CN103907194A - 用于高性能射频应用的传输线 - Google Patents
用于高性能射频应用的传输线 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103907194A CN103907194A CN201280053027.6A CN201280053027A CN103907194A CN 103907194 A CN103907194 A CN 103907194A CN 201280053027 A CN201280053027 A CN 201280053027A CN 103907194 A CN103907194 A CN 103907194A
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- diffusion impervious
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Abstract
本公开涉及一种用于高性能射频(RF)应用的传输线。一种这样的传输线可以包括配置用于接收RF信号的接合层、阻挡层、扩散阻挡层和紧邻扩散阻挡层的导电层。所述扩散阻挡层可以具有允许所接收的RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层到达导电层的厚度。在某些实施例中,扩散阻挡层可以是镍。在这些实施例的一些中,传输线可以包括金接合层、钯阻挡层和镍扩散阻挡层。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请根据35U.S.C.§119(e)要求2011年9月2日提交的、名为“DIFFUSION BARRIER LAYER FOR USE IN A RADIO FREQUENCYTRANSMISSION LINE”的美国临时专利申请No.61/530,915,2011年9月6日提交的、名为“DIFFUSION BARRIER LAYER FOR USE IN A RADIOFREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINE”的美国临时专利申请No.61/531,553,以及2011年11月18日提交的、名为“FINISH PLANTING FOR HIGHPERFORMANCE RADIO FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS”的美国临时专利申请No.61/561,742的权益。这些申请中每一个的公开通过引用整体合并于此。
技术领域
公开的技术涉及一种用于高性能射频应用的传输线。
背景技术
传输线可以实施于多种环境中,例如封装基板或印刷电路板(PCB)。多层层压(laminate)PCB或封装基板被广泛用于射频(RF)应用。
例如功率放大器、低噪声放大器(LNA)、混频器、压控振荡器(VCO)、滤波器、开关和整个收发机的RF电路已经使用半导体工艺来实现。然而,在RF模块(例如包括功率放大器、开关和/或滤波器的RF前端模块)中,由于不同块以不同的半导体工艺来实现,单芯片集成可能不实际。例如,功率放大器可以通过GaAs制程形成,而相关的控制和/或偏置电路可以通过CMOS制程形成。
长传输线和/或片上(on-chip)结构件(passives)会消耗大的芯片面积。因此,多芯片模块(MCM)和/或系统级封装(SiP)组装工艺可以被用来在RF模块中获得低成本、小尺寸和/或高性能。层压工艺可以被用于MCM组装,在所述MCM组装中传输线在层压基板上实施。这样的传输线中的传导损失对于MCM中的任意元件的性能会有重大的影响。因此,层压镀工艺会重大地影响影响RF性能。
层压工艺的成本可以被用于性能和/或组装需要的选择材料驱动。使用金(Au)引线接合将RF电路元件连结到传输线的RF SiP可以使用各种不同的精加工镀层,诸如较低损耗、较昂贵的NiAu(例如由于更厚的Au)或较高损耗、不太昂贵的NiPdAu。因此,存在对用于RF传输线的效能成本合算的、高性能工艺的需要。
发明内容
在权利要求中描述的每一项创新具有数个方面,其中没有任何单个方面单独对其所希望的属性负责。在不限定本发明的范围的情况下,现在将简短讨论一些突出的特征。
本公开的一个方面是被配置为在射频(RF)电路中使用的射频(RF)传输线。RF传输线包括接合层、阻挡层和扩散阻挡层,以及导电层。接合层具有接合表面并被配置用于接收RF信号。阻挡层被配置用于防止污染物进入接合层。阻挡层紧邻接合层。扩散阻挡层被配置用于防止污染物进入接合层。扩散阻挡层紧邻阻挡层。扩散阻挡层具有允许接收的RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层到达紧邻扩散阻挡层的导电层的厚度。
在一些实现中,接合层、阻挡层和扩散阻挡层可以实现在精加工镀层中。
根据某些实现,接合层可以包括金。
在各种实现中,接合表面可以被配置用于引线接合。
根据一些实现,阻挡层可以包括钯。
根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层可以包括镍。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以在从大约0.04um到大于0.7um的范围内。根据一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于约0.5um。根据各种实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.35um。根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.75um。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
依照一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于扩散阻挡层在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
根据一些实施例,导电层可以包括铜、铝或银中的一种或多种。例如,在某些实现中,导电层可以包括铜。
在各种实现中,基本上所有接收的RF信号可以在导电层中传播。
根据某些实现,接合层可以是金,阻挡层可以是钯,以及扩散阻挡层可以是镍。在这些实现中的一些中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。根据一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.5um。根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于约0.35um。根据一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.75um。
本公开的另一方面是被配置用于在RF传输线中使用的扩散阻挡层。扩散阻挡层包括一种材料并具有厚度。扩散阻挡层的厚度足够小,以便允许RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层。
在某些实现中,所述材料包括镍。根据这些实现中的一些,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以在大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。根据一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.5um。根据一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.35um。根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.75um。在各种实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
依照一些实现,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于所述材料在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
根据一些实现,基本上所有穿透扩散阻挡层的RF信号可以在紧邻扩散阻挡层的导电层中行进。
在各种实现中,所述材料和/或扩散阻挡层的厚度可以防止污染物穿过扩散阻挡层。
本公开的另一方面是包括传输线、天线和电池的移动设备。RF传输线包括接合层、阻挡层、扩散阻挡层,以及导电层。接合层具有接合表面。阻挡层紧邻接合层。扩散阻挡层紧邻阻挡层。导电层紧邻扩散阻挡层。阻挡层和扩散阻挡层被配置为防止来自导电层的导电材料进入接合层。扩散阻挡层具有足够小的厚度,以便允许RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层并在导电层中传播。天线耦合到传输线,并被配置用于传输RF输出信号。传输线被配置用于延长电池放电的时间量。
根据某些实现,移动设备可以包括具有耦合到传输线的输出的功率放大器。在这些实现的一些中,功率放大器的输出可以经由引线接合耦合到传输线。依照各种实现,传输线可以被配置用于将RF信号从功率放大器传输到RF开关。根据一些实现,传输线可以被配置用于将RF信号从功率放大器传输到滤波器。
根据一些实现,移动设备可以包括具有耦合到传输线的输出的滤波器。在一些实现中,传输线可以被配置用于将RF信号从滤波器传输到RF开关。依照各种实现,传输线可以被配置用于将RF信号从滤波器传输到天线。
