少一种烯属不饱和第一单体、至少一种第二烯属不饱和第二单体以及天然衍生含羟基链转移剂作为端基。至少一种第一和第二烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的分开侧链上。还包括制备混杂树枝状共聚物的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及包含一部分天然存在低聚物或聚合物和来自合成衍生低聚物或聚合物的结构部分的混杂共聚物和混杂共聚物组合物。
背景技术
过去进行大量尝试以使用天然材料作为聚合物结构单元。这些包括使用链转移技术制备包含与合成单体聚合的天然材料(例如糖和淀粉)的“混杂”共聚物,例如美国专利No.7,666,963和PCT公开No.WO2011/014783中所公开的。
如果使用多于一种单体,则这些混杂共聚物的合成部分由合成单体的混合物构成。这导致形成混杂共聚物中的合成链,其具有两种单体的性能的混合,发现这不充分利用两种单体结构部分的官能。因此,需要制备可使由这些单体结构部分得到的性能最大化的共聚物或共聚物组合物。
发明概述
鉴于上述问题,通常可合成其中各合成链仅含一种单体的混杂树枝状共聚物。这可通过顺序地加入不同的单体而实现,使得不同的单体不相互反应,同时形成这些混杂树枝状共聚物的合成部分。由其衍生的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物和混杂树枝状共聚物包含一部分天然存在低聚物或聚合物和来自合成衍生低聚物或聚合物的结构部分。因此,一方面,本发明提供混杂树枝状共聚物,所述共聚物包含至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体、至少一种不同于所述第一烯属不饱和单体的第二烯属不饱和单体、和作为端基的至少一种天然衍生含羟基链转移剂。至少一种第一和至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体存在于天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的单独侧链上。
另一方面,本发明涉及通过使至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体和至少一种不同于所述第一烯属不饱和单体的第二烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下自由基聚合而得到的混杂树枝状共聚物,其中第一和第二烯属不饱和单体顺序地聚合。
发明详述
通常,本发明混杂树枝状共聚物通过制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物而形成,其中两种或更多种独特合成单体的两个或更多个生长合成聚合物链链转移至天然衍生含羟基链转移剂在序列聚合中进行。所得混杂树枝状共聚物具有由至少一种第一单体SM1如丙烯酸形成的至少一个第一合成侧链、和由至少一种不同于SM1的第二单体SM2如磺化苯乙烯形成的至少一个第二合成侧链,其中两个合成链在分开且不同且独特的点处连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上。在以下混杂树枝状结构中,K为衍生自第一烯属不饱和合成单体SM1的结构部分且L为衍生自第二烯属不饱和合成单体SM2的结构部分。优选分开且独特的点在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的同一分子上,如以下图解中所示:
其中n为第一烯属不饱和单体SM1的重复单元的平均数;m为第二烯属不饱和单体SM2的重复单元的平均数;K为衍生自第一烯属不饱和合成单体SM1的结构部分;L为衍生自第二烯属不饱和合成单体SM2的结构部分;R’1为=来自聚合的末端产物,例如H或引发剂链段;且R’’1为=来自聚合的末端产物,例如H或引发剂链段。R’1和R’’1可以为相同或不同的。
然而,分开且不同且独特的点可在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的不同分子上。
任选,在任何给定体系中,可存在以上2种结构的混合物。
所得材料具有合成聚合物的性能特征,但使用衍生自再生来源的较低成本、容易得到且环境友好的材料。这些材料可用于多种应用领域中,包括但不限于水处理、洗涤剂、油田、分散剂和其它水处理应用。
认为用于制备传统混杂共聚物组合物的反应根据以下机制进行,例如WO2011/014783所述,通过引用将其全部并入本文中:
混杂共聚物组合物=(a)和(b)的混合物,其中组合物中具有一定范围的重量%的(a)
即,在第一步骤中,引发剂I形成与单体反应且引发合成聚合物链的自由基。这然后通过与几个单体结构部分反应而增长。然后通过从天然衍生含羟基链转移剂中提取质子的链转移而终止。这终止混杂合成聚合物(a)并在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上产生自由基。天然衍生含羟基链转移剂然后与几种单体结构部分反应以形成其中天然衍生含羟基链转移剂连接在合成聚合物链上的物种。该物种然后可通过链转移机制或与引发剂链段反应或者通过一些其它终止反应如化合或歧化反应而终止以产生混杂共聚物(b)。如果终止是通过链转移的,则R1为H(从天然衍生含羟基链转移剂中提取),且这在另一链转移剂上产生自由基,其然后可引发另一链。
因此,如本文所用且如以上反应中所示,“混杂共聚物组合物”为(a)混杂合成共聚物和(b)混杂共聚物的混合物。混杂共聚物组合物因此包含两种结构部分(a)和(b),且具有最少量的混杂合成共聚物(a),因为这些组分产生导致形成混杂共聚物(b)的链转移。本领域技术人员会认识到混杂共聚物组合物可包含一定量的未反应的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂。
如本文所定义,术语“混杂共聚物”指烯属不饱和单体与包含天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的端基的共聚物,所述端基为混杂合成共聚物链转移的结果。在本发明的一个实施方案中,混杂共聚物具有以下结构:
其中C为衍生自天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的结构部分,Mhc为衍生自一种或多种烯属不饱和单体的混杂共聚物的合成部分,且R1为=来自链转移的H或者来自与引发剂基团或通过两个生长链组合形成的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂或由终止反应形成的另一结构部分反应的I。
在一个实施方案中,C与Mhc之间的连接点是通过C中的醛基团,这产生在C与Mhc之间为羰基结构部分的键。在另一实施方案中,当天然衍生含羟基链转移剂为具有醛基团作为还原性端基的糖/多糖时,则混杂共聚物可由以下结构表示:
其中S为来自糖/多糖链转移剂的糖重复单元,且s为0-1000的整数,且p为3、4或5的整数。在另一实施方案中,当天然衍生含羟基链转移剂为含有醛基团的氧化淀粉时,混杂共聚物可由以下结构表示:
醛官能度的量优选为糖/多糖链转移剂中总葡糖酐单元的至少0.001摩尔%,更优选至少0.01摩尔%,最优选至少0.1摩尔%。
另外,如本文所用术语“混杂合成共聚物”为衍生自具有混杂引发剂链段作为一个端基的合成单体的合成聚合物。另一端基为由向天然衍生含羟基链转移剂链转移产生的质子。如本文所用术语“合成单体”意指可经受自由基聚合的任何烯属不饱和单体。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,典型的混杂合成共聚物具有以下结构:
其中I为引发剂链段,H为由天然衍生含羟基链转移剂提取的质子,且Mhsc为衍生自一种或多种烯属不饱和单体的混杂合成共聚物的合成部分。本领域技术人员会认识到如果使用一种或多种烯属不饱和单体,则Mhsc和Mhc的平均组成是相同的。
本领域技术人员会认识到混杂合成共聚物的最小量取决于合成单体、引发剂和天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的相对量。此外,在混杂共聚物组合物中,混杂共聚物(b)的量(链的数目)大于或等于混杂合成共聚物(a)的链的数目。
混杂合成聚合物各自的分子量由合成单体、引发剂和天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的相对量决定。
现在发现当两种或更多种合成单体顺序地聚合到天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上时,混杂“树枝状”共聚物通过两种或更多种合成单体的自由基聚合制备。即第一烯属不饱和合成单体,合成单体SM1在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下聚合,如以下图解中所示。
其中I1为第一引发剂,n’为混杂合成聚合物a1中SM1的重复单元的平均数,CH2-CHR’为衍生自烯属不饱和合成单体SM1的结构部分,且m’为混杂共聚物b1中SM1的重复单元的平均数。
应当指出显示以上和以下的反应图解用于阐述,作为制备本发明树枝状共聚物和树枝状共聚物组合物的一般反应图解的简化实例。因此,所述结构不意欲将本发明的范围仅限于所示那些烯属不饱和单体,而是也可使用其它烯属不饱和单体,例如在本申请中所公开的。
当聚合完成(且第一引发剂I1几乎完全消耗,例如在一个实施方案中,约1%引发剂进料未反应,在另一实施方案中,约0.01%引发剂进料未反应)时和第一烯属不饱和单体(SM1)完成时,连同其它引发剂I2一起加入第二烯属不饱和单体SM2。第一和第二烯属不饱和单体SM1和SM2是不同的。然而,第一和第二引发剂I1和I2以及它们相对于它们各自合成单体的浓度可以为相同或不同的。在一个实施方案中,在开始加入第二烯属不饱和单体SM2以前保持未反应的第一烯属不饱和单体SM1的量为所加入总合成单体SM1的约0.1至约10%。该第二烯属不饱和单体,合成单体SM2在相同的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下聚合,例如如以下图解所示:
其中I2为第二引发剂,n’’为混杂合成聚合物a2中SM2的重复单元的平均数,CH2-CHR’为衍生自烯属不饱和合成单体SM2的结构部分,m’’为混杂共聚物b2中SM2的重复单元的平均数,且m’’’为混杂树枝状共聚物b12中SM2的重复单元的平均数。如果使用2种单体,则如上所示树枝状混杂共聚物组合物因此可包含变化量的物种a1、a2和b1、b2和b12。在一个实施方案中,所用引发剂I1和I2可以为相同或不同的。在另一实施方案中,引发剂的摩尔浓度基于单体的摩尔数可以为相同或不同的。本领域技术人员会认识到可改变引发剂的浓度以改进合成结构部分的长度,即n’、n’’、m’、m’’和m’’’。在本发明的一个实施方案中,第一和第二合成单体的加入顺序可以颠倒。在一个实施方案中,烯属不饱和单体可以为选自阴离子单体、非离子单体或阳离子单体的一种或多种类型的组合,其中各烯属不饱和单体具有相同类型或不同类型。例如,在一个实施方案中,SM1和SM2都是阴离子的且混杂树枝状共聚物为多阴离子的。在另一实施方案中,SM1和SM2都是阳离子的,且混杂树枝状共聚物为多阳离子的。在又一实施方案中,SM1和SM2都是非离子的,且混杂树枝状共聚物为多非离子的。在其中SM1和SM2是不同类型的单体的又一实施方案中,SM1可以为阴离子的且SM2可以为非离子或阳离子的,在这种情况下,混杂树枝状共聚物可分别为阴离子的或两性的。在其中SM1和SM2为不同类型的单体的又一实施方案中,SM1可以为阳离子的,且SM2可以为非离子或阴离子的,在这种情况下,混杂树枝状共聚物分别可以为阳离子的或两性的。
因此,一方面,所得混杂树枝状共聚物组合物会包含含有两种合成单体作为共价连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上的合成链的混杂“树枝状”共聚物,条件是这些顺序加入的单体各自连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的不同的独特位置上。除混杂树枝状共聚物外,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物还可包含至少两种衍生自所用各合成单体的合成混杂聚合物,例如如上所述。还可包含两种混杂共聚物,第一和第二烯属不饱和单体各自引入其中以形成混杂树枝状共聚物。即,在本发明的一个实施方案中,树枝状混杂共聚物组合物可以为第一混杂合成共聚物(a1)和第二混杂合成共聚物(a2)、第一混杂共聚物(b1)、第二混杂共聚物(b2)和混杂树枝状共聚物(b12)的混合物。第一混杂合成共聚物(a1)代表加入反应中的第一顺序单体的聚合,而第二混杂合成共聚物(a2)代表加入的第二顺序单体的聚合。类似地,第一混杂共聚物(b1)代表由加入反应中的第一顺序单体与天然衍生含羟基材料产生的聚合产物,而第二混杂共聚物(b2)代表由加入的第二顺序单体和天然衍生含羟基材料产生的聚合产物。本领域技术人员还认识到混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可包含一定量的未反应的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂。在另一实施方案中,树枝状混杂共聚物组合物可包含第一混杂共聚物(b1)和/或第二混杂共聚物(b2)和混杂树枝状共聚物(b12)。
由于各连续单体在先前单体完全反应以后加入,也可加入SM1,然后SM2,然后如果需要的话再次加入更多SM1。
在一个实施方案中,如果使用称为SM1、SM2、SM3的三种单体,则这三种单体可顺序地加入,或者作为选择,两种单体可作为混合物加入,并顺序地加入第三单体。
如上所示,N为衍生自第三烯属不饱和合成单体SM3的结构部分。在这种情况下,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物会包含含有衍生自一、二或所有三种单体的合成链的相应合成混杂共聚物、混杂共聚物和混杂树枝状共聚物。本领域技术人员认识到可使用4种单体,且在这类实施方案中,可产生混杂树枝状共聚物的几种组合。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可以为阴离子混杂树枝状共聚物组合物或非阴离子树枝状共聚物组合物。在一个实施方案中,非阴离子混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可以为阳离子的、非离子的、两性的或两性离子的或其混合物。
如本文所定义,术语“混杂树枝状共聚物”指具有位于不同链上的两种或更多种烯属不饱和单体SM1和SM2的结构部分的树枝状共聚物,所述结构部分各自具有含有天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的端基,所述端基为混杂合成共聚物链转移的结果。在本发明的一个实施方案中,认为混杂树枝状共聚物具有以下结构:
