CN101309631A - 皮肤光学表征设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明主要涉及皮肤病学的设备以及方法,其中通过被照射的皮肤区域反向散射的辐射的分析,确定一个或多个诸如黑色素指数的皮肤特性,其中照射皮肤采用在例如大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的至少一个,优选为两个或更多波长的辐射。在多个实施例中,辐射经波导耦合至皮肤,并且光学传感器用于确定波导(例如,适于同皮肤接触的波导表面)和皮肤之间的接触。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2005年9月15日提交的美国临时专利申请No.60/717,490的优先权,该申请的全部内容通过引用包括在本申请中。
背景技术
本发明通常涉及诊断与治疗的皮肤病学的设备和方法,该设备和方法用于测量诸如皮肤的组织的物理特性。
皮肤病学的设备用于改进多种皮肤状况,例如移除不需要的毛发,皮肤再生,移除血管病变,痤疮处理,脂肪团、色素病变以及牛皮癣处理、纹身移除、皮肤及其它毒瘤处理,等等。很多这样的设备通常以处理对象的组织中的发色团为目标。根据所用程序,这种发色团可以是例如黑色素、血色素、脂质、水或纹身色素。
这些设备的最佳应用至少部分取决于对于对象皮肤色素沉着的准确鉴定,从而可以采用合适的处理参数。然而,通常所采用的皮肤分类方法并不是主要基于所关注的发色团的实际测量,例如皮肤中黑色素的数量。例如,通常采用的菲茨帕特里克(Fitzpatrick)皮肤类型标准,其范围从非常白(皮肤类型I)到非常黑(皮肤类型VI),其完全是基于人的肤色和暴露于阳光下的反应。此外,这种传统的皮肤分类方法并不考虑个人皮肤的不同部位中发色团浓度的变化。例如,虽然一个人的皮肤的不同部位可以显示出不同的黑色素浓度,菲茨帕特里克标准对于这个人只提供单一皮肤类型。因此,采用这种传统的皮肤分类方法可能会在处理中导致并发症,例如烧伤、疤痕或无效处理。
因此,对于皮肤病学的和其它设备和方法需要能够准确且有效地确定人的皮肤的物理特性,例如,皮肤黑色素光学密度(MOD)、血含量、胶原质含量和/或水合程度。另外,对于皮肤病学的设备还需要改进的安全机构,以便使其可以为非专业人士使用,例如家庭应用。
发明内容
一方面,本发明提供一种用于确定组织的部分的物理特性的皮肤病学的设备,其包括被配置用于产生具有至少第一波长的辐射的辐射源组件和耦合到该源组件的波导,所述波导用于将来自于源的辐射引导到组织部分,其中所述波导具有被配置用于利用辐射来照射组织部分的表面。所述设备还包括耦合到波导的探测器,并且所述探测器被配置用于探测来自源的辐射,其中该探测器产生信号,用于指示所探测辐射的等级。与探测器相连的处理器处理该信号并计算组织区域的物理特性。在组织的部分被来自源的辐射照射后,该探测器可以被配置用于探测来自源的辐射。
在一个相关方面,皮肤特性可以是例如黑色素指数,胶原质含量,漫射或红斑测量的任何一个。
在另一方面,辐射源组件可以包括两个或者更多辐射源。例如,第一辐射源可以产生具有第一波长(或第一波段)的辐射,而第二辐射源可以产生具有第二波长(或第二波段)的辐射。可选的,辐射源组件可以包括单一辐射源。辐射源可以产生多于一个波长的辐射(即,第一波长的辐射和第二波长的辐射),或者辐射源组件可以被配置用于产生具有两个或更多,或者三个或更多波长的辐射。第一和/或第二波长可以是从大约350nm到大约1200nm范围内选择,或从大约600nm到大约900nm范围内选择。在一些实施例中,辐射源组件可以包括发光二极管(LED)、双色LED、可调谐辐射源和/或激光辐射源中的至少一个。此处所使用的术语“波长”并不限于单色光,而是根据光源性质也可以限定波长的谱线或段。
另一方面,该设备还包括接触传感器,用于指示光波导的表面是否与皮肤相接触。通过实例,可以配置接触传感器使其用于探测在源所产生的波长的辐射的等级。在一些实施例中,辐射源组件被配置用于产生具有两种或更多波长的辐射,接触传感器可以被配置用于探测两个或更多那些波长的辐射等级。
相关方面,在上述设备中,可以配置接触传感器使其发送信号给处理器,用于指示波导的表面没有同组织相接触。例如,当接触传感器探测到所探测的辐射等级低于或高于阈值时,接触传感器可以发送信号。接触传感器可以沿着边界光学耦合到波导,其中波导配置成当其表面不与组织接触时,其沿着边界全内反射该辐射。可选的,接触传感器可以沿着边界光学耦合到波导,其中将波导配置成当其表面不与组织接触时,其并不沿着边界全内反射该辐射。
另一方面,接触传感器可以被配置用于发送信号到处理器以指示波导的表面同组织相接触。例如,接触传感器可以探测所探测的辐射等级是高于还是低于阈值。接触传感器可以沿着边界光学耦合到波导,其中波导被配置成当其表面同组织相接触时,并不沿着边界全内反射辐射。可选的,接触传感器可以沿着边界光学耦合到波导,其中波导被配置成当其表面同组织相接触时,沿着边界全内反射辐射。
另一方面,设备还可以包括两个偏光器,其中之一可以被配置用于过滤从辐射源组件发出的第一偏光性的辐射,而另一个可以被配置用于过滤进入接触传感器和/或进入探测器的第二偏光性的辐射。该设备可以包括布置在接触传感器和波导之间和/或在波导和探测器之间的滤光器。
另一方面,该设备还可以包括耦合至辐射源组件的控制器。该控制器可以被配置用于激活辐射源组件,用于在不同时间产生不同波长的辐射。
另一方面,波导可以由折射率在大约1.4到大约2.5范围内的材料制成。在一些实施例中,波导为光纤。该设备还可以包括耦合到源组件的至少一个附加波导。在一些情况中,附加波导可以是光纤。
另一方面,本发明公开了一种用于确定组织的部分的物理特性的皮肤病学的设备,其包括被配置用于产生具有第一和第二波长的辐射的辐射源组件,和耦合到源组件的波导,用于从源引导辐射到组织的部分,以及具有被配置用于利用辐射来照射组织部分的表面。波导表面适于同组织接触,并能够在不与皮肤接触时通过由其中的侧壁反射的辐射的全内反射来抑制辐射的传播。该设备还包括耦合到波导的探测器,其被配置用于探测从源发出的辐射,其中探测器可以产生用于指示所探测辐射的等级的信号。该探测器可以被配置成用于在组织的部分被从源发出的辐射照射后探测从源发出的辐射。同探测器相连的处理器可以用于处理信号并计算组织部分(例如,皮肤部分)的物理特性。换句话说,处理器可以基于探测器的输出确定组织(例如,皮肤)特性。
相关方面,上述设备中,沿着边界光学耦合到波导的接触传感器可以被配置用于探测传播通过该边界的辐射等级,从而确定所述波导的表面是否与组织接触。
相关方面,第一和第二波长可以在大约300nm到大约1200nm,大约600nm到大约900nm,或大约630nm到大约730nm的范围内。例如,第一波长可以是大约645nm,或大约700nm。在一些实施例中,第一波长大约645nm而第二波长大约700nm。
另一个相关方面,该设备还可以包括同传感器和源相连的反馈机构,其中当传感器指示在波导和源之间不存在光学接触时,该反馈机构能够抑制源的激活,并且当传感器指示存在光学接触时,能够激活源。
另一方面,本发明提供一种皮肤病学的设备,其带有至少一个辐射源,光学耦合到辐射源用于将辐射从源传输到皮肤的波导,该波导具有两个相对的表面和在表面之间延伸的侧壁。该设备还包括耦合到波导的探测器,用于探测从被源辐射所照射的皮肤区域反向散射的至少一部分辐射,以及光学耦合到侧壁的光学接触传感器,该传感器基于对通过侧壁泄漏的反向散射辐射的探测,确定波导是否同皮肤相接触。
另一方面,公开了一种皮肤病学的设备,其包括辐射源组件、第一波导、第二波导,其中第一波导具有适于接收从辐射源组件发出的辐射的近端和适于传输辐射到组织的远端,第二波导具有适于从第一波导接收反向散射辐射的远端和适于传输反向散射辐射的近端。该设备还可以包括光学耦合到第二波导并配置用于测量组织的物理特性的探测器;以及电耦合到探测器的处理器,该处理器被配置用于接收从探测器发出的相应于反向散射辐射的信号。该处理器被配置用于基于探测到的反向散射辐射确定组织的物理特性。该设备还包括用于将从近端离开的反向散射辐射耦合到探测器的装置,例如分束器。该辐射源组件能够产生在大约350nm到大约1200nm,或大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的两个或更多波长的辐射。该设备还可以包括附加的波导,例如光纤。
另一方面,本发明提供一种皮肤病学的设备,其包括至少一个辐射源、光纤、另一个光纤、探测器和处理器,其中所述光纤在近端接收从源发出的辐射并在远端将辐射施加到皮肤区域,所述另一个光纤在远端处与皮肤在另一个区域耦合,该另一个区域由皮肤片段同被照射区域所分离,从而接收在传播经过该片段后所施加的辐射的至少一部分,所述探测器光学耦合到另一个光纤的近端,用于探测由该光纤所接收的传播辐射的至少一部分,该探测器产生信号用于指示所接收的辐射的强度,所述处理器基于探测器信号进行操作,用于确定皮肤特性。