根据一些实现,移动设备可以包括具有耦合到传输线的输出的RF开关。在某些实现中,传输线被配置用于将RF信号从RF开关传输到天线。依照各种实现,传输线可以被配置用于将RF信号从RF开关传输到滤波器。
根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层可以包括镍。在这些实现的一些中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.5um。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.35um。在某些实施例中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.75um。在各种实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于材料在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
依照某些实现,基本上所有RF信号可以在传输线的导电层中行进。
根据一些实现,接合层、阻挡层和扩散阻挡层可以在精加工镀层中实施。
本公开的另一方面是包括基板的层压板。所述基板包括被配置用于传输RF信号的传输线。传输线具有接合层、阻挡层、扩散阻挡层和导电层。接合层具有被配置用于与和导电层分离的导体接合的接合表面。阻挡层被配置用于防止污染物进入接合层。扩散阻挡层包括材料并且具有从而防止污染物穿过扩散阻挡层并且在导电层和接合层之间扩散的厚度。扩散阻挡层的厚度足够小以便允许来自导体的RF信号穿透到达导电层。
根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层可以是镍。在这些实现的一些中,扩散阻挡层可以具有小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率的透入深度的厚度。
在一些实现中,接合层可以包括金,阻挡层可以包括钯,扩散阻挡层可以包括镍。在这些实现的一些中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于约0.75um。
本公开的另一方面是包括基板、第一RF部件和第二RF部件的模块。基板包括导体和传输线。传输线具有接合层、阻挡层、扩散阻挡层和导电层。接合层具有配置用于与导体接合的接合表面。阻挡层和扩散阻挡层被配置用于防止污染物进入接合层。扩散阻挡层的厚度足够小从而允许来自导体的RF信号穿透到达导电层。第一RF部件耦合到基板并被配置用于产生RF信号。第二RF部件耦合到基板并被配置用于经由传输线从第一RF部件接收RF信号。
在某些实现中,基板是层压基板。根据这些实现中的一些,基板可以包括精加工镀层,该精加工镀层包括接合层、阻挡层和扩散阻挡层。
根据一些实现,扩散阻挡层可以包括镍。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.7um。在一些实现中,所述厚度可以不大于约0.35um。在某些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以不大于约0.75um。在各种实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。依照某些实现,导电层可以包括铜。
在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于材料在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
依照各种实现,接合层可以被配置用于引线接合并且导体可以经由引线接合被电耦合到接合层。
根据某些实现,基本上所有RF信号可以在导电层内从第一RF部件传播到第二RF部件。
在各种实现中,第一RF部件可以包括功率放大器。根据这些实现中的一些,第二RF部件可以包括滤波器和/或RF开关。
在一些实现中,第一RF部件可以包括RF开关。根据这些实现中的一些,第二RF部件可以包括功率放大器和/或滤波器。
在某些实现中,第一RF部件可以包括滤波器。根据这些实现中的一些,第二RF部件包括功率放大器和/或RF开关。
依照一些实现,阻挡层可以位于接合层和扩散阻挡层之间。
然而本公开的另一方面是包括导电层和在该导电层上的精加工镀层的RF传输线。精加工镀层包括金层、紧邻金层的钯层、和紧邻钯层的镍层。镍层具有允许在金层所接收的RF信号穿透镍层并在导电层中传播的厚度。
在某些实现中,金层被配置用于引线接合。
在一些实现中,镍层的厚度可以在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。根据一些实现,镍层的厚度可以不大于约0.5um。根据某些实现,镍层的厚度可以不大于约0.35um。根据一些实施例,镍层的厚度可以不大于约0.75um。
依照某些实现,镍层的厚度可以小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
根据一些实现,导电层可以包括铜、铝或银中的一种或多种。例如,导电层可以包括铜。
根据一些实现,基本上所有RF信号可以在导电层中传播。
为了总结本公开,此处已经描述了本发明的某些方面、优点和新颖特征。应当理解,依照本发明的任何特定实施例,并非必然可以实现所有这些优点。由此,本发明可以以下述方式实现或执行:实现或优化如在此示教的一个优点或一组优点,而不必获得可能如在此示教或建议的其它优点。
附图说明
图1A图解示出根据一些实施例的传输线的横截面。
图1B示意性图解示出图1的示例传输线。
图2A图解示出到图1的传输线的引线接合的示例。
图2B图解示出包括图1的传输线的基板的示例。
图2C图解示出包括多个图2B的基板的阵列的示例。
图3是包括图1的传输线的示例模块的示意性框图。
图4A-4D是图解示出图1的传输线和在图3的模块中实现的其他传输线之间的关系的图。
图5是经由图1的传输线彼此耦合的两个射频(RF)组件的示意性框图。
图6A-6F是可以经由图1的传输线彼此电耦合的各种示例RF组件的示意性框图。
图7是包括图1的传输线的示例移动设备的示意性框图。
具体实施方式
在此提供的标题仅仅为了方便,并且并非必然影响要求保护的发明的范围和含义。
一般地描述,本公开的方面涉及包括扩散阻挡层的射频(RF)传输线。扩散阻挡层可以包括一种材料并具有从而防止污染物扩散和穿过扩散阻挡层的厚度。扩散阻挡层的厚度可以足够小,从而RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层并在导电层中传播。例如,扩散阻挡层的厚度在RF范围内的频率(例如在从大约0.45GHz到20GHz的范围内选择的频率)处可以小于材料的透入深度(skin depth)。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层可以是镍。根据这些实现中的一些,镍扩散阻挡层可以具有从大约0.04um到0.5um的范围选择的厚度。RF传输线还可以包括接合层、防止污染物进入接合层的阻挡层和RF信号在其中传播的导电层。
可以实施本公开中描述的主题的具体实施以实现尤其是以下潜在优点中的一个或多个。使用在此描述的系统、装置和方法中的一个或多个特征,例如包括功率放大器的系统和/或被配置用于发送和/或接收射频(RF)信号的系统的电子系统可以更加有效和/或消耗更少功率地被操作。替代地或附加地,在这样的系统中的RF信号的信号质量可以被改善。在一些实现中,用于实现传输线的金的量可以被减少而不显著地降低电子性能。实际上,根据某些实现,模拟数据和实验数据指出用在传输线上的金的量可以被减少且电子性能可以被改善。
传输线可以实现在封装基板或印刷电路板(PCB)上,所述封装基板或印刷电路板可以包括多层层压。多层层压PCB或封装基板在RF行业广泛使用。大多数RF块,例如低噪声放大器(LNA)、混频器、压控振荡器(VCO)、滤波器、开关和整个收发机可以使用半导体工艺来实现。
然而,在RF模块(例如包括功率放大器、开关、滤波器等或其任意组合的RF前端模块)中,由于不同的块以不同的半导体工艺来实现,单芯片集成可能是不实际的。例如,功率放大器可以通过GaAs制程形成,而相关的控制和/或偏置电路可以通过CMOS制程形成。电磁相互作用会降低块的电子性能,这可以导致系统的电子性能规格的不合格。在多于一个芯片中实现RF模块的一个原因是诸如长传输线、电感器、平衡不平衡变换器、变压器等或其任意组合的片上结构件可以具有低Q-因子和/或可以消耗较大的芯片面积。因此,多芯片模块(MCM)和/或系统级封装(SiP)组装工艺可以被用来在RF模块中获得低成本、小尺寸和/或高性能。
出于成本效率和/或导体性能的考虑,层压工艺可以被用于MCM组装。层压工艺可以包括铜以用于传输线。由于铜的物理属性,使用铜来传播电子信号可以是所期望的。高Q传输线、电感器、变压器等或其任意组合可以在层压基板上实现。例如,功率放大器、输出匹配网络、谐波滤波器、耦合器等或其任意组合可以耦合到层压基板。传导损失对于这些元件的性能会有重大的影响。因此,层压镀工艺会重大地影响RF损失。
层压材料(laminate)的外层上的铜迹线在不希望到外部部件的相互连接的区域中可以覆盖阻焊层(solder mask)、氧化物或其他适当的材料。这些互连可以包括部件的焊点(solder joint)和/或到管芯(die)的引线接合连接。在保留可焊性和可引线接合性的区域,铜迹线可以覆盖有机保焊膜(OSP)或精加工镀层(finish plating)。精加工镀层的冶金和/或金属层的厚度可以取决于诸如焊接表面和/或引线接合表面的暴露区域的功能。惰性、无氧化物表面可以保持可焊性和/或可引线接合性。