其中n为第一烯属不饱和单体SM1的重复单元的平均数,m为第二烯属不饱和单体SM2的重复单元的平均数,K为衍生自第一烯属不饱和合成单体SM1的结构部分,且L为衍生自第二烯属不饱和合成单体SM2的结构部分,R’1为来自聚合的终止产物,且=来自链转移的H,或者来自与引发剂基团或由两个生长链组合形成的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂或由终止反应形成的另一结构部分反应的I1,R’’1为来自聚合的终止产物且=来自链转移的H,或者来自与引发剂基团或由两个生长链组合形成的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂或由终止反应形成的另一结构部分反应的I2。
在一个实施方案中,除K和L外,混杂树枝状共聚物可任选包含衍生自其它单体的结构部分,条件是K和L是不同的。任选,在本发明一个实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的重均分子量可以为小于约500,000,优选小于300,000,最优选小于100,000。在本发明的一个实施方案中,天然组分的最小重均分子量为1000。
在另一实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物优选为均匀水溶性共聚物组合物,且不是分散体或乳液共聚物组合物。不同于均匀水溶性共聚物组合物,分散体或乳液共聚物组合物包含不溶于水的悬浮或分散或乳化的聚合物颗粒。就本申请而言,水溶性定义为具有在25℃下大于约0.1g/100g水,优选在25℃下1g/100g水,最优选在25℃下10g/100g水的溶解度。
在另一实施方案中,混杂合成共聚物具有混杂引发剂链段(I、I1、I2),且一些混杂树枝状共聚物链具有混杂引发剂链段和在一端的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂(其中R1为I)。如本文所用术语“混杂引发剂链段”为并入衍生自混杂引发剂的混杂合成聚合物中的混杂引发剂的任何链段。“混杂引发剂”为自由基引发剂或引发体系,金属离子基引发剂或引发体系除外。混杂引发剂优选不是自由基提取剂,但促进链转移。此外,在本发明的一个实施方案中,混杂引发剂为水溶性的。典型的混杂引发剂包括但不限于过氧化物、偶氮引发剂以及氧化还原体系,例如叔丁基过氧化氢和异抗坏血酸,过氧化物如过硫酸盐和胺如羟胺硫酸盐、过硫酸盐和甲醛次硫酸钠等。混杂引发剂可包括无机和有机过氧化物。合适的无机过氧化物包括过硫酸钠、过硫酸钾和过硫酸铵。偶氮引发剂,例如水溶性偶氮引发剂也可以为合适的混杂引发剂。水溶性偶氮引发剂包括但不限于2,2'-偶氮双[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二氢氯化物、2,2'-偶氮双[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二硫酸盐二水合物、2,2'-偶氮双(2-甲基丙脒)二氢氯化物、2,2'-偶氮双[N-(2-羧乙基)-2-甲基丙脒]水合物、2,2'-偶氮双{2-[1-(2-羟乙基)-2-咪唑啉-2-基]丙烷}二氢氯化物、2,2'-偶氮双[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]、2,2'-偶氮双(1-亚氨基-1-吡咯烷-2-乙基丙烷)二氢氯化物、2,2'-偶氮双{2-甲基-N-[1,1-双(羟甲基)-2-羟基乙基]丙酰胺}、2,2'-偶氮双[2-甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)丙酰胺]及其它。本领域技术人员认识到并入混杂合成共聚物中的混杂引发剂链段取决于所用混杂引发剂。例如过硫酸钠、过硫酸钾和过硫酸铵会并入硫酸盐引发剂链段,而偶氮引发剂,例如2,2'-偶氮双(2-甲基丙脒)二氢氯化物会并入2-甲基丙烷丙脒(propionamidine)氢氯化物链段。在本发明的一个实施方案中,混杂引发剂链段不是衍生自过氧化氢的OH结构部分,因为过氧化氢在金属离子的存在下倾向于从基质中提取质子并产生常规接枝共聚物。此外,在本发明的一个实施方案中,混杂引发剂链段为水溶性的。
在一个实施方案中,I优选为0.01-20摩尔%的Mhc+Mhsc,更优选I为0.1-15摩尔%的Mhc+Mhsc,最优选I为1-10摩尔%的Mhc+Mhsc。
如本文所用,术语“天然衍生含羟基链转移剂”意指由再生来源得到的任何含羟基材料。在本发明的一个实施方案中,天然衍生含羟基链转移剂包括但不限于小分子,例如甘油、柠檬酸、乳酸、酒石酸、葡糖酸、抗坏血酸、葡庚糖酸。天然衍生含羟基链转移剂还可包括糖或其衍生物。合适的糖包括例如单糖和二糖,例如糖类如葡萄糖、果糖和麦芽糖,以及较大分子,例如低聚糖和多糖(例如麦芽糖糊精、玉米糖浆和淀粉)。这些的实例包括蔗糖(sucrose)、果糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖(saccharose),以及糖的反应产物,例如淀粉水解产物的氢化,例如甘露醇、山梨醇、麦芽糖醇,特别是氢化玉米糖浆和麦芽糖糊精,和其它反应产物,例如聚葡萄糖。优选低聚糖、多糖、氢化玉米糖浆和麦芽糖糊精和聚葡萄糖。本领域技术人员认识到低聚糖和多糖可通过多种方法制备,包括酸或酶水解或其组合。
在本发明实施方案中,用于本发明中的多糖进一步包括焦糊精。焦糊精通过将酸化的商业干淀粉加热至高温而制备。广泛降解起初由于存在于淀粉中的常见水分而发生。然而,不同于在水溶液中进行的以上反应,焦糊精通过加热粉末而形成。当水分通过加热而除去时,水解停止并发生水解淀粉链段的重组。该重组反应使这些材料不同于为水解淀粉链段的麦芽糖糊精。所得焦糊精产物还具有低得多的还原糖含量以及颜色和独特气味。
使用天然材料制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物是有吸引力的,因为它使衍生自石油化学来源的单体的使用最小化,因为这些单体是短缺的。例如,小分子天然醇如甘油为生物柴油制备的副产物。甘油也是用于生产皂和脂肪酸中的油和脂肪的副产物。它也可通过糖的发酵制备。柠檬酸在工业上通过粗糖溶液的发酵而制备。乳酸在商业上通过乳清、玉米淀粉、土豆、糖蜜等的发酵而制备。酒石酸是葡萄酒酿造方法的一种副产物。在本发明的一个实施方案中,小分子天然醇为甘油。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,天然衍生含羟基链转移剂为麦芽糖糊精、焦糊精或低分子量淀粉或氧化淀粉。发现当天然衍生含羟基链转移剂不溶于反应体系中时,链转移反应不能很好地作用。例如,高分子量淀粉,例如分子量为数百万的那些或粒状形式的那些是水分散性且不是水溶性的。因此,在本发明实施方案中,链转移剂的平均分子量基于淀粉标准优选为小于约500,000。具有这类典型分子量的淀粉是水溶性的。在另一实施方案中,链转移剂的重均分子量(Mw)可以为小于约100,000。在又一优选实施方案中,链转移剂的重均分子量可以为小于约50,000。在又一优选实施方案中,链转移剂的重均分子量可以为小于约10,000。还确定对于其中分散力和积垢控制特别需要的应用,链转移剂的较低分子量,例如10,000,提供改进的性能。
多糖的分子量通过以下所列程序测定:
洗脱液:0.025M NaH2PO4,0.025M Na2HPO4和在HPLC级水中的0.01M叠氮化钠。将该溶液通过0.2μm过滤器过滤。
柱:1×G6000PWxl7.8mm×30cm,G4000PWxl7.8×30cm,G3000PWxl
7.8mm×30cm,保护柱为TSKgel Guard PWxl6.0mm×4cm(都由Tosoh Bioscience制备)
将柱控制在环境温度以上5℃。通常30℃。
流速:1.0ml/min
检测器:折射率,Model2414,温度控制在30℃
泵/自动取样e2695分离模块。试样室温度控制在25℃。
器:
原始标准:HETA(羟乙基淀粉)。可由American PolymerStandards Corporation得到。(www.ampolymer.com)5个标准。在各自如下的流动相中制备0.1%w/w:
试样制备:试样通过将聚合物以0.1%浓度溶于流动相中而制备。
注射体积:450μl标准和试样。
注入标准,并建立第一或第二级校准曲线。然后选择具有最佳拟合且在未知试样的分子量范围内的曲线。
软件:Waters Corporation的2
首先用标准的试样建立校准曲线。然后通过对比它的洗脱时间与标准的洗脱时间而测定未知试样的分子量。
用于本发明中的多糖也可衍生自植物、动物和微生物来源。这类多糖的实例包括淀粉、纤维素、树胶(如阿拉伯树胶、瓜尔胶和黄原胶)、藻酸盐、果胶和吉兰糖(gellan)。淀粉包括衍生自玉米和常规杂交玉米如蜡质玉米和高直链淀粉(大于40%直链淀粉)玉米的那些以及其它淀粉如土豆、木薯、小麦、稻、豌豆、西米、燕麦、大麦、黑麦和苋属植物,包括常规杂交或基因工程材料。还包括半纤维素或植物细胞壁多糖如d-木聚糖。植物细胞壁多糖的实例包括阿糖基木聚糖,例如玉米纤维胶,玉米纤维的组分。
当多糖为树胶时,可用于其中的可应用基础包括聚半乳甘露聚糖(主要由与α-D-半乳吡喃糖基单元的单一单元侧链连接的β-D-甘露吡喃糖基单元的长链组成的杂多糖)。还包括由酸、热、剪切和/或酶的水解作用产生的降解胶产物;氧化胶;和衍生胶。合适的胶基础包括瓜尔胶、槐豆胶、塔拉胶(tara)和葫芦巴胶。
用于本发明中的其它合适多糖基础包括例如支链淀粉、壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、阿拉伯树胶、琼脂、褐藻酸、角叉菜胶、黄原胶、吉兰糖、维兰胶(welan)、鼠李胶(rhamsan)、硬葡聚糖(curdlan scleroglucan)、罗望子树胶,和半纤维素,例如阿拉伯半乳聚糖和玉米纤维胶和它们的衍生物。
当多糖为纤维素时,本文所用可应用基础包括纤维素和纤维素衍生物,例如水溶性纤维素醚(例如羧甲基纤维素以及烷基和羟烷基纤维素,例如甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟乙基甲基纤维素、羟丁基甲基纤维素和乙基羟乙基纤维素)。
合适的多糖在反应期间应优选为水溶性的。这暗示多糖具有足够低以溶于水的分子量或者可在反应期间原位水解以变成水溶性的。例如,非降解淀粉不是水溶性的。然而,降解淀粉为水溶性且优选的。此外,水溶性可通过例如纤维素化学改性成羧甲基纤维素而实现。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明降解多糖可具有约100,000或更低的数均分子量。在一个实施方案中,磺化混杂树枝状共聚物的数均分子量(Mn)为约25,000或更小。在另一方面中,降解多糖具有约10,000或更小的数均分子量。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,天然衍生含羟基链转移剂为包含麦芽糖糊精的多糖。麦芽糖糊精为具有主要通过α-1,4键连接的d-葡萄糖单元和约20或更小的右旋糖当量(‘DE’)的聚合物。右旋糖当量为淀粉水解程度的度量。它通过测量试样中还原糖相对于右旋糖(葡萄糖)的量而测定。右旋糖的DE为100,代表100%水解。DE值给出水解程度(例如10DE比5DE麦芽糖糊精更多水解)。麦芽糖糊精可作为白色粉末或浓溶液得到,并通过将淀粉用酸和/或酶部分水解而制备。
用于本发明中的多糖可进一步包括玉米糖浆。玉米糖浆定义为具有27-95的DE的降解淀粉产物。专业玉米糖浆的实例包括高果糖玉米糖浆和高麦芽糖玉米糖浆。可使用单糖和低聚糖,例如半乳糖、甘露糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖、核糖、海藻糖、乳糖等。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,多糖具有约65或更小、45或更小、20或更小的DE,在另一实施方案中,约15或更小的DE,在又一实施方案中,约5或更小的DE。在一个实施方案中,多糖具有在下限为至少约1的范围的DE。
如上所述,天然衍生含羟基链转移剂还可包括纤维素及其衍生物,但它们还可包括菊粉及其衍生物,例如羧甲基菊粉。纤维素衍生物包括通常称为半纤维素的植物杂多糖,其为纸和纸浆工业的副产物。半纤维素包括木聚糖、葡糖醛酸木聚糖、阿糖基木聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、葡甘露聚糖和木糖葡聚糖。木聚糖是最常见的杂多糖且是优选的。此外,这些天然衍生含羟基链转移剂还包括木质素及其衍生物,例如木素磺酸盐。在本发明的一个实施方案中,纤维素衍生物,例如杂多糖如木聚糖和木质素及其衍生物可以以基于混杂树枝状共聚物总量约0.1至约98重量%的量存在。在本发明一个实施方案中,天然衍生链转移剂可以为麦芽糖糊精、焦糊精以及麦芽糖糊精和焦糊精的化学改性变体。在另一实施方案中,天然衍生链转移剂可以为纤维素或菊粉,或者化学改性纤维素,例如羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和这些纤维素的乙基/甲基衍生物,或者菊粉或羧甲基菊粉,或者杂多糖如木聚糖,或木质素衍生物如木素磺酸盐。在纤维素或化学改性纤维素的情况下,它们在用于合成本发明混杂树枝状共聚物组合物以前解聚至低分子量。
可使用由其天然来源得到的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂,或者它们可以是化学改性的。化学改性包括通过酸、酶、氧化剂或热的作用水解、酯化或醚化。改性天然衍生链转移剂在经受化学改性以后可以为阳离子的、阴离子的、非离子的或两性的或疏水改性的。涉及天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的这类化学改性等详述于美国专利申请公开号US2007-0021577A1中,通过引用将其全部并入本文中。因此,适用于本发明中的含羟基天然衍生材料包括氧化、水解或酶降解的单糖、低聚糖和多糖,以及化学改性的单糖、低聚糖和多糖。化学改性衍生物包括羧酸盐、磺酸盐、磷酸盐、膦酸盐、醛、硅烷、烷基糖苷、烷基-羟烷基、羧基-烷基醚和其它衍生物。多糖可在聚合反应以前、期间或以后化学改性。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,多糖可通过醚化(例如借助用氧化丙烯、氧化乙烯、2,3-环氧基丙基三甲基氯化铵处理)、酯化(例如借助与乙酸酐、辛烯基琥珀酸酐(‘OSA’)反应)、酸水解、糊精化、氧化或酶处理(例如用α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶(pullanase)、异淀粉酶或葡糖淀粉酶改性的淀粉)或这些处理的各种组合改性或衍化。这些处理可在聚合方法以前或以后进行。