另一方面,公开了一种用于确定组织特性的方法,其包括以下步骤:从波导将第一和第二波长的辐射施加到组织;探测从组织反向散射的第一和第二波长的至少部分辐射;产生至少一个信号,用于指示反向散射辐射强度,以及处理该至少一个信号用于计算皮肤区域的特性。施加辐射的步骤还包括将从大约350nm到大约1200nm范围内或大约600nm到大约900nm范围内选出的多个波长的辐射施加到皮肤,另外,可以探测波导和皮肤区域之间的光学接触。波导同组织的接触可以通过对反向散射辐射的等级的探测来感测。该方法还可以包括减少周围辐射来阻止其被探测器所探测。在一些实施例中,该方法还包括在探测之前减少具有第一偏光性的辐射,并探测具有第二偏光性的辐射。
附图说明
图1A是根据本发明一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备的侧视示意图;
图1B示意性示出在图1A所示的设备中的波导和皮肤不接触的情况下,大量从皮肤反向散射进入波导的辐射射线在波导的侧壁上全内反射,其中光学传感器光学耦合到上述波导的侧壁,因此由传感器产生低探测信号;
图1C示意性地示出在图1A所示设备的波导与皮肤接触的情况下,大量从皮肤反向散射进入波导以入射在波导的侧壁上的辐射射线传播穿过侧壁到达传感器,从而产生高于阈值的传感器信号来指示接触,其中所述光学传感器耦合到波导的侧壁;
图1D示意性地示出耦合到图1A所示设备的波导的侧壁的光学传感器的探测器相对于侧壁这样放置,即对应于探测器的观察立体角的中心射线相对于侧壁的角度选择为保证在波导和皮肤不接触的情况下,基本上抑制从皮肤反向散射进入波导的辐射射线到达探测器,而在接触的情况下,那些射线中的部分离开侧壁以到达探测器;
图1E示意性地描述了皮肤部分,其包括表皮层、真皮层和显示具有高浓度黑色素的表皮/真皮连接处;
图1F是以不同角度从空气进入波导的辐射的射线的示意图;
图1G是以不同角度从皮肤组织进入波导的辐射的射线的示意图;
图2描述了与适于用在本发明的一些实施例中的两个示例性LED相关联的发射光谱;
图3描述了在本发明的一个实施例中,施加到形成辐射源的LED上的触发信号和利用由那些LED产生的辐射照射皮肤部分所探测的反向散射信号;
图4示出了根据本发明的实施例的示例性、说明性设备的信号灵敏度,该设备用于测量黑色素指数作为相对于所观察的皮肤的倾角的函数;
图5示出了根据本发明的实施例的示例性、说明性设备的信号灵敏度,该设备用于测量黑色素指数作为空气间隙的厚度的函数,其中空气间隙是适于同皮肤相接触的设备的表面与被观察皮肤部分之间的空气间隙;
图6是根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备的侧视示意图,该设备采用能够在所关注的波长范围内产生两种或更多波长的辐射的单一辐射源;
图7A示意性地描述了根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备,其采用具有反射侧壁的波导用来将辐射从源耦合进入皮肤;
图7B示意性地示出图7A所示设备的波导的反射侧壁将从源接收的辐射引导到波导的适于同皮肤相接触的表面,从而使得在不接触的情况下,辐射从接触表面全内反射;
图8A是根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备的侧视示意图,该设备包括能够产生不同波长的辐射的两个辐射源和具有用于将辐射从那些源反射到皮肤的反射侧壁的波导;
图8B是根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备的侧视示意图,该设备采用两个辐射源,其辐射经波导的反射侧壁反射到皮肤,该设备还包括用于探测从所照射的皮肤反向散射的辐射的两个探测器;
图9示意性地描述根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备,该设备采用辐射源以通过棱镜耦合辐射到一个位置处的皮肤,并且采用探测器,该探测器光学耦合到在另一位置处的皮肤,用于收集传输穿过皮肤的至少部分辐射,从而测量皮肤的特性,例如黑色素光学密度;
图10示意性地描述上述图9所示设备的使用,其放置在人眼虹膜上以及对人眼虹膜探测;
图11A示意性地描述根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备,其采用光纤用于将辐射耦合进入皮肤并收集从皮肤反向散射的辐射;
图11B示意性地描述根据本发明的教导的皮肤病学的设备的另一个实施例,其采用一个或更多用于将辐射耦合进入皮肤的光纤,以及用于收集从皮肤反向散射的辐射的环形波导;
图11C是适于用在图11B所示设备的示例性环形波导的透视示意图;
图11D是适于用在图11B所示设备的环形波导的透视示意图,其包括放置在环形封套中的多个光纤;
图11E是被图11B所示设备的辐射源照射的皮肤的表面区域以及耦合到设备的环形波导的、通过其收集反向散射辐射的区域的顶视示意图;
图12是根据本发明的另一个实施例的设备的侧视示意图,其采用光纤将在其近端从源接收的辐射通过其远端传输到皮肤;
图13示意性地描述根据本发明的教导的皮肤病学的设备的另一个实施例,其包括带有分叉(split end)的光纤,该分叉用于提供接收来自源的辐射的输入端口和用于将在其远端所收集的反向散射辐射耦合到探测器的输出端口;
图14示意性地描述根据本发明的实施例的皮肤病学的设备,该设备具有根据本发明的教导构建的处理模块和诊断模块;以及
图15示意性地描述根据本发明的实施例的皮肤病学的设备,该设备被设计用于在紧凑的封套中提供诊断和处理能力二者。
具体实施方式
本发明主要涉及用于诊断和/或治疗的皮肤病学的和其它设备,还涉及诊断和治疗方法,用于确定一个或多个皮肤特性,其中该确定是响应于至少一个波长,更优选的两个或更多波长的照射,通过由皮肤所散射的辐射的分析而实现的。其它方面,本发明提供用于确定光学元件是否与皮肤相接触的光学传感器,其中该光学元件例如波导或处理窗,辐射通过该波导或处理窗从设备传输到皮肤。
图1A示意性地描述根据本发明的一个实施例的示例性的皮肤病学的设备1的截面图,其可以测量组织的物理特性,在该特定的实施例中,可以测量人类皮肤的黑色素光学密度(“MOD”)。设备1包括能够产生不同波长的辐射的两个光源2A和2B,其中波长选择为充分分离以提供物理特性的两个独立的测量。根据本申请,可以采用多种波长。在这样的情况下,为了测量MOD,可以选择多种不同波长,虽然也可以采用在其它范围内的波长,但是波长优选为在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内。(这里使用的术语“光”和“辐射”是可以相互替代的,是指在期望的光谱范围内的电磁辐射。除非另外说明,这些术语仅是作为示例,应该理解,基于本申请还可以使用其他形式的辐射能量,包括声能、超声、微波、红外、可见光和其它电磁辐射。)
通常,波长分离选择为使得在那些波长能够从皮肤发色团(例如,黑色素)得到足够的差异响应,从而可以对皮肤中发色团的浓度进行精确测量。作为例子,在本实施例中,源2A产生波长约为645nm的辐射,而源2B产生波长约为700nm的辐射。这种波长的选择特别适合用于皮肤黑色素含量的测量,因为它提供了来自黑色素的足够的差异响应,同时使得来自例如血或水的其它皮肤成分的光学干涉最小化。
可以采用多种相干或者非相干的辐射源作为源2A和2B。例如,在一些实施例中,源2A和2B包括发光二极管(LED),而在其它实施例中,其可以包括激光二极管、灯等。在另外一些实施例中,可以采用单一的源产生两种波长的光,这可以通过例如使从非相干源发出的光通过一个或多个滤光器来实现。类似的,可以采用单一源产生跨越一个或多个辐射段的辐射,而辐射段中想要的波长通过对那些波长敏感的传感器来探测。
在该示例性实施例中LED的使用提供多个优点。例如,LED通常是低成本、紧凑并且可靠的辐射源。此外,其光的输出可以被精确地控制并调整。另外,其输出辐射束的轮廓可以通过例如采用模制透镜来控制。然而,应该理解还可以采用任何其它合适的辐射源。
光源2A和2B与波导5经其上表面5A光学耦合,从而使由每个光源所产生的至少一部分光进入波导,用于传输到对象的皮肤。波导在光学领域是公知的,且通常是指任一光学传输介质,其提供穿过介质从第一位置到第二位置的光学路径。如在下面更详细讨论的,进入波导的辐射由波导传输至波导的表面5B,当该表面与皮肤相接触时,辐射通过该表面传输至皮肤区域6。照射在皮肤上的部分辐射由皮肤表面镜面反射,而另一部分进入到皮肤中。