这种用于精加工镀层的冶金术典型地包括扩散阻挡(diffusion barrier)以防止铜扩散到镀层表面和随后的由于暴露于空气的氧化和/或组装期间升高的温度。取决于所使用的化学性质,扩散阻挡可以是例如电镀镍(Ni)或化学Ni(P)。传统的,建立具有大约2.5um到大约8um厚度的镍,作为层压基板在MCM和/或SiP组装期间遭遇热偏差(thermal excursion)期间维持可焊性的足够厚的扩散阻挡层。对于金(Au)引线接合,可以使用电解或化学(electroless)金来形成具有从大约0.4um到0.9um的范围内选择的厚度的金接合层。然而,镍之上的更薄的沉金(immersion Au)层通常在大量的组装操作中不提供可靠的金引线接合表面。化学镍/化学钯(Pd)/沉金变得可用于焊接和引线接合,包括金引线接合。由于金厚度的减小,这可以是效能成本合算的精加工。化学镍/化学钯/沉金在暴露(精加工镀的)区域可能增大传导损失,尤其在较高频率处。
电解或化学NiAu或NiPdAu镀工艺当前用于层压基板。不考虑更多损失的电特性,化学NiPdAu已经被成功地实施。一些RF模块仍然使用电解或化学NiAu,不考虑由于更厚的金导致的更高的成本,其对于模块性能具有较低的损失,尤其在较高频率处(例如,在大约1.9GHz或更高频率处)。
传输线
图1A图解示出根据一些实施例的传输线1的横截面。图1A中示出的横截面可以代表一些或所有传输线1的横截面。传输线1可以包括接合层2、阻挡层4、扩散阻挡层6和导电层8。传输线1可以在RF电路中实现并且被配置用于传输RF信号。传输线1可以实现在层压基板上。根据一些实现,接合层2、阻挡层4和扩散阻挡层6可以被考虑为精加工镀层,并且导电层8可以考虑为导线。在一些实现中,传输线1可以至少是大约5um、10um、15um、20um、25um、50um、75um、100um、250um或500um长。
在某些实现中,传输线1可以包括金接合层、钯阻挡层、镍扩散阻挡层和铜导电层。例如,在这些实现中的一些中,传输线1可以包括具有大约0.1um厚度的金接合层,具有大约0.1um厚度的钯阻挡层,具有从大约0.04um到0.5um的范围内选择的厚度的镍扩散阻挡层,以及具有大约20um厚度的铜导电层。传输线1的精加工镀层可以通过铜导电层之上的化学镀镍、镍之上化学镀钯、和钯之上的金的沉镀来形成。用于形成这样的传输线的精加工镀层的其它合适的处理和/或子处理可以替代性地实施。例如,镍扩散阻挡层可以电镀在铜导电层之上。
尽管传输线1在某些实现中包括金接合层、钯阻挡层、镍扩散阻挡层和铜导电层,但应该理解其它材料可以替代地使用以实现传输线1的一层或多层。
传输线1的接合层2可以具有被配置用于焊接和/或引线接合的接合表面。接合层2可以被配置用于在接合表面接收RF信号。根据一些实现,管芯的管脚可以接合到接合层2的接合表面。例如,功率放大器管芯的输出可以接合到接合层2的接合表面并经由传输线1被传送到一个或多个RF部件,例如滤波器和/或RF开关。接合层2可以包括金。在一些实现中,金接合层的厚度可以从大约0.05um到0.15um的范围内选择。根据某些实现,金接合层的厚度可以是的约0.1um。
传输线1的阻挡层4可以防止污染物进入接合层2。阻挡层4可以紧邻接合层2。在图1A的方向上,接合层2布置在阻挡层4之上。在一些实现中,阻挡层4的主要表面可以直接接触接合层2的主要表面,例如如图1A所示。如图1A图解示出的,阻挡层4可以在接合层2和扩散阻挡层6之间。阻挡层4可以包括钯。在一些实现中,钯阻挡层的厚度可以从大约0.03um到0.15um的范围内选择。根据某些实现,钯阻挡层的厚度可以是大约0.1um。
传输线1的扩散阻挡层6可以被配置用于防止污染物进入接合层2和/或阻挡层4。例如,在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层6可以防止来自铜导电层的铜扩散到金接合层。扩散阻挡层6可以对于导电层8提供粘合表面。根据某些实现,扩散阻挡层6的粘合表面可以粘合到铜导电层。
扩散阻挡层6可以有足够小的厚度,从而允许RF信号在导电层8中传播。例如,扩散阻挡层6的厚度可以小于扩散阻挡层6在RF范围内的频率处(例如在从大约0.9GHz到20GHz的范围选择的频率处)的透入深度。这可以允许RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层6。利用一种材料的、并且具有小于该材料在RF范围内的希望的频率处的透入深度的厚度的扩散阻挡层6,基本上所有RF信号应该可以在传输线1的导电层8中行进(假设RF信号也穿透接合层2和阻挡层4)。为了RF信号穿透接合层2,接合层2的厚度可以小于形成接合层2的材料在RF范围内的希望的频率处的透入深度。类似地,为了RF信号穿透阻挡层4,阻挡层4的厚度可以小于形成阻挡层4的材料在RF范围内的希望的频率处的透入深度。
扩散阻挡层6可以位于接合层2和导电层8之间。在图1A的方向中,阻挡层4布置在扩散阻挡层6之上并且扩散阻挡层6布置在导电层8之上。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层6的主要表面可以直接接触阻挡层4和/或导电层8的主要表面,例如如图1A所示。
扩散阻挡层6可以包括镍。在一些实现中,扩散阻挡层6可以是镍。镍扩散阻挡层也可以防止来自导电层的铜扩散到金接合层。镍阻挡层的厚度可以小于镍在RF范围内的频率处的透入深度。例如,镍的厚度可以小于镍在从大约0.45GHz到20GHz的范围选择的频率处的透入深度。这可以允许RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层6到达导电层8。根据一些实现,镍扩散层的厚度可以小于镍在大约0.3GHz,0.35GHz,0.4GHz,0.45GHz,0.5GHz,0.6GHz,0.7GHz,0.8GHz,0.9GHz,1GHz,2GHz,5GHz,6GHz,10GHz,12GHz,15GHz或20GHz处的透入深度。当使用可替代材料来代替镍用于扩散阻挡层时,该扩散阻挡层的厚度可以小于可替代材料在大约0.3GHz,0.35GHz,0.4GHz,0.45GHz,0.5GHz,0.6GHz,0.7GHz,0.8GHz,0.9GHz,1GHz,2GHz,5GHz,6GHz,10GHz,12GHz,15GHz或20GHz处的透入深度。
在一些实现中,镍扩散阻挡层的厚度可以是小于约2um,1.75um,1.5um,1.25um,1um,0.95um,0.9um,0.85um,0.8um,0.75um,0.7um,0.65um,0.6um,0.55um,0.5um,0.45um,0.4um,0.35um,0.3um,0.25um,0.2um,0.15um,0.1um,0.09um,0.05um或0.04um。在某些实现中,镍扩散阻挡层的厚度可以从以下范围之一选择:约0.04um到0.7um,约0.05um到0.7um,约0.1um到0.7um,约0.2um到0.7um,约0.04um到0.5um,约0.05um到0.5um,约0.09um到0.5um,约0.04um到0.16um,约0.05um到0.15um,约0.1um到0.75um,约0.2um到0.5um,约0.14um到0.23um,约0.09um到0.21um,约0.04um到0.2um,约0.05um到0.5um,约0.15um到0.5um,或约0.1um到0.2um。作为一个示例,镍扩散阻挡层的厚度可以是约0.1um。在所有这些图解示出的实现中,镍扩散阻挡层具有非零的厚度。
RF信号可以在传输线1的导电层8中传播。例如,RF信号可以穿透接合层2、阻挡层4和扩散阻挡层6以便在导电层8传播。基本上所有RF信号可以在传输线1的导电层8中传播。导电层8可以粘合到扩散阻挡层6的粘合表面。导电层8可以包括任何合适的材料用于沿着传输线1传播RF信号。例如,导电层可以包括铜、铝、银等或其任意组合。在某些实现中,导电层8可以是铜。根据某些实现,导电层8的厚度可以从约10um到50um的范围选择。在这些实现中的一些中,导电层的厚度可以从约15um到30um的范围选择。
图1B示意性图解示出图1A的传输线的示例。根据某些实现,传输线1可以包括多于一条传输线1用于将RF信号从一个节点传输到另一个节点。例如,图1B图解示出的多条传输线1可以共同实现图3的传输线1。图1B中的多条传输线1用作从第一节点RFIN向第二节点RFOUT传送RF信号的媒介。一条或多条传输线1可以具有耦合到电轨,诸如电源(例如VCC)或地的一端。如图解所示的,传输线1可以经由电容器C1、C2或C3耦合到地。
透入深度计算
如之前提到的,传输线1的扩散阻挡层6可以包括一种材料,并且具有足够小、以便允许RF信号在导电层中传播的厚度。因此,扩散阻挡层6可以具有小于所述材料在所希望的频率处的透入深度的厚度。透入深度可以通过等式1表示。
在等式1中,δ可以表示以米为单位的透入深度,μ0可以表示具有值为4π×10-7亨/米(约为1.2566370614×10-6亨/米)的自由空间的磁导性(也称为真空磁导性或磁常数),μr可以表示媒介的相对磁导性,ρ可以表示以Ω·m为单位的媒介的电阻率(其可以等于媒介的电导率的倒数),和f可以表示以Hz为单位的传播经过媒介的电流的频率。
