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Microprocessor

The document outlines the evolution of microprocessors across five generations, starting from the first generation with early models like the INTEL 4004 to the current fifth generation featuring 64-bit processors. It also describes various types of microprocessors, including complex instruction set, reduced instruction set, super scalar, application specific integrated circuits, and digital signal processors, highlighting their functions and examples. Each generation and type of microprocessor has distinct characteristics and advancements in technology.

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5 views1 page

Microprocessor

The document outlines the evolution of microprocessors across five generations, starting from the first generation with early models like the INTEL 4004 to the current fifth generation featuring 64-bit processors. It also describes various types of microprocessors, including complex instruction set, reduced instruction set, super scalar, application specific integrated circuits, and digital signal processors, highlighting their functions and examples. Each generation and type of microprocessor has distinct characteristics and advancements in technology.

Uploaded by

vabiwo1666
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Generations of microprocessor:

1. First generation –
From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which brought microprocessors like
INTEL 4004 Rockwell international PPS-4 INTEL 8008 etc.

2. Second generation –
The second generation marked the development of 8 bit microprocessors from 1973 to
1978. Processors like INTEL 8085 Motorola 6800 and 6801 etc came into existence.

3. Third generation –
The third generation brought forward the 16 bit processors like INTEL 8086/80186/80286
Motorola 68000 68010 etc. From 1979 to 1980 this generation used the HMOS technology.

4. Fourth generation –
The fourth generation came into existence from 1981 to 1995. The 32 bit processors using
HMOS fabrication came into existence. INTEL 80386 and Mororola 68020 are some of the
popular processors of this generation.

5. Fifth generation –
From 1995 till now we are in the fifth generation. 64 bit processors like PENTIUM, celeron,
dual, quad and octa core processors came into existence.

Types of microprocessors:

• Complex instruction set microprocessor –


The processors are designed to minimise the number of instructions per program and ignore
the number of cycles per instructions. The compiler is used to translate a high level language
to assembly level language because the length of code is relatively short and an extra RAM is
used to store the instructions. These processors can do tasks like downloading, uploading
and recalling data from memory. Apart from these tasks these microprocessor can perform
complex mathematical calculation in a single command.
Example: IBM 370/168, VAX 11/780

• Reduced instruction set microprocessor –


These processor are made according to function. They are designed to reduce the execution
time by using the simplified instruction set. They can carry out small things in specific
commands. These processors complete commands at faster rate. They require only one
clock cycle to implement a result at uniform execution time. There are number of registers
and less number of transistors. To access the memory location LOAD and STORE instructions
are used.
Example: Power PC 601, 604, 615, 620

• Super scalar microprocessor –


These processors can perform many tasks at a time. They can be used for ALUs and
multiplier like array. They have multiple operation unit and perform tasts my executing
multiple commands.

• Application specific integrated circuit –


These processors are application specific like for personal digital assistant computers. They
are designed according to proper specification.

• Digital signal multiprocessor –


These processors are used to convert signals like analog to digital or digital to analog. The
chips of these processors are used in many devices such as RADAR SONAR home theatres
etc.

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