由于皮肤为不透明的介质,进入皮肤的辐射经历多重散射和/或反射作用,这导致一些辐射重新进入回到波导(就是说,一些辐射反向散射进入波导)。波导5能够有利地起到类似于光学积分球的作用,使得能够大体上均匀的照射所关注的皮肤片段,并且能够促进反向散射辐射耦合到探测器10。该探测器10光学耦合到波导的表面5A,用于接收经过波导表面5B从皮肤耦合进入波导的反向散射辐射的至少一部分。至少一部分反向散射辐射通过表面5A耦合离开波导,从而被探测器所探测。可以采用本领域中已知的多种光学辐射探测器。这种探测器的一个例子包括由Hamatsu所销售的序号为56865-01的商业可用探测器。
因此,波导允许在设备和皮肤之间反复的光学耦合。如在下面更详细讨论的,由于光耦合、传输和漫射中的显著改变,在设备和皮肤之间的差的耦合将导致测量的不精确。此外,在设备1中,波导介质是一种物质,在这样的情况下为蓝宝石或诸如熔融硅石或玻璃的其他合适的介质,其折射率同空气具有足够的差别,以如下面更详细讨论的采用全内反射的构思来实现所期望的对MOD的测量。(然而,在下面所述的附加的实施例中将明显看出,包括具有折射率同空气相近的物质或甚至空气本身的其它介质也可以用作波导。例如,在一些实施例中,也可以采用包含诸如空气的流体或者配置为用于固定液体的空心反射管作为波导。)
设备1还包括偏光器3和4,其具有平行的偏光轴,并且分别置于光源2A和2B同波导5的表面5A之间。另一个偏光器7放置在探测器10和波导5的表面5A之间,其偏光轴与和偏光器3和4相关联的偏光轴垂直。偏光器3,4和7的目的是将从组织表面和其它表面反射,并且因此没有穿透进入组织的光移除。偏光器的布置保证大致抑制从多个界面(例如波导/空气、波导/皮肤、空气/皮肤或波导/洗液、空气/洗液(在皮肤上涂有洗液的情况下))镜面反射的辐射到达探测器10。这种镜面反射的辐射同源发出的偏光的辐射具有相同(或至少基本上相同)的偏光性,并且因此被耦合到探测器的正交的偏光器所阻止。采用这样布置的偏光器尤其有利于阻止从皮肤表面镜面反射的辐射到达探测器。镜面反射辐射没有穿透皮肤,因此通常不含有任何与所关注的皮肤色素相关的信息。将其同探测器10的阻隔增加了测量的精确度。相反的,关于所关注的皮肤色素的信息主要是由被皮肤的真皮层所漫射的反向散射的光所承载的。因为这种漫射散射的光显示出随机的偏光性,与镜面反射光具有相对的偏光性的部分光可以穿过偏光器7从而被探测器10所探测。因此,到达探测器10的光主要是提供关于被测量的物理特性的信息,在这样的情况下为组织的MOD的光。
另外,设备1包括在偏光器7和探测器10之间的光谱滤光器8。该滤光器能够透过源2A和2B所发出的期望波长,但过滤出其它辐射噪声源(例如,环境光和从处理源来的辐射),因此增强了设备的测量灵敏度。
继续参照图1A,设备1还包括光学接触传感器11,用于探测波导(更具体的为传输辐射到达皮肤所穿过的波导的表面5B)和皮肤之间的接触,该传感器包括辐射探测器11A和滤光器9,该滤光器一面同探测器11a光学耦合,一面通过侧壁5C(其在表面5A和5B之间延伸)同波导5耦合。这里所使用的术语“接触”和“光学接触”不仅可以指物理接触,还可以指能够导致传感器的探测信号达到预定阈值之上的波导表面和皮肤之间充分接近的情况。
具体的,探测器11探测穿过表面5B进入波导、并穿过侧壁5C离开波导的辐射的一部分。当表面5B和皮肤表面之间的光学耦合很差时(例如,当该表面与皮肤之间存在相当大的空气间隙时),从侧壁5C漏出的辐射的量少,并且因此探测器11探测到的信号弱。当表面5B和皮肤表面之间的光学耦合好时(例如,当表面5B和组织6之间存在较小间隙或没有间隙时,或当组织6和表面5B之间实现完全接触时),从侧壁5C漏出的辐射的量显著增加,并且因此,探测器11探测到的信号强。
两种信号之间的差别是由于因波导和空气的折射率的差异造成的光的全内反射。波导的折射率明显的大于空气的折射率,大约为1.45∶1。因此,在操作中,源2A和2B发出的大量的辐射将会经表面5B离开波导,而只有一小部分将会内部反射,并且只有反射辐射中的一小部分将从侧壁5C中离开。当表面5B朝向组织6定向时,一些已发射的光将会被反射回设备。然而,折射率的差异导致了光在重新进入波导5时以角度折射,该角度随后将导致基本上所有的光都发生全内反射,从而使得基本上没有光离开表面5C。
当设备同组织相接触时,基本上更多的光重新进入波导5并穿过表面5C。因此,探测器11随后探测到非常大量的光,从而指示已经实现接触(或者设备已经放置得充分接近,足以实现对MOD的读取)。当探测信号超过预定阈值时,传感器11的探测器11A指示波导和皮肤之间存在光学接触,并且当探测信号低于阈值时,指示波导和皮肤之间没有(或差的)光学接触。
原理在图1F和1G中举例说明。图1F示出其中波导5不与组织相接触的情况。因此,在进入波导之前,光的射线a,b和c所传播通过的介质是空气,其折射率大约等于1(n=1),而波导的折射率大约1.45。因此,如在下面的更详细数学地所示,以大于43.6度(临界角,相对于从表面5c延伸的法线而测得的)的角度照在波导/空气的边界上的任何在波导中传播的射线将会被全内反射。然而,如在图1F中所示,所有重新进入波导的辐射都会被折射到相对于表面5c比临界角大的角度。例如,垂直于空气/波导边界的射线a以直线传播并平行于表面5c。射线b以与相对于表面5b的法线成46.4度的入射角照在空气/波导边界上,但是被折射到相对于表面5c更陡的角度,并被全内反射。类似的,与空气/波导边界接近平行的射线c也发生折射,被折射到相对于表面5c的法线比临界角43.6度稍大的角度。因此,射线c也发生全内反射。
如图1G所示,当波导5与组织6接触时,以入射角大于z(46.4度)照到组织/波导边界的任何光不会在表面5c处发生全内反射。在本例中,组织和波导的折射率基本上相同(n=1.45)。因此,光不会发生显著折射,基本上以直线继续传播。因此,任何入射角大于大约角z的辐射不会全内反射。如图1G所示,射线c和d不发生全内反射。具有在表面5c上以临界角y(43.6度)的入射角的射线b会发生全内反射。任何以小于43.6度角入射的射线不会发生全内反射。任何以大于43.6度角入射的射线都会发生全内反射。
当然,很多其他的实施例也是可能的,包括但不限于完全反转的实施例,即只有实现接触时光才会发生全内反射,因此导致实现接触时所探测到的光的等级严重下降。因此,当光的等级下降到限定阈值以下时,发出接触的信号。另外,虽然优选采用折射率同组织的折射率匹配或者接近匹配的波导,但这并不是必须的。可选的实施例可以设计成具有不匹配的折射率。对于用在皮肤表面的实施例,优选但不是必须的,采用洗液以促进辐射从源2A和2B到皮肤的传播,更加优选的,采用折射率同皮肤的折射率匹配或者接近匹配的洗液。其它组织可能并不需要洗液,尤其是诸如口腔组织的组织,其可能已经涂有自然的润湿物,其促进光或其它辐射的传播。
参照图1B和图1C,光学传感器11的功能性可以通过考虑在下面两个更详细的情况中全内反射的几何结构来进一步认识:波导5与皮肤不接触的情况(图1B示出将波导的表面5B同皮肤分离的空气间隙)和波导与皮肤完全接触的情况(图1C)。在第一种情况中,从源发出的传播穿过波导的部分辐射被波导/空气的分界面镜面反射,并且另一部分进入到空气间隙并穿过空气间隙到达皮肤。被皮肤朝向波导反射和/或散射回的辐射射线穿过空气间隙且照射到波导的表面5B。这些光中的一些将会进入到波导中,不过是以大部分情况下会导致其在侧壁5C上发生全内反射的角度(再次,由于波导和空气分界面的折射)。
其中,nm表示围绕波导的介质(例如空气)的折射率,并且
nw表示形成波导的材料的折射率。
相反,当表面5B与皮肤接触时(图1C),进入波导的反向散射辐射射线以允许大量那些射线离开波导到达传感器的角度照在侧壁上。
在很多实施例中,为了优化传感器的性能,所选取的形成波导的材料的折射率与空气的折射率差别很大。优选的,形成波导的材料显示出与皮肤相近的折射率,约为n=1.45。本实施例中,波导是由折射率为大约1.45的熔融硅石制成的。在其它实施例中,可以采用不同的介质,例如,折射率约为1.7的蓝宝石。
另外,如在图1D中所示意地显示,探测器11优选为相对波导的侧壁放置,使得对应于探测器视场的立体角的中心射线A相对于侧壁5C形成大约30度的角θ。也可以为其他角度,并且可以根据所涉及的材料的物理特性而改变,所涉及的材料包括波导的材料,所涉及的组织(皮肤、口腔组织和其他组织)和波导与组织之间的材料(空气,水,血液等)。每个都具有不同的折射率,并且因此导致探测器11A的最优角度具有不同的值。在一些这种实施例中,优选在表面上(例如,在图1A的表面5c上)带有附加的棱镜,例如直角熔融硅石棱镜。
再次参照图1A,设备1还包括与光学传感器11、探测器10以及源2A和2B相连的反馈机构12。当光学传感器指示在波导(例如,在本实施例中,在波导的表面5B)和皮肤之间没有光学接触或存在差的光学接触时,该反馈系统12忽略探测器10的输出信号。然而,在操作过程中,源2A和2B将连续地或以规则间隔工作,来对接触进行检查。(在一些实施例中,用于提供辐射以测量皮肤的物理特性的源或多个源还可以提供用于其他目的的附加的辐射,例如处理或诊断。在该实施例中,基于接触的探测情况,反馈系统将控制源或多个源,从而保证在恰当的时间提供其它辐射。)