下面的表1包括三种传输线的各个层的镀层厚度。表1中的数据对应于具有NiAu精加工镀层的传输线和两种具有有着不同的镍层厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的不同传输线。一种具有NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线有5um的镍厚度,另一种具有NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线有0.1um的镍厚度。5um的镍厚度处于传统使用的可接受的镍厚度范围(例如从2.5um到8um)之内。在对应于表1中的数据的所有三种传输线中,导电层是铜。具有NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线可以具有如图1A所示的横截面。具有NiAu精加工镀层的传输线可以具有类似图1A的横截面,而没有阻挡层4,在其中金层接合层直接在镍扩散阻挡层之上并且镍层直接在铜导电层之上。
NiPdAu(um) | 薄“Ni”-NiPdAu(um) | NiAu(um) | |
铜 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
镍 | 5 | 0.1 | 5 |
钯 | 0.09 | 0.09 | --- |
金 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
表1-镀层厚度
这三种传输线的透入深度可以使用等式1和下面的表2中包括的材料属性来计算。镍的相对磁导性可以取决于用来形成镍层的处理而变化。例如,在化学镍处理中的磷的含量可以影响镍的相对磁导性。表2中列出的镍磁导性的范围可以捕获镍磁导性的典型范围。
电阻率,ρ(μΩ-cm) | μr | |
铜 | 1.673 | 1 |
镍 | 8.707 | 100-600 |
钯 | 10.62 | 1 |
金 | 2.44 | 1 |
表2-材料属性
下面的表3中示出铜、镍、钯和金在RF范围内的六个不同频率处的计算的透入深度。
表3-计算的透入深度
表3中示出的数据指出,具有0.45GHz、0.9GHz、1.9GHz、5GHz、12GHz或20GHz的频率的信号的大多数应该在具有NiAu精加工镀层的传输线的镍中行进。因为金的厚度(即0.4um)小于金的透入深度(即在0.45GHz为3.70um,在0.9GHz为2.62um,在1.9GHz为1.8um,在5GHz为1.11um,在12GHz为0.72um,在20GHz为0.56um)且镍的厚度(即5um)大于镍的透入深度(即在0.45GHz为0.29-0.7um,在0.9GHz为0.2-0.5um,在1.9GHz为0.14-0.34um,在5GHz为0.09-0.21um,在12GHz为0.06-0.14um,在20GHz为0.04-0.11um),处于0.45GHz、0.9GHz、1.9GHz、5GHz、12GHz和20GHz的信号应该在金层和镍层两者中行进。由于镍的厚度大于在从大约0.45GHz到20GHz的频率范围中的透入深度,在这一频率范围中的信号不应该穿透镍层。因为在更高频率处透入深度应该更小,在大于20GHz的频率处的信号也不应该穿透镍层。由于金在具有NiAu精加工镀层的传输线中(即0.4um)比在具有有着5um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线中(即0.1um)更厚,因此相较于具有5um镍的NiPdAu传输线,在NiAu传输线中和镍相比相对更多的信号在金中传导,使得NiAu传输线相对损耗较少。
表3中示出的数据还指出,具有0.45GHz、0.9GHz、1.9GHz、5GHz、12GHz或20GHz的频率的信号的大多数应该在具有有着5um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线的镍中传行进。因为金的厚度(即0.1um)和钯的厚度(即0.09um)都小于它们各种的透入深度(即对于金在0.45GHz为3.70um,在0.9GHz为2.62um,在1.9GHz为1.8um,在5GHz为1.11um,在12GHz为0.72um,在20GHz为0.56um,对于钯在0.45GHz为7.73um,在0.9GHz为5.47um,在1.9GHz为3.76um,在5GHz为2.32um,在12GHz为1.50um,在20GHz为1.16um)并且镍的厚度(即5um)大于镍的透入深度(即在0.45GHz为0.29-0.7um,在0.9GHz为0.2-0.5um,在1.9GHz为0.14-0.34um,在5GHz为0.09-0.21um,在12GHz为0.06-0.14um,在20GHz为0.04-0.11um),处于0.45GHz、0.9GHz、1.9GHz、5GHz、12GHz或20GHz的信号的大部分应该在镍中行进。由于镍的厚度大于在从0.45GHz到20GHz的频率范围中的透入深度,这一频率范围中信号不应该穿透镍层。因为在更高频率处透入深度应该更小,在大于20GHz的频率处的信号也不应该穿透镍层。因此,通过金接合表面电耦合到具有5um镍厚度的NiPdAu传输线的RF信号的大多数应该在镍中传播。
相反,表3中示出的数据指出,具有0.45GHz、0.9GHz、1.9GHz、5GHz、12GHz或20GHz的频率的信号的大多数应该在具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线的铜中行进。因为金、钯和镍每一个的厚度都小于它们各自的透入深度,处于0.45GHz、0.9GHz、1.9GHz、5GHz、12GHz或20GHz的信号的大多数应该穿透铜。由于在更高频率的透入深度更小,在高于20GHz的频率处的信号也应该穿透到铜。因此,经由金接合表面电耦合到具有0.1um镍厚度的NiPdAu传输线的RF信号的大多数应该在铜中传播。
如表2中示出的,铜的电阻率大约是镍的电阻率的五分之一。因此,当传输信号处于0.45GHz或更高的频率时,具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线应该具有对应于表1和3中的数据的、三种传输线中最小的电阻损耗。表3中的数据还指出,具有20GHz的频率的信号可以穿透具有小于0.11um的厚度的镍,具有12GHz的频率的信号可以穿透具有小于0.14um的厚度的镍,具有5GHz的频率的信号可以穿透具有小于0.2um的厚度的镍,具有1.9GHz的频率的信号可以穿透具有小于0.34um的厚度的镍,具有0.9GHz的频率的信号可以穿透具有小于0.5um的厚度的镍,和具有0.45GHz的频率的信号可以穿透具有小于0.7um的厚度的镍。因此,假设金和钯的厚度小于在信号的各个频率的透入深度,这些信号在具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线中应该在铜中传播。基于等式1以及表1和2中的数据,具有高达大约22GHz的频率的信号应该能够穿透具有大约0.1um的厚度的镍。
引线接合
在一些实现中,传输线1可以经由引线接合电耦合到管芯的管脚。诸如导线的导体可以提供RF信号到传输线1。图2A图解示出到图1A的传输线的引线接合的示例。如图2A图解示出的,传输线1可以包括在基板22上。管芯24也可以耦合到基板22。导线10可以将传输线1的接合层2的接合表面电连接到管芯24。这样,传输线1可以在接合层2的接合表面接收RF信号。导线10可以包括球形接合(ball bond)11、管颈(neck)12、跨径(span)13、根部(heel)14、针脚接合(stitch bond)15(或可替代的楔形接合),或其任意组合。
一些引线接合规范规定导线10应该有不会经历特定故障的最小的拉拔强度。例如,在一些应用中,引线接合规范规定导线在热暴露(例如在175℃回流或烘烤12小时)之后应该有至少3g的拉拔强度并且没有针脚解除(stitchlift)故障模式。
对于20um厚的金和20um厚的Cu导线收集实验数据。金导线在三种不同的传输线中测试:具有NiAu精加工镀层的传输线和两种具有有着不同的镍层厚度(5um和0.1um)的NiPdAu精加工镀层的不同传输线。Cu导线也在三种不同的传输线中测试:具有NiAu精加工镀层的传输线和两种具有有着不同的镍层厚度(5um和0.1um)的NiPdAu精加工镀层的不同传输线。精加工镀层对应于表1中对于NiAu和NiPdAu示出的值。实验的样本条件包括引线接合之前的标准组装处理(表面安装附连和等离子体)和极端热暴露,以测试穿过镍扩散阻挡层影响可引线接合性(表面安装附连和烘烤和等离子体)的Cu扩散。用于标准组装处理的实验数据指出所有金导线在热暴露之后取决于导线直径应该超过3-4g的拉拔强度规范。用于标准组装处理的实验数据还指出大多数Cu导线应该超过3-4g的拉拔强度规范,尽管处理参数没有被优化。所有对于极端热暴露测试的导线拉拔满足或超过3g的拉拔强度规范并且没有针脚解除(stitch lift)故障模式。因此,实验数据确认了具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的可引线接合性对于MCM的可用性。
基板和阵列
图2B图解示出了包括图1的传输线1的基板22的示例。基板22可以包括一个或多个传输线1。基板22可以包括在此描述的基板特征的任意组合。例如,基板22可以是包括NiPdAu精加工镀层的层压基板。
多个基板22可以在同一时间用相同的处理设备来制造。图2C图解示出了包括图2B的多个基板22的阵列23的示例。在一些实现中,阵列23可以是层压板,其包括具有被配置用于传输RF信号的传输线1的基板22。尽管图2C所示的阵列23包括二十五个基板22,阵列23在其它实现中可以包括任意合适数量的基板22。传输线1可以以例如包括在此描述的精加工镀层工艺的特征的任意组合的处理在多个基板22上形成。然后各个基板22在形成传输线1之后可以例如通过激光切割、金刚石锯或任意其它合适的方法彼此分离。
镀层工艺