可将多糖用阳离子的、阴离子的、两性的、两性离子的、疏水性的和非离子的基团以及这类基团的组合改性。淀粉的改性可通过熟知的与含有基团如氨基、亚氨基、铵、锍或基团的试剂化学反应而进行,例如如Modified Starches:Properties and Uses,(1986)所述。这类衍生物包括含有含氮基团,包括伯、仲、叔和季胺,以及通过醚或酯键连接的锍和基团的那些。
基本上任何烯属不饱和单体或可聚合单体可用作合成单体(SM1、SM2、SM3…SMn)以制备本发明混杂树枝状共聚物组合物。优选促进最终产物的水溶性和水分散性的单体。此外,关于可使用的单体的数目基本不存在限制。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,烯属不饱和单体为阴离子的。因此,树枝状混杂共聚物包含由至少一种链终止或具有端基的阴离子烯属不饱和单体与天然衍生含羟基链转移剂制备的合成聚合物。在本发明另一方面中,混杂树枝状共聚物包含由至少一种借助羰基结构部分连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上的阴离子烯属不饱和单体制备的聚合物。
如本文所用术语“阴离子烯属不饱和单体”意指能够将负电荷引入树枝状混杂共聚物中的烯属不饱和单体。这些阴离子烯属不饱和单体可包括但不限于丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、α-氯-丙烯酸、α-氰基丙烯酸、β-甲基-丙烯酸(巴豆酸)、α-苯基丙烯酸、β-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、山梨酸、α-氯山梨酸、当归酸、肉桂酸、对-氯肉桂酸、β-苯乙烯基丙烯酸(1-羧基-4-苯基丁二烯-1,3)、衣康酸、马来酸、柠康酸、中康酸、戊烯二酸、乌头酸、富马酸、三羧基乙烯、粘康酸、2-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸及其钠盐(AMPS)、乙烯基磺酸、甲基烯丙基磺酸钠、磺化苯乙烯、(甲基)烯丙氧基苯磺酸、乙烯基膦酸、1-烯丙氧基2-羟基丙基磺酸钠和马来酸及其盐。可衍化(水解)成具有负电荷的结构部分的结构部分,例如马来酸酐或丙烯酰胺也是合适的。也可使用阴离子烯属不饱和单体的组合。在本发明的一个实施方案中,阴离子烯属不饱和单体可以为丙烯酸、马来酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸及其盐或上述单体的混合物。在本发明的一个实施方案中,第一合成单体SM1为丙烯酸、衣康酸、马来酸、甲基丙烯酸或其盐或其组合,且第二合成单体SM2为2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸或其盐。
用于本发明中的合适合成单体还可任选包括疏水性单体。这些疏水性单体可以以这样的量使用使得所得树枝状共聚物组合物仍是水溶性的。这些疏水性单体包括饱和或不饱和烷基、羟烷基、烷基烷氧基、芳基烷氧基、烷芳基烷氧基、芳基和芳基-烷基、硅氧烷等。疏水性单体的实例包括苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸辛酯、月桂醇丙烯酸酯、硬脂醇丙烯酸酯、山萮醇丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸辛酯、月桂醇甲基丙烯酸酯、硬脂醇甲基丙烯酸酯、山萮醇甲基丙烯酸酯、2-乙基己基丙烯酰胺、辛基丙烯酰胺、月桂基丙烯酰胺、硬脂基丙烯酰胺、山萮基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸戊酯、丙烯酸己酯、1-乙烯基萘、2-乙烯基萘、3-甲基苯乙烯、4-丙基苯乙烯、叔丁基苯乙烯、4-环己基苯乙烯、4-十二烷基苯乙烯、2-乙基-4-苄基苯乙烯和4-(苯基丁基)苯乙烯。疏水性单体包括含有硅烷基团的那些,例如乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、乙烯基三异丙氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙酰氧基硅烷、乙烯基三(2-乙氧基甲氧基)硅烷、乙烯基甲基二甲氧基硅烷、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷及其它。本领域技术人员认识到这些硅烷单体可水解成用于本发明中的硅烷醇基团。
另一方面,本发明涉及含有至少一种非阴离子烯属不饱和单体的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物。如本文所用,非阴离子烯属不饱和单体包括不是阴离子的那些。即,这些非阴离子烯属不饱和单体可包括但不限于阳离子烯属不饱和单体、非离子烯属不饱和单体、两性烯属不饱和单体和两性离子烯属不饱和单体及其混合物。如本文所用非阴离子混杂树枝状共聚物组合物为由至少一种阳离子烯属不饱和单体或至少一种非离子烯属不饱和单体制备的混杂合成共聚物和混杂树枝状共聚物的混合物,所述混杂树枝状共聚物包含由链终止或具有端基的至少一种阳离子烯属不饱和单体或至少一种非离子烯属不饱和单体与天然衍生含羟基链转移剂制备的合成聚合物。
如本文所用术语“阳离子烯属不饱和单体”意指能够将正电荷引入非阴离子混杂共聚物组合物中的烯属不饱和单体。阳离子单体的实例包括但不限于丙烯酰氨基丙基三甲基氯化铵(APTAC)、甲基丙烯酰氨基丙基三甲基氯化铵(MAPTAC)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)、丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵(AETAC)、甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵(也称为二甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯甲基氯季铵盐)。在本发明一个实施方案中,阳离子烯属不饱和单体具有至少一种胺官能。这些非阴离子混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的阳离子衍生物可通过形成所有或一部分胺官能的胺盐而形成;通过将所有或一部分胺官能季铵化以形成季铵盐而形成;或者通过将所有或一部分胺官能氧化以形成N-氧化物基团而形成。
如本文所用术语“胺盐”意指胺官能的氮原子共价结合以形成1-3个有机基团且与阴离子关联。
如本文所用术语“季铵盐”意指胺官能的氮原子共价结合在4个有机基团上并与阴离子关联。这些阳离子衍生物可通过在聚合以前将单体官能化或者通过在聚合以后将聚合物官能化而合成。这些阳离子烯属不饱和单体包括但不限于(甲基)丙烯酸N,N二烷基氨基烷基酯、丙烯酸N,N二烷基氨基烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N-烷基氨基烷基酯、N,N二烷基氨基烷基丙烯酰胺、N,N二烷基氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺和N-烷基氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺,其中烷基独立地为C1-18环状化合物,例如1-乙烯基咪唑等。也可使用含芳族胺单体,例如乙烯基吡啶。此外,也可使用在水解时产生胺结构部分的单体,例如乙烯基甲酰胺、乙烯基乙酰胺等。优选阳离子烯属不饱和单体为甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁基氨基乙酯和N,N-二甲基氨基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺。在本发明的一个实施方案中,胺单体选自甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯、N,N-二甲基氨基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨基乙酯。在一个实施方案中,可将乙烯基吡啶和其它胺单体氧化或季铵化。
可使用的阳离子烯属不饱和单体为上述单体的季铵化衍生物以及还作为二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵已知的二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵、(甲基)丙烯酰氨基丙基三甲基氯化铵、2-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵、2-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基铵甲基硫酸盐、2-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵、(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯甲基氯季铵盐、甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基甜菜碱以及其它甜菜碱和磺基甜菜碱,2-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基二甲基氢氯化铵、3-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基二甲基乙酸氢铵、2-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基二甲基鲸蜡基氯化铵、2-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基二苯基氯化铵及其它。在一个实施方案中,适用于本发明中的阳离子烯属不饱和单体为(甲基)丙烯酸N,N二烷基氨基烷基酯、丙烯酸N,N二烷基氨基烷基酯、N,N二烷基氨基烷基丙烯酰胺和N,N二烷基氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺的季铵化衍生物,本领域技术人员认识到可将这些用甲基氯(如上所述)季铵化,但也可将它们用硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、乙基氯和苄基氯和其它季铵化剂季铵化。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,当至少一种烯属不饱和单体为阳离子的时,树枝状共聚物组合物基本不含丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺。基本不含意指树枝状共聚物组合物包含小于约1%的这些单体,优选小于约0.1%的这些单体,最优选小于约0.001%的这些单体。尽管在该实施方案中,树枝状共聚物组合物基本不含丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺,树枝状共聚物组合物可包含丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺的衍生物,例如N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺和本申请中提到的其它衍生物。
在本发明另一实施方案中,当至少一种烯属不饱和单体为阳离子的时,共聚物组合物包含基于树枝状共聚物组合物的重量约20重量%或更大的阳离子烯属不饱和单体。在另一实施方案中,共聚物组合物包含约25重量%或更大的阳离子烯属不饱和单体,在又一实施方案中,共聚物组合物包含约30重量%或更大的阳离子烯属不饱和单体。
在又一实施方案中,当至少一种烯属不饱和单体为阳离子的时,共聚物组合物基本不含交联剂。基本不含意指树枝状共聚物组合物包含小于约1%的交联剂,优选小于约0.1%的交联剂,最优选小于约0.001%的交联剂。
如本文所用术语“非离子烯属不饱和单体”意指不将电荷引入非阴离子混杂共聚物组合物中的烯属不饱和单体。这些非离子烯属不饱和单体包括但不限于(甲基)丙烯酸的C1-C6烷基酯及其碱或碱土金属或铵盐、丙烯酰胺和C1-C6烷基取代丙烯酰胺、N-烷基取代丙烯酰胺和N-链烷醇取代丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸羟基烷基酯和丙烯酰胺。合适的还有不饱和乙烯基酸如马来酸和衣康酸的C1-C6烷基酯和C1-C6烷基半酯,以及饱和脂族单羧酸如乙酸、丙酸和戊酸的C1-C6烷基酯。在实施方案中,非离子烯属不饱和单体选自丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N,N二烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺如N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺、(甲基)丙烯酸羟基烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯如丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯基吗啉、乙烯基吡咯烷酮、乙烯基己内酰胺,乙氧基化烷基、烷芳基或芳基单体,例如甲氧基聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烯丙基缩水甘油醚、烯丙醇、甘油(甲基)丙烯酸酯,包含硅烷、硅烷醇和硅氧烷官能的单体及其它。非离子烯属不饱和单体优选为水溶性的。在另一实施方案中,非离子烯属不饱和单体选自丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、N甲基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N,N二甲基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羟基乙酯和(甲基)丙烯酸羟基丙酯、N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N二乙基丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和丙烯酰基吗啉、乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙烯基己内酰胺。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,第一合成单体SM1为阴离子的且为丙烯酸、衣康酸、马来酸、甲基丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸或其盐,且第二单体SM2为阳离子的且为甲基丙烯酰氨基丙基三甲基氯化铵(MAPTAC)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)、丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵(AETAC)、甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵或其组合。