更具体地,在本实施例中,反馈系统12包括处理器12A,用于接收传感器的探测器11A的输出信号。处理器将探测器的输出信号同预定的阈值进行比较,从而确定在波导的表面5B和皮肤之间是否存在适宜的光学接触(低于阈值的探测器信号指示波导和皮肤之间没有光学接触)。如果传感器的探测器的输出信号低于阈值,处理器忽略探测器10的输出信号,或者可选的,可以抑制设备的操作,从而不提供对组织物理特性的测量或对组织的处理。例如,在该实施例中,处理器12A可以发出控制信号到切换单元12B,切换单元12B又忽略探测器10的输出。源2A和2B将始终处于使用状态(或者是连续或者是周期的),因为它们提供被探测器11A所探测的辐射来确定系统是否同组织相接触。(可选的,可以提供分开的光源来提供被探测器11A所探测的辐射,因此使得源2A和2B只有在测量组织的物理特性时才处于使用状态。)
如在下面更详细所讨论的,处理器12A还处理从探测器10接收到的输出信号,来确定所关注的皮肤特性。在其它实施例中,传感器11具有其自身专用的处理器,用来处理传感器的探测器11A的输出信号,从而确定波导是否同皮肤存在光学接触,并将所得信息发送到反馈系统12。
继续参照图1A,如上所述,响应于从由源2A和2B所产生的辐射照射的皮肤反向散射的辐射的探测,处理器12A还可以分析由探测器10产生的信号,以确定所关注的皮肤特性,例如皮肤中的黑色素浓度。此处所使用的术语“反向散射辐射”是指从所照射的皮肤经过反射和/或散射作用返回到波导的辐射。
作为例子,可以以下面的方式使用设备1来确定皮肤片段的黑色素浓度。例如,在光学传感器11探测到波导表面5B和皮肤之间存在光学接触之后,源2A和2B可以相继地被激活,用于照射同波导相接触的皮肤片段。源可以在不同的时间间隔中提供波长为645nm和700nm的辐射。照射皮肤的一部分辐射穿透皮肤并经穿越真皮/表皮连接处(DE连接处)的通道,穿过表皮到达真皮。因为皮肤是不透明的介质,进入皮肤的辐射遭受多种散射和/或反射作用,尤其是在真皮层。一些辐射被黑色素所吸收,尤其是在其穿过真皮/表皮连接处时,在本例中真皮/表皮连接处的黑色素浓度高。多重散射/反射作用导致一些辐射耦合出皮肤返回到波导中。
由于黑色素的吸收特性,如果皮肤包含相对较少量的黑色素,相对较高等级的光将反向散射到波导5。相反地,如果皮肤包含相对大量的黑色素,相对较低等级的光将被反射到波导5。由于进入皮肤的辐射同黑色素的相互作用,因此,反向散射进入波导的辐射载有与MOD相关的信息。
作为例子并且不限于任何特定的理论,在本实施例中利用的在两个照射波长中的每个从皮肤进入波导的反向散射辐射强度可以通过下面的关系式来表征:
其中,
Rd λ表示采用波长λ的辐射照射的皮肤区域的漫反射系数(反向散射辐射强度),
K是一个比例常数,其取决于例如照射的辐射强度以及同辐射进入皮肤的耦合相关的几何因素,
Tλ是根据黑色素浓度在照射波长λ处经过皮肤的透射系数,以及
Rdermis表示真皮的漫反射系数。
因为黑色素可以吸收一些辐射,透射系数Tλ取决于所照射皮肤区域中的黑色素浓度。因此,Rd λ载有关于黑色素浓度的信息。在本示例性实施例中,辐射波长选在大约600nm到大约900nm的范围内,从而确保辐射同血液的相互作用最小化。因此,上面的方程(2)不考虑血液的影响。
所照射的皮肤在照射波长(λ)处的表观光学密度(ODλ)可以由下面的关系式确定:
因为上面的透射系数Tλ与在波长λ处的黑色素光学密度成比例(表示为ODλ mel),方程(3)可以按下面的方式改写:
在从大约600nm到大约900nm范围内选取辐射波长,保证虽然Tλ与波长相关,Rdermis基本上与照射波长无关。因此,在两个波长处表观光学密度(ODλ)的差别,以及更一般的,从大约600nm到大约900nm光谱范围内的表观光学密度的斜率与黑色素的浓度成比例。例如,黑色素指数(M)可以采用下面方式来定义:
M=100(ODλ1-ODλ2) 方程(5)
作为示例,在很多实施例中,基于所探测到的来自皮肤的漫反射(反向散射)的辐射强度,处理器12A采用上面的数学关系式来计算黑色素光学密度。
通过说明并且仅为展示本发明的系统和方法在测量皮肤黑色素光学密度方面的功效,根据本发明的教导构建了一个原型设备。通过比较该原型设备在多个对象实施的对黑色素的测量和一些传统设备在相同对象实施的相应测量,显示该原型设备提供了更高的性能,尤其是提供了显著更好的可重复性测量。图2中示出了用在原型设备中的两个LED的辐射光谱。一个LED在波长大约645nm处具有最大辐射强度,而另一个LED在波长大约700nm处具有最大辐射强度。图3提供了响应于不同时间间隔的LED的触发,由探测器测量用于确定黑色素浓度(在图中表示为“色素计信号”(pigmentometersignal)的反向散射辐射产生的原始信号。该原始数据可以通过诸如上面所讨论的方式来分析,从而得到黑色素指数。
作为进一步的说明,在与上面讨论的原型类似的分别采用波长为660nm和910nm的另一个设备中,图4示出了作为相对于皮肤的倾斜的函数的设备的灵敏度(动态灵敏度(rocking sensitivity)),而图5示出了作为设备与皮肤之间的空气间隙的厚度的函数的设备灵敏度。应该理解,这里所给出的数据只是为了说明的目的,并不一定想要表示由本发明的设备所获得的光学信号强度。很多其它的实施例也是可能的,并且所提供的数据也是专门针对所测试的原型设备,该设备在设计方面同与设备1相关描述的实施例类似。
虽然在上面的实施例中,采用每个产生不同波长的辐射的两个源,在一些其它实施例中,可以采用单一源产生两个或更多不同波长的辐射。为了测量MOD,优选的,源发出在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的辐射。作为例子,如在图6中所示意地显示,皮肤病学的设备13包括能够产生两个或更多波长的辐射的单一辐射源14,例如,双色发光二极管(双色LED),其能够产生在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的两个或更多波长的辐射。再次,波长645和700被认为是优选的,不过也可以采用多种其它波长的组合。
设备13还包括具有处理器15a的控制单元15,其能够驱动双色LED 15,从而产生所需的颜色。例如,控制单元可以使LED在不同时间间隔内产生多种波长,用于照射所关注的皮肤区域。更具体的,类似于前面的实施例,由LED15所产生的辐射经穿过偏光器3的通道光学耦合到波导5。波导5将辐射传输至组织6,在本情况中为人类皮肤。经过滤光器8和偏光器7光学耦合到波导5的探测器10接收从所照射皮肤向后漫反射(反向散射)的辐射的至少一部分。类似于前面的实施例,探测器10耦合到偏光轴与偏光器3的偏光轴正交的偏光器7,来抑制并优选的消除探测器10对镜面反射的辐射的探测,尤其是对由所照射的皮肤表面的镜面反射的探测。此外,滤光器8阻止环境辐射噪声,例如,由于人造环境照明单元所产生的噪声,使其不能达到探测器10。
响应两个或更多波长在皮肤的照射,处理器15a接收由探测器10所产生的输出信号,并分析那些信号,例如,以上述方式分析,来确定皮肤的诸如MOD的物理特性。而且,类似于之前的实施例,设备13包括具有光学耦合到滤光器9的探测器11a的光学传感器11,其可以确定波导是否同皮肤相接触,其方式也与结合图1A所描述的探测器11采用的方式类似。
根据本发明的教导的设备的实施例并不限于上述内容。例如,图7A示意性地描述了根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备16,其包括辐射源17,其发出的辐射经棱镜18耦合到波导19。与前面的实施例类似,偏光器3耦合到源17,并对源发出的辐射起偏(虽然可以采用多种材料,但本实施例中的棱镜由氟化钙制成。)。波导19包括反射侧壁19a,其可以将进入波导的辐射反射到适于同皮肤相接触的波导表面19B。波导19可以是例如诸如熔融硅石的材料形成的块,其折射率优选接近于皮肤的折射率,并且反射侧壁可以例如通过在波导表面涂布反射材料(例如银)来形成。在本实施例中,源17和棱镜18相对于波导放置,使得进入波导的辐射射线被侧壁19a反射到组织6。当表面19B和皮肤之间没有光学接触时,反射的辐射以入射角(AOI)到达表面19B处的皮肤/波导分界面,导致那些射线的全内反射(TIR),因此阻止它们离开波导,如图7B中示意性地所示。例如,射线到达表面的入射角度可以比在波导/空气分界面导致TIR所需的最小角度大(参见上面的方程1),从而保证那些射线的全内反射。
相反的,当波导的表面19B同皮肤光学接触时(图7A),由侧壁19A反射的射线穿过表面19B进入皮肤。(波导/皮肤分界面不会导致那些射线的全内反射)。TIR的使用提供了额外的安全机制,通过保证只有当波导同皮肤相接触时,辐射才会通过波导发射到外界环境中,阻止了对耦合到波导的辐射的意外暴露(例如,用户眼睛的暴露)。因为其两次采用TIR原理,也增加了接触传感器的灵敏度。