具有0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu镀层工艺可以降低成本。这一镀层工艺也可以改善RF性能或具有最小的RF性能影响。如同之前讨论的数据和计算所指出的,在具有0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu镀层中,在保持可焊性和/或可引线接合性的同时,在金、钯和镍中行进的RF信号的量可以被减少并且在层压板上的例如铜层的导电层中的RF能量可以被增加和/或最大化。其它实验数据指出没有精加工镀层(所有信号在铜层中行进)提供最低的介入损耗。
NiPdAu的镀层工艺的一个示例是化学NiPdAu。对于化学NiPdAu,如同之前讨论的计算和数据所指出的,如果镍层比信号的频率处的透入深度厚,则RF信号不能穿透镍层。如果镍厚度被减小到小于镍的透入深度(例如,到大约0.1um),则RF信号可以穿透镍、钯和金镀层。结果,RF信号能量的主要部分应该在铜层中。相比较于金、钯和镍,铜有低得多的RF损失。在具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线中的RF可以小于在相比较的具有电解NiAu和/或化学NiAu精加工镀层的传输中的RF损失。因此,可以通过使用具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层来改善总体电性能。在一些实现中,输出匹配网络损失可以在1.9GHz从大约0.8dB减少到0.5dB,这可以将PA功率附加效率提高约3%。这可以转化为包括具有0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的产品的重大的成品率改善和/或竞争力的增强。
对于输出匹配网络中两种不同的阻抗(6欧姆和4欧姆)收集实验数据,用于RF损失特征化。对于6欧姆的输出匹配网络,实验数据指出损失被改善了约0.2dB。对于4欧姆的输出匹配网络,实验数据指出损失被改善了约0.3dB。包括具有0.1um的镍厚度的化学NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线比相比较的具有有着5um的镍厚度的标准化学NiPdAu传输线或化学NiAu传输线具有更低的损失。
模块
图3是可以包括图1A的传输线1的模块20的示意性块图。模块20在一些实现中可以被称为多芯片模块和/或功率放大器模块。模块20可以包括基板22(例如,封装基板)、管芯24(例如,功率放大器管芯)、匹配网络25等,或其任意组合。尽管未图解示出,模块20在一些实现中可以包括一个或多个其它管芯和/或一个或多个耦合到基板22的电路元件。一个或多个其它管芯可以包括,例如,控制器管芯,其可以包括功率放大器偏置电路和/或直流-直流(DC-DC)转换器。安装在封装基板上的示例电路元件可以包括例如电感器、电容器、阻抗匹配网络等,或其任意组合。
模块20可以包括多个管芯和/或安装在模块20的基板22之上和/或耦合到模块20的基板22的其它部件。在一些实现中,基板22可以是多层基板,配置用于支持管芯和/或部件并且当模块20被安装在例如手机板的电路板上时提供到外部电路的电连通性。基板22可以包括具有精加工镀层的层压板,包括例如在此描述的层压板和/或精加工镀层的特征的任意组合。基板22可以经由包括在此描述的传输线的特征的任意组合的传输线1在部件之间提供电连通性。例如,如图解所示的,传输线1可以将功率放大器管芯24电连接到输出匹配网络25。
功率放大器管芯24可以在模块20的输入管脚RF—IN接收RF信号。功率放大器管芯24可以包括一个或多个放大器,包括例如被配置用于放大RF信号的多级功率放大器。功率放大器管芯24可以包括输入匹配网络30、第一级功率放大器32(其可以被称为驱动器放大器(DA))、级间匹配网络34、第二级功率放大器36(其可以被称为输出放大器(OA))、被配置用于偏置第一级功率放大器32的第一级偏置电路38、被配置用于偏置第二级功率放大器36的第二级偏置电路40,或其任意组合。功率放大器可以包括第一级功率放大器32和第二级功率放大器36。RF输入信号可以经由输入匹配网络30被提供给第一级功率放大器32。第一级功率放大器32可以放大RF输入并经由级间匹配网络34提供放大的RF输入到第二级功率放大器36。第二级功率放大器36可以产生放大的RF输出信号。
放大的RF输出信号可以经由输出匹配网络25提供到功率放大器管芯24的输出管脚RF_OUT。在此描述的任意传输线1可以被实现用来将功率放大器的输出(例如,由第二级功率放大器36产生的放大的RF输出信号)和/或功率放大器管芯24的输出耦合到其它部件。因此,在此描述的扩散阻挡层6的特征的任意组合也可以在功率放大器的输出和/或功率放大器管芯24的输出上实现。匹配网络25可以在模块20上提供以协助降低信号反射和/或其它信号变形。功率放大器管芯24可以是任意合适的管芯。在一些实现中,功率放大器管芯24是砷化镓(GaAs)管芯。在一些实现中,GaAs管芯具有使用异质结双极晶体管(HBT)制程形成的晶体管。
模块20还可以包括一个或多个供电管脚,其可以电连接到例如功率放大器管芯24。所述一个或多个供电管脚可以提供电源电压到功率放大器,例如VSUPPLY1和VSUPPLY2,其在一些实现中可以有不同的电压电平。模块20可以包括电路元件,例如电感器,其可以例如通过多芯片模块上的迹线来形成。所述电感器可以作为扼流电感器来工作,并且可以布置在电源电压和功率放大器管芯24之间。在一些实现中,电感器被安装在表面。另外,电路元件可以包括与电感器并联电连接的电容器,并且该电容器被配置用于在接近于在管脚RF_IN上接收的信号的频率的频率处谐振。在一些实现中,电容器可以包括安装在表面上的电容器。
模块20可以被修改以包括更多或更少的部件,包括例如额外的功率放大器管芯、电容器和/或电感器。例如,模块20可以包括一个或多个额外的匹配网络25。作为另一个示例,模块20可以包括额外的功率放大器管芯,以及被配置为作为布置在模块20的额外的功率放大器管芯和供电管脚之间的并联LC电路工作的额外的电容器和电感器。例如在其中独立的电源被提供给布置在功率放大器管芯20上的输入级的实现和/或在其中模块20在多个频带上工作的实现中,运行模块20可以被配置为具有附加的管脚。
模块20可以具有低电压正偏压电源大约3.2V到4.2V的,其具有良好的线性、高效率(例如,在28.5dBm,PAE大约为40%)、大的动态范围、小型和薄型封装(例如,3mm×3mm×0.9mm带有10-焊盘的偏置)、断电控制(power down control)、支持低集电极电压运行、数码使能、不需要参考电压、CMOS兼容控制信号、集成的定向耦合器,或其任意的组合。
在一些实现中,模块20是功率放大器模块,其是完全匹配10-焊盘表面安装模块,并被开发用于宽带码分多址(WCDMA)应用。这一小和高效的模块可以将全部1920-1980MHz带宽覆盖范围打包到单个紧凑封装中。由于贯穿整个功率范围获得的高效率,模块20可以对于移动电话传递期望的通话时优点。模块20可以以高功率附加效率满足高速下行链路分组接入(HSDPA)、高速上行链路分组接入(HSUPA)、和长期演进(LTE)数据传输的迫切的频谱线性需求。定向耦合器可以被集成到模块20中并且因此可以消除对于外部耦合器的需要。
管芯24可以是在包括模块20的所有有源电路的单个砷化镓(GaAs)单片微波集成电路(MMIC)中包含的功率放大器管芯。所述MMIC可以包括板上偏置电路,以及输入匹配网络30和级间匹配网络34。输出匹配网络25可以具有与在模块20的封装内的管芯24分离地实现的50欧姆的负载,以增大和/或优化效率和功率性能。
模块20可以以GaAs异质结双极晶体管(HBT)BiFET制程来制造,其在保持高效率和好的线性的同时提供所有正电压DC供电操作。至模块20的主要偏置可以从任意三-单元Ni-Cd电池、单个-单元Li-离子电池、或其它具有在从大约3.2到4.2V的范围选择的输出的合适的电池直接地或经由中间部件来提供。在一些实现中不需要参考电压。可以通过将使能电压设置到零伏特来完成断电。根据一些实施例,不需要外部电源侧开关,因为全部主电压从电池供应时典型的“断开”泄漏是几微安。
模块数据
图4A-4D是图解示出图1A中的传输线和在图3的模块中实现的其它传输线之间的关系的图。功能上与参考图3图解示出和描述的模块20类似的模块,用参考上表1-3描述的三种传输线来测试。NiAu传输线具有5.5um的镍厚度。两种NiPdAu传输线精加工镀层分别具有不同的镍厚度6um和0.1um。测试的传输线包括具有大约25um的厚度的铜导电层。另外,所测试的传输线具有参考上表1-3所描述的层厚度和其它属性。
如图4A-4D的图所示,具有NiPdAu精加工镀层和0.1um的镍厚度的传输线在通过质量因数(FOM)测量时具有三种传输线测试中最好的性能。另外,下面的表4中包括的数据指出,对于具有有着0.1um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线和具有有着6um的镍厚度的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线,成品率是相当的。
精加工镀层 | 成品率 |
NiAu(5.5um镍) | 99.36% |
NiPdAu(6um镍) | 96.86% |
NiPdAu(0.1um镍) | 98.90% |
表4-不同的精加工镀层的成品率
功率放大器可以基于度量数目来评价,所述度量例如邻信道功率比(ACPR)、功率附加效率(PAE)、质量因数(FOM)等,或其任意组合。ACPR是一种评估功率放大器的线性度的度量。PAE是一种评估功率放大器的功率效率的度量。比如,较低的PAE可以降低例如包括功率放大器的移动电话的电子设备的电池寿命。FOM是用于特征化功率放大器的整体质量的一种方法。