在另一方面中,本发明涉及制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的方法。方法包括使至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下聚合直至反应基本完成,例如当小于10%,在另一实施方案中,小于1%的至少一种第一单体保持未反应时,然后使至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体在第一单体和天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的反应产物的存在下聚合。在另一方面中,本发明涉及通过上述方法制备的产物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可包含基于混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的重量1-99.5重量%的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂。在另一实施方案中,树枝状混杂共聚物组合物可包含基于混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的重量至少10重量%,优选50重量%,最优选75重量%的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂。在另一实施方案中,树枝状混杂共聚物组合物可包含基于混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的重量至多99.5重量%,优选95重量%,最优选90重量%的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂。
在本发明实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可作为用于大量不同应用的组合物的组分,包括但不限于清洁、洗衣、自动洗碗(ADW)、超吸收剂、玻璃纤维粘合剂、流变改进剂、油田、水处理、分散剂、胶结和混凝土组合物。对于清洁应用,组合物可包括但不限于洗涤剂、织物清洁剂、自动洗碗洗涤剂、漂洗助剂、玻璃清洁剂、织物护理配制剂、织物软化剂、絮凝剂、凝结剂、破乳剂、碱和酸性硬表面清洁剂、洗衣剂及其它。组合物还可在工业和惯例清洁应用中用于清洁表面。在自动洗碗洗涤剂配制剂的典型实施方案中,这类配制剂包括磷酸盐、低磷酸盐和“零”磷酸盐建立配制剂,其中洗涤剂基本不含磷酸盐。如本文所用,低磷酸盐意指洗涤中小于1500ppm磷酸盐,在另一实施方案中,在洗涤中小于约1000ppm磷酸盐,在又一实施方案中,在洗涤中小于500ppm磷酸盐。
混杂树枝状共聚物组合物也可作为积垢控制剂用于在清洁、洗衣、ADW、油田、水处理和其中积垢产生是个问题的任何其它含水体系中。控制的积垢包括但不限于碳酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐或硅酸盐基积垢,例如硫酸钙、硫酸钡、正磷酸钙和多磷酸钙、三聚磷酸盐、碳酸镁、硅酸镁及其它。
在其它实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物也可作为分散剂用于清洁、油田和水处理应用、漆料和涂料、纸涂料和其它应用中。这些混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可用于分散颗粒,包括但不限于矿物、粘土、盐、金属矿石、金属氧化物、污垢、污物、滑石、颜料、二氧化钛、云母、二氧化硅、硅酸盐、炭黑、氧化铁、高岭粘土、碳酸钙、合成碳酸钙、沉淀碳酸钙、研磨碳酸钙、沉淀二氧化硅、高岭粘土及其组合。
用于本发明中的合适辅助成分包括但不限于水、表面活性剂、增效助剂、磷酸盐、碳酸钠、柠檬酸盐、酶、缓冲剂、香料、消泡剂、离子交换剂、碱、抗再沉积材料、荧光增亮剂、芳香剂、染料、填料、螯合剂、织物增白剂、增亮剂、起泡控制剂、溶剂、水溶助长剂、漂白剂、漂白剂前体、缓冲剂、除污剂、去污剂、织物软化剂、遮光剂、水处理化学品、腐蚀抑制剂、正磷酸盐、锌化合物、甲苯基三唑、矿物、粘土、盐、金属矿石、金属氧化物、滑石、颜料、二氧化钛、云母、二氧化硅、硅酸盐、炭黑、氧化铁、高岭粘土、改性高岭粘土、碳酸钙、合成碳酸钙、玻璃纤维、粘固剂和氧化铝。表面活性剂可以为阴离子的、非离子的,例如低泡非离子表面活性剂,阳离子的或两性离子的。在本发明的一个实施方案中,螯合剂可以为谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)和甲基甘氨酸N,N-二乙酸(MGDA)等。
使用本发明混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的一些其它油田包括胶结、钻探泥浆、分散力和隔离液应用中的添加剂。通常,油田应用中遭遇的水为海水或来自地层的盐水。油田中遭遇的水可以为非常咸的。因此,聚合物还可能希望可溶于许多盐水和咸水中。这些盐水可以为包含约3.5重量%NaCl的海水或者包含例如至多3.5%KCl、至多25%NaCl和至多20%CaCl2的更严重的盐水。因此,聚合物应可溶于这些体系中以使它们有效地用作例如积垢抑制剂。进一步发现混杂树枝状共聚物组合物在盐水中的溶解度越高,相容性越高。为油田中遭遇的典型盐水的合成海水、中等和严重钙盐水的组成列于下表1中。
表1:油田中遭遇的典型盐水
如表1所述,海水包含约35g/l盐混合物。中等和严重钙盐水分别包含约70和200g/l盐混合物。
在油田应用中,可注入或挤压积垢抑制剂,或者可在顶部加入所产生的水中。因此,本发明实施方案还包括混杂树枝状共聚物和载液的混合物。载液可以为水、二醇、醇或油。优选载液为水或盐水或甲醇。甲醇通常用于防止井下的甲烷水合物(也称为甲烷笼形物或甲烷冰)结构的形成。在本发明另一实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物可溶于甲醇中。因此,可将积垢抑制聚合物引入甲醇管线中的井眼中。这是特别有利的,因为存在运行至井眼中的固定数目的管线,且该组合消除对另一管线的需要。
在本发明一个实施方案中,可将混杂树枝状共聚物组合物与增效助剂或螯合剂均匀地混合或共混,然后加工成粉末或颗粒。例如,包含本发明混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的组合物可包含碱金属或碱土金属碳酸盐、柠檬酸盐或硅酸盐作为适用于洗涤剂配制剂中的典型增效助剂。术语碱金属定义为IA族元素,例如锂、钠和钾,而碱土金属为IIA族元素,包括铍、镁和钙。
如本文所用粉末定义为具有小于约300μm的平均粒度,而微粒为具有大于约300μm的平均粒度的颗粒。通过将混杂树枝状共聚物与增效助剂或螯合剂均匀混合或共混,颗粒或微粒提供较小吸湿性能并提供更容易处理且自由流动的粉末。如本申请中所用,自由流动为不结块或熔合在一起的粉末或微粒。在本发明一个实施方案中,混杂聚合物为阴离子混杂共聚物。在本发明另一实施方案中,可与混杂树枝状共聚物共混的增效助剂或螯合剂为碳酸钠或碳酸钾、硅酸钠或硅酸钾、柠檬酸钠或柠檬酸钾,或者谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)和甲基甘氨酸N,N-二乙酸(MGDA)。
在典型实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物也可用于织物软化剂组合物以及织物护理组合物中。合适的织物软化剂配制剂包含织物软化剂活性物质、水、表面活性剂、电解质、相稳定聚合物、芳香剂、非离子表面活性剂、非水溶剂、硅氧烷、脂肪酸、染料、防腐剂、荧光增亮剂、消泡剂及其混合物。这些织物软化剂活性物质包括但不限于二酯季铵化合物,例如二牛脂酰氧基乙基二甲基氯化铵、二氢化-牛脂酰氧基乙基二甲基氯化铵、二低芥酸菜子油酰氧基乙基二甲基氯化铵、二牛脂二甲基氯化铵,三乙醇胺酯季铵盐,例如二-(氢化牛脂酰氧基乙基)-N,N-甲基羟基乙基铵甲基硫酸盐和二-(油酰氧基乙基)-N,N-甲基羟基乙基铵甲基硫酸盐以及其它,例如三牛脂甲基氯化铵、甲基双(牛脂酰氨基乙基)-2-羟乙基铵甲基硫酸盐、甲基双(氢化牛脂酰氨基乙基)-2-羟乙基铵甲基硫酸盐、甲基双(油基酰氨基乙基)-2-羟乙基铵甲基硫酸盐、二牛脂酰氧基乙基二甲基铵甲基硫酸盐、二氢化-牛脂酰氧基乙基二甲基氯化铵、二低芥酸菜子油酰氧基乙基二甲基氯化铵、N-牛脂酰氧基乙基-N-牛脂酰氨基丙基甲基胺、1,2-双(硬化牛脂酰氧基)-3-三甲基铵丙烷氯化物、二硬化牛脂二甲基氯化铵及其混合物。
优选的活性物质为通常通过链烷醇胺如MDEA(甲基二乙醇胺)和TEA(三乙醇胺)与脂肪酸反应而制备的二酯季铵(DEQA)化合物。通常由这类反应产生的一些材料包括N,N-二(酰基-氧基乙基)-N,N-二甲基氯化铵或N,N-二(酰基氧基乙基)-N,N-甲基羟基乙基铵甲基硫酸盐,其中酰基衍生自动物脂肪、不饱和和多不饱和脂肪酸,例如油酸,和/或衍生自植物油和/或部分氢化植物油如低芥酸菜子油、红花油、花生油、向日葵油、玉米油、大豆油、妥尔油、米糠油等的部分氢化脂肪酸。本领域技术人员认识到取决于方法和原料,由这类方法制备的活性软化剂材料可包含单酯、二酯和三酯的组合。
如本文所用术语“织物护理配制剂”包括但不限于用于处理织物以改进织物柔软度、形状保持力、织物弹性、织物拉伸强度、织物撕裂强度、织物润滑、织物松弛、耐久熨压、抗皱性、皱纹减少、熨平容易性、耐磨性、织物平滑、抗起毛、抗起球、卷曲度、外观增强、外观复原、颜色保护、颜色复原、抗收缩、静电减少、吸水性或防水性、防污性、清爽、抗菌、防味性及其混合的配制剂。除非阴离子混杂共聚物外,织物护理配制剂还可包含成分,例如阳离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂、织物软化剂活性物质、蔗糖酯、软化剂、其它织物护理剂、分散介质如水、醇、二醇;乳化剂、香料、润湿剂、粘度改进剂、pH缓冲剂、抗菌剂、抗氧化剂、自由基清除剂、螯合剂、消泡剂及其混合物。
在本发明其它实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物在废水处理应用中作为絮凝剂和凝结剂用于污泥脱水和使水澄清。另外,家用和工业污水包含悬浮物质,必须将其除去。悬浮颗粒主要由于它们的净负表面电荷而稳定。混杂树枝状共聚物组合物破坏该负电荷并能够从水中除去悬浮固体。在又一实施方案中,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物作为破乳剂用于水包油乳液。这些用于废水处理应用中以遵循排放水中脂肪油和润滑脂的限制。另外,混杂树枝状共聚物组合物作为逆破乳剂用于油田中。在本申请中,在水可安全返回环境中以前将少量油滴从连续水相中除去。另外,本发明混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可用于要求成膜性能的应用,例如个人护理和/或美容品应用中。
混杂树枝状共聚物组合物可用于美容品和个人护理组合物中。美容品和个人护理组合物包括例如润肤液和润肤霜、护肤凝胶、浆液和液体、面部和身体清洁产品、擦巾、液体和条皂、彩色美容品配制剂、化妆品、粉底、日晒护理产品、防晒霜、人工晒黑配制剂、洗发水、调理剂、染发配制剂、头发松弛剂、具有AHA和BHA的产品,和头发定型剂,例如喷雾、凝胶、摩丝、发蜡和蜡,包括低VOC头发定型剂和防晒剂。这些美容品和个人护理组合物可以为任何形式,包括但不限于乳液、凝胶、液体、喷雾、固体、摩丝、粉末、擦巾或棒。
美容品和个人护理组合物包含合适的“美容品和个人护理活性物质”。合适的美容品和个人护理活性剂包括例如防晒剂或活性物质、美学增强剂、调理剂、防痤疮药、抗微生物剂、消炎药、镇痛药、抗红斑药、止痒药(antiruritic agent)、抗水肿药(antiedemal agent)、抗银屑病药、杀真菌剂、护肤剂、维生素、抗氧化剂、清除剂、抗刺激剂、抗菌剂、抗病毒剂、抗老化剂、原生保护剂(protoprotection agent)、头发生长增强剂、头发生长抑制剂、除毛剂、抗皮屑剂、抗皮脂溢药、剥落剂、伤口愈合剂、抗外寄生物剂(anti-ectoparacitic agent)、脂肪调节剂、免疫调节药、激素、植物性药材、保湿剂、收敛药、清洁剂、感觉物(sensates)、抗生素、麻醉药、类固醇、组织愈合物质、组织再生物质、羟烷基脲、氨基酸、肽、矿物、神经酰胺、生物透明质酸(biohyaluronic acids)、维生素、皮肤亮化剂、自晒黑剂、辅酶Q10、烟酰亚胺(niacinimide)、辣椒素(capcasin)、咖啡因,和任何前述的任何组合。
用于本发明中的合适防晒剂或活性物质包括吸收、散射或阻断紫外(UV)线,例如UV-A和UV-B的任何颗粒防晒活性物质。合适颗粒防晒剂的非限定性实例包括粘土、琼脂、瓜尔胶、纳米颗粒、天然和改性淀粉、改性纤维素、氧化锌和二氧化钛及前述的任何组合。改性淀粉包括例如润滑剂(淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝)、润滑剂(改性玉米淀粉)、ELITE LL润滑剂(淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝(和)月桂基赖氨酸)、ELITE BN润滑剂(淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸铝(和)氮化硼),都由National Starch and Chemical Company市购。
防晒剂可包括在UV辐射与施加它们的表面之间形成物理和/或化学屏障的那些。合适防晒剂的非限定性实例包括甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯(桂皮酸盐(octinoxate))、水杨酸乙基己酯(辛水杨酯(octisalate))、丁基甲氧基二苯甲酰甲烷、甲氧基二苯甲酰甲烷、阿伏苯宗(avobenzone)、二苯甲酮-3(羟苯甲酮)、奥克立林(octocrylene)、氨基苯甲酸、西诺沙酯(cinoxate)、二羟苯宗(dioxybenzone)、胡莫柳酯(homosalate)、氨茴酸甲酯、奥克立林(octocrylene)、辛水杨酯(octisalate)、羟苯甲酮、二甲氨苯酸辛酯(padimateO)、苯基苯并咪唑磺酸、舒利苯酮(sulisobenzone)、三乙醇胺水杨酸盐(trolamine salicylate)和任何前述的任何组合。