设备16还包括经过滤光器8和偏光器7光学耦合到波导19的探测器10。探测器10探测从皮肤向后漫反射(反向散射)的辐射。设备16还包括具有光学耦合到滤光器9的探测器11a的光学传感器11,其可以用于确定波导是否同皮肤相接触,所采用的方式也与结合图1A所述的探测器11所采用的方式类似。然而,如结合图1A所述,设备的操作是相反的。换句话说,当如图1A中所示的设备1接收到超过特定阈值的等级的光时,其感测接触,当设备16接收到少于特定阈值的等级的光,其感测接触。与前面所描述的实施例类似,探测器11a通过滤光器9光学耦合到波导19。与前述的实施例不同,探测器11a还通过置于滤光器9和波导19之间的偏光器4光学耦合到波导19。偏光器4具有偏光轴,该偏光轴同与源偏光器3相关的偏光轴正交。因此,设备16抑制在探测器10和11a上的镜面反射的探测。此外,滤光器8和9阻止了环境辐射到达探测器。
图8A示意性地描述了根据本发明的另一个实施例的设备20,其还可以利用从波导的反射侧壁的光反射以耦合光进入皮肤并且当波导和皮肤没有接触时抑制其耦合。设备20没有采用单一辐射源,而是包括两个辐射源22和24,每个产生具有不同波长的辐射(例如,在600nm到900nm的范围内)。辐射源22和24通过棱镜18光学耦合到波导26。波导26包括两个反射侧壁26a和26b,每个将从一个辐射源接收的光引导到波导的表面26c,从而使得在波导同皮肤不接触的情况下,辐射在该表面内部反射,而当波导同皮肤接触的情况下,其透过该表面到达皮肤。例如,反射侧壁可以通过在波导18的表面沉积反射材料(例如,银)来形成。波导可以由能够透过源22和24所产生的辐射的材料制成,并且,在本实施例中为熔融硅石。类似于前述的实施例,从皮肤反向散射的辐射可以由探测器(未示出)所探测,探测器的输出信号由处理器(未示出)来分析以确定皮肤特性。此外,传感器11光学耦合至侧壁26b中的开口26D,其通过在开口处不形成反射涂层产生。开口使得光可以从波导26漏出并被传感器11所探测。
设备20还包括偏光器78和79以及棱镜80。光源22和24通过偏光器78和79以及棱镜80光学耦合至波导26。偏光器78的偏光轴与偏光器79的相关偏光轴正交,如上所述,这是为了消除与被测参数不相关的表面以及其它反射。此外,传感器11还包括探测器11a以及置于探测器11a和开口26D之间的滤光器9。滤光器用于减少到达探测器11a的环境辐射的数量。
图8B示意性地描述了根据另一个实施例的设备100,设备100采用两个辐射源102和104,用于通过将辐射经棱镜106耦合至具有两个反射侧壁108a和108b的波导108对皮肤进行照射,其中每个侧壁适于将来自源的其中一个的初级辐射引导到皮肤。该设备100还包括两个探测器110a和110b,用于探测从皮肤反向散射的辐射。在前面的实施例中,可以利用处理器(未示出)来分析所探测的反向散射辐射,从而确定所关注的皮肤特性(例如,MOD)。与前面的一些实施例类似,辐射源102和104分别耦合至偏光器112a和112b,而探测器110a和110b分别耦合至正交的偏光器114a和114b,用于抑制镜面反射的探测。此外,探测器110a和110b耦合至可以滤除环境辐射噪声的滤光器116a和116b。
图9示意性地描述了根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备27,其依赖于对透过组织6(在本情况中为皮肤)传输的辐射的探测来确定组织的特性(本情况中为MOD)。示例性的设备27包括辐射源14,例如,该辐射源可以产生在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的至少两个波长的辐射,并且其光学耦合至棱镜28。棱镜28接收来自于源穿过表面28a的辐射,并且通过适于同皮肤光学接触的另一个表面28b将该辐射耦合至皮肤。形成棱镜的材料的折射率选取为调整传输穿过棱镜的辐射经在棱镜/皮肤分界面处折射进入皮肤的角度的范围。这个过程与上述的与设备1相关的过程类似。
设备27还包括耦合至滤光器8的探测器10,其中滤光器可以滤除环境辐射。探测器10放置在与棱镜有一预定距离的位置处,用于探测被棱镜28耦合进入皮肤并透过将棱镜28同探测器10相分离的皮肤部分的至少部分辐射。棱镜28的精确角度和棱镜28与探测器10之间的距离选取为最优化特定的设计,而且可以采用多种角度和距离,其中一些可能比另一些更优化。在本实施例中,辐射引导到组织6的角度大约为45度,而棱镜28和探测器10之间的距离约为1cm。在上述的设备27中,源和探测器之间的距离可以调节以调整设备用于测量在皮肤不同深度的所关注的给定发色团(色素)的浓度,例如通过选取能够被较深层组织更好吸收或经过较长距离的波长,通过调整棱镜28和探测器10之间的距离,和/或通过采用额外的波长和/或探测器,从而区分在组织6的不同位置或深度的发色团的相对数量。
进入皮肤的光被漫射地(经过多重散射和/或反射作用)传输到探测器。由于光同发色团之间的相互作用(例如,通过发色团对一些光的吸收),该传输光还可以携带关于所关注的发色团浓度的信息。同探测器10和光源14电连接的处理器29分析响应于两个或更多辐射波长(例如,在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的两个波长)对皮肤的照射而产生的探测器输出信号,来确定皮肤的特性,例如黑色素光学密度。
设备27在测量所关注的色素浓度方面具有高灵敏度,因为其是基于穿过皮肤的长距离上的光子的漫透射。这允许该设备在多种应用中使用。作为例子,如图10中所示意地显示的,设备27可以用于探测眼中的虹膜30。例如,当设备27扫描过皮肤时,其能够探测由虹膜30引起的穿透所照射皮肤的辐射的大量吸收(尤其是在大约600nm到大约800nm范围内的波长),从而探测到其存在。这种对虹膜的探测例如在对皮肤提供激光或其他辐射处理时必须避免对眼睛产生损伤的设备中是有用的。设备27可以合并入这种处理设备,当处理设备在眼睛上时,其用于提供信号,并且优选的基于这种眼睛探测信号来抑制处理激光源的激活(或失活)。
在其它实施例中,本发明的皮肤病学的设备可以采用光纤,用于将辐射从源耦合进入皮肤,和/或将被所照射的皮肤片段反向散射或透射通过所照射的皮肤片段的辐射去耦合。作为例子,图11A示意性地描述了根据本发明的这种实施例的皮肤病学的设备32,其包括光学耦合至多个光纤33的源12,每个光纤可以在其一端接收源产生的辐射,并在工作时,通过另一端将辐射光学耦合至组织6(在本情况下为皮肤)。在很多实施例中,源12能够产生两个或更多波长的辐射,例如,在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的两个或更多波长。设备32还包括另一组光纤34,每个光纤在一端光学耦合到位置与辐射经过光纤33a进入皮肤的位置相隔选定距离的皮肤。通过这种方式,光纤34收集漫透射(经由多重散射和/或反射作用传输的辐射)穿过置于光纤33的端33a和光纤34的端34a之间的皮肤部分并例如经散射/反射作用耦合进入光纤34的至少一部分辐射。光纤34的每个在其另一端经用于滤除环境辐射噪声的滤光器8光学耦合至探测器10,该探测器10用于接收光纤34所收集的辐射。
处理器36处理探测器10的输出信号,来确定所照射的皮肤片段的特性。例如,在期望测量皮肤中的黑色素光学密度的情况中,可以选用能够提供在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的至少两种辐射波长的源14。可以在不同的时间间隔中激活该源,用于经光纤33在这两个波长下照射皮肤6。并且可以利用处理器36来分析探测器10产生的对应于两个照射波长的输出探测信号,以采用例如上面所讨论的数学方程来确定黑色素浓度。
图11B中示意性地显示了另一个实施例,根据本发明的教导的皮肤病学的设备37包括多个光纤38,用于将源14所产生的辐射传输至组织6。波导39将辐射从组织6引导至探测器10。如图11C中所示,波导39大体上呈圆柱空心结构。波导39用于收集从照射处透过皮肤到达波导的辐射的至少一部分。探测器10经滤光器8光学耦合至波导,用于接收被波导所收集的辐射。类似于前述的实施例,处理器36处理由探测器产生的输出信号,用于确定皮肤的期望的特性。