图4A和4B分别是用于对应于三种传输线的高功率、高频率操作的模块20的功率放大器的ACPR和PAE的图。表5总结了来自图4A和4B的一些数据。
表5-FOM高功率、高频率
图4C和4D分别是用于对应于三种传输线的高功率、低频率操作的模块20的功率放大器的ACPR和PAE的图。表6总结了来自图4C和4D的一些数据。
表6-FOM高功率、低频率
表5和6中的数据指出,具有有着0.1um的厚度的镍的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线在测试的传输线中具有最好的FOM。表5中的数据指出,具有有着0.1um的厚度的镍的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线的平均FOM比作为比较的具有NiAu镀层的传输线的平均FOM好0.35,比作为比较的具有有着6um的镍厚度的NiPdAu镀层的传输线的平均FOM好2.42。表6中的数据指出,具有有着0.1um的厚度的镍的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线的平均FOM比作为比较的具有NiAu镀层的传输线的平均FOM好2.27,比作为比较的具有有着6um的镍厚度的NiPdAu镀层的传输线的平均FOM好1.34。
表7总结了对于测试的三种传输线模块20的高功率静态集电极电流IQCC的数据。所述数据指出包括每一种传输线的模块具有类似的DC性能。
表7-DC性能
表8总结了对应于测试的三种传输线的模块20中的功率放大器的高功率、高频率增益的数据。表8中的数据指出,模块中利用具有有着0.1um的厚度的镍的NiPdAu精加工镀层的传输线的功率放大器具有最低介入损耗,因为这些功率放大器具有最高的平均增益。
精加工镀层 | n= | 平均增益 | Delta增益 |
NiAu(5.5um镍) | 469 | 28.65 | --- |
NiPdAu(6um镍) | 492 | 28.47 | -0.18 |
NiPdAu(0.1um镍) | 451 | 28.77 | 0.12 |
表8-增益/介入损耗
通过RF传输线耦合的示例部件
图5是经由图1A的传输线1彼此耦合的两种射频(RF)部件的示意性方块图。图6A-6F是可以经由图1A的传输线1彼此电耦合的多种部件的示意性方块图。所图解示出的部件可以耦合到如结合图3所描述的包括例如在此描述的基板的特征的任意组合的基板22。作为一个示例,基板22可以具有精加工镀层。替代地或附加地,各种部件可以包括在移动设备中,例如参考图7描述的移动设备101。
如图5所示,传输线1可以将第一RF部件52电耦合到第二RF部件54。第一RF部件52可以包括任意合适的电路元件,所述电路元件配置用于传输RF信号、接收RF信号、处理RF信号、调整RF信号等,或其任意组合。类似地,第二RF部件54可以包括任意合适的电路元件,所述电路元件配置用于传输RF信号、接收RF信号、处理RF信号、调整RF信号等,或其任意组合。RF部件的非限定性示例包括功率放大器、RF开关、滤波器和天线。
如图6A和6B图解示出的,功率放大器105可以具有电耦合到包括在基板22上的传输线1的输出。例如,功率放大器105的输出可以引线接合到传输线1。在图6A中示出的实现中,传输线1被配置用于将功率放大器105的输出传送到RF开关56。RF开关56可以是被配置用于当其接通时传递RF信号和当其断开时阻断RF信号的任意合适的开关。在图6B中所示的实现中,传输线1被配置用于将功率放大器105的输出传输到滤波器58。滤波器58可以是被配置用于滤波RF信号的任意合适的滤波器。例如,滤波器58可以是低通滤波器、带通滤波器或高通滤波器。
如图6C和6D中图解示出的,RF开关56可以具有电耦合到包括在基板22上的传输线1的输出。例如,RF开关56的输出可以引线接合到传输线1。在图6C中所示的实现中,传输线1被配置用于将RF开关56的输出传输到天线104。在图6D中所示的实现中,传输线1被配置用于将RF开关56的输出传输到滤波器58。
如图6E和6F中图解示出的,滤波器58可以具有电耦合到包括在基板22上的传输线1的输出。例如,滤波器58的输出可以引线接合到传输线1。在图6E中所示的实现中,传输线1被配置用于将滤波器58的输出传输到RF开关56。在图6F所示的实现中,传输线1被配置用于将滤波器58的输出传输到天线104。
移动设备
在此描述的任意系统、方法和装置可以在各种电子设备中实施,所述电子设备例如移动设备,其也可以被称为无线设备。图7是包括图1A的传输线的示例移动设备101的示意性方块图。移动设备101的示例包括(但不限于)蜂窝电话(例如,智能电话)、膝上型电脑、平板电脑、个人数字助理(PDA)、电子书阅读器和便携式数字媒体播放器。例如,移动设备101可以是多频带和/或多模设备,诸如被配置用于使用例如全球移动通信系统(GSM)、码分多址(CDMA)、3G、4G和/或长期演进(LTE)进行通信的多频带/多模移动电话。
在某些实施例中,移动设备101可以包括切换部件102、收发机部件103、天线104、功率放大器105、控制部件106、计算机可读取介质107、处理器108、电池109和供电控制块110中的一个或多个。此处描述的任意传输线1可以在移动设备101中的各个位置处实施。例如,如图7中图解说明的,传输线1可以将功率放大器105的输出电连接到切换部件102和/或将切换部件102电连接到天线104。
收发机部件103可以产生RF信号以经由天线104传输。此外,收发机部件103可以从天线104接收输入RF信号。
应该理解,与RF信号的传输和接收相关联的各种功能可以通过在图7中集体地表示为收发机103的一个或多个部件来实现。例如,单个部件可以被配置用于提供传输和接收功能两者。在另一个示例中,传输和接收功能可以通过分开的部件来提供。
类似地,应该理解,与RF信号的传输和接收相关联的各个功能可以通过在图7中集体地表示为天线104的一个或多个部件来实现。例如,单个天线可以被配置用于提供传输和接收功能两者。在另一个示例中,传输和接收功能可以通过分开的天线来提供。在再一个示例中,与移动设备101相关联的不同频带可以由不同的天线来提供。
在图7中,来自收发机103的一个或多个输出信号被描述为经由一条或多条传输路径被提供给天线104。在所示示例中,不同的传输路径可以代表与不同频带和/或不同功率输出相关联的输出路径。例如,所示的两个示例功率放大器105可以代表与不同功率输出配置(例如低功率输出和高功率输出)相关联的放大器,和/或与不同频带相关联的放大器。
在图7中,来自天线104的一个或多个检测到的信号被描述为经由一条或多条接收路径被提供给收发机103。在所示示例中,不同的接收路径可以代表与不同频带相关联的路径。例如,所示的四条示例路径可以代表一些移动设备101配备的四频带能力。
为了有助于在接收和传输路径之间的切换,切换部件102可以被配置用于将天线104电连接到所选择的传输或接收路径。因此,切换部件102可以提供多种与移动设备101的操作相关联的切换功能。在某些实施例中,切换部件102可以包括多个开关,其被配置用于提供与例如不同频带之间的切换、不同功率模式之间的切换、传输和接收模式之间的切换或其一些组合相关联的功能。切换部件102还可以被配置用于提供额外的功能,包括信号滤波。例如,切换部件102可以包括一个或多个双工器。
移动设备101可以包括一个或多个功率放大器105。RF功率放大器可以用于升高具有相对低功率的RF信号的功率。其后,升压的RF的信号可以被用于各种目的,包括驱动发射机的天线。功率放大器105可以包括在例如移动电话的电子设备之内,以放大RF信号用于传输。例如,在具有用于在3G和/或4G通信标准下进行通讯的架构的移动电话中,功率放大器可以用于放大RF信号。可以期望管理RF信号的放大,因为期望的传输功率电平可以取决于用户距离基站和/或移动环境有多远。也可以应用功率放大器以帮助随着时间调整RF信号的功率电平,从而防止在分配的接收时隙期间来自传输的信号干扰。功率放大器模块可以包括一个或多个功率放大器。
图7示出在某些实施例中,可以提供控制部件106,且这样的部件可以包括配置用于提供与切换部件102、功率放大器105、供电控制110和/或其它操作部件相关联的各种控制功能的电路。
在某些实施例中,处理器108可以被配置用于有助于实现在此描述的各种功能。与在此描述的任意部件的操作相关联的计算机程序指令可以被存储到计算机可读存储器107中,其可以指引处理器108,从而存储在计算机可读存储器中的指令产生包括执行在此描述的移动设备、模块等的各种操作特征的指令的制品。
图解示出的移动设备101还包括供电控制块110,其可以被用于向一个或多个功率放大器105提供电力供应。例如,供电控制块110可以包括一个DC-DC转换器。然而,在某些实施例中,供电控制块110可以包括其它块,诸如,例如被配置用于基于要放大的RF信号的包络来改变提供给功率放大器105的供应电压的包络跟踪器。
供电控制块110可以被电连接到电池109,并且供电控制块110可以被配置用于基于DC-DC转换器的输出电压来改变提供给功率放大器105的电压。电池109可以是用于在移动设备101中使用的任何适合的电池,包括,例如锂离子电池。利用用于传输路径的、包括由例如镍的材料制成的且具有小于所述材料在RF范围内的频率处的透入深度的厚度的扩散阻挡层的传输线1,可以降低电池109的功率消耗和/或改善信号质量,从而改善移动设备101的性能。
应用
上述实施例中的一些提供了与包括功率放大器的模块和/或电子设备(例如移动电话)有关的示例。然而,这些实施例的原理和优点可以被用于有高性能RF传输线需要的任何其它系统或装置。