美容品和个人护理组合物可任选包含一种或多种美学增强剂(即赋予组合物应用于其上的表面理想的触觉、视觉、味觉和/或嗅觉性能的材料),且可以为亲水性或疏水性的。任选适用于本发明中的商业美学增强剂的非限定性实例与它们的INCI名称一起包括21C淀粉(甜玉米(玉米)淀粉)和TAPIOCA PURE(木薯淀粉)及其组合,其可由National Starch andChemical Company得到。
合适的调理剂包括但不限于环聚二甲基硅氧烷;矿脂;聚二甲基硅氧烷;聚二甲基硅氧烷醇;聚硅氧烷,例如环戊硅氧烷和二异硬脂酰三羟甲基丙烷甲硅烷氧基硅酸盐;透明质酸钠;棕榈酸异丙酯;大豆油;亚油酸;PPG-12/饱和亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯共聚物;脲;氨端聚二甲基硅氧烷;十三醇聚醚-12;西曲氯铵;二苯基聚二甲基硅氧烷;丙二醇;甘油;羟烷基脲;生育酚;季胺;及其任何组合。
美容品和个人护理组合物可任选包含一种或多种辅助剂,例如pH调节剂、润肤剂、润湿剂、调理剂、保湿剂、螯合剂、推进剂、流变改进剂和乳化剂如胶凝剂、着色剂、芳香剂、气味掩蔽剂、UV稳定剂、防腐剂及任何前述的任何组合。pH调节剂的实例包括但不限于氨基甲基丙醇、氨基甲基丙二醇、三乙醇胺、三乙胺、柠檬酸、氢氧化钠、乙酸、氢氧化钾、乳酸及其任何组合。
美容品和个人护理组合物还可包含防腐剂。合适的防腐剂包括但不限于氯苯甘醚(chlorophenesin)、山梨酸、亚乙基二腈基四乙酸二钠、苯氧基乙醇、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、肌醇六磷酸、咪唑烷基脲、脱水乙酸钠、苄醇、甲基氯异噻唑啉酮、甲基异噻唑啉酮及其任何组合。在本发明的一个实施方案中,美容品和个人护理组合物通常包含基于100重量%的总组合物约0.001至约20重量%的防腐剂。在另一实施方案中,组合物包含基于100重量%的总组合物约0.1至约10重量%的防腐剂。
美容品和个人护理组合物可任选包含增稠剂或胶凝剂。这类胶凝剂的实例包括但不限于合成聚合物,例如可由B.F.Goodrich,Cleveland,Ohio得到的丙烯酸基系列增稠剂,和可由Rohm&Haas,Philadelphia,Pa得到的缔合型增稠剂如AculynTM。其它典型胶凝剂包括纤维素增稠剂,例如衍化羟乙基纤维素和甲基纤维素,淀粉基增稠剂,例如乙酰化淀粉,和天然存在的胶,例如琼脂、褐藻酸、阿拉伯树胶、瓜尔胶、和黄原酸胶。增稠剂和流变改进剂还可包括但不限于丙烯酸酯/硬脂醇聚醚-20衣康酸酯共聚物、丙烯酸酯/鲸蜡醇聚醚-20衣康酸酯共聚物、改性土豆淀粉、羟丙基淀粉磷酸盐、丙烯酸酯/氨基丙烯酸酯/PEG-20衣康酸C10-30烷基酯共聚物、卡波姆、丙烯酸酯/丙烯酸C10-30烷基酯交联聚合物、羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酰胺(和)C13-14异链烷烃(和)月桂醇聚醚-7、丙烯酰胺共聚物(和)矿物油(和)C13-14异链烷烃(和)聚山梨酸酯85、丙烯酸羟基乙酯/丙烯酰基二甲基牛磺酸钠共聚物,和丙烯酸羟基乙酯/丙烯酰基二甲基牛磺酸钠共聚物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,美容品和个人护理组合物为头发美容品组合物。也可将任选常规添加剂并入本发明头发美容品组合物中以提供给组合物某些改进性能。这些添加剂包括聚硅氧烷和聚硅氧烷衍生物;润湿剂;保湿剂;增塑剂,例如甘油、乙二醇和邻苯二甲酸酯和醚;润肤剂、润滑剂和渗透剂,例如羊毛脂化合物;芳香剂和香料;UV吸收剂;染料、颜料和其它着色剂;防腐蚀剂;抗氧化剂;去粘剂;梳理助剂和调理剂;抗静电剂;中和剂;光泽剂;防腐剂;蛋白质、蛋白衍生物和氨基酸;维生素;乳化剂;表面活性剂;粘度改进剂、增稠剂和流变改进剂;胶凝剂;遮光剂;稳定剂;多价螯合剂;螯合剂;珠光剂;美学增强剂;脂肪酸、脂肪醇和甘油三酯;植物提取物;成膜剂;和澄清剂。这些添加剂以小的有效量存在以实现它们的功能,通常基于组合物的重量各自占约0.01至约10重量%,和总计约0.01至约20重量%。
头发美容品组合物可任选为摩丝。对于摩丝,溶剂可以为低级(C1-4)醇,特别是甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇或丁醇,但可使用本领域中已知的任何溶剂。
任选,本发明一个实施方案还可包括喷剂。对于喷剂,推进剂包括任何任选推进剂。这类推进剂包括但不限于醚,例如二甲醚;一种或多种较低沸点烃,例如C3-C6直链和支链烃,例如丙烷、丁烷和异丁烷;卤化烃,例如氢氟碳,例如1,1-二氟乙烷和1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷,其作为液化气体存在;和压缩气体,例如氮气、空气和二氧化碳。
在又一方面中,本发明涉及制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的方法。制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的方法包括使至少一种第一单体与包含仅次要量的次要链转移剂如次磷酸钠的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂溶液反应。然后,当第一单体的聚合完成时,加入第二单体,并使该第二单体在相同天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下聚合。
制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的方法要求将单体顺序地加入反应中。天然衍生含羟基链转移剂可连同第一单体一起加入反应中或者可加入初始进料中。取决于应用,单体的相对顺序可能是重要的。例如,如果使用两种单体A和B,则在将单体B加入反应混合物中以前加入单体A可能是更好的。这通过实施例1和2以及实施例3中这些试样的性能例证。与其中丙烯酸在AMPS以前加入而合成的聚合物相比,以AMPS在丙烯酸之前加入而合成的聚合物(实施例1)具有更好的防再沉积性能。因此,单体的加入顺序取决于需要。另外,在本发明范围内的是加入单体A,然后加入单体B,并转回单体A等等。另外,单体添加可决定产物是溶液还是凝胶。在多数情况下,溶液是优选的,且这会决定单体添加的正确顺序。
本领域技术人员认识到混杂树枝状共聚物的组成和性能可通过单体进料的顺序、各进料期间两种或更多种单体和引发剂与单体浓度的相对比率控制。这会控制合成链的数目和连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上的这些合成链的长度。引发剂与单体的比越高,连接的合成链越短。另外,引发剂与单体的比越高,形成的合成链的数目越大。因此,取决于应用,技术人员可能想要一种单体的较长合成链和连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上的另一单体的较短合成链。这可通过调整各单体聚合期间的单体相对引发剂浓度而控制。这也改变连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上的各单体的合成链数目。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,次要链转移剂可以为混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的小于25重量%,优选混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的小于10重量%,最优选混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的小于1重量%。方法可进一步包括在用基本不含金属离子引发体系的引发剂在足以使所述引发剂活化的温度下催化聚合步骤。
在又一方面中,本发明涉及混杂树枝状共聚物组合物和增效助剂或螯合剂的混合物。适用于本发明中的典型螯合剂包括但不限于碱金属或碱土金属碳酸盐、碱金属或碱土金属柠檬酸盐、碱金属或碱土金属硅酸盐、谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)、甲基甘氨酸N,N-二乙酸(MGDA)及其组合。在本发明一个实施方案中,混合物可以为包含混杂共聚物和增效助剂或螯合剂的均匀分散体的颗粒。颗粒也可以为粉末或微粒。
在又一方面中,本发明涉及混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,所述组合物包含阴离子基团和阳离子基团,因此使得混杂树枝状共聚物组合物是两性的。阴离子结构部分可以在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上且阳离子结构部分在合成组分上,或者阳离子结构部分可以在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上且阴离子结构部分在合成组分上,或其组合。当天然组分为多糖时,阴离子材料可以为氧化淀粉,且阳离子结构部分可衍生自阳离子烯属不饱和单体如二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵。作为选择,氧化淀粉本身可首先与阳离子取代基如3-氯-2-羟丙基)三甲基氯化铵反应,然后与合成阴离子或阳离子单体或其混合物反应。在另一实施方案中,阳离子淀粉可与阴离子单体反应。
最后,阳离子和阴离子结构部分可以在这些聚合物的合成组分上,在这种情况下,一种单体为阴离子的且另一种单体为阳离子的。这些两性混杂树枝状共聚物组合物特别用于硬表面清洁应用中。应当理解这些聚合物包含天然组分和合成组分。阳离子结构部分优选以阴离子结构部分的0.001-40摩尔%存在,更优选阳离子结构部分以阴离子结构部分的0.01-20摩尔%存在,最优选阳离子结构部分以阴离子结构部分的0.1-10摩尔%存在。
实施例
以下实施例意欲例示本发明,但不意欲以任何方式限制本发明的范围。本发明的宽幅和范围仅受其所附权利要求书限制。
对比例1:
使用丙烯酸和2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)的混合物的传统接枝共聚物的实施例
将包含156g水和49g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM01918麦芽糖糊精)(DE18)和0.0039g硫酸亚铁铵六水合物(FAS)的反应器加热至98℃。将包含81.6g丙烯酸和129.2g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液的混合溶液经45分钟加入反应器中。同时将包含在78g去离子水中的13g35%过氧化氢溶液的引发剂溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入27.2g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为清澈的黄色溶液。
实施例1
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。AMPS作为第一单体(例如SM1)和丙烯酸作为第二单体(例如SM2)。
将包含100g水和38g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM01918麦芽糖糊精)(DE18)的反应器加热至98℃。将99.5g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持15分钟。将62.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入6g的50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为清澈琥珀色溶液。重均分子量为31,995且该聚合物的数均分子量为5,484。
实施例2
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。丙烯酸作为第一单体,AMPS作为第二单体。
将包含100g水和38g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM01918麦芽糖糊精)(DE18)的反应器加热至98℃。将62.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持15分钟。将99.5g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入6g的50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为深琥珀色溶液。重均分子量为41,757且该聚合物的数均分子量为5,800。
实施例3:
使用商业Sun液体洗涤剂的一个洗涤抗再沉积数据。试验在全积垢洗衣机中使用3种棉和3种聚酯/棉样片进行。所用污垢为17.5g玫瑰粘土、17.5g带状黑粘土和6.9g油混合物(75:25植物/矿物)。试验使用100g洗衣粉/洗涤载荷进行3个循环。聚合物以洗涤剂的1.0重量%的剂量加入。洗涤条件使用33.9℃(93°F)的温度、150ppm硬度和10分钟洗涤循环。
使用分光光度计分别测量第一循环以前和第三循环以后的L(亮度)、a(色组分)、b(色组分)值作为L1、a1、b1和L2、a2、b2。使用以上L、a、b值计算δ白度指数。
较低的δWI(白度指数)值是更好的。数据表明具有混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的聚合物(实施例1和2)比普通接枝共聚物(对比例1)更好地表现,尽管它们具有相同的总组成。此外,这些聚合物比为用于该应用的工业标准的聚丙烯酸钠(Alcosperse602N)更好地表现。而且,实施例1的聚合物比其中单体反应顺序相反的实施例2稍微更好地表现。所有这些清楚地表明混杂树枝状共聚物组合物不同于传统接枝共聚物。此外,分子的组成和类型可通过单体进料的顺序、2种单体的相对比和各进料期间的引发剂与单体浓度控制。这会控制各单体的合成链的数目和连接在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂上的这些链的长度,所述链转移剂在这种情况下为麦芽糖糊精。
表2
实施例4
使用阴离子单体制备连接在糖结构部分上的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。AMPS作为第一单体且丙烯酸作为第二单体。