如图11D中所示,在一些实施例中,圆柱状波导是通过将多个光纤39a置于诸如柔性封套的环形外罩39b中形成。在一些可选的实施例中,波导可以是由诸如熔融硅石的适当材料制成的环形物。为了进一步说明,图11E示意性地描述了由设备37所观察到的区域40(感测区域)的顶视图。感测区域的周长是通过图11C和图11D中所示的圆柱状波导39的近端所限定的。辐射能量经光纤38的近端耦合进入区域40(区域38b示出了由光纤38所照射的皮肤区域的顶视图)。在本实施例中,波导选取为使得感测区域大,以便降低对于局部不规则性的测量灵敏度。然而,其它实施例可以定尺寸为提供相对较大感测区域或相对较小感测区域。此外,可选的实施例可以包括其他结构,例如放置在波导39内的内部波导来代替光纤38。类似的,光可以穿过波导39中的空心空间提供给感测区域,而不需要采用光纤38或另一个波导。
作为另一个例子,图12示意性地描述了包括光纤43的皮肤病学的设备42。光纤43包括被包层43b所包围的芯43a。光纤43在其近端光学耦合到辐射源44,用于接收从源发出的、穿过分束器45后的辐射,并且在其远端耦合至皮肤区域6,用于将所接收到的辐射传输至皮肤。从所照射的皮肤区域反向散射进入光纤的辐射沿着相同的路径通过光纤传输回,并且从近端朝向分束器45出射,分束器又将反向散射辐射引导到耦合至滤光器47的探测器46。处理器48基于探测器所产生的输出信号,确定皮肤的一个或多个特性。作为例子,在一些实施例中,辐射源44提供两个或更多辐射波长,例如,在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的两个或更多波长,并且处理器对应于在这些波长的反向散射辐射来分析探测器46的输出信号,确定皮肤特性(例如,黑色素浓度),例如,采用上面所讨论的方式。
在本实施例中,设备42还包括具有耦合至滤光器49b的探测器49a的光学传感器49,其在已经移除了包层的光纤部分A处光学耦合至光纤43。包层的移除使得部分反向散射辐射从芯漏出并进入传感器的探测器。由传感器的探测器所产生的探测信号随后可以用于确定光纤的远端是否同皮肤相接触。例如,传感器所探测到的强度低于选定阈值的辐射可以指示在光纤的远端和皮肤之间没有接触,而所探测到的辐射高于阈值则指示两者接触。
图13示意性地描述了根据本发明的另一个实施例的皮肤病学的设备50,其也是采用光纤51,用于将辐射耦合进入皮肤并从所照射皮肤收集反向散射的辐射。更具体的,光纤51具有分叉52,其提供光学耦合至辐射源53的输入端口52a用于接收来自源的辐射,以及用于将反向散射进入光纤的辐射经滤光器55耦合到探测器54的输出端口52b。类似于前面的一些实施例,源可以提供两个或更多所需波长,并且对应于这些波长的反向散射辐射的探测器54的输出可以由处理器(未示出)来分析,用于确定皮肤特性(例如,皮肤的黑色素指数)。
虽然这里描述的大部分实施例通过将辐射施加在皮肤的表面来对皮肤的MOD进行测量。其他实施例也可以用于测量其它特性和其他组织。例如,假设对于在图11A-图13中描述的实施例的可能的小尺寸,采用这些构思的设备的可选的实施例可以用于测量内部组织的物理特性,例如,经过内窥镜和/或切口。
如以上所述,根据本发明教导的用于诊断的皮肤病学的设备可以耦合至皮肤病学的处理设备,用于提供与待处理皮肤的一个或多个特性相关的信息。例如,如图14示意性地所示,皮肤病学的设备56可以包括处理模块57以及同处理模块相连的诊断模块58。作为例子,处理模块可以包括提供处理辐射的辐射源59。处理辐射可以经过一个或多个光学器件(未示出)耦合穿过辐射透射窗口60(例如蓝宝石窗口)到达皮肤。可选的,处理模块可以接收来自外部源的处理辐射,例如,经过光纤。作为例子,在这里通过引入参考题为“用于光美容设备的冷却系统”(“Cooling System for aPhotocosmetic Device”)的美国专利申请No.10/154756,其提供了关于可以用在构建处理模块57中的皮肤病学的处理设备的教导。在该实施例中,处理模块包括与处理源59和诊断模块58相连的反馈机构62。反馈机构62可以接收来自诊断模块的指示诸如黑色素光学密度的一个或多个皮肤特性的信号。
在本示例性实施例中,反馈机构62响应从诊断模块所接收到的关于皮肤特性的信息,向辐射源施加控制信号,用于调整源产生的处理辐射的一个或多个参数,例如处理辐射的功率、处理辐射的波长、当采用脉冲辐射时的脉宽和/或脉冲重复频率、或者任何其他所关注的参数。在一些情况下,可以利用诊断模块以允许只有在处理一定皮肤类型时才激活处理源。例如,激活处理辐射源以仅处理这样的人,其皮肤的色素等级(例如,MOD)将导致诊断波长信号,在不同波长下诊断信号,以及背景信号的比率落入到预定范围内(例如,高于或低于一定的阈值)。作为例子,该参数可以这样设置,即除了皮肤以外的大部分材料都将会使诊断信号在激活处理源的可接受范围之外。例如,当皮肤特性对应于MOD时,反馈模决可以控制处理源来调整其输出功率,例如,当测得的黑色素光学密度高时减少功率,而当光学密度低时增加功率。此外,在一些皮肤黑色素浓度高于预定阈值的情况下,反馈机构可以抑制处理源的激活。这可以用作例如安全措施,用来保证只有在合适的时候(例如,只对具有预定范围内的色素等级的皮肤)才施加处理辐射。
在一些实施例中,响应于诊断模块所提供的信息,可以实时地实现这种处理辐射的一个或多个参数的调整。例如,当设备56在皮肤上移动时,处理模块57在诊断模块58后延迟,从而使得诊断模块确定待处理的皮肤片段的期望特性先于处理模块在该片段施加处理辐射。在这种方式中,处理模块可以利用诊断模块所提供的信息,实时地调整处理参数(例如,处理辐射的功率等级)。例如,被处理的皮肤块的不同部分可以显示出不同的色素等级(例如,不同的黑色素浓度)。在这样的情况中,当处理辐射施加到那些皮肤部分时,处理模块可以调整处理辐射的功率等级。
在处理源位于处理模块外部的实施例中,例如通过向源和/或置于处理模块中且与源光学耦合的一个或多个元件施加控制信号来实现响应由诊断模块所提供的信息的处理辐射的一个或多个参数的调整。例如,基于由诊断模块确定的一个或多个皮肤特性,可以控制置于处理模块中的光闸,从而允许或抑制处理辐射施加到达皮肤。此外,可以采用一个或多个中性密度滤光器来调节处理辐射的功率等级。
继续参照图14,示例性设备56还包括速度传感器64,用于扫描皮肤时测量设备的扫描速度。可以配置该速度传感器使其用于方向性扫描(虽然其他实施例可以包括双向和多向,不过在本情况中为单向的),使得诊断模块58引导处理模块。可以在2005年4月1日提交的题为“用于在组织中产生电磁辐射处理的胰岛的格子的方法和产品,以及其应用”(“Methods andproducts for producing lattices of EMR-treated islets in tissues,anduses therefore”)的美国专利申请No.11/098,015中找到适于用在设备56中的速度传感器的例子,通过引用该申请被包括在本申请中。在一些实施例中,反馈机构可以合并在速度传感器中。
在一些实施例中,处理模块和诊断模块可以集成在单一的封套中从而得到紧凑的设备,在一些情况中还可以将速度传感器也集成在其中。此外,在很多这种实施例中,诊断和处理源可以共享公共光路径,从而可以在测量其一个或多个特性(例如黑色素光学密度)时,对组织区域进行实时处理。当处理是在冲压模式(stamping mode)下实施时,这种设备尤其有用。
作为例子,图15示意性地描述了具有封套66的皮肤病学的设备65,在该封套中放置有用于产生处理辐射的处理辐射源67以及辐射源68,辐射源68可以是例如产生两个或更多波长的源。来自处理源的辐射经透镜69在穿过分束器70后耦合进入诸如蓝宝石块的波导71。来自于源68的辐射穿过分束器72以被分束器70反射进入波导。波导71将处理和辐射都引入与其接触的皮肤区域。从所照射的皮肤区域反向散射的部分辐射被分束器72和70反射经滤光器74进入探测器73。例如采用前面实施例中所讨论的方式,探测器73产生可以由处理器75分析的输出信号,用于确定组织6的特性(例如,皮肤的黑色素浓度)。设备65还可以包括如上所述的光学传感器76,其光学耦合至波导71的侧壁,用于确定波导和皮肤之间的接触。处理器可以处理由传感器产生的输出信号,用于控制处理辐射源(例如,当在波导和皮肤之间不存在接触时,抑制其激活和/或将其失活)。此外,处理器还可以响应于光学传感器76的输出信号来调整处理辐射的一个或多个参数(例如,功率等级,脉宽或重复频率)。与上述某些实施例类似,可以采用多个偏光器和滤光器用于抑制对于多个分界面处镜面反射的辐射和/或环境辐射的探测。此外,在一些实施例中,设备65可以包括速度传感器77,当其扫过皮肤时,用于测量设备65的速度,而在一些情况中施加控制信号到处理源(例如,响应于扫描速度调节源的功率)。
在其它实施例中,可以采用多于两个波长用于探测皮肤的物理特性。例如,通过采用三个波长,可以确定皮肤的表观年龄。来自皮肤区域的反向散射辐射可以使用三个或更多波长进行测量。虽然可以是多种波长,不过优选的,波长选在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内,例如645、700和900nm。对于测量MOD的情况,在这个波长范围内选取波长可以利用皮肤在该波长范围内吸收特性。皮肤的年龄可以相应于其实足年龄或者其表观年龄。例如,在一些情况中,例如由于过多的日晒和/或吸烟,一个年轻人(例如,在她二十几岁的人)的皮肤却可能显示出更老的表观年龄。通过例如选取用于提供所必需的辐射波长的合适的辐射源(或多个源),上面所讨论的设备可以用于实践本发明的这方面。可以分析这三个波长的反射系数值用于确定MOD和皮肤漫射性质,并且可以将皮肤年龄同皮肤漫射性质相关联。