实施本公开的一个或多个方面的系统可以在各种电子设备中实现。所述电子设备的示例可以包括(但是不限于)消费者电子产品、消费者电子产品的部件、电子测试设备等。更具体地说,被配置用于实现本公开的一个或多个方面的电子设备可以包括(但是不限于)RF传输设备、具有功率放大器的任意便携式设备、移动电话(例如,智能手机)、电话、基站、飞蜂窝(femtocell)、雷达、被配置用于根据WiFi和/或蓝牙标准进行通讯的设备、电视机、计算机显示器、计算机、手持计算机、平板计算机、膝上型计算机、个人数字助理(PDA)、微波炉、冰箱、汽车、立体声系统、DVD播放器、CD播放器、VCR、MP3播放器、收音机、摄像机、照相机、数码照相机、便携存储器芯片、洗衣机、干衣机,洗衣机/干衣机、复印机、传真机、扫描仪、多功能外设、腕表、钟等等。消费者电子产品的部件可以包括具有RF传输线的多芯片模块、功率放大器模块、包含有RF传输线的集成电路、包含有RF传输线的基板等,或其任意的组合。此外,电子设备的其它示例还可以包括(但是不限于)存储器芯片、存储器模块、光网络或其它通讯网络的电路、以及盘驱动器电路。此外,电子设备可以包括未完成的产品。
结论
除非上下文清楚地另外要求,贯穿说明书和权利要求,词语“包括”和“包含”等应解释为包含性的含义,而非排他性或穷举性的含义;也就是说,解释为“包括,但不限于”的含义。如这里通常使用的,词语“耦合”、“连接”等指两个或多个元件可以直接连接或通过一个或多个中间元件连接。此外,当在本申请中使用时,词语“这里”、“上面”、“下面”和类似意思的词语应指代本申请整体,而非本申请的任何特定部分。如上下文允许,上面的具体实施方式中的、使用单数或复数的词语也可以分别包括复数或单数。词语“或”参考两个或多个项的列表时,该词语覆盖该词语的全部下列解释:列表中的任何项,列表中的全部项以及列表中的项的任何组合。此处提供的所有数值意图包括测量误差内的类似值。
此外,除非另有具体说明,或如使用的在上下文内另有理解,这里使用的条件语言,例如尤其是“可以”、“能够”、“可能”、“等”、“例如”、“诸如”等通常意图传达某些实施例包括而其他实施例不包括某些特征、元件和/或状态。因此,不论是否有作者输入或提示,这种条件语言通常不意图暗示特征、元件和/或状态以任何方式为一个或多个实施例所需,或一个或多个实施例必须包括用于决定这些特征、元件和/或状态是否包括在任何特定实施例中或要在任何特定实施例中进行的逻辑。
实施例的上面的详细描述不意图是穷举性的或将本发明限制为上面公开的精确形式。虽然为了说明的目的在上面描述了本发明的具体实施例和示例,例如,虽然以给定顺序呈现处理或方框,替换实施例可以以不同顺序进行具有动作的例程,或采用具有方框的系统,并且可以删除、移动、添加、细分、组合和/或修改一些处理或方框。可以以各种不同方式实现这些处理或方框中的每一个。此外,虽然处理或方框有时被示出为串行进行,可替换地,这些处理或方框可以并行进行,或可以在不同时间进行。
这里提供的本发明的教导可以应用于其他系统,不一定是上面描述的系统。可以结合上面描述的各种实施例的元件和动作以提供进一步的实施例。
虽然已描述了本发明的某些实施例,但是这些实施例仅通过示例呈现,并且不意图限制本公开的范围。例如,如相关领域中的技术人员将认识到的,各种等价修改可能在本发明的范围内。此外,上面描述的各个实施例的元素和动作可以被组合以提供更多的实施例。实际上,这里描述的方法、系统、装置和制品可以以各种其他形式实施;此外,可以做出这里描述的方法、系统、装置和制品的形式的各种省略、替代和改变,而不背离本公开的精神。所附权利要求及其等效物意图覆盖将落入本公开的范围和精神内的这种形式或修改。
Claims (78)
1.一种模块,包括:
基板,包含导体和传输线,所述传输线具有接合层、阻挡层、扩散阻挡层和导电层,所述接合层具有配置用于与所述导体接合的接合表面,所述阻挡层和扩散阻挡层配置用于防止污染物进入所述接合层,所述扩散阻挡层具有足够小的厚度,以便允许来自所述导体的RF信号穿透到达导电层;
耦合到所述基板的第一RF部件,该第一RF部件配置为产生RF信号;以及
耦合到所述基板的第二RF部件,该第二RF部件配置为经由所述传输线从第一部件接收RF信号。
2.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述基板是层压基板。
3.根据权利要求2所述的模块,其中所述基板包含精加工镀层,该精加工镀层包含所述接合层、所述阻挡层和所述扩散阻挡层。
4.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述扩散阻挡层包含镍。
5.根据权利要求4所述的模块,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.5um。
6.根据权利要求4所述的模块,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.35um。
7.根据权利要求4所述的模块,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.75um。
8.根据权利要求4所述的模块,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
9.根据权利要求4所述的模块,其中所述导电层包含铜。
10.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于形成扩散阻挡层的材料在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
11.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述接合层被配置用于引线接合并且所述导体经由引线接合电耦合到所述接合层。
12.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中基本上所有RF信号在导电层内从第一RF部件传播到第二RF部件。
13.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述第一RF部件包含功率放大器。
14.根据权利要求13所述的模块,其中所述第二RF部件包含滤波器或RF开关中的至少一个。
15.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述第一RF部件包含RF开关。
16.根据权利要求15所述的模块,其中所述第二RF部件包含功率放大器或滤波器中的至少一个。
17.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述第一RF部件包含滤波器。
18.根据权利要求17所述的模块,其中所述第二RF部件包含功率放大器或RF开关中的至少一个。
19.根据权利要求1所述的模块,其中所述阻挡层位于接合层和扩散阻挡层之间。
20.一种配置为在RF电路中使用的射频(RF)传输线,所述RF传输线包括:
具有接合表面的接合层,该结合层被配置为接收RF信号;
紧邻接合层的阻挡层;
紧邻阻挡层的扩散阻挡层,所述扩散阻挡层和阻挡层被配置为防止污染物进入接合层;以及
紧邻扩散阻挡层的导电层,所述扩散阻挡层具有允许所接收的RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层到达导电层的厚度。
21.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述接合层、阻挡层和扩散阻挡层包含在精加工镀层中。
22.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述接合层包含金。
23.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述接合表面被配置用于引线接合。
24.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述阻挡层包含钯。
25.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层包含镍。
26.根据权利要求25所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。
27.根据权利要求25所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.5um。
28.根据权利要求25所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.35um。
29.根据权利要求25所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.75um。
30.根据权利要求25所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
31.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡的厚度小于扩散阻挡层在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
32.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述导电层包含铜、铝或银的一种或多种。
33.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述导电层包含铜。