将包含80g水和58g80%Cargill Sweet Satin Maltose溶液的反应器加热至98℃。将99.5g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持15分钟。将62.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入6g的50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为深琥珀色溶液。重均分子量为25,558且该聚合物的数均分子量为6,342。
实施例5
使用阴离子和疏水单体通过接枝在多糖结构部分上而制备混杂树枝状共聚物的实施例。丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物,其中丙烯酸作为第一单体且甲基丙烯酸甲酯作为第二单体。
将包含100g水和38g Cargill MD01918(DE18)的反应器加热至98℃。将62.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持15分钟。将24g甲基丙烯酸甲酯经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入31g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为稠不透明黄色溶液。
实施例6
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。AMPS作为第一单体且丙烯酸作为第二单体。
将包含90g水和40g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri180)(DE18)的反应器加热至90℃。将62.5g丙烯酸经35分钟加入反应器中。同时将8.3g过硫酸钠(4摩尔%丙烯酸)在45g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在90℃下保持15分钟。将99.0g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。同时将2g过硫酸钠(4摩尔%AMPS)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经45分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在90℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入54g的50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有41%固体的深琥珀色溶液。
实施例7
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。丙烯酸作为第一单体且AMPS作为第二单体。
将包含75g水和40.2g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri180)(DE18)的反应器加热至95℃。将54.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5.8g过硫酸钠(3.2摩尔%丙烯酸)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在95℃下保持20分钟。将148.7g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将3.8g过硫酸钠(4.9摩尔%AMPS)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物保持在95℃下另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入50g的50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有41%固体和pH6.0的深琥珀色溶液。
实施例8
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。
将包含263g水和140.2g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri180)(DE18)的反应器加热至95℃。将204.5g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将32.6g过硫酸钠在211g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在95℃下保持20分钟。将432.9g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将11g过硫酸钠在71.3g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物保持在95℃下另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入204.4g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有43%固体的深琥珀色溶液。
实施例9
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例
将包含75g水和40g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri100)(DE10)的反应器加热至95℃。将148.7g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将3.8g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在95℃下保持20分钟。将54.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5.8g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物保持在95℃下另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入54g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有41%固体的清澈琥珀色溶液。
实施例10
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。
将包含75.8g水和40g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri100)(DE10)的反应器加热至95℃。将123.8g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将3.1g过硫酸钠(4.9摩尔%AMPS)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在95℃下保持20分钟。将58.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将6.2g过硫酸钠(3.2摩尔%丙烯酸)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经35分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物保持在95℃下另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入58.5g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有41%固体的清澈琥珀色溶液。
实施例11
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。
将包含185g水和127g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri180)(DE18)的反应器加热至85℃。将85.6g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。制备13.6g过硫酸钠在90g去离子水中的引发剂溶液。同时将67%该引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持20分钟。将179g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。经70分钟加入其余33%的引发剂。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入85.6g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有40.5%固体的深琥珀色溶液。
实施例12
使用阴离子单体制备混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。
将包含185g水和109g麦芽糖糊精(StarDri180)(DE18)的反应器加热至85℃。将109g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。制备16g过硫酸钠在90g去离子水中的引发剂溶液。同时将72%该引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持20分钟。将175g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。经70分钟加入其余28%的引发剂。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入109.2g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有43.5%固体的深琥珀色溶液。
实施例13–水处理组合物
当制备时,将混杂树枝状共聚物组合物并入包含其它水处理化学品的水处理组合物中。其它水处理化学品包括腐蚀抑制剂,例如正磷酸盐、锌化合物和甲苯基三唑。水处理组合物中所用本发明聚合物的含量由处理特定含水体系所需的处理水平决定。混杂树枝状共聚物组合物通常占水处理组合物的10-25重量%。常规水处理组合物是本领域技术人员已知的,典型的水处理组合物描述于以下四种配制剂中。包含本发明聚合物的这些组合物应用于例如油田中。
其中HEDP为1-羟基亚乙基-1,1二膦酸且TKPP为聚磷酸三钾。
实施例14-16–粒状粉末洗衣剂配制剂
表3–粉末洗涤剂配制剂
成分 | 实施例14 | 实施例15 | 实施例16 |
重量% | 重量% | 重量% | |
阴离子表面活性剂 | 22 | 20 | 10.6 |
非离子表面活性剂 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 9.4 |
阳离子表面活性剂 | - | 0.7 | - |
沸石 | 28 | - | 24 |
磷酸盐 | - | 25 | - |
硅酸盐 | 8.5 | ||
碳酸钠/碳酸氢钠 | 27 | 14 | 9 |
硫酸盐 | 5.4 | 15 | 11 |
硅酸钠 | 0.6 | 10 | - |
多胺 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 5 |
增亮剂 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - |
过硼酸钠 | 1 | ||
过碳酸钠 | 1 | - | - |
次氯酸钠 | 1 | ||
抑泡剂 | 0.5 | 0.5 | - |
漂白催化剂 | 0.5 | - | |
实施例2的聚合物 | 1 | ||
实施例3的聚合物 | 5 | ||
实施例5的聚合物 | 2 | ||
水和其它成分 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 |
实施例17–硬表面清洁配制剂
酸性清洁剂
碱性清洁剂
实施例18–自动洗碗粉末配制剂
实施例19–自动无磷酸盐洗碗粉末配制剂
实施例20–手洗织物洗涤剂
实施例21–具有软化剂的织物洗涤剂
实施例22–用于洗烫的棒/糊
实施例23–液体洗涤剂配制剂
实施例24–个人护理配制剂-防水防晒霜
实施例25
具有混杂树枝状共聚物的共聚物的实施例,其中使用阳离子和非离子单体。二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)的共聚物作为第一单体且N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺作为第二单体。
将包含300g水、15g的62%二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)溶液和100g的Star Dri5(DE5,蜡质玉米麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。同时将0.4g过硫酸铵在20g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持15分钟。将10g N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将0.4g过硫酸铵在20g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。
实施例26
使用阴离子和非离子单体的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。丙烯酸和N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺与N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺的共聚物作为第一单体且丙烯酸作为第二单体。