类似的,通过采用三个或多个波长,可以减少测量中所产生的误差。例如,可以选取两个值接近的波长(例如,大约分开10nm),而第三波长间隔较大,例如640、650和700nm。采用附加的波长可以帮助减少由组织的其它物理特性在测量中所导致的不一致而产生的误差。
在一些实施例中,由所采用的用于提供辐射的辐射源产生的辐射的波长一定程度上可以依赖源的温度。在该实施例中,辐射源的波长相对于温度的数据可以储存在诸如存储器模块上,以由处理器利用来标定辐射的波长(用于从名义波长计算实际波长)。
虽然上面的实施例一般地描述了采用在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的波长来测量例如皮肤的MOD,但是上面所讨论的多个实施例都可以一般地使用产生在其它范围内的波长的辐射的辐射源,来测量其他发色团(例如,血色素)的浓度,其中该其它范围包括大约300nm到大约1200nm范围内的波长。例如,两种形式的血色素具有在405nm到430nm(索瑞带)光谱范围内的初级吸收带和在540nm到580nm范围内的次级带。在一些实施例中,可以通过探测在这些带中的两个或更多波长的反向散射辐射来测量血色素的浓度。为了其他目的或采用其他类型的辐射源,还可以采用甚至更宽或不同的波长范围。
本领域的普通技术人员应该可以理解,在不偏离本发明的范围的前提下可以对上述实施例进行多种修改。
Claims (63)
1.一种用于确定组织的部分的物理特性的皮肤病学的设备,包括,辐射源组件,其被配置用于产生具有至少第一波长的辐射;波导,其耦合到所述源组件用于将来自源的辐射引导到所述组织的所述部分,并且具有被配置用于利用所述辐射照射所述部分的表面;探测器,其耦合到所述波导,并且被配置用于探测来自所述源的辐射,所述探测器产生指示所探测的辐射等级的信号;以及
处理器,其同所述探测器相连,用于处理所述信号并且计算所述皮肤区域的物理特性;
其中,所述探测器被配置用于在所述组织的所述部分被来自所述源的所述辐射照射后,探测来自所述源的所述辐射。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件包括两个或更多辐射源。
3. 如权利要求2所述的设备,其中第一辐射源产生具有所述第一波长的辐射,且其中第二辐射源产生具有第二波长的辐射。
4.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件包括单一辐射源。
5.如权利要求4所述的设备,其中所述第一辐射源产生具有所述第一波长的辐射,并且还产生具有第二波长的辐射。
6.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件包括发光二极管(LED)、双色LED、可调辐射源和激光辐射源中的至少一个。
7.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件被配置用于产生具有第二波长的辐射。
8.如权利要求7所述的设备,其中所述第一和第二波长从大约350nm到大约1200nm的范围内选取。
9.如权利要求7所述的设备,其中所述第一和第二波长从大约600nm到大约900nm的范围内选取。
10.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述第一波长从大约350nm到大约1200nm的范围内选取。
11.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述第一波长从大约600nm到大约900nm的范围内选取。
12.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中还包括接触传感器,用于指示所述光学波导的表面是否与所述皮肤接触。
13.如权利要求12所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器被配置用于探测所述第一波长的所述辐射的等级。
14.如权利要求13所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器被配置用于发送信号到所述处理器,当所述接触传感器探测到所述等级低于阈值时,所述信号指示所述波导的所述表面同所述组织不接触。
15.如权利要求13所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器被配置用于发送信号到所述处理器,当所述接触传感器探测到所述等级高于阈值时,所述信号指示所述波导的所述表面同所述组织接触。
16.如权利要求13所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器被配置用于发送信号到所述处理器,当所述接触传感器探测到所述等级高于阈值时,所述信号指示所述波导的所述表面同所述组织不接触。
17.如权利要求13所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器被配置用于发送信号到所述处理器,当所述接触传感器探测到所述等级低于阈值时,所述信号指示所述波导的所述表面同所述组织接触。
18.如权利要求12所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器沿着边界光学耦合至所述波导,并且其中所述波导配置为使得当所述表面与所述组织不接触时,所述波导沿着所述边界全内反射所述辐射。
19.如权利要求12所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器沿着边界光学耦合至所述波导,并且其中所述波导配置为使得当所述表面与所述组织接触时,所述波导沿着所述边界不全内反射所述辐射。
20.如权利要求12所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器沿着边界光学耦合至所述波导,并且其中所述波导配置为使得当所述表面与所述组织接触时,所述波导沿着所述边界全内反射所述辐射。
21.如权利要求12所述的设备,其中所述接触传感器沿着边界光学耦合至所述波导,并且其中所述波导配置为使得当所述表面与所述组织不接触时,所述波导沿着所述边界不全内反射所述辐射。
22.如权利要求12所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件被配置用于产生具有第二波长的辐射,并且所述接触传感器被配置用于探测所述第一波长和所述第二波长的所述辐射的等级。
23.如权利要求12所述的设备,还包括:
第一偏光器,其被配置用于过滤来自所述辐射源组件的第一偏光性的辐射;以及
第二偏光器,其被配置用于过滤进入所述接触传感器的第二偏光性的辐射。
24.如权利要求12所述的设备,还包括置于所述接触传感器和所述波导之间的滤光器。
25.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件被配置用于产生具有三个或更多波长的辐射。
26.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述皮肤特性从包括黑色素指数、胶原质含量、漫射以及红斑测量的集合中选择。
27.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述波导是由折射率在大约1.4到大约2.5范围内的材料形成的。
28.如权利要求1所述的设备,还包括:
第一偏光器,其被配置用于过滤来自所述辐射源组件的第一偏光性的辐射;以及
第二偏光器,其被配置用于过滤进入所述探测器的第二偏光性的辐射。
29.如权利要求1所述的设备,还包括置于所述波导和所述探测器之间的滤光器。
30.如权利要求1所述的设备,还包括耦合至所述辐射源组件的控制器,所述控制器被配置用于激活所述辐射源组件,用于在不同时间产生具有不同波长的辐射。
31.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述波导是光纤。
32.如权利要求1所述的设备,还包括至少一个耦合至所述源组件的附加的波导。
33.如权利要求32所述的设备,其中所述至少一个附加的波导是光纤。
34.一种用于确定组织的部分的物理特性的皮肤病学的设备,包括
辐射源组件,被配置用于产生具有第一和第二波长的辐射;