34.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中基本上所有接收的RF信号在导电层中传播。
35.根据权利要求20所述的RF传输线,其中所述接合层是金,阻挡层是钯,以及扩散阻挡层是镍。
36.根据权利要求35所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。
37.根据权利要求35所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于约0.5um。
38.根据权利要求35所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.35um。
39.根据权利要求35所述的RF传输线,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.75um。
40.一种配置为在RF传输线中使用的扩散阻挡层,所述扩散阻挡层包括一种材料并且具有厚度,所述扩散阻挡层的厚度足够小,以便允许RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层。
41.根据权利要求40所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述材料包含镍。
42.根据权利要求41所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。
43.根据权利要求41所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.5um。
44.根据权利要求41所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.35um。
45.根据权利要求41所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.75um。
46.根据权利要求41所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
47.根据权利要求40所述的扩散阻挡层,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于所述材料在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
48.根据权利要求40所述的扩散阻挡层,其中基本上所有穿透扩散阻挡层的RF信号在紧邻扩散阻挡层的导电层中行进。
49.一种移动设备,包括:
传输线,该传输线包含具有接合表面的接合层、紧邻接合层的阻挡层、紧邻阻挡层的扩散阻挡层以及紧邻扩散阻挡层的导电层,所述阻挡层和扩散阻挡层配置用于防止来自导电层的导电材料进入接合层,所述扩散阻挡层具有足够小的厚度,以便允许RF信号穿透扩散阻挡层并在导电层中传播;
耦合至传输线的天线,所述天线被配置用于传输RF输出信号;和
电池,所述传输线被配置用于延长电池放电的时间量。
50.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,进一步包含具有耦合到传输线的输出的功率放大器。
51.根据权利要求50所述的移动设备,其中所述功率放大器的输出经由引线接合耦合到传输线。
52.根据权利要求50所述的移动设备,其中所述传输线被配置为将RF信号从功率放大器传输到RF开关。
53.根据权利要求50所述的移动设备,其中所述传输线被配置为将RF信号从功率放大器传输到滤波器。
54.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,进一步包含具有耦合到传输线的输出的滤波器。
55.根据权利要求54所述的移动设备,其中所述传输线被配置为将RF信号从滤波器传输到RF开关。
56.根据权利要求54所述的移动设备,其中所述传输线被配置为将RF信号从滤波器传输到天线。
57.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,进一步包含具有耦合到传输线的输出的RF开关。
58.根据权利要求57所述的移动设备,其中所述传输线被配置为将RF信号从RF开关传输到天线。
59.根据权利要求57所述的移动设备,其中所述传输线被配置为将RF信号从RF开关传输到滤波器。
60.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层包含镍。
61.根据权利要求60所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。
62.根据权利要求60所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.5um。
63.根据权利要求60所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.35um。
64.根据权利要求60所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度不大于大约0.75um。
65.根据权利要求60所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
66.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,其中所述扩散阻挡层的厚度小于形成扩散阻挡层的材料在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
67.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,其中基本上所有的RF信号在传输线的导电层中行进。
68.根据权利要求49所述的移动设备,其中所述接合层、阻挡层和扩散阻挡层包含在精加工镀层之中。
69.一种RF传输线,包括导电层和导电层上的精加工镀层,所述精加工镀层包含金层、紧邻金层的钯层以及紧邻钯层的镍层,所述镍层具有允许在金层接收的RF信号穿透镍层并在导电层中传播的厚度。
70.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述金层被配置用于引线接合。
71.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述镍层的厚度在从大约0.04um到大约0.7um的范围内。
72.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述镍层的厚度不大于大约0.5um。
73.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述镍层的厚度不大于大约0.35um。
74.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述镍层的厚度不大于大约0.75um。
75.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述镍层的厚度小于镍在大约0.45GHz的频率处的透入深度。
76.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述导电层包含铜、铝或银中的一种或多种。
77.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中所述导电层包含铜。
78.根据权利要求69所述的RF传输线,其中基本上所有RF信号在导电层中传播。
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US20170271302A1 (en) | 2017-09-21 |
US10529686B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 |
KR101740102B1 (ko) | 2017-05-25 |
US20170271301A1 (en) | 2017-09-21 |
TW201735750A (zh) | 2017-10-01 |
TWI641298B (zh) | 2018-11-11 |
US20130057451A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
TWI592078B (zh) | 2017-07-11 |
KR20140074913A (ko) | 2014-06-18 |
US20210159209A1 (en) | 2021-05-27 |
US20170301647A1 (en) | 2017-10-19 |
US9679869B2 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
US20170271303A1 (en) | 2017-09-21 |
US11984423B2 (en) | 2024-05-14 |
TW201318492A (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
WO2013032545A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
US10937759B2 (en) | 2021-03-02 |
CN103907194B (zh) | 2017-08-04 |
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