将包含120g水和115.7g Star Dri180(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE18粉末齿状麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。将20g N,N二甲基丙烯酰胺(0.2摩尔)经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将0.95g过硫酸钠(2摩尔%单体)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。将80g丙烯酸(1.11摩尔)经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将5.3g过硫酸钠(2摩尔%单体)在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。在反应的这一阶段期间存在可见的反应产物粘度提高。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。将反应产物冷却并使用40g50%NaOH溶液部分中和。最终产物为具有47.5%的固体含量的非常粘的琥珀色溶液。
实施例27
使用阴离子和胺单体的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯与丙烯酸的共聚物作为第一单体且甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯作为第二单体。
包含100g水和38g Star Dri180(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE18粉末齿状麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。将62.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将6.2g过硫酸钠在120g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经15分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟,在此期间颜色从水白色变成浅黄色。将37.7g甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯经30分钟加入反应器中,产物变成不透明黄色。同时将1.7g过硫酸钠在120g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。最终产物为具有30%固体的不透明乳白色均匀聚合物溶液。
实施例28
使用两种非离子单体的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酸羟基丙酯的共聚物。
将包含300g水和60g Star Dri10(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE10粉化蜡质麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。将129g甲基丙烯酸羟基丙酯经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将4.2g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。在该添加期间反应溶液变成不透明乳白色。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。将34g50%丙烯酰胺溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将2.2g过硫酸钠在140g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。最终聚合物溶液是具有29.7%固体的不透明乳白色。
实施例29
使用阴离子和阳离子单体的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。具有丙烯酸臂的丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯甲基氯季铵盐的共聚物作为第一单体且甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯甲基氯季铵盐作为第二单体。
将包含200g水和158g Star Dri10(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE10粉化蜡质麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。将50g丙烯酸(0.69摩尔)经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将6.6g过硫酸钠(4摩尔%单体)在150g水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。将溶于150g水中的18g80%甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯甲基氯季铵盐(0.069摩尔)水溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。阳离子单体为阴离子单体的10摩尔%。同时将0.66g过硫酸钠(4摩尔%单体)在40g水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。最终产物为具有28.3%的固体含量的浅黄色溶液。
对比例2:
使用丙烯酸和2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)的混合物的传统混杂共聚物的实施例
将包含156g水和49g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM01918麦芽糖糊精)(DE18)的反应器加热至98℃。将含有81.6g丙烯酸和129.2g50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液的混合溶液经45分钟加入反应器中。同时将包含在91g去离子水中的6.45g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在98℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入27.2g50%NaOH溶液而中和。最终产物为具有38.7%固体的清澈黄色溶液。
实施例30
将实施例1和2的本发明混杂树枝状聚合物的性能与对比例2的混杂共聚物对比。使用美国专利No.5,547,612的实施例8中所列程序测量这3种聚合物关于碳酸钙抑制的性能。
表4
在该试验中,碳酸盐抑制越高,这些聚合物的性能越好。这些数据表明本发明混杂树枝状共聚物的性能优于现有技术的混杂共聚物。本发明聚合物在所有3个剂量水平下优于现有技术聚合物。
实施例31–硬表面清洁配制剂
实施例32
使用丙烯酸和二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例。
将包含200g水和158g Star DRI10(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE10粉化蜡质麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。将50g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将6.6g过硫酸钠在150g水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。在起初加入丙烯酸以后溶液变成微黄色。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟,然后颜色为黄色。未反应的丙烯酸为638ppm,这意指0.72%丙烯酸单体未反应。将与150g水混合的17.2g二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(65%水溶液)经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将0.66g过硫酸钠在40g水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。最终产物为具有28%的固体含量的浅黄色清澈聚合物溶液。
实施例33
使用丙烯酸和衣康酸的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例
将包含200g水和158g Star DRI10(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE10粉化蜡质麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。溶液为浅乳白色的。将与150g水混合的17.2g二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(65%水溶液)经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将0.66g过硫酸钠在40g水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。在起初加入二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵以后,溶液变成微黄色的。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。将用15.4g50%氢氧化钠中和且溶于40g水中的25g衣康酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将6.6g过硫酸钠在150g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。当加入衣康酸溶液时,溶液变成棕褐色。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。最终产物为具有25%的固体含量的清澈琥珀色溶液。
实施例34
使用丙烯酸和2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例
将包含185g水和109g Star DRI180(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE18粉末齿状麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。溶液为轻微乳白色且粘的。将109g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。将20.4g异抗坏血酸在97g水中的引发剂溶液连同单体进料一起经70分钟加入。同时将溶于97g水中的20.6g叔丁基过氧化氢(70%水溶液)的第二引发剂溶液经同样70分钟加入反应器中。在起初加入丙烯酸以后,溶液变成微黄色。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。溶液为深黄色的。将175g50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠AMPS经60分钟加入反应器中。将10.2g异抗坏血酸在48.5g水中的引发剂溶液连同单体进料一起经70分钟加入。同时将溶于47g水中的10.3g叔丁基过氧化氢(70%水溶液)的第二引发剂溶液经相同70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。在将反应产物冷却至50℃以后将109g50%氢氧化钠加入聚合物溶液中。最终产物为具有35%固体的深琥珀色溶液。
实施例35
使用丙烯酸和二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例
将包含185g水和109g Star DRI180(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE18粉末齿状麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至85℃。将109g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。将20.4g异抗坏血酸在97g水中的引发剂溶液连同单体进料一起经70分钟加入。同时将溶于97g水中的20.6g叔丁基过氧化氢(70%水溶液)的第二引发剂溶液经相同70分钟加入反应器中。在起初加入丙烯酸以后,溶液变成微黄色。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。溶液颜色为深黄色。将99.5g65%二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将4.3g过硫酸铵在25.2g水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。经加入DADMAC期间,溶液变成琥珀色。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。将109g50%氢氧化钠加入聚合物溶液中,同时在50℃下冷却。最终产物颜色为深琥珀色,具有38%固体。
实施例36
使用丙烯酸和二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的实施例
将包含100g水和100g Star Dri180(来自Tate and Lyle的95%DE18粉末齿状麦芽糖糊精)的反应器加热至75℃。将62.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将4.2g来自Wako的Vazo50在120g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经15分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。然后使反应温度上升至90C。将37.7g65%二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将1.7g来自Wako的Vazo86在120g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在90℃下保持另外一小时。
实施例37