波导,耦合到所述源组件用于将来自源的辐射引导到所述组织的所述部分,并且具有被配置用于利用所述辐射照射所述部分的表面;
探测器,其耦合到所述波导,并且被配置用于探测来自所述源的辐射,所述探测器产生指示所探测的辐射等级的信号;
处理器,其同所述探测器相连,用于处理所述信号并且计算所述皮肤区域的物理特性;以及
接触传感器,其沿着边界光学耦合到所述波导,并被配置用于探测所述辐射的等级;
其中,所述探测器被配置用于在所述组织的所述部分被来自所述源的所述辐射照射后,探测来自所述源的所述辐射。
35.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述第一和第二波长在大约300nm到大约1200nm范围内。
36.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述第一和第二波长在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内。
37.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述第一和第二波长在大约630nm到大约730nm范围内。
38.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述第一波长大约为645nm。
39.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述第一波长大约为700nm
40.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述第一波长大约为645nm,而所述第二波长大约700nm。
41.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中适于同组织接触的所述波导表面在其不同皮肤接触时,通过由侧壁对辐射的全内反射来抑制辐射的透射。
42.如权利要求34所述的设备,还包括同所述传感器和所述源相连的反馈机构,其中当所述传感器指示在所述波导和所述源之间没有光学接触时,所述反馈机构能够抑制源的激活,而当传感器指示存在光学接触时,其能够激活源。
43.如权利要求34所述的设备,还包括与探测器相连的处理器,所述处理器基于所述探测器的输出确定皮肤特性。
44.如权利要求34所述的设备,其中所述波导是光纤。
45.如权利要求34所述的设备,还包括至少一个附加的波导。
46.一种皮肤病学的设备,包括
至少一个辐射源;
波导,其光学耦合到所述辐射源,用于将来自源的辐射传输至所述皮肤,所述波导具有两个相对的表面和在所述表面之间延伸的侧壁;探测器,其耦合到所述波导,用于探测来自被源辐射照射的皮肤区域的反向散射的至少一部分辐射;以及
光学接触传感器,其光学耦合至所述侧壁,所述传感器基于漏出所述侧壁的反向散射辐射的探测,确定所述波导是否同所述皮肤相接触。
47.一种皮肤病学的设备,包括:
辐射源组件;
第一波导,其具有适于接收来自辐射源组件的辐射的近端和适于将辐射传输至组织的远端;
第二波导,其具有适于接收来自所述第一波导的反向散射辐射的远端和适于传输所述反向散射辐射的近端;
探测器,光学耦合至所述第二波导,并且被配置用于测量所述组织的物理特性;以及
处理器,电耦合至所述探测器,并且被配置用于接收来自所述探测器的、相应于所述反向散射辐射的信号;
其中所述处理器被配置用于基于探测到的反向散射辐射确定所述组织的物理特性。
48.如权利要求47所述的设备,其中所述设备还包括用于将从所述近端出射的所述反向散射辐射耦合到探测器的装置。
49.如权利要求48所述的设备,其中所述装置包括分束器。
50.如权利要求47所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件能够产生在大约350nm到大约1200nm范围内的两个或多个波长的辐射。
51.如权利要求47所述的设备,其中所述辐射源组件能够产生在大约600nm到大约900nm范围内的两个或多个波长的辐射。
52.如权利要求47所述的设备,其中所述第一波导是光纤。
53.如权利要求47所述的设备,其中所述第二波导是光纤。
54.如权利要求47所述的设备,还包括附加的波导。
55.如权利要求54所述的设备,其中所述附加的波导是光纤。
56.一种皮肤病学的设备,包括:
至少一个辐射源;
光纤,其在近端接收来自所述源的辐射,而在远端将该辐射施加到皮肤区域;
另一个光纤,其在远端在与照射区域被皮肤片段所分离的另一个区域与皮肤耦合,用于接收所施加的辐射在透射穿过该片段后的至少一部分;
探测器,光学耦合至所述另一个光纤的近端,用于探测被该光纤所接收到的所述透射的辐射的至少一部分,所述探测器产生信号来指示所述接收到的辐射的强度,以及
处理器,其处理所述探测器信号,用于确定皮肤特性。
57.一种确定组织特性的方法,包括:
将来自波导的第一和第二波长的辐射施加到所述组织;
探测来自所述组织的反向散射的所述第一和第二波长的辐射的至少一部分
产生至少一个指示反向散射辐射强度的信号,以及
处理所述至少一个信号来计算皮肤区域的特性。
58. 如权利要求57所述的方法,其中所述施加辐射的步骤还包括:将从大约350nm到大约1200nm范围内选取的多个波长的辐射施加到皮肤。
59.如权利要求57所述的方法,其中施加辐射的步骤还包括:施加从大约600nm到大约900nm范围内选取的多个波长的辐射。
60.如权利要求57所述的方法,还包括探测所述波导和所述皮肤区域之间的光学接触。
61.如权利要求57所述的方法,还包括通过探测所述反向散射辐射的等级,感测所述波导和所述组织的接触。
62.如权利要求57所述的方法,还包括减少环境辐射以阻止其被探测器所探测。
63.如权利要求64所述的方法,还包括:
在探测之前减少具有第一偏光性的辐射;以及
探测具有第二偏光性的辐射。
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- 2006-09-15 BR BRPI0616167-7A patent/BRPI0616167A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-09-15 EP EP06803640A patent/EP1924196A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-09-15 AU AU2006292526A patent/AU2006292526A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-09-15 JP JP2008531335A patent/JP2009509140A/ja active Pending
- 2006-09-15 CA CA002622560A patent/CA2622560A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2008
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2012
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20130072803A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
JP2009509140A (ja) | 2009-03-05 |
IL190107A0 (en) | 2008-08-07 |
WO2007035444A2 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
EP1924196A2 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
AU2006292526A1 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
US20070060819A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
US8346347B2 (en) | 2013-01-01 |
CA2622560A1 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
WO2007035444A3 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
BRPI0616167A2 (pt) | 2011-06-07 |
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