将包含185g水和127g麦芽糖糊精(来自Tate and Lyle的Star Dri100)(DE10)加热至85℃。将85.6g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将9.1g过硫酸钠在60g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经90分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持20分钟。将179g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将4.5g过硫酸钠在30g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入85.6g50%NaOH溶液而中和并通过加入0.3g Proxel GXL作为杀生物剂而防腐。
实施例38
将包含185g水和136g玉米糖浆(来自Tate and Lyle的Staley1300)(DE42)的反应器加热至85℃。将109g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将11.5g过硫酸钠在60g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经90分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持20分钟。将175g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将4.5g过硫酸钠在30g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入109g的50%NaOH溶液而中和并通过加入0.3g Proxel GXL作为杀生物剂而防腐。
实施例39
将包含235g水、0.02g硫酸亚铁铵六水合物、1.7g35%过氧化氢和16gFinnfix BDA(羧甲基纤维素,来自CP Kelco)的反应器加热至60℃16小时以使纤维素解聚。发现纤维素解聚至约23,000的重均分子量。然后使反应器温度提高至85℃。将45g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将2g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持15分钟。将32.5g丙烯酸经30分钟加入反应器中。同时将1.5g过硫酸钠在40g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经30分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入6g的50%NaOH溶液而中和。
实施例40
将包含285g水和158g的含有27摩尔%羧酸和10摩尔%醛官能且具有62,000的重均分子量和15,000的数均分子量的氧化淀粉的反应器加热至85℃。将75.6g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将6.1g过硫酸钠在60g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经90分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持20分钟。129g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将3.5g过硫酸钠在30g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入25.6g50%NaOH溶液而中和并通过加入0.3gProxel GXL作为杀生物剂而防腐。
实施例41
将包含120g羧甲基菊粉溶液(来自Themophos的Dequest PB11615)的反应器加热至85℃。将55g丙烯酸经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将5.5g过硫酸钠在60g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持30分钟。将149g的50%2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠(AMPS)溶液经60分钟加入反应器中。同时将3.5g过硫酸钠在30g去离子水中的引发剂溶液经70分钟加入反应器中。将反应产物在85℃下保持另外一小时。然后将聚合物通过加入7g50%NaOH溶液而中和。
通过引用将发明详述中引用的所有文件的相关部分并入本文中;任何文件的引用不理解为认可它是相对于本发明的现有技术。
尽管阐述和描述了本发明的特定实施方案,本发明不意欲限于所示细节。而是,可在权利要求范围和等效物范围内且不偏离本发明的精神和范围地作出细节的各种改进。
Claims (18)
1.混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其通过自由基聚合,包括至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体和至少一种不同于所述第一烯属不饱和单体的第二烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下聚合而得到,其中所述第一和第二烯属不饱和单体顺序地聚合,其中聚合通过非金属引发剂或非金属离子引发剂引发,其中共聚物组合物是水溶性的且条件是当第一或第二烯属不饱和单体中的至少一种是阳离子的时,共聚物组合物基本不含交联剂。
2.根据权利要求1的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中组合物包含具有如下结构的混杂树枝状共聚物:
其中n为第一烯属不饱和单体SM1的重复单元的平均数;m为第二烯属不饱和单体SM2的重复单元的平均数;K为衍生自第一烯属不饱和合成单体SM1的结构部分;L为衍生自第二烯属不饱和合成单体SM2的结构部分;R’1为=来自聚合的终止产物且R’’1为=来自聚合的终止产物且其中R’1和R’’1可以为相同或不同的。
3.根据权利要求1的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中组合物包含至少两种不同的合成混杂聚合物和至少两种不同的混杂共聚物。
4.根据权利要求3的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少两种混杂共聚物各自具有以下结构:
其中C为衍生自天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的结构部分,Mhc为衍生自一种或多种烯属不饱和单体的混杂共聚物的合成部分,且R1=来自链转移的H或来自与引发剂基团或者通过两个生长链组合形成的天然衍生含羟基链转移剂或由终止反应形成的另一结构部分反应的I。
5.根据权利要求3的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少两种混杂合成共聚物各自具有以下结构:
其中I为引发剂链段,H为由天然衍生含羟基链转移剂提取的质子,且Mhsc为衍生自一种或多种烯属不饱和单体的混杂合成共聚物的合成部分。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体或至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体为阴离子的。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体或至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、α-氯-丙烯酸、α-氰基丙烯酸、β-甲基-丙烯酸(巴豆酸)、α-苯基丙烯酸、β-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、山梨酸、α-氯山梨酸、当归酸、肉桂酸、对-氯肉桂酸、β-苯乙烯基丙烯酸(1-羧基-4-苯基丁二烯-1,3)、衣康酸、马来酸、柠康酸、中康酸、戊烯二酸、乌头酸、富马酸、三羧基乙烯、粘康酸、2-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸及其钠盐(AMPS)、乙烯基磺酸、甲基烯丙基磺酸钠、磺化苯乙烯、(甲基)烯丙氧基苯磺酸、乙烯基膦酸、1-烯丙氧基2-羟基丙基磺酸钠和马来酸及其盐。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体为非阴离子的,优选为阳离子的或非离子的。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体为非阴离子的,优选为阳离子的或非离子的。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体为阴离子的,且至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体为非阴离子的。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体为阴离子的且至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体为非阴离子的。
12.根据前述权利要求10的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中第一烯属不饱和单体为阴离子的且选自丙烯酸、衣康酸、马来酸、甲基丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸及其盐和其组合,且第二烯属不饱和单体为阳离子的且选自甲基丙烯酰氨基丙基三甲基氯化铵(MAPTAC)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DADMAC)、丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵(AETAC)、甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵及其组合。
13.根据权利要求2的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中混杂树枝状共聚物为阴离子的、阳离子的、两性离子的、离子的或两性的。
14.根据权利要求1-13中任一项的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中天然衍生含羟基链转移剂选自小天然醇、单糖、二糖、低聚糖、多糖及其组合。
15.根据权利要求14的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中多糖选自壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、阿拉伯树胶、琼脂、褐藻酸、藻酸盐、角叉菜胶、黄原胶、吉兰糖、维兰胶、鼠李胶、硬葡聚糖、罗望子树胶、半纤维素、纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、乙基甲基羟乙基纤维素d-木聚糖、麦芽糖糊精、玉米糖浆、淀粉、氧化淀粉、化学改性淀粉、菊粉、羧甲基菊粉、瓜尔胶、其组合及其衍生物。
16.根据权利要求14的混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其中天然衍生含羟基链转移剂为多糖,优选麦芽糖糊精、玉米糖浆或者淀粉或氧化淀粉。
17.制备根据权利要求1-16中任一项的水溶性混杂树枝状共聚物组合物的方法,其包括:
i)使至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂和非金属引发剂或非金属离子引发剂的存在下聚合;和
ii)使至少一种不同于所述第一烯属不饱和单体的第二烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂和非金属引发剂或非金属离子引发剂的存在下聚合,
其中第一和第二烯属不饱和单体顺序地聚合。
18.混杂树枝状共聚物组合物,其通过自由基聚合,包括至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体和至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体在天然衍生含羟基链转移剂的存在下聚合而得到,其中单体顺序地聚合,其中聚合通过非金属引发剂或非金属离子引发剂引发,且其中当第一或第二烯属不饱和单体为阳离子的时,共聚物组合物包含基于树枝状共聚物组合物的重量约20重量%或更大的阳离子烯属不饱和单体。
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CN105153369A (zh) * | 2015-09-25 | 2015-12-16 | 威海汉邦生物环保科技有限公司 | 一种两性多糖生物絮凝剂及其制备方法 |
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CN112919602A (zh) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-08 | 同济大学 | 一种瓜尔胶-无机盐杂化型绿色絮凝剂及其制备方法 |
CN114604835A (zh) * | 2022-05-12 | 2022-06-10 | 矿冶科技集团有限公司 | 天然植物沉降剂及应用和使用方法 |
Also Published As
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SG11201401382QA (en) | 2014-09-26 |
JP2014532791A (ja) | 2014-12-08 |
IN2014DN03123A (zh) | 2015-05-22 |
EP2773320A1 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
MX2014005094A (es) | 2014-08-08 |
BR112014008874A2 (pt) | 2017-04-25 |
US20140256880A1 (en) | 2014-09-11 |
EP2773320B1 (en) | 2016-02-03 |
WO2013064647A1 (en) | 2013-05-10 |
US9988526B2 (en) | 2018-06-05 |
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